COLLIDING EMPIRES IN ASIA: BRITAIN & RUSSIA CAME INTO DIRECT CONTACT IN KASHMIR IN THE

1840s

TIMELINE FOR THE CRIMEAN WAR

May 1850Louis Napoleon demands return of the Holy Places to Roman Catholic control. Why?

July 1853

After Russia occupies Moldavia and Wallachia, Vienna proposes a compromise over Turkey acceptable to all Great Powers.

October 1853

Turkey declares war on Russia. Why?

March 1854 France and Britain declare war on Russia.

October 1854

Battle of Balaclava: “Charge of the Light Brigade.” Why?

September 1855

The Fall of Sebastopol

March 1856 Congress of Paris implements the basic ideas in the Vienna Note of July 1853

The Black Sea at the time of the Crimean War, 1854/55:

The Russian attack on Sinope in Nov 1853 sparked the war

Allied ships in the harbor of Balaclava (1854/55):Russia did not yet have a railroad net

Col. James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan

He detested and was detested by his colleague, Lord Lucan of the Heavy Brigade, and commander, Lord Raglan

Commanded the Light Brigade of cavalry

The Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaclava,October 25, 1854. Lord Tennyson:

“Into the valley of Death/ Rode the six hundred…Their’s not to reason why,/ Their’s but to do and

die”

“Combat in Malakoff Gorge on September 8, 1855”

Florence Nightingale (1820-

1910): founder of the

nursing profession in England

The Congress of Paris (Feb 27-April 8, 1856):Victory for France and Britain yielded virtually the same terms that Russia had already accepted in

July 1853

Count Camillo di Cavour,Prime Minister of Sardinia

Emperor Napoleon III

Italy after the Congress of

Vienna(compare

Norman Rich, p. 124)

The muscle and the brains of the Risorgimento: Garibaldi first

meets Giuseppe Mazzini in 1833

MAZZINI’S VISION OF ‘THE NATION’ WAS DEMOCRATIC & EGALITARIAN

“Without Country you have neither name, token, voice, nor rights, no admission as brothers into the fellowship of the Peoples…. Soldiers without a banner, Israelites among the nations, you will find neither faith nor protection. Do not beguile yourselves with the hope of emancipation from unjust social conditions if you do not first conquer a Country for yourselves; where there is no Country there is no common agreement to which you can appeal; the egoism of self-interest rules alone. Do not be led away by the idea of improving your material conditions without first solving the national question. You cannot do it…. Votes, education, the right to work are the three main pillars of the nation; do not rest until our hands have solidly erected them.”

“The Insurrection at Rome: Attack on the Pope’s Palace”

(Illustrated London News, December 2, 1848):The young Pope Pius IX was chased out of town

The Roman Republic rings the bell of Liberty (1849)

Garibaldini in the Republic of Rome, July 1849

French troops enter Rome to restore Papal rule,April 30, 1849, on the orders of President Louis

Napoleon

TIMELINE FOR ITALIAN UNIFICATION

July 1858 Cavour forges alliance with Napoleon III

April 1859Austria declares war on Piedmont/Sardinia

June 1859Austria loses Lombardy in the Battles of Magenta and Solferino

July 1859 France concludes peace with Austria

March 1860

Savoy and Nice ceded to France; Parma, Modena, & Tuscany merge with Sardinia

May 1860 Garibaldi and the Thousand land in Sicily

Sep/Oct 1860

Garibaldi conquers Naples but hands it over to King Victor Emanuel

Giovannia Fattori, “Cavalry Charge:” France & Sardinia defeat Austria at Solferino, June 24,

1859

“Napoleon III at the Battle of Solferino, June 24, 1859”—

Austria lost 3,000 troops killed and 11,000 wounded;

France, 2,500 killed and 12,500 wounded

Garibaldi in 1860(chromolithograp

h)

The Embarcation of the Thousand, Genoa, May 1860

The Liberation of Palermo, May 27, 1860

The Redshirts defeat the Neapolitan army, May 1860

“The Man in Possession. Victor Emanuel: ‘I wonder when he will open the

door.’”(September 1860)

“The Right Leg in the

Boot at Last.”“’If it won’t go on, Sire, try a

little more powder!’”(London, October 1860)

Pope Pius IX (r. 1846-1878)never accepted

his loss of temporal rule.

Napoleon III sent a French garrison to

protect him in Rome. Pius

launched a moral crusade against

nationalism, socialism,

liberalism, and all forms of

modernism.

WHY DID ITALY NEVER BECOME A GREAT POWER?

ENDURING DIVISIONS WITHIN “UNIFIED” ITALY

1. The Vatican threatened to excommunicate any Catholic who accepted government office’

2. Italy was unified through plebiscites, endorsing annex-ation by Piedmont, not a constitutional convention.

3. Only about 2% of the population could vote for the new Italian parliament.

4. Piedmont’s Free Trade policy ruined the less efficient manufacturers of the South, so the economic gap between North & South widened after 1860.

5. Most government officials and army officers throughout Italy came from Piedmont; many Sicilians preferred customary law to Piedmontese law.