college board report on college pricing
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Trends in Higher Education Series
Trends inCollege Pricing2013
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TRENDS IN HIGHER EDUCATION SERIES TRENDS IN COLLEGE PRICING 2013
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Highlights
Concerns about rising tuition and how students can aord to
nance their major investments in postsecondary education
are widespread. Solid insights into these questions require
accurate and up-to-date inormation about prices.
Trends in College Pricing 2013reports on the prices charged by
colleges and universities in 2013-14, how prices have changed
over time, and how they vary within and across types o
institutions, states, and regions. We also provide inormation
on the net prices that students and amilies actually pay ater
taking nancial aid into consideration. The story is a complicated
one, with dierent students paying dierent prices at the same
institutions, depending on their nancial circumstances; on their
academic qualications, athletic ability, or other characteristics;
and on their year or program o study.
The inormation in this report does not answer all o the questions
about the cost o producing education or about the prices
students pay, but it does provide a great deal o inormation
that can inorm the discussion. A clear message that emergesrom the data is that short-term trends can be misleading. In
the past ew years, as states, institutions, and amilies have
been struggling with the impact o the Great Recession on their
budgets, it has been too easy to project the accompanying
trend o increasingly rapid price increases ar into the uture.
The 2013-14 increase in published tuition and ees at public
our-year colleges and universities is the smallest we have seen
in many years. This does not mean that college is suddenly
more aordable, but it does mean that the rapid growth o
recent years did not represent a new normal or annual price
increases. That said, ater large increases in grant aid in 2009-10
and 2010-11, especially rom the ederal government, growth
in this student assistance has not continued. As a result, manystudents are acing larger increases in the prices they pay, even
in the ace o smaller increases in published prices.
PUBLISHED TUITION AND FEE AND
ROOM AND BOARD CHARGES
The 2.9% increase in in-state tuition and ees
at public our-year institutions in 2013-14
ollowed increases o 4.5% in 2012-13 and
8.5% in 2011-12 and was the smallest
percentage increase in over 30 years.
Average published tuition and ees or instate students at
public ouryear institutions increased rom $8,646 in 2012-13 to
$8,893 in 2013-14. At $9,498, room and board charges account
or more than hal o the total charges or these students.
Average published out-o-state tuition and ees at public our-
year institutions rose by $670 (3.1%), rom $21,533 in 2012-13
to $22,203 in 2013-14. Average total charges are $31,701.
Average published tuition and ees at private nonprot our-
year institutions rose by $1,105 (3.8%), rom $28,989 to
$30,094 in 2013-14. Average total charges are $40,917.
Average published tuition and ees at public two-year colleges
increased by $110 (3.5%), rom $3,154 in 2012-13 to $3,264
in 2013-14.
Estimated average tuition and ees or ull-time students in the
or-prot sector increased by about $70 (0.5%), rom $15,060
in 2012-13 to $15,130 in 2013-14.
The average annual real rate o increase in in-state tuition
and ees at public our-year colleges and universities rom
2003-04 to 2013-14 was 4.2%. For private nonprot our-year
institutions, the average annual real rate o increase was 2.3%
over the decade.
About two-thirds o ull-time students pay or college with the
assistance o grant aid; many receive ederal tax credits and
deductions to help cover expenses.
VARIATION IN TUITION AND FEES
Among ull-time undergraduates at public
and private nonprot our-year institutions,
the median published tuition and ee price in
2013-14 is $11,093.
Twelve percent o ull-time students in the public our-year
sector attend institutions that did not increase their published
tuition prices at all in 2013-14 and another 41% aced
increases below 3%; 3% o students attend institutions that
increased their prices by 9% or more.
In the private nonprot our-year sector, 70% o ull-time
students attend institutions that increased their tuition
and ees by between 3% and 6% in 2013-14; 25% attend
institutions that increased their prices by less than 3%, and
less than 1% aced increases o 9% or more.
The average published in-state tuition and ee price orundergraduates enrolled at public masters universities is
$7,750, compared to $9,804 at public doctoral universities.
The average published tuition and ee price or undergraduates
enrolled at private nonprot masters universities is $26,798,
compared to $37,171 at private doctoral universities.
Dierences Across States
In 2013-14, the highest published in-state tuition and ees at
both public our-year and public two-year institutions are in
New Hampshire, where tuition and ees average $14,665 and
$6,736, respectively, and Vermont, where the published prices
are $13,958 and $7,090.
The lowest published in-state tuition and ees at public our-
year institutions are $4,404 in Wyoming and $5,885 in Alaska.
The lowest published tuition and ees at public two-year
colleges are $1,424 in Caliornia and $1,696 in New Mexico.
In 2013-14, published tuition and ees or in-state students
at fagship universities range rom $4,404 in Wyoming
and $5,988 in Alaska to $16,496 at the University o New
Hampshire and $17,926 at Penn State. In 19 states, the
fagship price declined in constant dollars in 2013-14. The
largest increase was 10% in Louisiana.
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TRENDS IN COLLEGE PRICING 2013 trends.collegeboard.org
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From 2008-09 to 2013-14, percentage increases in in-state
tuition and ees at public our-year institutions ranged rom 5%
in Missouri and 8% in Maryland to 65% in Georgia and 70%
in Arizona. Georgias $7,823 average tuition remains below the
national average o $8,893. From 2008-09 to 2013-14, increases in tuition and ees at
public two-year institutions ranged rom 1% in Maine and
North Dakota to 62% in Georgia and 111% in Caliornia, which
still has the lowest prices in the country.
In 2013-14, the highest published out-o-state tuition and ees
at public our-year institutions are in Michigan ($31,463) and
Vermont ($34,055).
WHAT STUDENTS ACTUALLY PAY
Because o increases in aid, the average net
price or ull-time in-state public our-year
college students was $650 lower (in 2013dollars) in 2009-10 than it was in 2008-09.
However, between 2009-10 and 2013-14,
average net price increased rom $1,940
(in 2013 dollars) to about $3,120.
From 1999-00 through 2011-12, average grant aid rom all
sources covered tuition and ees or students rom amilies
with incomes below $30,000 (in 2011 dollars) enrolled in
public two-year and public our-year institutions.
In 2011-12, net tuition and ees at public our-year colleges and
universities ranged rom $0 or the lowest-income group to
$8,070 or the highest-income group.
On average, net tuition and ees or private nonprot our-year
institutions are lower in infation-adjusted dollars in 2013-14
than they were a decade earlier $12,460 versus $13,600.
However, average net price has increased rom $11,550 in
2011-12 to an estimated $12,460 in 2013-14.
In 2013-14, ull-time students at public two-year colleges
receive an average o about $4,810 in grant aid rom all
sources and tax benets to help them pay the average $3,264
published tuition and ees, plus some o their other expenses.
INSTITUTIONAL FINANCES
From 2000-01 to 2010-11, the infation-adjusted
ten-year percentage changes in education
expenditures per FTE student at public
institutions were 3% to 5% increases at
our-year institutions and a 11% decrease
at two-year colleges.
In 2012-13, public institutions received an average $6,646 per
ull-time equivalent (FTE) student in state unding 27% less
than the $9,111 (in 2012 dollars) they received ve years earlier.
Total state appropriations declined by 19%, rom $88.7 billion
(in 2012 dollars) in 2007-08 to $72.0 billion in 2012-13; FTE
enrollment in public institutions increased by 11% over these
ve years.
In 2012-13, state appropriations per FTE student or publiccolleges and universities ranged rom $2,482 in New
Hampshire and $3,312 in Colorado to $15,101 in Wyoming and
$17,253 in Alaska.
Between 1976 and 2011, the percentage o FTE sta
members who were aculty increased rom 33% to 35% at
public institutions and rom 32% to 35% at private institutions.
