• Colonial LifeColonial Life• 2. Turn in Free Response Essay:2. Turn in Free Response Essay:

– MAY 14MAY 14thth- AP Exam- May 21- AP Exam- May 21stst EOC EOC– 1. APUSH Review Video (8 min)1. APUSH Review Video (8 min)

– Vocab- Vocab- Headright System, Bacon’s Rebellion, Stono RebellionHeadright System, Bacon’s Rebellion, Stono Rebellion

– Salutary Neglect, Early Forms of American Government.Salutary Neglect, Early Forms of American Government.

– Overview DOI- Enlightenment ThinkersOverview DOI- Enlightenment Thinkers

– New England Town MeetingsNew England Town Meetings

– Virginia House of BurgessesVirginia House of Burgesses

– Rebels with a Cause- (20min)Rebels with a Cause- (20min)

– 2. Assignment- Outside of Class- Powerpoint- American Rev.2. Assignment- Outside of Class- Powerpoint- American Rev.

– America the Story of US- Rebels- Start at 20min to the endAmerica the Story of US- Rebels- Start at 20min to the end

– Online- Powerpoints as we go (30min every 2-3 days)Online- Powerpoints as we go (30min every 2-3 days)

– * Practice Books, Aps- Attend Reviews* Practice Books, Aps- Attend Reviews

APUSH 4.29.14APUSH 4.29.14

Targets: We will….Targets: We will….

• Evaluate the influence of Enlightenment ideas on the Evaluate the influence of Enlightenment ideas on the development of American government as embodied in the development of American government as embodied in the Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence

• Identify and evaluate the ideas and events that contributed Identify and evaluate the ideas and events that contributed to the outbreak of the American Revolution, and determine to the outbreak of the American Revolution, and determine the key turning points of the war the key turning points of the war

• (America- The Story of US) and (Rebels with a Cause)(America- The Story of US) and (Rebels with a Cause)

Enlightenment in the DOIEnlightenment in the DOI

• Evaluate the influence of Enlightenment ideas on the Evaluate the influence of Enlightenment ideas on the development of American government as embodied in the development of American government as embodied in the Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence

• John Locke- John Locke- Life, Liberty and PropertyLife, Liberty and Property• Edmund Burke- Edmund Burke- A contract between the living and the A contract between the living and the

dead and the yet unborndead and the yet unborn• Montesquieu-Montesquieu- Despotism Despotism

• Equality among EqualsEquality among Equals• Social Contract TheorySocial Contract Theory• Natural Rights- Unalienable Rights-Natural Rights- Unalienable Rights-• Rise up against Tyranny- Throw off such governmentRise up against Tyranny- Throw off such government

John LockeJohn Locke

• (1) (1) government is required to protect people's natural rightsgovernment is required to protect people's natural rights, , (2) (2) government should have limited powergovernment should have limited power, (3) , (3) the type of the type of government should be accepted by all citizensgovernment should be accepted by all citizens, (4) , (4) absolute absolute monarchy is immoral, monarchy is immoral, (5) (5) government has an obligation to government has an obligation to those it governsthose it governs, and (6) , and (6) people have the right to overthrow people have the right to overthrow government if the it fails its obligations or takes away natural government if the it fails its obligations or takes away natural rights (revolution). rights (revolution).

Rousseau Rousseau

• In In The Social ContractThe Social Contract, written in 1762, Rousseau states , written in 1762, Rousseau states that (1) that (1) man is born freeman is born free, (2) , (2) controls by a freely formed controls by a freely formed government are good, government are good, (3) (3) consent to a form of consent to a form of governments means that the individual gives up self-governments means that the individual gives up self-interest in favor of the common goodinterest in favor of the common good, and (4) , and (4) when when government is by the consent of the governed the people government is by the consent of the governed the people retain their rights.retain their rights.

• Jefferson makes implicit reference to Rousseau when in Jefferson makes implicit reference to Rousseau when in the Declaration of Independence, the Declaration of Independence, he states that the King he states that the King of England no longer has the consent of the colonists of England no longer has the consent of the colonists which he rules and therefore his power over them is which he rules and therefore his power over them is nullified. nullified.

