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  • 7/28/2019 Colombian Conflict

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    Colombian conflict (1964present)

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to:navigation,searchFor other Colombia-related conflicts, seeList of wars involving Colombia.

    This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may bechallengedandremoved.(July2010)

    Colombian conflict

    Top: FARC guerrillas

    Middle: Colombian Army soldiers

    Date 1964presentLocation ColombiaStatus OngoingTerritorialchanges

    El Caguan DMZ

    Belligerents

    Colombian government

    Army Navy Air Force National Police

    Supported by:

    USA

    Guerrillas

    FARC ELN

    M-19(Dis) EPL(De) MOEC(Dis) CGSB(Dis) MAQL(Dis) ERC(De)

    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dia.org/wiki/Colombian_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Caguan_DMZhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ongoing_military_conflictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#mw-head
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    Paramilitaries

    AUC(De) AAA(Dis) CONVIVIR(Dis) Black Eagles Other paramilitary

    successor groups[1]

    GRA(Dis) IRAFP

    Supported by:

    Cuba(until 1991)

    Commanders and leaders

    Juan Manuel Santoslvaro Uribe Vlez

    Andrs Pastrana Arango

    Ernesto Samper Pizano

    Csar Gaviria Trujillo

    Fidel Castao

    Carlos Castao

    Vicente Castao[2]Rodrigo Tovar Pupo

    Salvatore Mancuso

    Diego Murillo

    FARC

    Mauricio Jaramillo

    Timolen Jimnez

    Joaqun Gmez

    Ivn Mrquez

    ELN

    Antonio GarcaFrancisco Galn

    Strength

    National Police: 145,871[3]

    Army: 238,889[4]

    Air Force: 13,108[4]

    Paramilitary successor groups,

    includingthe Black Eagles: 3,749

    13,000[5][6][7]

    FARC: 9,00018,000 in 2010,

    according to the Colombian Armed

    Forces.[8]

    ELN: 3,500 5,000

    IRAFP: ~80

    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ikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_the_Pacifichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_the_Pacifichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_the_Pacifichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FARChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Eagleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#cite_note-Resultados_Operacionales-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#cite_note-Resultados_Operacionales-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#cite_note-balance_mindefensa-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_National_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Gal%C3%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_(ELN_commander)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_M%C3%A1rquezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timole%C3%B3n_Jim%C3%A9nezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_Jaramillohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Murillo_Bejaranohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Mancusohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Tovar_Pupohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Casta%C3%B1ohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Casta%C3%B1ohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Casta%C3%B1ohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Gaviria_Trujillohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Samper_Pizanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pastrana_Arangohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Uribe_V%C3%A9lezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_the_Pacifichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guevarista_Revolutionary_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Eagleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONVIVIRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alianza_Americana_Anticomunistahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitarism_in_Colombia
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    Casualties and losses

    Army and Police: 4,286 killed,13,076 injured (since 2002[4])

    FARC: 12,981 demobilized (since

    2002[4])

    ELN: 2,789 demobilized (since

    2002[4])

    Since 2002, 34,512 guerrillas

    captured, 13,197 killed[4]

    total casualties=50,000200,000[9]

    total people displaced= 2,400,0004,000,000[10]

    (De): Demobilized(Dis): Dismantled

    [show]

    v t e

    Colombian conflict (1964present)

    An ongoing asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict in Colombia began in approximately 1964 or 1966,between the Colombian governmentand peasant guerrillas such as the Revolutionary Armed Forces ofColombia(FARC), and theNational Liberation Army(ELN).

    It is historically rooted in the conflict known asLa Violencia, which was triggered by the 1948 assassinationof populist political leader Jorge Elicer Gaitn,[11] and in the aftermath of United States-backed military

    attacks on peasant communities in rural Colombia in the 1960s that ledLiberalandCommunistmilitants tore-organize intoFARC.[12]

    The reasons for fighting vary from group to group. The FARC and other guerrilla movements claim to befighting for the rights of the poor in Colombia to protect them from government violence and to providesocial justicethroughsocialism.[13]The Colombian government claims to be fighting for order and stability,and seeking to protect the rights and interests of its citizens. Theparamilitary groups, such as theAUC,claim to bereactingto perceived threats byguerrillamovements.[14]Both guerrilla and paramilitary groups

    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    have been accused of engaging indrug traffickingandterrorism. All of the parties engaged in the conflicthave been criticized for numerous human rights violations.