ENROLLMENT PATTERNS
Between 2010 and 2011, enrollment grew by
123,000 (2%) in the public our-year sector
and by 66,000 (2%) in the private nonprot
our-year sector. Enrollment in public two-year colleges was 159,000 (2%) lower in 2011
than it had been the previous year; it was
68,000 (3%) lower in the or-prot sector.
Over the decade rom all 2001 to all 2011, total FTE
enrollment in public two-year and our-year institutions grew
by 48% in Georgia and in Florida. The lowest growth rates
were 11% in Louisiana and 12% in Illinois.
In all 2011, in ve states, 50% or more o public FTE
enrollments were in public two-year colleges. In 10 states,
that percentage was 20% or lower.
In 2011, only 2% o the 2,543 our-year degree-grantingcolleges and universities in the U.S. accepted less than 25%
o their applicants; 4% o FTE undergraduate students were
enrolled at these institutions. The 50% o our-year institutions
that were open admission or accepted at least 75% o their
applicants accounted or 40% o all FTE enrollments.
COLLEGE AFFORDABILITY
Average incomes or amilies in the middle
quintile and above increased between 2011
and 2012, but real incomes remained lower
(ater adjusting or infation) at all levels o
the income distribution than they had beenin 2002.
From 2002 to 2012, declines in amily incomes ranged rom
13% over the decade or the bottom quintile to less than
0.5% or the top quintile.
In 2012, the $101,909 median amily income or amilies headed
by a our-year college graduate was more than twice the
median income or amilies headed by a high school graduate.
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TRENDS IN HIGHER EDUCATION SERIES TRENDS IN COLLEGE PRICING 2013
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Contents
3 Highlights
7 Introduction
10 Published Tuitionand Fee andRoom and Board
Charges, 2013-14
TABLE 1A Average Published Undergraduate Charges by Sector, 2013-14
TABLE 1B Average Published Undergraduate Charges by Carnegie Classication, 2013-14
11 Student Budgets,2013-14
FIGURE 1 Average Estimated Undergraduate Budgets, 2013-14
12 Variation inPublished Tuitionand Fees, 2013-14
FIGURE 2 Distribution o Full-Time Undergraduates by Tuition and Fees
13 Variation inIncreases inTuition and Fees,2013-14
FIGURE 3 Distribution o Full-Time Undergraduates by Increases in Tuition and Fees
14 Tuition and Feeand Room andBoard Chargesover Time
FIGURE 4 Average Rates o Growth o Published Charges by Decade
FIGURE 5 Published Tuition and Fees Relative to 1983-84 by Sector
15 Tuition and Feeand Room andBoard Chargesover Time
TABLE 2A Tuition and Fee and Room and Board Charges over Time, 1973-74 through 2013-14,Selected Years
TABLE 2B Tuition and Fee and Room and Board Charges over Time, 2003-04 through 2013-14
TABLE 2 Tuition and Fee and Room and Board Charges over Time
TABLE 3 Tuition and Fee and Room and Board Charges over Time (Unweighted)
16 Regional Variationin Charges
FIGURE 6 Average Published Prices by Region and Sector, 2013-14
TABLE 4 Tuition and Fees by Region over Time
17 In-State Tuitionand Feesby State Public Institutions
FIGURE 7 In-State Tuition and Fees by State, 2013-14 and Five-Year Percentage Changes
TABLE 5 Tuition and Fees by Sector and State over Time
18 Out-of-StateTuition and Feesby State Public Four-YearInstitutions
FIGURE 8 Out-o-State Tuition and Fees at Public Four-Year Institutions by State, 2013-14
and Five-Year Percentage Changes
19 Tuition and Feesby State FlagshipUniversities
FIGURE 9 Tuition and Fees at Flagship Universities, 2013-14, and Five-Year
Percentage Changes
TABLE 6 Tuition and Fees at Flagship Universities over Time
20 Average NetPrice PublicInstitutions
FIGURE 10 Average Net Price or Full-Time Students over Time Public Institutions
TABLE 7 Average Net Price or Full-Time Students over Time Public Institutions
FIGURE 2012_11A Net Tuition Revenue per FTE Student over Time Public Institutions
FIGURE 2011_8A Net Prices by Selectivity: Public Four-Year Sector, 2007-08
FIGURE 2011_8B Net Prices by Attendance Status: Public Two-Year Sector, 2007-08
21 Average NetPrice Private
Institutions
FIGURE 11 Average Net Price or Full-Time Students over Time Private Institutions
TABLE 8 Average Net Price or Full-Time Students over Time Private Institutions
FIGURE 2012_11B Net Tuition Revenue per FTE Student over Time Private Institutions
FIGURE 2011_9A Net Prices by Selectivity: Private Nonprot Four-Year Sector, 2007-08
FIGURE 2011_9B Net Prices by Attendance Status: For-Prot Sector, 2007-08
22 Net Price byIncome Group Public Institutions
FIGURE 12 Net Prices by Income over Time: Public Sector
FIGURE 2010_8A Net Prices by Income and State Residency: Public Four-Year Sector, 2007-08
FIGURE 2010_8B Net Prices by Income: Public Two-Year Sector, 2007-08
23 Net Price byIncome Group Private Institutions
FIGURE 13 Net Prices by Income over Time: Private Sector
FIGURE 2010_9A Net Prices by Income and Level o Published Tuition and Fees: Private Nonprot
Four-Year Sector, 2007-08
FIGURE 2010_9B Net Prices by Income: For-Prot Sector, 2007-08
Figures and tables that are available online only at trends.collegeboard.org.
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Contents Continued
Figures and tables that are available online only at trends.collegeboard.org.
24 InstitutionalRevenues PublicAppropriations
FIGURE 14A Annual Percentage Changes in State Appropriations and Public Four-Year Prices
over Time
FIGURE 14B Total and Per FTE Student State Appropriations and Public Enrollment over Time
25 InstitutionalRevenues PublicAppropriations
FIGURE 15A State Appropriations per $1,000 in Personal Income over TimeFIGURE 15B State Appropriations per FTE Student and per $1,000 in Personal Income
by State, 2012-13
26 InstitutionalRevenues
FIGURE 16A Revenue Sources at Public Institutions over Time
FIGURE 16B Revenue Sources at Private Institutions over Time
FIGURE 16C Revenues rom Private Gits, Investment Returns, and Endowment Income
27 InstitutionalRevenues andExpenditures
FIGURE 17A Net Tuition Revenues, Subsidies, and Education Expenditures per FTE Student
over Time at Public Institutions
FIGURE 17B Net Tuition Revenues, Subsidies, and Education Expenditures per FTE Student
over Time at Private Nonprot Institutions
28 Endowments FIGURE 18 Endowment Assets per FTE Student, 2010-11
29 Endowments FIGURE 19A Changes in Private Sector Endowment Assets over Time
FIGURE 19B Endowment Spending Rates over Time
30 Family Income FIGURE 20A Changes in Family Income over Time
FIGURE 20B Family Income by Selected Characteristics, 2012
31 EnrollmentPatterns overTime
FIGURE 21 Enrollment by Attendance Status over Time
32 Enrollment andDegrees Granted
FIGURE 22 Degrees Granted by Sector over Time
FIGURE 23 Distribution o Full-Time Undergraduates and All Undergraduates by Sector,
Fall 2011
FIGURE 2012_24A Percentage o First-Year Students Who Were State Residents, Fall 2000 to Fall 2010
FIGURE 2012_24B Percentage o First-Year Students Who Were State Residents, by State, Fall 2010
FIGURE 2010_20B Online Course Participation over Time
33 Enrollmentby State
FIGURE 24A FTE Enrollment at Public Institutions by State, Fall 2011
FIGURE 24B Percentage o All Public FTE Enrollment in Two-Year Colleges, by State, Fall 2011
34 Changes inEnrollmentby State
FIGURE 25 Percentage Increases in Total Public FTE Enrollment by State
35 Selectivity andCompletion
FIGURE 26A Distribution o Four-Year Institutions by Acceptance Rate, Fall 2011
FIGURE 26B Distribution o FTE Undergraduates at Four-Year Institutions by Acceptance Rate,
Fall 2011
FIGURE 26C Graduation Rate by Acceptance Rate, Fall 2011
36 Faculty and Staff FIGURE 27A Number and Composition o FTE Sta per 100 FTE Students, Fall 1976, Fall 1999,Fall 2009, and Fall 2011
FIGURE 27B Average Salaries o Full-Time Instructional Faculty, 2011-12
FIGURE 2012_26A FTE Sta per 100 FTE Students over Time
FIGURE 2012_26B Composition o FTE Sta over Time
FIGURE 2012_27A Changes in Faculty Compensation and in Tuition and Fees over Time
FIGURE 2012_27B Percentage o Instructional Faculty Employed Full Time over Time
37 Notes andSources
TABLE A1A Institutions Included in Table 1A Analysis
TABLE A1B Institutions Included in Table 1B Analysis
TABLE A2 Consumer Price Index
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TRENDS IN HIGHER EDUCATION SERIES TRENDS IN COLLEGE PRICING 2013
7
Introduction
Every year Trends in College Pricingreports on the changes
in tuition and ee prices at colleges across the country. Our
data also include prices or room and board and other living
costs, the net prices students actually pay ater taking grant aid
into consideration, the unding sources and the expenditurepatterns o postsecondary institutions, and changing enrollment
patterns. But it is the one-year tuition changes that always
capture most o the attention.