VoltaireVoltaire

• Voltaire opened peoples eyes to the corruption by officials Voltaire opened peoples eyes to the corruption by officials and aristocrats with his biting satirical works. His writings and aristocrats with his biting satirical works. His writings allowed others to see the injustice of slave trade and allowed others to see the injustice of slave trade and religious prejudice. religious prejudice. The Declaration of Independence also The Declaration of Independence also reflects British government corruption which devastated the reflects British government corruption which devastated the American colonies and drove the Founding Fathers to American colonies and drove the Founding Fathers to revolution. revolution. Additionally, Voltaire was a staunch supporter of Additionally, Voltaire was a staunch supporter of the freedom of speech, which is emphasized by the the freedom of speech, which is emphasized by the American Constitution. American Constitution.

MontesquieuMontesquieu

• Charles de Montesquieu (1689-1755) contributed to the Charles de Montesquieu (1689-1755) contributed to the Declaration of Independence as he wrote of the three forms Declaration of Independence as he wrote of the three forms of government he recognized: "of government he recognized: "republican, republican, monarchialmonarchial, and , and despoticdespotic." ." He further divided republican government into He further divided republican government into democracy and aristocracy. He wrote of pure democracy, democracy and aristocracy. He wrote of pure democracy, but quickly dismisses this as folly.but quickly dismisses this as folly.

Richard Henry Lee’s ResolutionRichard Henry Lee’s Resolution• Resolved, That these United Colonies Resolved, That these United Colonies

are, and of right ought to be, free and are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States, that they are independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that Crown, and that all political connection all political connection between between them and them and the State of Great the State of Great Britain is, Britain is, and ought to be, and ought to be, totally totally dissolved.dissolved.

• That it is expedient forthwith to take the That it is expedient forthwith to take the most effectual measures for forming most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances.foreign Alliances.

• That a plan of confederation be prepared That a plan of confederation be prepared and transmitted to the respective and transmitted to the respective Colonies for their consideration and Colonies for their consideration and approbation.approbation.

Adams to AbigailAdams to Abigail• The second day of July, 1776, will be the The second day of July, 1776, will be the

most memorable epoch in the history of most memorable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to believe that it will be America. I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this of this continent to the other, from this time forward forever more.time forward forever more.

Question #1Question #1

• Why have some called the D of I a Why have some called the D of I a lawyer’s brief? An editorial? An lawyer’s brief? An editorial? An advertisement of Lee’s Resolution?advertisement of Lee’s Resolution?

Question # 2Question # 2

• The original draft of the Declaration The original draft of the Declaration had admonitions (complaints) had admonitions (complaints) against the British people. against the British people.

• Why do you think those were left Why do you think those were left out of the final version? Why did out of the final version? Why did Thomas Paine leave them in?Thomas Paine leave them in?

BritainBritain AmericansAmericans

AdvantagesAdvantages ?? ??

DisadvantagesDisadvantages ?? ??

On the Eve of the On the Eve of the Revolution ?Revolution ?

BritainBritain AmericansAmericans

AdvantagesAdvantages

Economic Economic Power of Power of

Mercantilism Mercantilism and Colonial and Colonial

alliancealliance

Belief in Ideas of Belief in Ideas of Liberty, Liberty,

Enlightenment, Enlightenment, etc. Tradition of etc. Tradition of Self-governmentSelf-government

DisadvantagesDisadvantagesGovernment Government 3000 miles 3000 miles

awayaway

Disorganized- Disorganized- Separate colonies Separate colonies

with separate with separate cultures and cultures and economieseconomies

On the Eve of the On the Eve of the Revolution ?Revolution ?

Washington’s HeadachesWashington’s Headaches

Less than 1/3 (probably 10%) of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other 10% were Loyalists, and the rest were neutral].

State/colony loyalties.

Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army.

Poor training [until the arrival of Baron von Steuben.

Exports & Imports: 1768-Exports & Imports: 1768-17831783

Military StrategiesMilitary Strategies

Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line].

Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down]

Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies.

The American

s

The British

Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So.

Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally.

“Divide and Conquer” use the Loyalists.

