colonial society and democratic growth

7/28/2019 Colonial Society and Democratic Growth

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Instructions:

On your paper, write

the correct colony

with the number itmatches

List them in their

regions.

15. New England

16. Middle

17. Southern

18. Chesapeake

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Growth of slavery

Colonial Unity

Restoration Colonies

Puritan TheocracyThe Great Awakening----1730 to 1740

Salem Witch Trials----1692

Democratic institutionsTown meetings

Mayflower Compact

House of Burgesses

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Maryland Religious Toleration Act

Zenger Court case

English Bill of Rights

Colonial Society

notes4

All coloniespracticed self-

governmenthadtheir own

parliaments.


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Trade

Enumerated GoodsLumber

Tobacco

Rice

Indigo

Furs

To England

from Colonies


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Manufactured Goods

Furniture

Clothing

Colonials had

not factories.

From

England to

Colonies


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Slavery has been practiced since the

beginning of documented history.Slavery introduced by the Spanish

into the West Indies after Columbussdiscovery of America.

Spanish and Portuguese expandedAfrican slavery into Central and SouthAmerican after enslaved Indians

began dying off.

In 1619, the first recordedintroduction of African slaves into

what would become the United Stateswas in the settlement of

JamestownOnly 20 slaves were

purchased.

Slaves captured in Africa

Slaves aboard shipMiddle Passage


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This is called the

Middle Passage


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Indentured ServantsIndentured servants became thefirst means to meet this need for

labor. In return for free passage toVirginia, a laborer worked for four

to five years in the fields beforebeing granted freedom. The Crownrewarded planters with 50 acres of

land for every inhabitant theybrought to the New World.

Naturally, the colony began to

expand. That expansion was soonchallenged by the Native American

confederacy formed and namedafter Powhatan
http://www.beyondbooks.com/bbx/tr/pv.asp?i=ush72/2d/00037764&u=http://www.richmond.edu/~ed344/webunits/vahistory/slave.html


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)

Headright System: Plantation owners weregiven 50 acres for every indentured servantthey sponsored to come to America.

Indentured Contract: Served plantationowner for 7 years as a laborer in return forpassage to America.

Freedom Dues: Once servant completed hiscontract, he/she was freed.They were givenland, tools, seed and animals. However, theydid not receive voting rights.


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What factors led to theintroduction ofAfrican

slavery replacingindentured servitude as

the labor force in the

American Colonies?


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Bacons Rebellion(1676 - 1677)

Nathaniel Baconrepresents former

indentured

servants.

GovernorWilliam Berkeley

of Jamestown


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Involved former

indentured servantsNot accepted in

Jamestown

Disenfranchised andunable to receive theirland

Gov. Berkeley would

not defend settlementsfrom Indian attacks


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Nathaniel Bacon acts as

the representative forrebels

Gov. Berkeley refused tomeet their conditions and

erupts into a civil war.Bacon dies, Gov.

Berkeley puts downrebellion and several

rebels are hungConsequence of Bacons Rebellion

Plantation owners gradually replaced indentured servantswith African slaves because it was seen as a better

investment in the long term than indentured servitude.


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Slaves resorted to revolts in the 13

colonies and later in the southern U.S.

250 insurrections have been documented;between 1780 and 1864.

91 African-Americans were convicted ofinsurrection in Virginia alone.

First revolt in what became the UnitedStates took place in 1526 at a Spanishsettlement near the mouth of the Pee Dee

River in South Carolina.

Slave Revolts


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September 9, 1739, twenty black Carolinians met nearthe Stono River, approximately twenty miles southwest ofCharleston. They took guns and powder from a store and

killed the two storekeepers they found there.

"With cries of 'Liberty' and beating of drums," "therebels raised a standard and headed south towardSpanish St. Augustine. Burned houses, and killed white

opponents.

Largest slave uprising in the 13 colonies prior to theAmerican Revolution.

Slaveowners caught up with the band of 60 to 100 slaves.20 white Carolinians and 40 black Carolinians were killed

before the rebellion was suppressed.Slave Revolts/Stono

Stono County Rebellion


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Slave Revolts would lead plantationowners to develop a series ofslave

laws/codes which restricted themovement of the slaves.

Slaves were not taught to read or write

Restricted to the plantationSlaves could not congregate after darkSlaves could not possess any type of firearm

A larger slave population than white in some states

Slave owners wanted to keep theirslaves ignorant of the outside worldbecause learning about life beyond the

plantation could lead to more slave

revolts and wanting to escape.Slave Laws


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Purpose

Unite against acommon enemy.

