cold war era & emergence of a new europe apeuro chapter 29
TRANSCRIPT
Immediate Postwar Issues European life shattered Industry, transportation, farms damaged Displaced persons Nuremberg Trials: (1945-46) Trial of Nazi
war criminals. Sentenced 12 to death
Origins of The Cold War: 1. Ideological Differences: Communism vs.
Capitalism (economic, political, philosophical disputes) 2. Competition for global power & Influence 3. Mutual Distrust 4. Atomic Weapons – “Arms Race”
After WWII… Stalin established
“Soviet Satellite Nations” - 1946-1948
In Eastern Europe Violation of war
conference agreements
Berlin, Germany Post WWII: Divided
into 4 sectors West Berlin: U.S.,
France, Great Britain East Berlin : Soviet
Union
Germany Divided : East & West Soviet Union turned
EAST Germany into A Communist State
Tried to expel U.S., France, Great Britain from WEST
Winston Churchill “An iron curtain has
descended across Europe” – 1946
“Iron Curtain” = Soviet Communism
Cause for international alarm
Policy of Containment President Truman interested in “Containing
Communism “ from spreading Truman Doctrine, 1947 : U.S. has a duty
to give financial assistance to free nations under (Communist ) threat.
U.S. Assisted Greece & Turkey
The Marshall Plan, 1948 “Recovery Act” Truman administration
provided funding To re-build war torn
countries $12 billion to Western
Europe Soviet Union refused
aid
The Marshall Plan Economic miracle for
Western Europe George C. Marshall,
U.S. Secretary of State receives Noble Peace Prize 1953
Berlin Blockade: June, 1948 Stalin cut off Berlin
from Western contact All routes blocked by
Soviet troops Shipments of food,
fuel, supplies cut off
Berlin Airlift British & American
response: U.S. & British planes
“dropped” 2 million tons of food & supplies
For 10 months
“Candy Bombers” American Pilots Collected candy
rations from servicemen
And “dropped” candy to Berlin’s children
Stalin Lifted Blockade, 1949 two countries created: “West Germany” (democratic) “East Germany” (communist) were officially founded - 1949
The “Western Alliance” NATO : North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (1949) Western Europe, U.S., Iceland, Canada AKA “Atlantic Pact” Promise to defend each other General Dwight D. Eisenhower - Supreme
Commander of NATO forces 1951
Stalin Responded With the Warsaw Pact – 1955 Communist Eastern European military
alliance Once a member, nation can NEVER leave!
Economic “Alliances” 1. European Cold & Steel Community
(1950): free movement of coal & steel 2. European Economic Community
(1957): common market. Precursor of European Union.
Italy, W. Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Luxembourg (Great Britain joins 1969)
The Space Race Soviet Space Program
was a threat to the U.S.
Sputnik – Soviet satellite was launched in 1957
1st man in orbit 1961
China’s Communist Revolution,1949
Mao Tse –Tung Made a Pact with Joseph Stalin The “ Communist Bloc”
Korea 1945 Allies divided
Korea into 2 Border between North
& South 38th Parallel Soviets occupied
North, Americans South
Korean War, 1950 North Korean army invaded South Korea,
1950 President Truman Sent Troops to South
Korea. China sent troops to North Korea War Ended in stalemate (no one won)
Geneva Convention, 1954 France lost control of Indochina (Vietnam) Territory broken up into: Vietnam,
Cambodia, Laos Vietnam divided along 17th parallel: North Communist, South anti-communist SEATO – South East Asian Treaty
Organization. U.S. pledge to “assist” South
Tensions in Berlin, Germany 1958 Nikita Krushchev
(Stalin’s successor) Demanded removal of
westerners from Berlin Eisenhower ‘s
response : “wait! Lets talk!”
Bay of Pigs, 1961 Plan to “overthrow”
Castro U.S. troops landed &
were quickly surrounded by Cuban forces
Failed invasion
Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 U.S. spy planes
discovered Soviet Nuclear missile
sites in Cuba Kennedy ordered
immediate removal
Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 Krushchev agreed to remove missiles from
Cuba as long as U.S. agreed never to invade Cuba
“RED LINE” installed in D.C. & Moscow Allowed for Direct communication
Berlin Divided ! Border closed 302 Watchtowers
w/ armed guards 192 died trying to
cross “the wall” 1961-1989
Many injured
June 26th, 1963 “Ich bin ein Berliner”
“Freedom has many difficulties and democracy is not perfect, but we have never had to put a wall up to keep our people in, to prevent them from leaving us”. - President Kennedy
Soviet Leader Krushchev was Replaced By:
Leonid Brezhnev 1968 Czechoslovakia
tried to create a “free state”
Brezhnev Doctrine: Soviets will intervene in satellite nations if communism is threatened
SALT I :(Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)
U.S. & U.S.S.R – (1972) both agreed to reduce anti-missile defense system
Helsinki Accords 1975 International conference in Finland 1.Peace 2. Economic & Cultural cooperation 3. Human Rights
SALT II
1979 – Long range nuclear weaponsU.S.S.R invades Afghanistan before agreement is ratifiedU.S. condemns invasion
Mikhail Gorbachev- 1985 Saw communism as
failing cited poor living conditions as example
Goals: 1. Better Relations with the West 2. Perestroika- “restructuring”
economy freer form govt. control 3. Glasnost- “openness”
encouraged Soviets to openly discuss social reform
Gorbachev Overturned the Brezhnev Doctrine
Allowed for Eastern European satellites to overthrow communist governments:
1. Poland 1989 Solidarity labor movement Pope John Paul II supported movement 2. Czechoslovakia 1989 3. Hungary 1990 4. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania declared independence
1990
Fall of Berlin Wall, 1989 Demonstrations in
East Germany East German govt.
asked Soviet Union for “backup”.
Gorbachev did not send back up
Fall of Berlin Wall November 9th , 1989 East German Govt.
ordered the opening of Berlin Wall
Celebrations ensued German unification The end of the Cold
War
1991 Military Coup Against Gorbachev
Communist Party tried to overthrow Gorbachev
Coup Failed People rebelled led by
Boris Yeltsin The country split up Gorbachev announced
his resignation December 1991
Jan 1st, 1992 USSR /Soviet Union
dissolved Loose union of 21
republics RUSSIAN
FEDERATION Vladimir Putin gained
office in 1999
Yugoslavian Civil War CountryCreated after WWI Cultural Divisions: 1. Croats/ Slovenes –
Catholic /Latin Alphabet 2. Serbs, Montenegrins,
Macedonians – Eastern orthodox/Cyrillic alphabet
3. Bosnians, Albanians - Muslim
Ethnic Tensions Resulted in civil war Croats & Serbs 1991-
2000 Bombardment of
Sarajevo NATO intervened
1999