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Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700- 1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex and hierarchical, more ethnically and religiously diverse, and more economically and politically developed. Colonial culture, while still limited, took on distinctive American qualities in such areas as evangelical religion, education, freedom of the press and self-government.

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Page 1: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775

THEME:Compared with its 17th Century counterpart, 18th

Century colonial society became more complex and hierarchical, more ethnically and religiously diverse, and more economically and politically developed.

Colonial culture, while still limited, took on distinctive American qualities in such areas as evangelical religion, education, freedom of the press and self-government.

Page 2: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

English : Colonials1700 - 20:1 1775 - 3:1

1775 • 2.5 million people in 13 colonies• 90% pop. is rural• VA, MA, PA, NC, MD are most populous• 6% are Germans• 7% Scots-Irish• 20% African• ???? Native American• Middle Colonies most multi-ethnic

Page 3: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

What were the characteristics of New England society?

o Class?o Race?o Education?o Professions?o Patterns of Settlement?o Family Life?

Page 4: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

Immigrant Families and New Social Order

• Puritans believed God ordained the family

• Reproduced patriarchal English family in New England

• Huge population growth caused by high life expectancy more than high fertility

• Greater longevity in New England resulted in “invention” of grandparents

• Multigenerational families strengthened social stability

Page 5: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

Distribution of European

and African

Immigrants in the

Thirteen Colonies

Page 6: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

Social Hierarchy in New England

• Absence of very rich necessitated creation of new social order

• Half-Way Covenant evolves in 2nd Generation

• New England social order:– Local gentry of prominent, pious families– Large population of independent yeomen landowners

loyal to local community– Small population of landless laborers, servants, poor

Page 7: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

Women’s Lives in Puritan New England

• Women’s roles– Farm labor, although not necessarily same tasks as

men– Often outnumbered men 2:1 in church membership

• Women could not control property

• Divorce difficult for a woman to obtain

• Both genders accommodated themselves to roles they believed God ordained

Page 8: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

Professions• 90% people are involved in farming

• Ministers

• Fisherman

• Sailors

• Merchants

• Manufacturing

• Few doctors

• Few lawyers

Page 9: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

Chesap. Family Life at Risk

• Normal family life impossible in Virginia– Mostly young male indentured servants – Most immigrants soon died – In marriages, one spouse often died within seven

years

• Extended families common

• Mortality rates so high that without immigration, population would have declined

Page 10: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

Women in Chesapeake Society

• Scarcity gave some women bargaining power in marriage market

• Female indentured servants vulnerable to sexual exploitation

• Childbearing extremely dangerous

• Chesapeake women died twenty years earlier than women in New England

Page 11: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

The Structure of Planter Society: A Dispersed Population

• Large-scale tobacco cultivation required:– Great landholdings– Ready access to water-borne commerce

• Result: population dispersed along great tidal rivers

• Virginia a rural society devoid of towns

• Education system was seen as unnecessary and got little attention

Page 12: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

SOCIAL HIERARCHY

Planters

Small Farmers

Former Indent Servants/Freemen

Indentured Servants

Slaves

Page 13: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands

Race and Freedom in British America

• Indians decimated by disease

• European indentured servant pool waned after 1660

• Enslaved Africans filled demand for labor

• TIPPING POINT:– BACON’S REBELLION in Virginia 1676

Page 14: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands

Roots of Slavery

• First Africans came to Virginia in 1619

• Status of Africans in Virginia unclear for 50 yrs.

• Rising black population after 1672 prompted stricter slave laws– Africans defined as slaves for life – Slave status passed on to children – White masters possessed total control of slave life

and labor– Mixing of races not tolerated

Page 15: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands

Origins and Destinations of African Slaves, 1619–1760

Page 16: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

Agricultural South

Page 17: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

American Life in the Seventeenth Century1607-1692

THEME:In the Chesapeake region, 17th Century colonial society

was characterized by disease-shortened lives, weak family life and a social hierarchy that included hardworking planters at the top and restless poor whites and black slaves at the bottom.

By contrast, early New England life was characterized by healthy, extended life spans, strong family life, closely knit towns and churches, and a demanding economic and moral environment.

Page 18: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

Olududah Equiano The stench of the hold while we were on the coast was so intolerably

loathsome that it was dangerous to remain there for any time, and some of us had been permitted to stay on the deck for the fresh air; but now that the whole ship's cargo were confined together it became absolutely pestilential. The closeness of the place and the heat of the climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us. This produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died, thus falling victims to the improvident avarice, as I may call it, of their purchasers. This wretched situation was again aggravated by the galling of the chains, now become insupportable and the filth of the necessary tubs, into which the children often fell and were almost suffocated. The shrieks of the women and the groans of the dying rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable. Happily perhaps for myself I was soon reduced so low here that it was thought necessary to keep me almost always on deck, and from my extreme youth I was not put in fetters. In this situation I expected every hour to share the fate of my companions, some of whom were almost daily brought upon deck at the point of death, which I began to hope would soon put an end to my miseries. Often did I think many of the inhabitants of the deep much more happy than myself. I envied them the freedom they enjoyed, and as often wished I could change my condition for theirs. Every circumstance I met with served only to render my state more painful, and heighten my apprehensions and my opinion of the cruelty of the whites.