I. Congress Drafts G. W.I. Congress Drafts G. W.

• After Lex. & Concord, 20,000 militia After Lex. & Concord, 20,000 militia rally to Bostonrally to Boston

• 22ndnd Cont. Congress in Phila. May, Cont. Congress in Phila. May, 1775—all 13 there1775—all 13 there

• Most still only wanted to fight to Most still only wanted to fight to get King to give in to grievancesget King to give in to grievances

• Most important, chose G. W. to Most important, chose G. W. to lead army surrounding Bostonlead army surrounding Boston

• Not all positives—43, only Not all positives—43, only reached colonel in militia, reached colonel in militia, commanded only 1200, would commanded only 1200, would lose more battles than winlose more battles than win

• Leadership qualities, patience, Leadership qualities, patience, self-discipline, justice, moral, self-discipline, justice, moral, trustedtrusted

• Served w/o pay, but kept Served w/o pay, but kept expensesexpenses

• Good choice, but political—Good choice, but political—New England wasn’t trusted, New England wasn’t trusted, he was from populous Va.he was from populous Va.

• Also, he was wealthy by Also, he was wealthy by inheritance & marriage—not inheritance & marriage—not a fortune seeker and a a fortune seeker and a check on massescheck on masses

Bunker Hill (June, 1775)Bunker Hill (June, 1775)

The British suffered over 40% casualties.

II. Bunker Hill and Hessian II. Bunker Hill and Hessian HirelingsHirelings

• From Ap 1775 to Jul 1776—From Ap 1775 to Jul 1776—Am claimed loyalty but shot Am claimed loyalty but shot BritsBrits

• May, Ethan Allen, Ben. May, Ethan Allen, Ben. Arnold capture Arnold capture Ticonderoga/Crown PointTiconderoga/Crown Point

• Jun 1775—Breeds Hill Jun 1775—Breeds Hill (Bunker), costly victory for (Bunker), costly victory for Brits to take hillBrits to take hill

• After Bunker Hill, King said After Bunker Hill, King said Am.’s were in rebellion (to be Am.’s were in rebellion (to be hanged)hanged)

• Also went outside the family Also went outside the family and hired well-trained and hired well-trained Hessians, for “booty not duty”, Hessians, for “booty not duty”, many “flies” stayed in Americamany “flies” stayed in America

Phase IPhase I:: The Northern The Northern CampaignCampaign[1775-1776][1775-1776]

III. The Abortive Conquest of III. The Abortive Conquest of CanadaCanada

• Oct. 1775, Brits burn Oct. 1775, Brits burn Falmouth (Portland), MaineFalmouth (Portland), Maine—Am. Invades Canada—Am. Invades Canada

• An act of offense, thought An act of offense, thought French Canadians would joinFrench Canadians would join

• Montgomery killed, Arnold Montgomery killed, Arnold shotshot

• Fr. Can. had been treated Fr. Can. had been treated well under Quebec Act, Am. well under Quebec Act, Am. Anti-Cath.Anti-Cath.

• Jan. 1776, Norfolk, Va. Jan. 1776, Norfolk, Va. Burned, in March Brit. Burned, in March Brit. “Evacuate” Boston, in South, “Evacuate” Boston, in South, Am.’s win 2 victories in N.C.Am.’s win 2 victories in N.C.—Moore’s Creek —Moore’s Creek Bridge,Charleston HarborBridge,Charleston Harbor

IV. Thomas Paine Preaches IV. Thomas Paine Preaches Common SenseCommon Sense

• Continued to deny Continued to deny independence—loyalty independence—loyalty ingrained, unity poor, rebels ingrained, unity poor, rebels (Irish) are hanged by Brits(Irish) are hanged by Brits

• Burning of Falmouth, Norfolk, Burning of Falmouth, Norfolk, and hiring Hessians opened and hiring Hessians opened eyeseyes

• Paine’s “Common Sense” sold Paine’s “Common Sense” sold bigbig

• Why? It is common sense that Why? It is common sense that smaller can’t control larger, smaller can’t control larger, from far away, with a “brute” from far away, with a “brute” for Kingfor King

V. Paine and the idea of V. Paine and the idea of “Republicanism”“Republicanism”

• Not just independence, but Not just independence, but radical idea of democratic radical idea of democratic republicrepublic

• Greece/Rome/Renaissance/Greece/Rome/Renaissance/Rousseau/Locke/Montesquieu/Rousseau/Locke/Montesquieu/history of mixed system in history of mixed system in England—colonists own history England—colonists own history of gov’tof gov’t