This year, the 2.9% increase in average public our-year college
tuition and ees is smaller than it has been or many years.
Increases in other sectors are also moderate by historical
standards. Perhaps this news creates the opportunity to take a
step back and put these annual changes into perspective.
The relatively small increases are important because they
signal that, as has been the case over the decades or which
inormation is available, price increases are cyclical. The startling
price increases o recent years, coinciding with the Great
Recession, paralleled increases in other economic downturns.
They did not signal a new era o accelerating prices.
It is dicult to process this reality when the strain o rapidly
increasing prices in an environment o high unemployment and
declining amily incomes is leading many students and amilies
to question whether they can aord a college education. It is
probably easier to grasp that this years slowing o the price
spiral does not mean that college is suddenly more aordable,
that concerns about student debt will be set aside, or that low-
and moderate-income students will no longer ace nancial
hurdles as they pursue their educational ambitions.
We communicate one-year price increases in order to update
inormation about both the published and the net prices o
college. But it is the long-run picture that is most important.
Understanding the cost to students o pursuing postsecondary
certicates and degrees and the variety o options available
across our diverse higher education system is critical to
making college opportunity a reality. The inormation in Trends
in College Pricing, combined with the inormation in the
companion annual publication, Trends in Student Aid, paints
a picture o the nancial realities o higher education in the
United States.
This inormation must be viewed in the context o the payo
to college education. The common statement that the cost
o not going to college is greater than the cost o going to
college is particularly relevant here. Our recent publication,
Education Pays 2013: The Benefts o Higher Education or
Individuals and Society, the ourth edition in this series begun
in 2004 to elucidate the monetary and nonmonetary benets
o higher education, as well as dierences in participation and
success across demographic groups, adds perspective on the
relationship between the costs and benets o postsecondary
education. The companion report, How College Shapes Lives:
Understanding the Issues, ocuses on the variation in the
returns to postsecondary education and sheds light on some othe methodological and conceptual complexities underlying the
issues covered in Education Pays.
The Trends website (trends.collegeboard.org) makes data easily
available or reerence and downloading.
PAST AND FUTURE
Ater a 9.5% real increase in 2009-10, the growth rate in public
our-year college tuition has declined in each successive year.
Similarly, large increases rom 2002-03 through 2004-05 were
ollowed by more moderate growth in prices. The same pattern
occurred in 1990-91 through 1993-94 and beore that, in 1982-
83 and 1983-84. As Figure 14A shows, state appropriations or
public higher education are cyclical, and tuition increases show
similar cycles.
As Figures 10 and 11 indicate, the dierence between the
published tuition and ee prices and the average net prices
that students pay has grown over time as grant aid and ederal
education tax benets have come to play a larger role. In
particular, rom 2008-09 to 2010-11, the ederal government
markedly increased its unding or students, causing average
net prices or students to all in years when tuition was rising
rapidly. But that trend is not continuing. Total ederal grant aid
per ull-time equivalent undergraduate student declined by 9%
($325 in 2012 dollars) between 2010-11 and 2012-13.
College enrollments have grown rapidly in recent years.
Although enrollments declined slightly between all 2011 and
all 2012, over the decade rom 2002-03 to 2012-13, the number
o ull-time undergraduate students increased by 28%, rom 9.1
million to 11.6 million. The number o part-time undergraduate
students increased by 19%, rom 5.6 million to 6.7 million.
This growth is partly a result o the weak labor market that has
made school a more appealing alternative and partly a result o
the growing gap between the earnings o workers who have
college degrees and those who do not.
The rapid enrollment growth in recent years was met by a
signicant decline in per student state unding. I we are to
meet the needs o our citizens and our economy or increased
postsecondary attainment, state budgets will have to give a
higher priority to education in the coming years.
As Figures 16A and 17A suggest, it is revenue shortages
rather than expenditure growth that have driven the rapid
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TRENDS IN COLLEGE PRICING 2013 trends.collegeboard.org
8
rises in public college prices in recent years. Nonetheless, or
the millions o Americans who are dependent on colleges and
universities to improve their prospects or ullling and secure
lives, cost reductions that are refected in slower growth in
prices are critical. Eorts are well under way to develop lower-cost methods o delivering college courses. It is too early
to say whether or not these eorts will revolutionize higher
education, or which segments o our diverse and multipurpose
postsecondary education system will be the most aected.
PUBLISHED PRICES
The published prices on which Trends in College Pricing
is based come rom data reported by institutions on the
College Boards Annual Survey o Colleges. This survey, which
is distributed to nearly 4,000 postsecondary institutions
across the country, collects data on enrollment, admission,
degrees and majors, tuition, nancial aid, and other aspects o
undergraduate education.
The prices reported here are best estimates o averages or
one year o ull-time undergraduate enrollment. About 37% o
all undergraduates and 61% o those attending public two-
year colleges are enrolled part time. Because o the variety o
enrollment and pricing patterns, it is not possible to provide
estimates o the charges acing these students that would be as
accurate as the inormation we provide about ull-time students.
A growing number o institutions charge dierent prices or
dierent years o study and/or or dierent academic majors. We
are able to incorporate some, but not all, o these dierences
in our price estimates. Another complexity is that more and
more two-year colleges are oering a small number o our-year
degrees or providing course work that leads to our-year degrees
awarded on other campuses. Although we make every eort
to adjust our methodology to accommodate these changes,
it is impossible to draw precise lines between sectors and to
develop exact measures in all cases.
Trends in College Pricing 2013presents detailed pricing data
or public two-year and our-year colleges and private nonprot
our-year institutions or the 2013-14 academic year. While
we provide an estimate o the average charges at or-protinstitutions, because o the relatively small sample o those
institutions rom which we are able to collect data and the
complex pricing structures prevalent in this sector, it is important
to interpret that inormation with caution.
Finally, when evaluating college prices, it is important to
remember that Trends in College Pricingreports on the price o
one year o college. Many students require more than two years
o study to earn an associate degree or more than our years o
study to earn a bachelors degree. It is critical to consider the
total price or all years o study when thinking about what is
required to pay or college. There is considerable variation acrosssectors as well as among institutions within sectors in both
average time to degree and overall graduation rates.
TUITION AND FEES VERSUS TOTAL
CHARGES
Some o the graphs in this report ocus only on tuition and
ees, but we also report room and board charges or residential
students, living costs or commuter students, and other
components o student budgets. Whether students live on
campus or o campus, they must pay or housing and ood, buy
books and supplies, and cover transportation and other basic
living costs.
