cold war timeline - bennettbghs.com · 33.4 the cold war divides the world main idea: the...
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1945 - Yalta Conference & United Nations
1947- Marsh
all Plan
1948 – Berlin Blockade
1949 – NATO Ratified & Mao Zedong controls China
1946 – Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” Speech
1950 – Korean War
1953 – Korean War Ends
1955 – Warsaw Pact 1957 - Sputnik
1961 – Bay of Pigs
1961 – Berlin Wall
1964 – Vietnam War
1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis
1969 – Apollo 11 Moon Landing
1979 – Iranian Hostage Crisis
1983 – SDI
1989 – Berlin Wall Falls
1991 – Warsaw Pact Ends
1991 – Cold War Ends
Cold War Timeline1945 - 1991
1958 –“Great Leap Forward”
1966 – Cultural Revolution
1964 – U.S. Troops Leave Vietnam
33.4 The Cold War Divides the WorldMain Idea:
The superpowers support opposing sides in Latin American and Middle Eastern conflicts
Why it Matters:Many of these areas today are troubled by political, economic, and military conflict and crisis.
Setting the Stage• After WWII nations were grouped politically into
three categories• Industrialized Capitalists - U.S. and its Allies• Communist nations - Led by the Soviet Union• Third World - Developing nations not aligned with
a superpower
● In the 1950s, French intellectuals coined the term “Third World” to describe the efforts of countries seeking a “third way” between Western capitalism and Soviet communism.
● By the early 1960s, the term had come to identify a large bloc of countries from Asia, Africa, and Latin America.○ Charting a “third way” proved difficult, both economically
and politically. Both the Soviets and the Americans saw the Third World as “underdeveloped.”
Fighting for the Third World
• More Than One “World”• Third World— developing nations; often
newly independent, nonaligned with the U.S. or the Soviet Union
• Cold War Strategies• U.S., Soviet Union, and China competed for
influence over the Third World• They backed revolutions and gave economic,
military and technical aid
Fighting for the Third World
• Association of Nonaligned Nations• Many countries, like India, wanted to avoid
involvement in the Cold War• In 1955, Indonesia hosted Asian and African
leaders who wanted neutrality at the Bandung conference
• Nonaligned nations— independent countries not involved with either superpower during the Cold War
Confrontations in Latin America
• Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution• Fidel Castro—led a revolt in Cuba against a
dictator supported by the U.S.• By 1959, Castro was in power. He
nationalized the economy and took U.S. property including sugar mills and refineries.
• Suspended elections, jailed or executed his opponents and controlled the press.
• U.S. ordered an embargo on all trade.
Confrontations in Latin America
• Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution• In 1960, the CIA began
to train anti- Castro Cuban exiles
• In 1961, U.S. invaded Cuba landing at the Bay of Pigs.
• U.S. did not provide air support and Castro easily defeated U.S.
Fidel Castro
Confrontations in Latin America• Nuclear Face-off: the Cuban Missile Crisis
• Because of the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev was convinced the U.S. would not resist Soviet expansion in Latin America.
• Secretly began to build 42 missile sites in Cuba.• In 1962, U.S. President John F. Kennedy
demanded removal of Soviet missiles in Cuba• Soviets withdrew missiles, and the U.S. promised
not to invade Cuba• Cuban economy was left dependent on Soviet
support
Confrontations in Latin America• Civil War in Nicaragua
• Anastasio Somoza Debayle—Nicaraguan dictator supported by the U.S.
• Daniel Ortega—led Sandinista rebels who took power in Nicaragua
• U.S. and Soviet Union both initially supported Sandinistas
• Sandinistas aided Marxist Communist rebels in El Salvador
• In response the U.S. withdrew support and helped anti-Communist Contras in Nicaragua to assist El Salvador
• In 1990, Nicaragua held the first free elections, Sandinistas lost
Daniel Ortega on Time magazine, March 31, 1986
Anastasio Somoza Debayle (U.S. supported president of Nicaragua from 1967-1980)
Confrontations in the Middle East• The oil-rich Middle East
attracted both superpowers.• Religious and Secular Values
Clash in Iran• Shah Reza Pahlavi embraced
Western governments and oil companies
• Iranian nationalists overthrew shah and seized a British oil company
• U.S. restored shah to power, fearing Soviet encroachment
Shah Reza Pahlavi
Confrontations in the Middle East• The United States
Supported Secular Rule• Shah Reza Pahlavi
westernized Iran with U.S. support
• Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini—Iranian Muslim leader; lived in exile
• In 1978, Khomeini sparked riots in Iran, Shah fled the country
• Khomeini established an Islamic state following a militant form of Islam.
Confrontations in the Middle East• Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies
• Islamic revolutionaries held American hostages in Tehran (1979-1981) for 444 days
• Muslim radicals took control in Iran, increasing tensions with Iraq
• Saddam Hussein, feared the spread of the Iranian Revolution into Iraq, so he attacked Iran.
• Iran and Iraq fought an 8-year war; U.S. aided both sides, Soviets helped Iraq
Blindfolded American hostages in Iran in 1979.
Confrontations in the Middle East
• The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan• Soviets invaded Afghanistan to re-establish
the Communist regime• Muslim rebels fought the guerrilla war against
Soviets with U.S. weapons• Similar to the U.S. in Vietnam
• U.S. stopped grain shipments to the Soviet Union
• Soviets eventually withdrew in 1989