• Absence of hereditary Absence of hereditary aristocracy, idea of citizen aristocracy, idea of citizen “virtue”, “rts. of the people” “virtue”, “rts. of the people” more than of individualmore than of individual

• Not all agreed, some saw Not all agreed, some saw “Natural Aristocracy” as “Natural Aristocracy” as way to goway to go

• Fervor for liberty vs. social Fervor for liberty vs. social orderorder

• Theme—today’s electionsTheme—today’s elections

VI. Jefferson’s “Explanation” of VI. Jefferson’s “Explanation” of Independence—Editorial, Independence—Editorial,

Advertisement, Lawyer’s BriefAdvertisement, Lawyer’s Brief

• Jun 7, Richard Henry Lee Jun 7, Richard Henry Lee resolution for Independence, resolution for Independence, adopted Jul 2—Adams adopted Jul 2—Adams “fireworks”“fireworks”

• But needed explanation to worldBut needed explanation to world—Jefferson (33) chosen—Jefferson (33) chosen

• Why was it so significant?Why was it so significant?

VII. Patriots and LoyalistsVII. Patriots and Loyalists

• War was war within a war—War was war within a war—Tory vs. Whig, Whig vs. CrownTory vs. Whig, Whig vs. Crown

• A minority war, most apathetic A minority war, most apathetic or neutral—Brit. Military only or neutral—Brit. Military only good in areas where present, good in areas where present, Militia would “educate” when Militia would “educate” when Brits. leftBrits. left

LoyalistLoyalist

StrongholStrongholdsds

• Militia good at harassing Brits. Militia good at harassing Brits. And convincing civiliansAnd convincing civilians

• Like Civil War, many families Like Civil War, many families splitsplit

• Loyalists were tragic figures—Loyalists were tragic figures—older, wealthy, educated, older, wealthy, educated, cautiouscautious

• Young people make Young people make revolutionsrevolutions

• Other Loyalists—officers of Other Loyalists—officers of crown, Anglicans, (NYC, Pa., crown, Anglicans, (NYC, Pa., N.J., Charleston—not N. N.J., Charleston—not N. England)England)

VIII. The Loyalist ExodusVIII. The Loyalist Exodus

• B-4 D of I, Loyalists treated B-4 D of I, Loyalists treated mildly, after imprisoned, mildly, after imprisoned, hanged—but no terror as in hanged—but no terror as in France/RussiaFrance/Russia

• 80,000 left, several hundred 80,000 left, several hundred thousand stayed, 50,000 joined thousand stayed, 50,000 joined Brit. Army, others underusedBrit. Army, others underused

IX. Gen. Washington at BayIX. Gen. Washington at Bay

• Brits. Leave Boston, go to NY, Brits. Leave Boston, go to NY, March, 1776—Port, central, March, 1776—Port, central, LoyalLoyal

• Jul 1776, 500 ships, 35,000 Jul 1776, 500 ships, 35,000 men—GW—18,000 ill-trained men—GW—18,000 ill-trained troopstroops

• GW—routed at Long Island, fled GW—routed at Long Island, fled to Manhattan, then NJ—low ebbto Manhattan, then NJ—low ebb

• Gen. Howe should have Gen. Howe should have chased, didn’t like winter chased, didn’t like winter campaigncampaign

• Famous G. W. Delaware Famous G. W. Delaware crossing at Trenton—hung-crossing at Trenton—hung-over Hessians at Xmas, then over Hessians at Xmas, then off to Princeton (leftoff to Princeton (left fires fires burning)burning)

Phase IIPhase II::

NY & PANY & PA[1777-1778][1777-1778]

Washington Crossing the Washington Crossing the DelawareDelaware

Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851

X. Burgoyne’s Blundering X. Burgoyne’s Blundering InvasionInvasion

• Brit Plan to take Hudson Brit Plan to take Hudson Valley, sever N. England—Gen. Valley, sever N. England—Gen. B. from Canada, Howe from B. from Canada, Howe from NY, Barry St. Leger from westNY, Barry St. Leger from west—didn’t plan for Ben Arnold——didn’t plan for Ben Arnold—kept Brits busykept Brits busy

• B’s troops slow, Howe off to B’s troops slow, Howe off to

Phila.Phila.

• GW lost at Branywine & GW lost at Branywine & Germantown Pa.Germantown Pa.