Involved

MassachusettsConnecticut but

not Rhode IslandDemocratic

growth

Indian WarsPequot War, 1644

King Philips War,1675

Confederationdissolves once

wars end.

Not Rhode Island


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The Pequot

Wars1636-1637


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A Pequot Village

Destroyed, 1637


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Population of the New England

Colonies


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Massasoits son,

Metacom (King

Phillip) formed Indian

allianceattacked

throughout New

England, especially

frontier

English towns were

attacked and burned -

unknown numbers of

Indians died

1676: War ended,Metacom executed,

lasting defeat for

Indians


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Forced by King James II

NE Colonies, NJ & NY

GoalsRestrict Colonial trade

Defend Colonies

Stop Colonial smuggling

Sir Edmund AndrosGain control over Colonies

Eliminated town meetings,the press and schools

Taxed without the consent ofthe governed

Collapsed afterGlorious Revolution


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Puritans were Calvinists

God was all powerful and all-good.

Humans were totally depraved.

Predestination: God was all-knowingand knew beforehand who was going toheaven or hell.

"elect"were chosen by God to haveeternal salvation

"Good worksdid not determine salvation (like Catholic Church)

One could not act immoral since no one knew their status beforeGod.

A conversion experience (personal experience with God) wasseen to be a sign from God that one had been chosen. -- "visiblesaints"


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After conversion, peopleexpected "visible saintsto lead "sanctified livesas a model for thecommunity.

Puritans insisted they, as God's elect, had the duty todirect national affairs according to God's will as revealed in

the Bible. Purpose of government was to enforce God'slaws. This was called a Theocracy.

This union of church and state to form a holycommonwealth gave Puritanism direct and exclusive control

over most colonial activity. Commercial and politicalchanges forced them to relinquish it at the end of the 17th

century.


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John Winthrop: Governor of Mass. Bay Colony

1. Covenant Theology: Winthrop believedPuritans had a covenant with God to lead newreligious experiment in New World: "We shallbuild a city upon a hill"

2. His leadership helped the colony to succeed.

Religion and politics: "Massachusetts Bible Commonwealth

3. Governing open to all free adult males (2/5 of population)belonging to Puritan congregations; Percentage of eligibleofficeholders was more than in England.

4. Eventually, Puritan churches grew collectively into the

Congregational Church


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1. Non-religious men and all women could notvote

2. Townhall meetings emerged as a staple ofdemocracy

3. Town governments allowed all male propertyholders and at times other residents to vote and

publicly discuss issues. Majority-rule show ofhands.

3. Provincial gov't under Governor Winthrop was not a democracy

4. Only Puritans -- the "visible saints" -- could be freemen; onlyfreemen could vote

5. Hated democracy and distrusted non-Puritan common people.

6. Congregational church was "established": Non-church members

as well as believers required to pay taxes for the gov't-supportedchurch.


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Contributions to American character

Democracy (within church) via town

meetings and voting rights to churchmembers (starting in 1631)

Townhall meetings, democracy in itspurest form.

Villagers met to elect their officials and attend civic issuesPerfectionism

Puritans sought to create a utopia based on God's laws

Argued against slavery on moral grounds

Ideas lay foundation for laterreform movements: abolition ofslavery, women's rights, education, prohibition, prison reform, etc.

Protestant work ethic: those who were faithful and worked hardand succeeded were seen favorably by God.

Education and community.


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The decline of Puritanism

First generation Puritans began losingtheir religious zeal as time went on.

Puritan population moved out of townaway from control of church.

Too much religious intoleration

Children of non-converted members could not be baptized.

Thejeremiad, was used by preachers to scold parishioners intobeing more committed to their faith.

"Half-Way Covenant",1662: sought to attract more members bygiving partial membership

Puritan churches baptized anyone and distinction between the"elect" and other members of society subsided.

Salem Witch Trials, 1692 -- The decline of Puritan clergy


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The Great Awakening was a spiritualrenewal that swept the American Colonies,particularly New England, during the first half

of the 18th Century. It began in England

before catching fire across the Atlantic.

Unlike the somber, largely Puritanspirituality of the early 1700s, the revivalism

ushered in by the Awakening brought peopleback to "spiritual life" as they felt a greater

intimacy with God.


