Colonial life 1700Colonial life 1700--17751775

PopulationPopulation

�� 17001700--300,000 people300,000 people

�� 17751775--2.5 million2.5 million

�� About 800,000 black and white About 800,000 black and white immigrants total in that timeimmigrants total in that timeimmigrants total in that timeimmigrants total in that time

�� The rest babiesThe rest babies

�� Average age 1775Average age 1775——1616

Melting potMelting pot

�� EnglishEnglish——49%49%

�� AfricanAfrican——20%20%

�� ScottishScottish——7%7%

�� GermanGerman——7%7%�� GermanGerman——7%7%

�� ScotsScots--Irish, Irish, Dutch and other Irish, Irish, Dutch and other EuropeansEuropeans

Melting Pot vs. Salad BowlMelting Pot vs. Salad Bowl

�� The term melting pot refers to the idea The term melting pot refers to the idea that societies formed by immigrant that societies formed by immigrant cultures, religions, end ethnic groups, will cultures, religions, end ethnic groups, will produce new hybrid social and cultural produce new hybrid social and cultural produce new hybrid social and cultural produce new hybrid social and cultural forms. The notion comes from the pot in forms. The notion comes from the pot in which metals are melted at great heat, which metals are melted at great heat, melding together into new compound, melding together into new compound, with great strength and other combined with great strength and other combined advantages.advantages.

�� In the salad bowl model, various In the salad bowl model, various American cultures are juxtaposed American cultures are juxtaposed —— like like salad ingredients salad ingredients —— but do not merge but do not merge together into a single together into a single homogeneoushomogeneousculture. Each culture keeps its own culture. Each culture keeps its own distinct qualities. This idea proposes a distinct qualities. This idea proposes a society of many individual, "pure" society of many individual, "pure" society of many individual, "pure" society of many individual, "pure" cultures, and the term has become more cultures, and the term has become more politically correctpolitically correct than than melting potmelting pot, since , since the latter suggests that ethnic groups the latter suggests that ethnic groups may be unable to preserve their cultures.may be unable to preserve their cultures.

Colonial SocietyColonial Society

�� Most AmericansMost Americans--small farmerssmall farmers

�� Cities contained skilled artisans Cities contained skilled artisans (blacksmiths, carpenters)(blacksmiths, carpenters)

----Also shopkeepers and trades peopleAlso shopkeepers and trades people----Also shopkeepers and trades peopleAlso shopkeepers and trades people

In the north, wealth in the hands of In the north, wealth in the hands of the shipping merchantsthe shipping merchants

In the south, wealth in the hands of a In the south, wealth in the hands of a few large slaveholdersfew large slaveholders

�� As supply of unclaimed land As supply of unclaimed land dwindlesdwindles--forces men to become forces men to become wage earners or move westwage earners or move west

�� Slaves at the bottom of societySlaves at the bottom of society�� Slaves at the bottom of societySlaves at the bottom of society

�� 17601760--South Carolina tries to stop South Carolina tries to stop importation of Africansimportation of Africans——Britain Britain vetoes thisvetoes this——Why?Why?

Colonial EconomyColonial Economy�� New EnglandNew England——Fishing, Lumber, Ship Fishing, Lumber, Ship building, iron works, Rum distilleriesbuilding, iron works, Rum distilleries

�� Middle coloniesMiddle colonies--Grains, Iron works,Grains, Iron works,

�� Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies--Tobacco, rice, Tobacco, rice, indigo, lumberindigo, lumberindigo, lumberindigo, lumber

�� The most profitable industry was The most profitable industry was agricultureagriculture

�� Population goes up, people healthy, Population goes up, people healthy, relatively living wellrelatively living well--produce more produce more babiesbabies

How do you make Rum?How do you make Rum?�� It’s sugar! More specifically, it’s It’s sugar! More specifically, it’s molasses. When sugar cane is juiced molasses. When sugar cane is juiced and boiled, you can take out crystallized and boiled, you can take out crystallized sugar. The sticky residue that’s left is sugar. The sticky residue that’s left is molasses. They ferment it, distill it, and molasses. They ferment it, distill it, and molasses. They ferment it, distill it, and molasses. They ferment it, distill it, and then age it for differentthen age it for different

lengths of time. lengths of time.

Rum stillRum still

Molasses ActMolasses Act

�� Parliament puts a Tax on French Parliament puts a Tax on French goods coming from the French West goods coming from the French West Indies (mainly sugar and molasses) Indies (mainly sugar and molasses) to the coloniesto the coloniesto the coloniesto the colonies

�� Not meant to make money. What is Not meant to make money. What is it for?it for?

�� Control trade, force colonist to buy Control trade, force colonist to buy British goodsBritish goods

�� Molasses Act strains relationship Molasses Act strains relationship between Colonist and Englandbetween Colonist and England

�� Colonist ignored lawColonist ignored law

How did colonist get sugar and How did colonist get sugar and �� How did colonist get sugar and How did colonist get sugar and supplies?supplies?