Room and board and other living costs are not really part o
the cost o attending college. These are expenses people
ace whether or not they are in school. The largest real cost
many students ace is orgone earnings. It is very dicult to
succeed in college while working ull time. However, the cost o
students time is dicult to measure, and we make no attempt
to do so in this report. Because students tend to think o living
expenses as part o the cost o going to college, and because
they must come up with the unds to cover these outlays, it is
useul to use these expenses as a proxy or orgone earnings.
The cost o living poses a signicant hurdle or many students.
Even those who receive grant aid sucient to cover tuition and
ee charges may struggle to cover living expenses. It is not so
much the prices charged by institutions, but the very real costs
students incur by devoting their time to school and orgoing the
income needed to support themselves and their amilies while
in school that create the burden or these students.
NET PRICES: WHAT STUDENTSACTUALLY PAY
Although it is generally the published prices that make
headlines, it is the netprices paid by individual studentsthat matter the most or college access and aordability. We
estimate that in 2013-14, while the average published in-state
tuition and ee price at public our-year institutions is $8,893,
the average netprice is about $3,120. Grants and tax credits
and deductions cover the remainder or the average ull-time
student. Average net tuition and ees or ull-time in-state
students enrolled in public our-year institutions actually declined
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TRENDS IN HIGHER EDUCATION SERIES TRENDS IN COLLEGE PRICING 2013
9
rom an estimated $2,590 in 2007-08 (in 2013 dollars) to about
$1,940 in 2009-10. However, since that time, growth in student
aid has not kept up with published prices, and net prices have
grown more rapidly than published prices.
The denition o net price we use is the average price paid by
all ull-time students including those who do and those who
do not receive student aid ater subtracting grant aid rom all
sources in addition to ederal tax credits and deductions. Data
on prices rom the Annual Survey o Colleges and on student aid
rom Trends in Student Aidallow us to generate new, updated
estimates or average net prices by sector each year.
Trends in College Pricing 2013also includes estimates o net
prices by income levels based on the recently released National
Postsecondary Student Aid Study data. As Figure 12 reveals,
in 2011-12, net tuition and ees at public our-year colleges and
universities (not accounting or tax credits and deductions)
ranged rom $0 or the lowest-income quartile to $8,070 or the
highest-income quartile.
HOW COLLEGE PRICES ARE CHANGING
Published college prices have been rising more rapidly than the
prices o other goods and services over the entire time period
documented here. Only about one-third o ull-time students
pay the ull published tuition price with no grant assistance,
but the prices these students pay have increased very rapidly.
In addition, the non-tuition expenses associated with going to
college continue to rise, and grant aid is rarely sucient to meet
those costs.
Another signicant issue is that, as documented in Figure 20A,
although incomes have declined over the past decade or
amilies at all levels o the income distribution, the economic
recovery has beneted those at the top more than others. The
increasing economic inequality in the United States over recent
decades has exacerbated the diculty in paying or college
or many students, in addition to straining ederal, state, and
institutional budgets.
Neither changes in average published prices nor changes in
average net prices necessarily describe the circumstances acingindividual students. There is considerable variation in prices
across sectors and across states and regions, as well as among
institutions within these categories. College students in the
United States have a wide variety o educational institutions rom
which to choose, and these come with many dierent price tags.
Moreover, dierent students pay dierent prices at the same
institution. One o the problems many students ace is how to
make sense o all the options and complex pricing structures.
Rapidly rising postsecondary enrollments indicate that studentsare nding ways to nance their education and are largely
explained by the understanding that more education generally
leads to higher earnings throughout lie. The Education Pays
2013and How College Shapes Livespublications shed light on
this issue. Nonetheless, the reality is that more students and
amilies are struggling to pay or higher education, both during
the college years and in the ollowing years when education
loans must be repaid.
THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
We provide much o our data in constant dollars, adjusting
values or changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). We use
the change in the CPI rom July 2012 to July 2013 to compare
the price level or academic year 2013-14 to earlier prices. The
CPI increased by 3.6% between July 2010 and July 2011, by
1.4% rom July 2011 to July 2012, and by 2.0% rom July 2012
to July 2013.
A NOTE ON TRENDS DATA
While the inormation reported here provides a best
approximation o trends in college charges over time, we caution
readers about placing too much reliance on either precise dollar
amounts or precise annual percentage changes. Each year we
revise the average prices calculated the previous year to account
or corrected data we receive rom institutions and to provide
an enrollment-weighted average based on the most recent
available data on the number o ull-time students attending
each institution. I, over time, increasing numbers o students
were to enroll in the lower-priced institutions within a sector, our
measure o the average price increase would be lower than i
enrollment were stable. Details relating to our methodology and
to other technical issues and data reliability can be ound at the
end o the report in the Notes and Sources section.
The tables supporting all o the graphs in the Trends
publications, PDF versions o the publications, PowerPointfles containing individual slides or all o the graphs, and other
detailed data on student aid and college pricing are available on
our website attrends.collegeboard.org. Please eel ree to cite
or reproduce the data in Trends or noncommercial purposes
with proper attribution.
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TRENDS IN COLLEGE PRICING 2013 trends.collegeboard.org
10 For detailed data behind the graphs and additional inormation, please visit: trends.collegeboard.org.
Published Tuition and Fee and Room andBoard Charges, 2013-14The 2.9% increase in tuition and ees or in-state students at public our-year colleges and
universities in 2013-14 ollowed increases o 4.5% in 2012-13 and 8.5% in 2011-12 (beore
adjusting or infation) and was the smallest percentage increase in over 30 years.
Average in-state published tuition and ees at public our-yearinstitutions increased rom $8,646 in 2012-13 to $8,893in 2013-14.
In 2013-14, the percentage increase in published tuition andee prices or out-o-state students was 3.1%, slightly higherthan that or state residents at public our-year institutions. Thedollar gap in the two prices increased rom $12,887 to $13,310.
The $110 increase in average published tuition and ees orull-time students at public two-year colleges refected a 3.5%increase rom $3,154 in 2012-13 to $3,264 in 2013-14.
The $1,105 increase in average published tuition and ees or
ull-time students at private nonprot our-year institutionsrefected a 3.8% increase rom $28,989 in 2012-13 to $30,094in 2013-14.
The average published tuition and ee price or ull-time in-stateundergraduates at public masters universities is 79% o theprice at public doctoral universities $7,750 versus $9,804.
The average published tuition and ee price or ull-timeundergraduates at private nonprot masters universities is72% o the price at private nonprot doctoral universities
$26,798 versus $37,171.
ALSO IMPORTANT:
About 17% o rst-time ull-time public our-year undergraduate students
study out o state, but many states have reciprocity agreements with
neighboring states that allow students to pay less than the published
prices or nonresident students. (National Center or Education Statistics
[NCES], Digest o Education Statistics 2011, Table 232)
About two-thirds o undergraduate students enrolled ull time
receive grants that reduce the actual price o college (NCES, National
Postsecondary Student Aid Study [NPSAS], 2012). In addition, many
states and institutions grant tuition waivers to groups such as veterans,
teachers, or dependents o employees. See Figures 10 and 11 or
estimates o net prices paid by students and Trends in Student Aid 2013or details about student aid.
The total price o a college education depends on how long a student
is enrolled beore completing a degree. Many students spend more
than our years earning a bachelors degree. Average time to degree is
longer in public than in private nonprot institutions.