    The fighting has killed 250,000 individuals[15]and displaced millions.

    Contents

    [hide]

    1 Background 2 Timeline

    o 2.1 1960so 2.2 1970so 2.3 1980so 2.4 1990s

    2.4.1 Early 1990s 2.4.2 Mid-1990s

    o 2.5 Late 1990s Early 2000so 2.6 Early 2000s 2006o 2.7 20072009o 2.8 20102012

    3 Role of the United States 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading

    o 7.1 Books

    7.1.1 English 7.1.2 Other languageso 7.2 Journals / Periodicalso 7.3 Government/NGO reportso 7.4 Newso 7.5 Websites

    [edit] Background

    The origin of the armed conflict in Colombia goes back to 1920 at agrarian disputes over the Sumapaz and

    Tequendama regions.[16]

    Peasants at the time fought over ownership of coffee lands which caused theliberals and conservative parties to take sides in the conflict, worsening it.

    In 1948 events would occur that radically stirred up the armed conflict. The assassination ofpopulistJorgeElicer Gaitnin 1948 lead to theBogotazo, an urban riot killing more than 4,000 people, and subsequentlyto ten years of sustained rural warfare between members ofColombian Liberal Partyand theColombianConservative Party, a period known as La Violencia ("The Violence"), which took the lives of more than200,000 people throughout the countryside.[11]

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olombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#Government.2FNGO_reportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#Government.2FNGO_reportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#Websiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#Websiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Eli%C3%A9cer_Gait%C3%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Eli%C3%A9cer_Gait%C3%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Eli%C3%A9cer_Gait%C3%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Eli%C3%A9cer_Gait%C3%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogotazohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogotazohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogotazohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Liberal_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Liberal_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Liberal_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Violenciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Violenciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Violenciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#cite_note-beyond-bogota-timeline-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#cite_note-beyond-bogota-timeline-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#cite_note-beyond-bogota-timeline-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#cite_note-beyond-bogota-timeline-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Violenciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Liberal_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogotazohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Eli%C3%A9cer_Gait%C3%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Eli%C3%A9cer_Gait%C3%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#Websiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#Government.2FNGO_reportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#Journals_.2F_Periodicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#Other_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#Role_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#2010.E2.80.932012http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#2007.E2.80.932009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#Early_2000s_.E2.80.93_2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#Late_1990s_.E2.80.93_Early_2000shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#Mid-1990shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#Early_1990shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#1990shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#1980shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#1970shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#1960shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#Timelinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)#Backgroundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w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    As La Violencia wound down, most self-defense and guerrilla units made up of Liberal Party supportersdemobilized, but at the same time some former Liberals and activeCommunistgroups continued operatingin several rural enclaves. One of the Liberal bands was a group known as the "Fuerzas ArmadasRevolucionarias de Colombia" (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia), or FARC, formed by DumarAljurein the early 1950s, one of the largest Liberal guerrillas in 1958.[17]This group eventually ceased to

    exist, but its name remained as a historical reference[citation needed]

    .Also in 1958, an exclusively bipartisan political alternation system, known as the National Front, resultedfrom an agreement between the Liberal and Conservative parties. The agreement had come as a result ofthe two parties attempting to find a final political solution to the decade of mutual violence and unrest,remaining in effect until 1974.[11]

    [edit] Timeline

    [edit] 1960s

    In the early 1960s Colombian Army units loyal to theNational Frontbegan to attack peasant communities,at the behest of the United States government. This happened throughout Colombia with the Colombianarmy considering that these peasant communities were enclaves for bandits and Communists. It was the1964 attack on the community of Marquetalia that motivated the later creation of FARC.[18] Despite theinfantry and police encirclement of the villages inside Marquetalia (3500 men swept through the area),Manuel Marulanda managed to escape the army cordon.