• Howe left B. hanging, to the Howe left B. hanging, to the dogsdogs

• GW to Valley Forge where they GW to Valley Forge where they froze and drilled (Von froze and drilled (Von Steuben)Steuben)

• Militia hassled B until he Militia hassled B until he couldn’t retreat—surrendered couldn’t retreat—surrendered at Saratoga—(Oct.17, 1777)-at Saratoga—(Oct.17, 1777)-BIG BATTLEBIG BATTLE

Saratoga: Saratoga: “Turning “Turning Point”Point” of the War? of the War?

A modern-day re-enactment

New York City in FlamesNew York City in Flames(1776)(1776)

XI. Strange French XI. Strange French BedfellowBedfellow

• Fr had been supplying Am Fr had been supplying Am all along, revenge on Britsall along, revenge on Brits

• After Saratoga, Brit offered After Saratoga, Brit offered “home rule”“home rule”

• If Brit regained control, If Brit regained control, might take F. West Indies, might take F. West Indies, France must strikeFrance must strike

• 1778, Fr offered alliance, 1778, Fr offered alliance, everything Brit had offered everything Brit had offered including independenceincluding independence

• Even though Fr Catholic, Am Even though Fr Catholic, Am took dealtook deal

X. Colonial War becomes a World X. Colonial War becomes a World WarWar

• Fr enters in 1778, Spain and Fr enters in 1778, Spain and Holland in 1779, British fleet Holland in 1779, British fleet now outnumberednow outnumbered

• 1780, led by Catherine of 1780, led by Catherine of Russia, other European powers Russia, other European powers line up against G.B.- “Armed line up against G.B.- “Armed Neutrality”Neutrality”

Phase IIIPhase III:: The Southern The Southern Strategy Strategy [1780-1781][1780-1781]

• W/O Fr, Am is toast, money, W/O Fr, Am is toast, money, equipment, ½ of forces, all equipment, ½ of forces, all navynavy

• Because of Fr fleet, Brit. Because of Fr fleet, Brit. Couldn’t blockadeCouldn’t blockade

• Jun 1778—battle of Jun 1778—battle of Monmouth, Brit retreat to Monmouth, Brit retreat to N.Y., G.W. fights there the rest N.Y., G.W. fights there the rest of War until Yorktownof War until Yorktown

XI. Blow and CounterblowXI. Blow and Counterblow

• 1780, large force under Comte 1780, large force under Comte de Rochambeau lands, de Rochambeau lands, sometimes alliance uneasy, sometimes alliance uneasy, fightingfighting

• Benedict Arnold turns traitor, Benedict Arnold turns traitor, tries to sell out West Pointtries to sell out West Point

• Brit strategy in South, took Ga. Brit strategy in South, took Ga. And Charleston, S.C., big blow And Charleston, S.C., big blow to Am. to Am.

• http://://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hrEcMHaaA9g

• War in Carolinas bitter, War in Carolinas bitter, Loyalist stronghold, Nathanael Loyalist stronghold, Nathanael Greene, “fighting Quaker”—Greene, “fighting Quaker”—(battle of King’s Mountain and (battle of King’s Mountain and Cowpens) drives Cornwallis Cowpens) drives Cornwallis from Carolinasfrom Carolinas

Britain’s “Southern Britain’s “Southern Strategy”Strategy”

Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.

Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving.

The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside [similar to U. S. failures in Vietnam!]

Good US General:Nathanial Greene

XII. Land Frontier and Sea XII. Land Frontier and Sea FrontierFrontier

• 1777, “bloody year” on 1777, “bloody year” on Frontier, Indians fighting to Frontier, Indians fighting to protect their land—most sided protect their land—most sided with Britswith Brits

• Mohawk Chief Joseph Brandt Mohawk Chief Joseph Brandt thought Brit victory would be thought Brit victory would be best for Indiansbest for Indians

• Even during war, pioneers Even during war, pioneers went west (Lexington, went west (Lexington, Louisville)Louisville)

• George Rogers Clark began George Rogers Clark began attacking vulnerable Brit fortsattacking vulnerable Brit forts

• Am navy (John Paul Jones) Am navy (John Paul Jones) never did much, did destroy never did much, did destroy Merchant FleetMerchant Fleet