In all 2011, 61% o students at public two-year colleges were enrolled
part time, as were 23% o undergraduates at public our-year, 18% at
private nonprot our-year, and 26% at or-prot institutions. (NCES,
Digest o Education Statistics 2012, Table 226)
TABLE 1A Average Published Charges or Full-Time Undergraduates by Type and Control o Institution, 2013-14 (Enrollment-Weighted)
Tuition and Fees Room and Board Total Charges
Sector 2013-14 2012-13 $ Change % Change 2013-14 2012-13 $ Change % Change 2013-14 2012-13 $ Change % Change
Public Two-Year In-State $3,264 $3,154 $110 3.5% $7,466 $7,342 $124 1.7% $10,730 $10,496 $234 2.2%
Public Four-Year In-State $8,893 $8,646 $247 2.9% $9,498 $9,171 $327 3.6% $18,391 $17,817 $574 3.2%
Public Four-Year Out-o-State $22,203 $21,533 $670 3.1% $9,498 $9,171 $327 3.6% $31,701 $30,704 $997 3.2%
Private Nonproft Four-Year $30,094 $28,989 $1,105 3.8% $10,823 $10,458 $365 3.5% $40,917 $39,447 $1,470 3.7%
For-Proft $15,130 $15,060 $70 0.5%
Sample too small to provide meaningul inormation.
TABLE 1B Average Published Charges or Full-Time Four-Year Undergraduates by Carnegie Classication, 2013-14 (Enrollment-Weighted)
Tuition and Fees Room and Board Total Charges
Carnegie Classifcation 2013-14 2012-13 $ Change % Change 2013-14 2012-13 $ Change % Change 2013-14 2012-13 $ Change % Change
Public Doctoral In-State $9,804 $9,533 $271 2.8% $9,902 $9,590 $312 3.3% $19,706 $19,123 $583 3.0%
Public Masters In-State $7,750 $7,529 $221 2.9% $8,834 $8,477 $357 4.2% $16,584 $16,006 $578 3.6%
Public Bachelors In-State $6,918 $6,729 $189 2.8% $9,050 $8,713 $337 3.9% $15,968 $15,442 $526 3.4%Private Nonproft Doctoral $37,171 $35,745 $1,426 4.0% $12,650 $12,236 $414 3.4% $49,821 $47,981 $1,840 3.8%
Private Nonproft Masters $26,798 $25,829 $969 3.8% $10,449 $10,091 $358 3.5% $37,247 $35,920 $1,327 3.7%
Private Nonproft Bachelors $28,538 $27,525 $1,013 3.7% $9,790 $9,452 $338 3.6% $38,328 $36,977 $1,351 3.7%
NOTE: Prices reported or 2012-13 have been revised and may dier rom those reported inTrends in College Pricing 2012. See Notes and Sources on p. 37 ordenitions o the institutional categories in Table 1B. Public two-year room and board charges are based on commuter housing and ood costs. Tuition and eegures or the or-prot sector should be interpreted with caution because o the low response rate. Available data are insucient to report on room and boardbudgets or students in the or-prot sector.
SOURCE: The College Board, Annual Survey o Colleges.
Enrollment-weighted tuition and ees weight the price charged by each institution by the number o ull-time students enrolled in all 2012.
Public our-year in-state charges are weighted by total all 2012 ull-time enrollment in each institution, including both in-state students and
out-o-state students. Out-o-state tuition and ees are computed by adding the average in-state price to the out-o-state premium weighted
by the number o ull-time out-o-state students enrolled at each institution. Room and board charges are weighted by the number o
students residing on campus or our-year institutions and by the number o commuter students or public two-year institutions.
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TRENDS IN HIGHER EDUCATION SERIES TRENDS IN COLLEGE PRICING 2013
11For detailed data behind the graphs and additional inormation, please visit: trends.collegeboard.org.
Student Budgets, 2013-14
FIGURE 1 Average Estimated Full-Time Undergraduate Budgets, 2013-14 (Enrollment-Weighted)
NOTE: Expense categories are based on institutional budgets or students as reported by colleges and universities in the Annual Survey o Colleges. Figures ortuition and ees and room and board mirror those reported in Table 1A. Other expense categories are the average amounts allotted in determining total cost oattendance and do not necessarily refect actual student expenditures.
SOURCE: The College Board, Annual Survey o Colleges.
Tuition and ees constitute about 39% o the total budget or in-state students living on
campus at public our-year colleges and universities and about 20% o the budget or public
two-year college students who pay or o-campus housing.
Student budgets are constructed by institutional nancial aid
oces. These budgets orm the basis or determining the total
cost o attendance, which can aect the amount o nancial aid
or which students are eligible.
Tuition and ees dier more across sectors than room and
board and other components o student budgets. As a result,
while the average published tuition and ee price at public
our-year colleges is 2.7 times as high as the price at two-year
public colleges, the total student budget is only 1.4 times
as high.
The average published tuition and ee price at public our-year
colleges is about 30% o the average at private nonprot
our-year institutions, but the average student budget is
51% as high.
ALSO IMPORTANT:
According to the National Association o College Stores,
expenditures on textbooks are declining as students
increasingly rely on textbook rentals, used books, and digital
resources. (www.nacs.org/advocacynewsmedia/pressreleases/
studentspendingontextbookscontinuestodecline.aspx)
$0 $5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000 $25,000 $30,000 $35,000 $40,000 $45,000
Other ExpensesTransportationBooks and SuppliesRoom and BoardTuition and Fees
Private Nonprot Four-YearOn-Campus
Public Four-YearOut-of-State On-Campus
Public Four-YearIn-State On-Campus
Public Two-YearCommuter
Undergraduate Budget
$30,094
$22,203
$8,893
$3,264
$10,823
$9,498
$9,498
$7,466
$1,253
$1,207
$1,207
$1,270
$990
$1,123
$1,123
$1,708
$1,590
$2,105
$2,105
$2,225
$22,826
$15,933
$36,136
$44,750
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TRENDS IN COLLEGE PRICING 2013 trends.collegeboard.org
12 For detailed data behind the graphs and additional inormation, please visit: trends.collegeboard.org.
FIGURE 2 Distribution o Full-Time Undergraduates at Four-Year Institutions by Published Tuition and Fees, 2013-14
NOTE: For out-o-state students enrolled in public our-year colleges, the nonresident premium has been added to in-state tuition and ees. Some out-o-statestudents benet rom reciprocity agreements, which allow students rom neighboring states to pay less than the ull out-o-state price. The distribution ostudents across institutions is based on the latest available enrollment data, which are or all 2012. Percentages may not sum to 100 because o rounding.
SOURCE: The College Board, Annual Survey o Colleges.
Variation in Published Tuition and Fees, 2013-14
Hal o all ull-time undergraduates at public and private nonprot our-year colleges and
universities attend institutions charging tuition and ees o $11,093 or less, and hal attend
institutions with published tuition and ees o $11,093 or more.
The median ull-time public our-year
undergraduate, including both in-state
and out-o-state students, is enrolled
at an institution with published tuition
and ees o $9,011, while the median
ull-time undergraduate in the private
nonprot our-year sector aces
published charges o $31,290.
About 8% o undergraduates at
private nonprot our-year colleges and
universities are enrolled in institutions
with published prices below the median
or the public sector. Many o these are
special-ocus schools.
Less than 2% o undergraduates at
public our-year colleges and universities
are enrolled in institutions with published
prices above the median or the private
sector. All o these students are enrolled
outside their states o residence.
About 10% o private nonprot
our-year college undergraduates attend
institutions with published tuition and
ees o $45,000 or more.