    Unlike the rural FARC, which had roots in the previous Liberal peasant struggles, the ELN was mostly anoutgrowth of university unrest and would subsequently tend to follow a small group of charismatic leaders,includingCamilo Torres Restrepo.[19]

    Both guerrilla groups remained mostly operational in remote areas of the country during the rest of the1960s[citation needed].

    The Colombian government organized several short-lived counter-guerrilla campaigns in the late 1950sand early 1960s. These efforts were aided by the U.S. government and the CIA, which employed hunter-killer teams and involved U.S. personnel from the previous Philippine campaign against the Huks, andwhich would later participate in the subsequentPhoenix Programin theVietnam War.[14][20]

    [edit] 1970s

    By 1974, another challenge to the state's authority and legitimacy had come from the 19th of AprilMovement (M-19), leading to a new phase in the conflict. The M-19 was a mostly urban guerrilla group,founded in response to an electoral fraud during the final National Front election ofMisael Pastrana Borrero(19701974) and the defeat of former dictatorGustavo Rojas Pinilla[citation needed].

    [edit] 1980s

    By 1982, the perceived passivity of the FARC, together with the relative success of the government's effortsagainst the M-19 and ELN, enabled the administration of the Liberal Party's Julio Csar Turbay Ayala

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    (19781982) to lift a state-of-siege decree that had been in effect, on and off, for most of the previous 30years. Under the latest such decree, president Turbay had implemented security policies that, though ofsome military value against the M-19 in particular, were considered highly questionable both inside andoutside Colombian circles due to numerous accusations of militaryhuman rights abusesagainst suspectsand captured guerrillas[citation needed].

    Citizen exhaustion due to the conflict's newfound intensity led to the election of president BelisarioBetancur(19821986), a Conservative who won 47% of the popular vote, directed peace feelers at all theinsurgents, and negotiated a 1984 cease-fire with the FARC at La Uribe, Meta, after a 1982 release ofmany guerrillas imprisoned during the previous effort to overpower them. A truce was also arranged withthe M-19. The ELN rejected entering any negotiation and continued to recover itself through the use ofextortions and threats, in particular against foreign oil companies of European and U.S. origin [citation needed].

    As these events were developing, the growing illegal drug trade and its consequences were alsoincreasingly becoming a matter of widespread importance to all participants in the Colombian conflict.Guerrillas and newly wealthy drug lords had mutually uneven relations and thus numerous incidents

    occurred between them. Eventually the kidnapping of drug cartel family members by guerrillas led to thecreation of the 1981 Muerte a Secuestradores (MAS) death squad ("Death to Kidnappers"). Pressure fromthe U.S. government and critical sectors of Colombian society was met with further violence, as theMedelln Cartel and its hitmen, bribed or murdered numerous public officials, politicians and others whostood in its way by supporting the implementation ofextraditionof Colombian nationals to the U.S. Victimsof cartel violence included Justice Minister Rodrigo Lara Bonilla, assassinated in 1984, an event whichmade the Betancur administration begin to directly oppose the drug lords[citation needed].

    The first negotiated cease-fire with theM-19ended when the guerrillas resumed fighting in 1985, claimingthat the cease-fire had not been fully respected by official security forces, saying that several of itsmembers had suffered threats and assaults, and also questioning the government's real willingness toimplement any accords. The Betancur administration in turn questioned the M-19's actions and itscommitment to the peace process, as it continued to advance high profile negotiations against with theFARC, which led to the creation of thePatriotic Union(Unin Patritica) -UP-, a legal and non-clandestinepolitical organization[citation needed].