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The Great Awakening

Began in Mass. with JonathanEdwards (regarded as greatest Americantheologian)

Rejected salvation by works,

affirmed need for completedependence on grace of God(Sinners in the Hands of an AngryGod)

Orator George Whitefield

followed, touring colonies, ledrevivals, countless conversions,inspired imitators

George Whitefield

Jonathan Edwards


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Background

GreatAwakening

NewDenominations

Political &social

implications

Puritan ministers lost authority (Visible Saints)

Decay of family (Halfway Covenant)

Deism, God existed/created the world, butafterwards left it to run by natural laws. Denied Godcommunicated to man or in any way influenced hislifeget to heaven if you are good. (Old Lights)

1740s, Puritanism declined by the 1730s andpeople were upset about the decline in religiouspiety. (devotion to God)

New Lights: Heaven by salvation by gracethrough Jesus Christ. Formed: Baptist, Methodists

Led to founding of colleges

Crossed class barriers; emphasized equality of all

Unified Americans as a single people

Missionaries for Blacks and Indians


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Half-Way Covenant 1st generations Puritan zeal diluted

over time

Problem of declining church

membership 1662: Half-Way Covenant partial

membership to those not yet converted(usually children/ grandchildren of

members) Eventually all welcomed to church,

erased distinction of elect


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Harvard, 1636First colonial college; trained

candidates for ministry College of William and Mary, 1694 (Anglican)

Yale, 1701 (Congregational)

Great Awakening influences creation of 5 newcolleges in mid-1700s

College of New Jersey (Princeton), 1746(Presbyterian)

Kings College (Columbia), 1754 (Anglican) Rhode Island College (Brown), 1764 (Baptist)

Queens College (Rutgers), 1766 (Dutch Reformed)

Dartmouth College, 1769, (Congregational)

Higher Education


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New colleges

founded afterthe Great

Awakening.


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The Awakening's biggest significancewas the way it prepared America for its

War of Independence.

In the decades before the war,revivalism taught people that they could

be bold when confronting religious

authority, and that when churchesweren't living up to the believers'expectations, the people could break off

and form new ones.


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Through the Awakening, the Colonistsrealized that religious power resided in

their own hands, rather than in the handsof the Church of England, or any other

religious authority.After a generation or two passed withthis kind of mindset, the Colonists came

to realize thatpoliticalpower did notreside in the hands of the English

monarch, but in their own will for self-

governance


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The Salem Witch Trials took place in Salem, Massachusetts fromMarch to September 1693, was one of the most notorious episodes in

early American history.Based on the accusations of two young girls, Elizabeth Parris and

Abigail Williams.

Under British law and Puritan society those who were accused ofconsorting with the devil were considered felons, having committed a

crime against their government. The punishment was hanging.


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19 hung, 1 pressed, 55 confessed as witches and 150 awaited trial.

Shows the strictness of Puritan society

Shows how a rumor can cause hysteria even to illogical thinking.

Later, many people involved admitted the trials & executions hadbeen mistake.

Causesdisapproval of Reverend Parris

land disputes between families,

Indian taught witchcraft togirls.

Girls caught dancing, began tothrow fits and accuse people ofbewitching (To put under one'spower by magic or cast a spell

over) them to not get in trouble.


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John Peter Zenger, a New York publisher chargedwith libel against the colonial governor

Zengers lawyer argues that what he wrote wastrue, so it cant be libel

English law says it doesnt matter if its true or not

Jury acquits Zenger anyway

Not total freedom of the press, but newspapersnow took greater risks in criticism of political

figures.


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Zenger decision was alandmark case whichpaved the way for the

eventual freedom of thepress.

Zenger Case, 1734-5:

New York newspaper

assailed corrupt local

governor, charged with

libel, defended by

Alexander Hamilton

Restoration


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RestorationColonies

Restoration refersto the restorationto power of anEnglish monarch,Charles II, in 1660

following a briefperiod of Puritanrule under OliverCromwell Carolina

Georgia New York

New Jersey,

Pennsylvania

Delaware


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Charles II was the son of

Charles I.He was a "Merry

Monarch," a very popularking.

Charles II encouragedreligious toleration.

The Restoration Colonies

were settled during his reign.

Charles II

(1660 - 1685)

Settling the Lower South


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Port of Charles Town, SC

The only southernport city.


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Crops of theCarolinas

Indigo

Rice


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Rice & Indigo Exportsfrom SC & GA: 1698-1775


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James II was Charles' son, a

Catholic.He had a Protestant daughter,

Mary, and a Catholic son.