Percentage of Full-Time Undergraduates
Public and Private Nonprot Four-Year Combined Public Four-Year Private Nonprot Four-Year
Tuitiona
ndF
ees
(Median = $11,093) (Median = $9,011) (Median = $31,290)
Under $6,000
$6,000 to $8,999
$9,000 to $11,999
$12,000 to $14,999
$15,000 to $17,999
$18,000 to $20,999
$21,000 to $23,999
$24,000 to $26,999
$27,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $32,999
$33,000 to $35,999
$36,000 to $38,999
$39,000 to $41,999
$42,000 to $44,999
$45,000 and over
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
6.2%
30.4%
15.9%
9.6%
3.7%
3.6%
3.8%
3.9%
4.7%
3.3%
3.7%
2.6%
2.5%
3.1%
3.0%
6.0%
43.8%
21.7%
12.9%
3.8%
3.5%
2.2%
1.9%
2.4%
0.8%
0.4%
0.3%
0.3%
0.0%
0.0%
6.8%
1.0%
3.0%
2.2%
3.7%
3.8%
7.3%
8.4%
9.8%
8.6%
10.9%
7.7%
7.5%
9.8%
9.6%
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TRENDS IN HIGHER EDUCATION SERIES TRENDS IN COLLEGE PRICING 2013
13For detailed data behind the graphs and additional inormation, please visit: trends.collegeboard.org.
FIGURE 3 Distribution o Full-Time Undergraduates at Four-Year Institutions by Percentage and Dollar Increase inPublished Tuition and Fees, 2013-14
NOTE: For out-o-state students enrolled in public our-year colleges, the nonresident premium has been added to in-state tuition and ees. Some out-o-statestudents benet rom reciprocity agreements, which allow students rom neighboring states to pay less than the ull out-o-state price. The distribution ostudents across institutions is based on the latest available enrollment data, which are or all 2012. Percentages may not sum to 100 because o rounding.
SOURCE: The College Board, Annual Survey o Colleges.
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
Under $200
$200 to $399
$400 to $599
$600 to $799
$800 to $999
$1,000 to $1,199
$1,200 to $1,399
$1,400 to $1,599
$1,600 to $1,799
$1,800 to $1,999
$2,000 or more
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
Public Four-Year
Private Nonprot Four-Year
Percentage of Full-Time Undergraduates
Percentage Increase Dollar Increase
Amounts
Percentage
0%
0.1 to 2.9%
3 to 5.9%
6 to 8.9%
9% or More
12%
41%
34%
9%
3%
7%
18%
70%
5%
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TRENDS IN COLLEGE PRICING 2013 trends.collegeboard.org
14 For detailed data behind the graphs and additional inormation, please visit: trends.collegeboard.org.
Tuition and Fee and Room and Board Chargesover Time
The 2.9% one-year increase in
average published tuition and ees
or in-state students at public our-
year institutions in 2013-14 was0.9% ater adjusting or infation.
This relatively small increase in
prices means that despite very
large annual increases earlier in the
decade, tuition infation between
2003-04 and 2013-14 was similar to
that between 1983-84 and 1993-94.
When room and board are included, total charges
at public our-year institutions rose more rapidly
between 2003-04 and 2013-14 than they did
during either o the two preceding decades. The average annual rate o increase in infation-
adjusted tuition and ees at private nonprot
our-year colleges and universities declined rom
4.1% between 1983-84 and 1993-94 to 3.1%
between 1993-94 and 2003-04, and to 2.3% over
the most recent decade.
Percentage increases in average tuition and
ees at public two-year colleges fuctuate
widely, although dollar increases are always
much smaller than those in other sectors. The
3.5% increase in 2013-14 translated into a 1.5%
increase ater adjusting or infation, the smallest
real increase since 2008-09 but a larger increasethan in many earlier years.
Over the 30 years rom 1983-84 to 2013-14,
average published tuition and ees at private
nonprot our-year institutions rose by 153%,
rom $11,909 (in 2013 dollars) to $30,094. The
average published price at public two-year
colleges rose by 164%, rom $1,235 (in 2013
dollars) to $3,264, while the increase or in-state
students at public our-year institutions was
231%, rom $2,684 to $8,893.
ALSO IMPORTANT:
About 40% o ull-time dependent students enrolled
in public our-year institutions live on campus. Another
40% live in o-campus housing and about 20%
live with their parents. Among dependent students
at private nonprot our-year colleges, 70% live on
campus, 17% live in o-campus housing, and 12% live
with their parents. (NCES, NPSAS, 2008)
FIGURE 4
Average Annual Percentage Increases in Infation-Adjusted Published Prices
by Decade, 1983-84 to 2013-14
FIGURE 5
Infation-Adjusted Published Tuition and Fees Relative to 1983-84, 1983-84 to
2013-14 (1983-84 = 100)
Each bar in Figure 4 shows the average annual rate o growth o published prices
in ination-adjusted dollars over a 10-year period. For example, rom 2003-04 to
2013-14, average published tuition and ees at private nonproft our-year colleges
rose by an average o 2.3% per year beyond increases in the Consumer Price Index.
SOURCES: The College Board, Annual Survey o Colleges; NCES, Integrated PostsecondaryEducation Data System (IPEDS).
Figure 5 shows published tuition and ees by sector, adjusted or ination, as a
percentage o 1983-84 published prices. For example, a value o 331 indicates that
the tuition and ee price in the public our-year sector in 2013-14 is 3.31 times as
high as it was in 1983-84, ater adjusting or increases in the Consumer Price Index.
SOURCES: The College Board, Annual Survey o Colleges; NCES, IPEDS.
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
AverageAnnualPercentageIncrease
2003-04 to 2013-141993-94 to 2003-041983-84 to 1993-94
7%
Tuition and Fees
and Room and Board
PublicFour-Year
Private NonprotFour-Year
Tuition and Fees
PublicTwo-Year
PublicFour-Year
Private NonprotFour-Year
4.1%4.3%
5.0%
3.5%
2.3%
3.1%
3.7%
1.9%
2.6%2.9%
2.3%
4.2%
3.0%
2.1%
3.2%
Inatio
n-
AdjustedPublishedTuition
andFeesRelativeto1983-
84
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Academic Year
13-1411-1209-1007-0805-0603-0401-0299-0097-9895-9693-9491-9289-9087-8885-8683-84
331
264
253
PublicTwo-Year
PublicFour-Year
PrivateNonprotFour-Year
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TRENDS IN HIGHER EDUCATION SERIES TRENDS IN COLLEGE PRICING 2013
15See Table 2 and Table 3 online or historical data on tuition and ee and room and board charges.
Tuition and Fee and Room and Board Chargesover Time
TABLE 2A Average Tuition and Fee and Room and Board Charges in 2013 Dollars, 1973-74 to 2013-14, Selected Years
Tuition and Fees in 2013 Dollars Tuition, Fees, and Room and Board in 2013 Dollars
Private NonproftFour-Year
Five-Year% Change
PublicFour-Year
Five-Year% Change
PublicTwo-Year
Five-Year% Change
Private NonproftFour-Year
Five-Year% Change
PublicFour-Year
Five-Year% Change
1973-74 $10,783 $2,710 $1,445 $16,979 $8,416
1978-79 $10,517 2% $2,446 10% $1,163 20% $16,391 3% $7,627 9%
1983-84 $11,909 13% $2,684 10% $1,235 6% $18,143 11% $8,027 5%
1988-89 $15,778 32% $3,111 16% $1,575 28% $22,985 27% $8,782 9%
1993-94 $17,806 13% $4,101 32% $2,014 28% $25,552 11% $10,049 14%
1998-99 $21,054 18% $4,648 13% $2,224 10% $29,290 15% $11,120 11%
2003-04 $24,071 14% $5,900 27% $2,425 9% $33,098 13% $13,376 20%
2008-09 $26,356 9% $7,008 19% $2,530 4% $35,895 8% $15,263 14%
2013-14 $30,094 14% $8,893 27% $3,264 29% $40,917 14% $18,391 20%
The annual increase in infation-adjusted average tuition and ees at public our-year
colleges and universities has declined in each o the past ve years, rom 9.5% in 2009-10
to 0.9% in 2013-14.
Average published tuition and ees at public our-year colleges
and universities increased by 19% beyond the rate o infation
over the ve years rom 2003-04 to 2008-09, and by another
27% between 2008-09 and 2013-14.