    On November 6, 1985, the M-19 stormed the Colombian Palace of Justiceand held the Supreme Courtmagistrates hostage, intending to put president Betancur on trial. In the ensuing crossfire that followed themilitary's reaction, some 120 people lost their lives, as did most of the guerrillas, including several high-ranking operatives and 12 Supreme Court Judges.[3]Both sides blamed each other for the outcome. Thismarked the end of Betancur's peace process.[4]

    Meanwhile, individual FARC members initially joined the UP leadership in representation of the guerrillacommand, though most of the guerrilla's chiefs and militiamen did not demobilize nor disarm, as that wasnot a requirement of the process at that point in time. Tension soon significantly increased, as both sidesbegan to accuse each other of not respecting the cease-fire.[citation needed].

    According to historian Daniel Pecut, the creation of the Patriotic Union took the guerrillas' politicalmessage to a wider public outside of the traditional communist spheres of influence and led to localelectoral victories in regions such as Urab and Antioquia, with their mayoral candidates winning twenty-

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    three municipalities and their congressional ones gaining fourteen seats (five in the Senate, nine in thelower Chamber) in 1988.[21]According to journalistSteven Dudley, who interviewed ex-FARC as well asformer members of the UP and the Communist Party,[22] FARC leader Jacobo Arenas insisted to hissubordinates that the UP's creation did not mean that the group would lay down its arms nor a rejection ofthe Seventh Conference's military strategy.[23]Pecut states that new recruits entered the guerrilla army

    and its urban militia units during the period, also claiming that FARC did not stop kidnapping and continuedto target regional politicians for assassination.[24]

    In October 1987, the UP's 1986 presidential candidateJaime Pardo Lealwas assassinated amid a wave ofviolence that would lead to the deaths of thousands of its party members at the hands of deathsquads.[25][26]According to Pecut, the killers included members of the military and the political class whohad opposed Belisario Betancur's peace process and considered the UP to be little more than a "facade"for FARC, as well as drug traffickers and landowners who were also involved in the establishment ofparamilitary groups.[27]

    [edit] 1990s

    [edit] Early 1990s

    TheVirgilio Barco Vargas(19861990) administration, in addition to continuing to handle the difficulties ofthe complex negotiations with the guerrillas, also inherited a particularly chaotic confrontation against thedrug lords, who were engaged in a campaign of terrorism and murder in response to government moves infavor of their extradition overseas.[citation needed].

    In June 1987, the ceasefire between FARC and the Colombian government formally collapsed after theguerrillas attacked a military unit in the jungles of Caquet.[28][29] According to journalist Steven Dudley,FARC founderJacobo Arenasconsidered the incident to be a "natural" part of the truce and reiterated the

    group's intention to continue the dialogue, but President Barco sent an ultimatum to the guerrillas anddemanded that they immediately disarm or face military retaliation.[29] Regional guerrilla and Armyskirmishes created a situation where each violation of the ceasefire rendered it null in each location, until itwas rendered practically nonexistent[citation needed].

    By 1990, at least 2,500 members of the FARC-founded Patriotic Union had been murdered, according tohistorian Daniel Pecut, leading up to that year's assassination of presidential candidateBernardo JaramilloOssa. The Colombian government initially blamed drug lord Pablo Escobar for the murder but journalistSteven Dudley argues that many in the UP pointed at then-Interior MinisterCarlos Lemos Simmonds forpublicly calling out the UP as the "political wing of FARC" shortly before the murder, while others claimed itwas the result of an alliance betweenFidel Castao, members of the Colombian military and theDAS.[30]Pecut and Dudley argue that significant tensions had emerged between Jaramillo, FARC and theCommunist Party due to the candidate's recent criticism of the armed struggle and their debates over therebels' use of kidnapping, almost leading to a formal break.[31][32]Jaramillo's death led to a large exodus ofUP militants; in addition, by then many FARC cadres who joined the party had already returned toclandestinity, using the UP experience as an argument in favor of revolutionary war.[26][28][33]

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    The M-19 and several smaller guerrilla groups were successfully incorporated into a peace process as the1980s ended and the 90s began, which culminated in the elections for aConstituent Assembly of Colombiathat would write a new constitution, which took effect in 1991[citation needed].