�� Bribery and smugglingBribery and smuggling

�� This strains relationshipThis strains relationship

TRAIANGULAR TRADETRAIANGULAR TRADE

RELIGONRELIGON

�� Anglican church (Church of England)Anglican church (Church of England)——official church of the south, support the official church of the south, support the king of Englandking of England

�� Congregational Church (grown out of Congregational Church (grown out of �� Congregational Church (grown out of Congregational Church (grown out of the Puritan Church) in New Englandthe Puritan Church) in New England

Great AwakeningGreat Awakening

�� Boring preachersBoring preachers

Maybe humans are not predestined Maybe humans are not predestined to damnation and hellto damnation and hell

Maybe there is Free will and soul Maybe there is Free will and soul Maybe there is Free will and soul Maybe there is Free will and soul could be saved by good workscould be saved by good works

�� Jonathon Edwards, then George Whitefield Jonathon Edwards, then George Whitefield began sermons of eternal fires and began sermons of eternal fires and torments in hell.torments in hell.

�� Became Revival meetings where hundreds Became Revival meetings where hundreds Became Revival meetings where hundreds Became Revival meetings where hundreds of the “saved” jumped and yelled and rolled of the “saved” jumped and yelled and rolled on the ground in religious ecstasy.on the ground in religious ecstasy.

�� The awakening stressed a personal The awakening stressed a personal relationship with god, not the authority of a relationship with god, not the authority of a clergy person (reduces their prestige)clergy person (reduces their prestige)

It was Americas first mass movement and brought It was Americas first mass movement and brought

people together with a shared experiencepeople together with a shared experience

�� Leads to “New Light” centers of learningLeads to “New Light” centers of learning--Princeton, Rutgers, Brown, and DartmouthPrinceton, Rutgers, Brown, and Dartmouth

EductionEduction

�� English ideaEnglish idea--education for the education for the aristocratic malesaristocratic males

�� Puritan New England interested in Puritan New England interested in education for religious reasonseducation for religious reasons--bible bible education for religious reasonseducation for religious reasons--bible bible readingreading

�� ----establish primary and secondary establish primary and secondary schoolsschools

EducationEducation

�� Elementary schools in the middle and Elementary schools in the middle and southern coloniessouthern colonies

�� Some taxSome tax--supported, most privatesupported, most private

Wealthy southerners depended upon Wealthy southerners depended upon �� Wealthy southerners depended upon Wealthy southerners depended upon tutors, why?tutors, why?

�� “birching”“birching”

birchingbirching

EducationEducation

�� College was to prepare men for the College was to prepare men for the ministryministry

�� Rich families sent boys abroad for a Rich families sent boys abroad for a better educationbetter educationbetter educationbetter education

CutlureCutlure�� Not muchNot much--little money to support he little money to support he arts, BUT…arts, BUT…

CultureCulture

John Trumbull

Charles Wilson PealeCharles Wilson Peale

John Singleton CopleyJohn Singleton Copley

The Copley FamilyThe Copley Family

PhylissPhyliss WheatleyWheatley

On Being Brought From On Being Brought From

Africa To AmericaAfrica To America

�� 'Twas'Twas mercy brought me from my pagan land,mercy brought me from my pagan land,Taught my Taught my beknightedbeknighted soul to understandsoul to understandThat there's a God, that there's a Savior too:That there's a God, that there's a Savior too:Once I redemption neither sought nor knew.Once I redemption neither sought nor knew.Some view our sable race with scornful eye,Some view our sable race with scornful eye,Some view our sable race with scornful eye,Some view our sable race with scornful eye,"Their color is a diabolic dye.""Their color is a diabolic dye."Remember Christians; Negroes, black as Cain,Remember Christians; Negroes, black as Cain,May be May be refin'drefin'd, and join , and join thth' angelic train. ' angelic train.

John Peter ZengerJohn Peter Zenger

�� Arrested with libelArrested with libel

�� Judge told JuryJudge told Jury--ignore that the story ignore that the story was true, papers can not criticize was true, papers can not criticize powerful peoplepowerful peoplepowerful peoplepowerful people

�� Jury ignored judgeJury ignored judge--not guilty of libelnot guilty of libel

�� Set precedent for Freedom of the Set precedent for Freedom of the PressPress

Canada and LouisianaCanada and Louisiana

�� France enters the new world France enters the new world through, St. Lawrence river, Great through, St. Lawrence river, Great lakes and down the Mississippi.lakes and down the Mississippi.

�� FurFur-- trapperstrappers--mainly beavermainly beaver�� FurFur-- trapperstrappers--mainly beavermainly beaver

�� French want Louisiana because of French want Louisiana because of the Mississippithe Mississippi

Conflict between France and Conflict between France and

EnglandEngland

�� Both countries had on and off wars Both countries had on and off wars over the last centuryover the last century

�� Washington instigates war with Washington instigates war with FranceFrance-- almost by accidentalmost by accidentFranceFrance-- almost by accidentalmost by accident

�� In Europe called the Seven Year War. In Europe called the Seven Year War. In the coloniesIn the colonies-- French and Indian French and Indian WarWar