The 14% real increase in average published tuition and ees at
private nonprot our-year institutions rom 2008-09 to 2013-14
was larger than the 9% increase over the previous ve years.
The annual increase in infation-adjusted average published
tuition and ees at public two-year colleges declined rom
10.2% in 2009-10 to 5.4% in 2010-11 and to 4.6% in 2011-12
and 2012-13, and was 1.5% in 2013-14.
Average published tuition and ees at public two-year colleges
increased by just 4% in infation-adjusted dollars, rom $2,425
(in 2013 dollars) in 2003-04 to $2,530 in 2008-09, but by 29%,
to $3,264 in 2013-14.
In both the public our-year and private nonprot our-year
sectors, the largest one-year percentage increase in the
constant dollar published price or tuition, ees, and room and
board rom 2003-04 to 2013-14 was in 2009-10.
TABLE 2B Average Tuition and Fee and Room and Board Charges in 2013 Dollars, 2003-04 to 2013-14
Tuition and Fees in 2013 Dollars Tuition, Fees, and Room and Board in 2013 Dollars
Private NonproftFour-Year
One-Year% Change
PublicFour-Year
One-Year% Change
PublicTwo-Year
One-Year% Change
Private NonproftFour-Year
One-Year% Change
PublicFour-Year
One-Year% Change
2003-04 $24,071 $5,900 $2,425 $33,098 $13,376
2004-05 $24,722 2.7% $6,322 7.2% $2,564 5.7% $33,874 2.3% $14,031 4.9%
2005-06 $25,081 1.5% $6,566 3.9% $2,609 1.7% $34,362 1.4% $14,483 3.2%
2006-07 $25,607 2.1% $6,662 1.5% $2,601 0.3% $35,007 1.9% $14,735 1.7%
2007-08 $26,264 2.6% $6,943 4.2% $2,573 1.1% $35,878 2.5% $15,204 3.2%
2008-09 $26,356 0.4% $7,008 0.9% $2,530 1.7% $35,895 0.0% $15,263 0.4%
2009-10 $27,920 5.9% $7,672 9.5% $2,787 10.2% $38,041 6.0% $16,526 8.3%
2010-11 $28,679 2.7% $8,174 6.5% $2,938 5.4% $39,072 2.7% $17,335 4.9%
2011-12 $28,830 0.5% $8,557 4.7% $3,074 4.6% $39,261 0.5% $17,739 2.3%
2012-13 $29,593 2.6% $8,821 3.1% $3,216 4.6% $40,261 2.5% $18,171 2.4%
2013-14 $30,094 1.8% $8,893 0.9% $3,264 1.5% $40,917 1.7% $18,391 1.2%
SOURCES: The College Board, Annual Survey o Colleges; NCES, IPEDS.
http://trends.collegeboard.org/college-pricing/figures-tables/tuition-and-fee-and-room-and-board-charges-over-timehttp://trends.collegeboard.org/college-pricing/figures-tables/tuition-and-fee-and-room-and-board-charges-over-time-unweightedhttp://trends.collegeboard.org/college-pricing/figures-tables/tuition-and-fee-and-room-and-board-charges-over-time-unweightedhttp://trends.collegeboard.org/college-pricing/figures-tables/tuition-and-fee-and-room-and-board-charges-over-time -
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TRENDS IN COLLEGE PRICING 2013 trends.collegeboard.org
16 See Table 4 online or historical data on tuition and ees by region.
FIGURE 6
Average Tuition and Fee and Room and Board Charges by College Board
Region and Sector, 2013-14 (Enrollment-Weighted)
Regional Variation in Charges
In 2013-14, average published
tuition and ees or in-state students
at public our-year colleges range
rom $7,926 in the Southwest to$11,247 in New England.
In 2013-14, average published tuition and ees
or ull-time students at public two-year colleges
range rom $2,346 in the Southwest and $2,350
in the West to $4,694 in New England.
The largest dollar gap between average 2013-14
tuition and ees at public our-year and public
two-year institutions is $6,553 in New England,
and the smallest gap is $4,616 in the South.
Over the decade rom 2003-04 to 2013-14, dollar
increases in average public our-year tuition and
ees ranged rom $1,955 (in 2013 dollars) in the
Middle States region to $4,048 in the West.
Percentage increases ranged rom 26% in the
Middle States region to 86% in the West.
The percentage increase in public our-year
college tuition and ees over the decade beginning
in 2003-04 was about twice as large in the West
as in New England, but the average published
tuition and ee price in the West in 2013-14 is
$2,502 lower than the price in New England.
The largest percentage increase in public two-year college tuition and ees over the decade
beginning in 2003-04 was 70% in the West,
which has the second lowest published tuition
and ees in 2013-14.
Room and board charges at public our-year
institutions are highest in the West. The Middle
States region had the highest average tuition, ees,
room and board combined in 2003-04, but the
highest charges in 2013-14 are in New England.
NOTE: Public two-year room and board charges are based on commuter housing and oodcosts. States and territories included in the regions are as ollows: Middle States: DC, DE,MD, NJ, NY, PA, and PR; Midwest: IA, IL, IN, KS, MI, MN, MO, NE, ND, OH, SD, WI, and WV;New England: CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, and VT; South: AL, FL, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, SC, TN, and VA;Southwest: AR, NM, OK, and TX; West: AK, AZ, CA, CO, HI, ID, MT, NV, OR, UT, WA, and WY.
SOURCE: The College Board, Annual Survey o Colleges.
PublicTwo-Year
PublicFour-Ye
ar
P
rivateNonprot
Four-Year
SectorandReg
ion
Tuition, Fees, and Room and Board
$0 $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $60,000
West
Southwest
South
New England
Midwest
Middle States
West
Southwest
South
New England
Midwest
Middle States
West
Southwest
South
New England
Midwest
Middle States
Room and BoardTuition and Fees
$13,562
$10,241
$12,538
$9,585
$8,050
$10,527
$20,256$9,485
$9,601
$11,247
$7,977
$7,926
$8,745
$18,338
$21,791
$16,539
$15,757
$20,091
$43,889
$38,058
$50,860
$36,176
$36,915
$37,948
$4,433
$3,755
$4,694
$3,361
$2,346
$2,350
$31,674
$28,741
$38,044
$26,590
$27,752
$27,188
Ten-Year Dollar Change and Percentage Change in Infation-Adjusted Tuition and Fees, by Sector and College Board Region, 2003-04 to 2013-14
Public Two-Year Public Four-Year Private Nonproft Four-Year
RegionTen-Year$ Change
Ten-Year% Change
Ten-Year$ Change
Ten-Year% Change
Ten-Year$ Change
Ten-Year% Change
Middle States $521 13% $1,955 26% $5,967 23%
Midwest $790 27% $2,685 39% $6,279 28%
New England $934 25% $3,322 42% $7,271 24%
South $1,063 46% $3,144 65% $5,847 28%
Southwest $622 36% $2,940 59% $9,022 48%
West $968 70% $4,048 86% $3,240 14%
http://trends.collegeboard.org/http://trends.collegeboard.org/college-pricing/figures-tables/tuition-and-fees-region-over-timehttp://trends.collegeboard.org/college-pricing/figures-tables/tuition-and-fees-region-over-timehttp://trends.collegeboard.org/ -
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TRENDS IN HIGHER EDUCATION SERIES TRENDS IN COLLEGE PRICING 2013
17See Table 5 online or additional data on tuition and ees by state.
SOURCE: The College Board, Annual Survey o Colleges.
FIGURE 7 Average 2013-14 In-State Tuition and Fees at Public Four-Year and Two-Year Institutions, by State,
and Five-Year Percentage Changes in Infation-Adjusted Tuition and Fees, 2008-09 to 2013-14
In-State Tuition and Fees by State Public InstitutionsIn 2013-14, the highest published in-state tuition and ees in both public our-year and public
two-year institutions are in New Hampshire and Vermont. In-state tuition and ees average
$14,665 and $6,736 or public our-year and public two-year institutions, respectively, in New
Hampshire and $13,958 and $7,090 in Vermont. For the nation as a whole, average in-statetuition and ee prices are $8,893 or public our-year and $3,264 or public two-year institutions.