• Privateers, 1000, bothered Privateers, 1000, bothered Brits, brought in gold but Brits, brought in gold but diverted some from war effortdiverted some from war effort

The Battle of Yorktown The Battle of Yorktown (1781)(1781)

Count de Rochambeau

AdmiralDe Grasse

XIII. Yorktown and Final XIII. Yorktown and Final CurtainCurtain

• Dark period, 1780-1781—no Dark period, 1780-1781—no money, mutinous sentimentsmoney, mutinous sentiments

• Cornwallis fell into trap at Cornwallis fell into trap at Yorktown—depending on NavyYorktown—depending on Navy

• GW, Rochambeau by land, de GW, Rochambeau by land, de Grasse by sea, Corn. Grasse by sea, Corn. Surrenders Surrenders

Cornwallis’ Surrender at Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown:Yorktown:

Painted by John Trumbull, 1797

““The World Turned Upside The World Turned Upside Down!” Down!”

• War actually went on for War actually went on for another year, brutal in South, another year, brutal in South, important for Peace to keep important for Peace to keep war going.war going.

XIV. Peace at ParisXIV. Peace at Paris

• After Yorktown, Brits tired of After Yorktown, Brits tired of War, North’s gov’t fell, War, North’s gov’t fell, replaced by Whig—favorable to replaced by Whig—favorable to Am.Am.

• Jay, Adams, Ben to Paris—told Jay, Adams, Ben to Paris—told to make no separate Peace w/o to make no separate Peace w/o Fr.Fr.

• Spain wanted land, Fr. Wanted Spain wanted land, Fr. Wanted to keep America weakto keep America weak

• Jay, afraid of Fr ideas, made Jay, afraid of Fr ideas, made secret Peace with Britssecret Peace with Brits

• Under Paris Treaty—Am. Got Under Paris Treaty—Am. Got huge boundaries and fishing huge boundaries and fishing rights in Newfoundlandrights in Newfoundland

• Americans had to stop Americans had to stop persecuting Loyalists, return persecuting Loyalists, return prop, pay debtsprop, pay debts

XV. A New Nation XV. A New Nation LegitimizedLegitimized

• Why were the Brits. So Why were the Brits. So generous?generous?

• Why were the French not Why were the French not upset?upset?

#8 role of women#8 role of women

• Mary McCauley (Molly Pitcher) Mary McCauley (Molly Pitcher) fought at Monmouthfought at Monmouth

• Deborah Sampson passed as Deborah Sampson passed as a mana man

• Abigail Adams— “remember Abigail Adams— “remember the ladies”the ladies”

• Spinning bees, Republican Spinning bees, Republican Motherhood, Cult of Motherhood, Cult of DomesticityDomesticity

• Daughters of LibertyDaughters of Liberty

North America After theNorth America After theTreaty of Paris, 1783Treaty of Paris, 1783

WholesaleWholesalePricePriceIndex:Index:1770-1770-17891789

Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistFederalist vs. Anti-FederalistStrongholds at the End of the Strongholds at the End of the

WarWar

Weaknesses of theWeaknesses of theArticles of Articles of

ConfederationConfederationA unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law].

13 out of 13 to amend.

Representatives were frequently absent.

Could not tax or raise armies.

No executive or judicial branches.

State ConstitutionsState ConstitutionsRepublicanism.

Most had strong governors with veto power.

Most had bicameral legislatures.

Property required for voting.

Some had universal white male suffrage.

Most had bills of rights.

Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

Occupational Composition of Occupational Composition of Several State AssembliesSeveral State Assemblies

in the 1780sin the 1780s

Indian Land Cessions:Indian Land Cessions:1768-17991768-1799

Disputed Territorial ClaimsDisputed Territorial ClaimsBetween Spain & the U. S.:Between Spain & the U. S.:

1783-17961783-1796

State Claims to Western State Claims to Western LandsLands

Northwest Ordinance of Northwest Ordinance of 17851785

The United States in The United States in 17871787

American Exports, To & American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789From Britain: 1783-1789

Annapolis Convention Annapolis Convention (1786)(1786)

12 representatives from 5 states[NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA]

GOAL address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states.

Not enough states were represented to make any real progress.

Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-77

Daniel Shays

Western MA

Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-77

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-77

There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders.

-- George Washington-- George Washington