Cold WarCold War Conflict between the Conflict between the

US and the Soviet US and the Soviet Union dating from Union dating from the late 1940’s to the late 1940’s to the late 1980’s, the late 1980’s, when the two when the two superpowers superpowers competed for world competed for world influence without influence without declaring military declaring military action at each otheraction at each other

Nuclear WeaponsNuclear Weapons Weapon whose Weapon whose

destructive destructive power comes power comes from an from an uncontrolled uncontrolled nuclear reaction. nuclear reaction. They release They release enormous power enormous power and cause massand cause massdestruction.destruction.

                                                                                                                                                      

DeterrenceDeterrence Maintenance of Maintenance of

military power for military power for the purpose of the purpose of discouraging an discouraging an attack.attack.

Benelux CountriesBenelux Countries

Union formed betweenUnion formed between– BelgiumBelgium– NetherlandsNetherlands– LuxembourgLuxembourg

European Common European Common MarketMarket Benelux countries with West Benelux countries with West

Germany, France and Italy to have Germany, France and Italy to have tax-free trade among themselves.tax-free trade among themselves.

Workers from one country could Workers from one country could take jobs in any of the other take jobs in any of the other countries.countries.

1957-1986 Denmark, Great Britain, 1957-1986 Denmark, Great Britain, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, and Ireland, Spain, Portugal, and Greece joined what is now called Greece joined what is now called the the European UnionEuropean Union

Satellite NationSatellite Nation Nation politically Nation politically

and economically and economically dominated or dominated or controlled by controlled by another, more another, more powerful countrypowerful country

Controlled by Controlled by Soviet UnionSoviet Union– Bulgaria, Bulgaria,

Romania, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Hungary, Poland, and East and East GermanyGermany

Became Became communistcommunist

BlockadeBlockade Closed off all land Closed off all land

and water traffic and water traffic

Side note: Soviet Side note: Soviet zone in Berlin. zone in Berlin. Wanted to force Wanted to force the three powers the three powers (USA, Great Britain, (USA, Great Britain, France) to leave France) to leave the city and not the city and not helphelp

Airlift Airlift System of carrying System of carrying

supplies by aircraftsupplies by aircraft

Side note: USA and Side note: USA and France airlifted France airlifted supplies into Berlin for supplies into Berlin for 11-months until Soviet 11-months until Soviet Union lifted blockade. Union lifted blockade.

That same year, two That same year, two separate governments separate governments were set up in were set up in Germany.Germany.

Berlin WallBerlin Wall

3 million people fled fom 3 million people fled fom East Germany to go to East Germany to go to West Germany (freedom)West Germany (freedom)

August 1961 a wall was built August 1961 a wall was built between East (communist) and between East (communist) and West (non-communist) Berlin.West (non-communist) Berlin.

People would risk their lives to People would risk their lives to seek freedom and go over the seek freedom and go over the wallwall

GlasnostGlasnost Russian policy of Russian policy of

“openness,” “openness,” which permitted which permitted Soviet people to Soviet people to criticize the criticize the government government without without punishmentpunishment

PerestroikaPerestroika Soviet policy that Soviet policy that

loosened loosened government government controls and controls and permitted its permitted its economy to economy to move towards move towards capitalismcapitalism

CapitalismCapitalism Economic system Economic system

that allows that allows private private ownership and ownership and open competition open competition of businesses.of businesses.

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan Loan program started by the Loan program started by the

United States.United States. Helped rebuild Europe Helped rebuild Europe Tried to stop the spread of Tried to stop the spread of

communismcommunism Factories were rebuiltFactories were rebuilt Mines reopenedMines reopened Roads were repairedRoads were repaired

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine

•Named after the US President Harry S. Truman.

•US offered military aid to countries such as Greece and Turkey that were engaged in fighting communism inside their borders.

NATONATO

* North Atlantic Treaty Organization

*Formed to respond to possible attacks by the Soviet Union

*Each member country agreed to treat an attack on any other member as an attack on itself

Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact

* Soviet Union formed its satellites (country dependent upon a stronger power) into an anti-Western military alliance

*Named after the Polish capital city of Warsaw

Race to SpaceRace to Space

Between USA and RussiaBetween USA and Russia Russia was the first to launch Russia was the first to launch

((Sputnik 1Sputnik 1) in 1957) in 1957– It orbited the EarthIt orbited the Earth

USA became leader in 1967USA became leader in 1967– Neil Armstrong walked on the moonNeil Armstrong walked on the moon

Russia put a lot of money towards Russia put a lot of money towards their space programtheir space program

End of the Cold WarEnd of the Cold War

Russia spent large sums on Russia spent large sums on money on military and space money on military and space venturesventures– General economics fellGeneral economics fell

Mikhail Gorbachev became leader Mikhail Gorbachev became leader in 1985 and introduced reform to in 1985 and introduced reform to move country capitalism move country capitalism