    Contacts with the FARC, which had irregularly continued despite the end of the ceasefire and the official

    1987 break from negotiations, were temporarily cut off in 1990 under the presidency of Csar GaviriaTrujillo (19901994). The Colombian Army's assault on the FARC's Casa Verde sanctuary at La Uribe,Meta, followed by a FARC offensive that sought to undermine the deliberations of the ConstitutionalAssembly, began to highlight a significant break in the uneven negotiations carried over from the previousdecade[citation needed].

    Both parties nevertheless never completely broke off some amount of political contacts for long, as somepeace feelers continued to exist, leading to short rounds of conversations in both Caracas, Venezuela(1991) andTlaxcala, Mexico (1992). Despite the signing of several documents, no concrete results wereachieved when the talks ended[citation needed].

    [edit] Mid-1990s

    FARC military activity increased throughout the bulk of the 1990s as the group continued to grow in wealthfrom both kidnapping and drug-related activities, while drug crops rapidly spread throughout thecountryside. The guerrillas protected many of the coca growers from eradication campaigns and allowedthem to grow and commercialize coca in exchange for a "tax" either in money or in crops[citation needed].

    In this context, FARC had managed to recruit and train more fighters, beginning to use them inconcentrated attacks in a novel and mostly unexpected way. This led to a series of high profile raids andattacks against Colombian state bases and patrols, mostly in the southeast of Colombia but also affectingother areas[citation needed].

    In mid-1996 a civic protest movement made up of an estimated 200,000 coca growers fromPutumayoandpart ofCaucabegan marching against the Colombian government to reject its drug war policies, includingfumigations and the declaration of special security zones in some departments. Different analysts havestressed that the movement itself fundamentally originated on its own, but at the same time, FARC heavilyencouraged the marchers and actively promoted their demands both peacefully and through the threat offorce.[34][35]

    Additionally, in 1997 and 1998, town councilmen in dozens of municipalities of the south of the countrywere threatened, killed, kidnapped, forced to resign or to exile themselves to department capitals by theFARC and the ELN.[36][37]

    In Las Delicias, Caquet, five FARC fronts (about 400 guerrillas) recognized intelligence pitfalls in aColombian Army base and exploited them to overrun it on August 30, 1996, killing 34 soldiers, wounding 17and taking some 60 as prisoners. Another significant attack took place in El Billar, Caquet on March 2,1998, where a Colombian Army counterinsurgency battalion was patrolling, resulting in the death of 62soldiers and the capture of some 43. Other FARC attacks against Police bases inMiraflores,GuaviareandLa Uribe,Metain August 1998 killed more than a hundred soldiers, policemen and civilians, and resulted inthe capture or kidnapping of a hundred more[citation needed].

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    These attacks, and the dozens of members of the Colombian security forces taken prisoner by the FARC,contributed to increasingly shaming the government of president Ernesto Samper Pizano(19941998) inthe eyes of sectors of public and political opinion. He was already the target of numerous critics due torevelations of a drug-money scandal surrounding his presidential campaign. Perceptions of corruption dueto similar scandals led to Colombia's decertification as a country cooperating with the United States in the

    war on drugsin 1995 (when the effects of the measure were temporarily waived), 1996 and 1997.[38][39]

    The Samper administration reacted against FARC's attacks by gradually abandoning numerous vulnerableand isolated outposts in more than 100,000 km of the rural countryside, instead concentrating Army andPolice forces in the more heavily defended strongholds available, which allowed the guerrillas to moredirectly mobilize through and influence events in large areas of rural territory which were left with little or noremaining local garrisons[citation needed].

    Samper also contacted the guerrillas in order to negotiate the release of some or all of the hostages inFARC hands, which led to the temporary demilitarization of the municipality of Cartagena del Chair,Caquet in July 1997 and the unilateral liberation of 70 soldiers, a move which was opposed by the

    command of the Colombian military. Other contacts between the guerrillas and government, as well as withrepresentatives of religious and economic sectors, continued throughout 1997 and 1998[citation needed].