The lowest published in-state tuition and ees or public
our-year colleges and universities in 2013-14 are $4,404 in
Wyoming and $5,885 in Alaska.
The lowest published in-state tuition and ees or public
two-year colleges in 2013-14 are $1,424 in Caliornia and
$1,696 in New Mexico.
Over the ve years rom 2008-09 to 2013-14, percentage
increases in public our-year in-state tuition and ees ranged
rom 5% in Missouri ($417 in 2013 dollars) and 8% in Maryland
($625) to 65% in Georgia ($3,094) and 70% in Arizona ($4,135).Georgias $7,823 average tuition remains below the national
average o $8,893.
Over the ve years rom 2008-09 to 2013-14, percentage
changes in public two-year in-state tuition and ees ranged
rom 1% in Maine ($45 in 2013 dollars) and North Dakota
($31 in 2013 dollars) to 62% in Georgia ($1,375) and 111%
in Caliornia ($751), which still has the lowest prices in
the country.
ALSO IMPORTANT:
As Figure 15B indicates, New Hampshire had the lowest
appropriations per $1,000 o personal income o any state in 2012-13,
and Vermont had the th lowest. Wyoming had the highest
appropriations per $1,000 o personal income and New Mexico had
the third highest.
Arizona, which had the largest percentage increase in public our-year
tuition and ees over the past ve years, also aced the second largest
percentage decline in appropriations per $1,000 o personal income
(69%) rom 2007-08 to 2012-13. In contrast, Maryland aced only a
10% decline over these years. (Illinois State University, Grapevine data)
$0
$2,000
$4,000
$6,000
$8,000
$10,000
$12,000
$14,000
In-StateTuitionandFees
60%
120%
0%
20%
40%
80%
100%
Five-Year%C
hange
inTuitionandFees
State
Public Four-YearPublic Two-Year
NewHampshire
Vermont
Pennsylvania
NewJersey
Illinois
Michigan
Delaware
SouthCarolina
RhodeIsland
Washington
Massachusetts
Minnesota
Virginia
Connecticut
Arizona
Ohio
Maine
Alabama
Hawaii
Colorado
California
Indiana
UnitedStates
Wisconsin
Kentucky
Oregon
Texas
Maryland
Missouri
Tennessee
Iowa
Georgia
Kansas
SouthDakota
Nebraska
NorthDakota
Arkansas
NewYork
Oklahoma
Mississippi
Louisiana
NorthCarolina
Nevada
Florida
Idaho
WestVirginia
Montana
NewMexico
Utah
Alaska
Wyoming
NH
VT
PA
NJILM
IDE
SCR
I
WA
MA
MN
VA
CT
AZ
OH
ME
AL
HI
CO
CAINU
SWI
KY
OR
TX
MD
MO
TNIAG
AKS
SD
NE
ND
AR
NY
OK
MS
LA
NC
NVF
LID
WV
MT
NMU
TAK
WY
$14,6
65
$6,7
36
$3,3
97
$8,0
93
$2,9
83
$2,6
04
$4,4
04
34%
13%
16%
5%9
%
22%
15%
$2,3
23
9%
1%
15%
$13,9
58
$7,0
90
$4,0
32
$1,6
96
$5,8
85
$5,9
87
20%
18%
$9,3
91
$10,06
5
20%
70%
$4,1
06
$7,2
65
1%12%
62%65%
$3,6
09
$7,8
23
$8,4
75
$3,9
88
8%1
3%
27%
29%
$8,8
93
$3,2
64
$9,0
37
$1,4
24
57%
111%
http://trends.collegeboard.org/college-pricing/figures-tables/tuition-and-fees-sector-and-state-over-timehttp://trends.collegeboard.org/college-pricing/figures-tables/tuition-and-fees-sector-and-state-over-time -
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TRENDS IN COLLEGE PRICING 2013 trends.collegeboard.org
18 For detailed data behind the graphs and additional inormation, please visit: trends.collegeboard.org.
NOTE: The percentages on the x-axis in the top graph represent the proportion o all 2010 rst-time reshman students in each state who are state residents.
SOURCES: The College Board, Annual Survey o Colleges; NCES,Digest o Education Statistics 2011,Table 232.
FIGURE 8 Average 2013-14 Out-o-State Tuition and Fees at Public Four-Year Institutions (and Percentage o
First-Time Freshman Students Who Are State Residents), by State, and Five-Year Percentage Changes
in Infation-Adjusted Tuition and Fees, 2008-09 to 2013-14
Out-o-State Tuition and Fees by State Public Four-Year InstitutionsIn 2013-14, the highest published out-o-state tuition and ees at public our-year institutions
are in Michigan ($31,463) and Vermont ($34,055). For the nation as a whole, the average out-
o-state tuition and ee price at public our-year institutions is $22,203.
The lowest published out-o-state tuition and ees or public
our-year colleges and universities in 2013-14 are $10,303 in
South Dakota and $14,124 in Wyoming.
Over the ve years rom 2008-09 to 2013-14, percentage
increases in public our-year out-o-state tuition and ees
ranged rom 5% in Ohio ($1,061 in 2013 dollars) and 6%
in Maryland ($1,146) and Rhode Island ($1,601) to 50% in
Hawaii ($8,472) and 69% in Louisiana ($8,230). Rhode Islands
out-o-state tuition remains higher than the national average
and Louisianas remains lower.
In all 2010, the percentage o all rst-time reshman students
who were residents o the state ranged rom 36% in Vermont
and 44% in Rhode Island to 91% in Michigan and Nevada and
92% in Caliornia, Texas, and New Jersey.
The out-o-state premium in published tuition and ees ranges
rom $2,586 in South Dakota and $7,062 in Minnesota to
$19,863 in Michigan and $20,097 in Vermont.
ALSO IMPORTANT:
Some states have high levels o net in-migration o students.
For example, in all 2010, 39,500 out-o-state residents came to
Pennsylvania to begin college and about hal o that number o state
residents (19,300) went elsewhere to study. In West Virginia, 9,300
out-o-state residents enrolled and only 22% as many (2,000) let the
state. (NCES, Digest o Education Statistics 2011, Table 232)
Other states have high levels o net out-migration o students. For
example, in all 2010, 35,000 New Jersey residents let the state to
begin college over six times as many as the 5,500 who came to New
Jersey to study. (NCES, Digest o Education Statistics 2011, Table 232)
Only 53% o Vermont residents beginning college in all 2010 stayedin Vermont or college, compared to 93% o Utah residents. (NCES,
Digest o Education Statistics 2011, Table 232)
2013-14Out-of-StateTuitionandFees
Five-YearPercentageChange
State
$0
$5,000
$10,000
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000
$30,000
$35,000
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Vermont
Michigan
Virginia
Delaware
Indiana
SouthCarolina
Colorado
RhodeIsland
Illinois
Connecticut
Oregon
Hawaii
NewJersey
Washington
California
NewHampshire
Georgia
Arizona
Tennessee
Pennsylvania
Massachusetts
Iowa
Maine
UnitedStates
Ohio
Texas
Alabama
NorthCarolina
Maryland
Kansas
Nevada
Florida
Wisconsin
Louisiana
Montana
Kentucky
Idaho
Alaska
Utah
Missouri
WestVirginia
Oklahoma
NorthDakota
Minnesota
NewMexico
Nebraska
NewYork
Mississippi
Arkansas
Wyoming
SouthDakota
VT(36%)
MI(91%)
VA(76%)
DE(60%)
IN(80%)
SC(79%)
CO(77%)
RI(44%)
IL(83%)
CT(69%