Parliament didn't want his sontaking over, so they gave the

crown to Mary and herhusband, William III of

Orange.James II

(1685 - 1688)


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Parliament offered the

monarchy to William andMary in 1686.

This was known as the"Glorious Revolution."

(Revolution because theyoverthrew the lastCatholic monarch,

Glorious because no onedied.)

Had to agree to certainconditions which limited

their power.


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Guarantees of trial by jury, fair and speedy trial,freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusualpunishment.

Promoted limited, ordered & representative government.

Influenced our Bill of Rights

No standingarmies during peace

time.

Parliament electedby the people andlaw making body

King cannot taxwithout the

permission ofParliament.


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The English colonistswho settled Americabrought with them

three main concepts:

The need for an ordered social system, or government.

The idea oflimited government, that is, that governmentshould not be all-powerful.

The concept ofrepresentative government or agovernment that serves the will of the people.


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Colonial Society on

the Eve of Revolution1700-1775


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America, a

melting

pot

St t f C l i l


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Structure of Colonial

Society 18th century society very equal compared

to Europe (except for slavery)

Most Americans were small (yeoman)farmers

Most striking feature: opportunity for

rags to riches

Structure of Colonial Society


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Yet compared to 17thcentury, somebarriers to mobility

New social pyramid:

Top: Wealthy merchants,

lawyers, clergy, officialsjoined large planters,aristocrats at top

2nd: Lesser professionalmen

3rd: Yeoman (own land)farmers, though farmsizes decreasing due tofamily increase, lack of

new land

Structure of Colonial Society

4th: Lesser tradesmen,manual workers, hiredhands

5th: Indentured servants

and jayle birds,convicts exiled toAmerica by punitiveEnglish justice system

6th: Black slaves some

attempts to halt importsfor fear of rebellion


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Workaday America

90% of population involved inagriculture ~ led to highest livingstandard in world history

Fishing pursued in all colonies, majorindustry in New England ~Stimulated shipbuilding

Commerce successful, especially inNew England ~ Triangular trade wasvery profitable

The Triangular Trade


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The Triangular Trade

New England merchants gain access toslave trade in the early 1700s

1. Rum brought to Africa, exchanges forslaves

2. Ships cross the Middle Passage, slavestrades in the West Indies.

Disease, torture, malnourishment, death forslaves

3. Sugar brought to New England

Other items trades across the Atlantic,with substantial profits from slavery

making merchants rich


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Workaday America

Manufacturing was secondary: Lumberingmost important, also rum, beaver hats, iron,spinning/weaving

England reliant on American products (tar,pitch, rosin, turpentine) to build ships andmaintain mastery of seas

1730s: growing American populationdemanded more English products


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Workaday America

However, English population did not need moreimports from America: trade imbalance

Americans needed to find non-English marketsfor their goods

Sending timber & food to French West Indies metneed

1733: Parliament passes Molasses Act to endtrade with French West Indies

Americans responded by bribing and smuggling,foreshadow of revolt against government whothreatened livelihood


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Horsepower & Sailpower

No roads connecting major cities until1700, even then they were terrible

Heavy reliance on waterways, where

population clusters formed Taverns along travel routes: mingling of

social classes

Taverns also served as cradles ofdemocracy, clearinghouse of information,hotbeds of agitation


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Dominant Denominations

Two denominations established (tax-supported): Anglican (GA, NC, SC, VA, MD,NY) & Congregational (New England except RI)

Anglican church served as prop of royal

authority

Anglican church more worldly, secure, lesszealous, clergy had poor reputation (College ofWilliam & Mary)

Congregational church grew out of Puritanchurch, agitated for rebellion


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Religiousdiversity by

1775


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Great Game of Politics

1775: 8 colonies had royal governors, 3 underproprietors (MD, PA, DE), and 2 under self-governing charters (CT, RI)

Used bicameral legislatures upper house

(council) chosen by king, lower house byelections

Self-taxation through elected legislatures washighly valued

Conflicts between Governors & colonialassemblies: withheld governors salary to getwhat they wanted, had power of purse


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Great Game of Politics

1775: all colonies had propertyrequirements for voting, office holding

Upper classes afraid to give vote to every

biped of the forest, adult white maleshad vote

Not true democracy, but more so thanEngland


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Colonial Folkways

Mid-1700s similarities of colonies:

English in language/customs

Protestant

Some ethnic/religious tolerance

Unusual social mobility

Some self-government

3,000-mile moat separated them fromEngland

colonial society and democratic growth

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