    Altogether, these events were interpreted by some Colombian and foreign analysts as a turning point in thearmed confrontation, giving the FARC the upper hand in the military and political balance, making theColombian government a target of critics from some observers who concluded that its weakness was beingevidenced, perhaps even overshadowing a future guerrilla victory in the middle term. A leaked 1998 U.S.Defense Intelligence Agency(DIA) report went so far as to speculate that this could be possible within 5years if the guerrilla's rate of operations was kept up without effective opposition. Some viewed this reportas inaccurate and alarmist, claiming that it did not properly take into account many factors, such aspossible actions that the Colombian state and the U.S. might take in response to the situation, nor theeffects of the existence of paramilitary groups.[40]

    Also during this period, paramilitary activities increased, both legally and illegally. The creation of legalCONVIVIR self-defense and intelligence gathering groups was authorized by Congress and the Samperadministration in 1994. Members of CONVIVIR groups were accused of committing numerous abusesagainst the civilian population by several human rights organizations. The groups were left without legalsupport after a 1997 decision by the Colombian Constitutional Court which restricted many of theirprerrogatives and demanded stricter oversight. After 1997, preexisting paramilitary forces and severalformer CONVIVIR members joined in creating the "Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia" ("United Self-defense Forces of Colombia") or AUC, a now illegal loose federation of regional paramilitary groups[citationneeded].

    The AUC, originally present around the central/northwest part of the country, executed a series of raids intoareas of guerrilla influence, targeting those that they considered as either guerrillas in disguise or theirsuspected collaborators. This resulted in a continuing series of massacres, such as a July 1997 operationagainst the village of Maripipn, Meta, which left between 30 and 49 civilians dead. After some of theseoperations, government prosecutors and/or human rights organizations repeatedly blamed officers andmembers of Colombian Army and Police units for either passively permitting these acts, or directlycollaborating in their execution.[41][42]

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    [edit] Late 1990s Early 2000s

    On August 7, 1998,Andrs Pastrana Arangowas sworn in as the President of Colombia. A member of theConservative Party, Pastrana defeated Liberal Party candidate Horacio Serpa in a run-off election markedby high voter turn-out and little political unrest. The new president's program was based on a commitment

    to bring about a peaceful resolution of Colombia's longstanding civil conflict and to cooperate fully with theUnited States to combat the trafficking of illegal drugs[citation needed].

    In July 1999, Colombian military forces attacked the town of Puerto Lleras, Colombia where FARC rebelswere stationed. Using U.S. supplied aircraft and equipment, and backed with U.S. logistical support,Colombian government forces strafed and bombed the town for over 72 hours. In the attack, three civilianswere killed, and several others were wounded as the military attacked hospitals, churches, ambulances,and residential areas. FARC rebels were forced to flee the area, and many were killed or wounded. TheColombian government claimed that this was a significant victory, while human rights groups claimed thisas proof that "anti-narcotics" aid, was actually just military aid which was being used to fight a leftistinsurgency.[43]

    On September 10, 2001, the AUC were added to the US State Department's list of Foreign TerroristOrganizations. Critics[who?] had long accused the US of hypocrisy for labeling the FARC and ELN terrorists,while ignoring the AUC, which was responsible for far more killings.[5]Due to payments made by ChiquitaBrands International to the AUC, requests have been made for the extradition of Chiquita's board membersand executive officers.[44]

    On January 17, 2002, right-wing paramilitaries entered the village of Chengue, and divided up the villagersinto two groups. They then went from person to person in one of the groups, smashing each person's headwith sledgehammers and rocks, killing 24 people, as the Colombian military sat by and watched. Two otherbodies were later discovered dumped in a shallow grave. As the paramilitaries left, they set fire to thevillage.[45]

    [edit] Early 2000s 2006

    Army soldiers wearing a new version of digitalized camouflage.

    During President Uribe's first term in office (20022006), the security situation inside Colombia showedsome measure of improvement and the economy, while still fragile, also showed some positive signs of

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  • 7/28/2019 Colombian Con