Page 19: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

One day they had taken a number of fishes, and when they had killed and satisfied themselves with as many as they thought fit, to our astonishment who were on the deck, rather than give any of them to us to eat as we expected, they tossed the remaining fish into the sea again, although we begged and prayed for some as well as we could, but in vain; and some of my countrymen, being pressed by hunger, took an opportunity when they thought no one saw them of trying to get a little privately; but they were discovered, and the attempt procured them some very severe floggings. One day, when we had a smooth sea and moderate wind, two of my wearied countrymen who were chained together (I was near them at the time), preferring death to such a life of misery, somehow made through the nettings and jumped into the sea: immediately another quite dejected fellow, who on account of his illness was suffered to be out of irons, also followed their example; and I believe many more would very soon have done the same if they had not been prevented by the ship's crew, who were instantly alarmed. Those of us that were the most active were in a moment put down under the deck, and there was such a noise and confusion amongst the people of the ship as I never heard before, to stop her and get the boat out to go after the slaves. However two of the wretches were drowned, but they got the other and afterwards flogged him unmercifully for thus attempting to prefer death to slavery. In this manner we continued to undergo more hardships than I can now relate, hardships which are inseparable from this accursed trade.

Page 20: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

Slave shipThis plan graphically depicts the crowded, unsanitary conditions under which enslaved Africans were packed like cargo and transported across the Atlantic. (Library of Congress)

Slave ship

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Page 21: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

Map: The Settlements of the Lower South

The Settlements of the Lower SouthThis map shows the towns and fortifications of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, as well as the overlapping claims by the Spanish and the English to the territory south and west of Fort King George. The many Georgia forts reflect that colony's role as a buffer state between rice-rich South Carolina and the Spanish troops stationed in Florida.

Page 22: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

Characteristics of the South

Cash Crops: Tobacco, Cotton, Indigo, Rice Rural society, along rivers Plantations largely self-sufficient Prosperous from cash crops Women are second-class citizens Scarcity of Women

Few Settlers & high mortality rates.S. attitudes toward women

Slavery entrenched in Southern economy New African-American culture Slaves out # whites Stono Rebellion, 1739, Charleston,

Carolina

Page 23: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

Slavery in the Colonies

10 million slaves come to the colonies in 300 years Fatality rates 20% or higher during “Middle Passage” By mid 1680’s slaves outnumber indentured servants Slaves eventually outnumber whites in Carolinas and

deep South In South and in the Chesapeake region a new culture

emerges as slaves become Af.-Americans in music, religion and language

1739 Stono revolt in SC 1740’s slave imports slow

Page 24: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex
Page 25: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex
Page 26: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

Northern Colonies

Southern ColoniesMiddle Colonies

Page 27: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

COMPARE/CONTRAST

NORTHERN MIDDLE SOUTHERN

Puritan

Religious Freedom

Farm & Industry

Small Farms

Protestant Ethic

Slow, but Growing

Conflict w/Indians

Healthy Climate

Exceptions- RI

Quaker

Rel. Toleration

Farm & Industry

Farms

Democratic/Tolerant

Good Rel.w/Indian

Chesapeake Malarial

Exceptions - MD

Catholic/Misc.

Royal Colonies

Cash Crops

Plantations

Slavery

Buffer States/

Punitive Wars

Malarial Climate

Exceptions- NC

Page 28: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

COMPARE/CONTRASTCOMPARE/CONTRAST

NORTHERNNORTHERN MIDDLEMIDDLE SOUTHERNSOUTHERN

PuritanPuritan

Religious Religious FreedomFreedom

Farm & Farm & IndustryIndustry

Small FarmsSmall Farms

Slow, but Slow, but Growing Growing Conflict Conflict w/Indiansw/Indians

Good ClimateGood Climate

QuakerQuaker

Rel. TolerationRel. Toleration

Farm & IndustryFarm & Industry

FarmsFarms

DemocraticDemocratic

TolerantTolerant

Good Good Rel.w/IndianRel.w/Indian

Malaria in Malaria in Chesap.Chesap.

Catholic/Misc.Catholic/Misc.

Economic Economic

Cash CropsCash Crops

PlantationsPlantations

SlaverySlavery

Buffer StateBuffer State

Punitive WarsPunitive Wars

MalarialMalarial

Page 29: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

When, Why, and How did the When, Why, and How did the various English settlements various English settlements in the new world come to be in the new world come to be

controlled by England?controlled by England?

Page 30: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

PROBLEM:Keeping the colonies under England’s

economic and political control

England’s Solutions:

1. 1650- Parliament passes Navigation Acts to regulate colonial trade

2. 1686- James II merged northern colonies and disbanded their local assemblies

3. After 1688 - Parliament strengthened the Navigation Acts by creating Board of Trade and moving trials to Admiralty Courts

Page 31: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

MERCANTILISMMERCANTILISMWealth = Power Wealth = Power

More Wealth More Wealth More Power More Power

Export Revenue $ > Import Export Revenue $ > Import ExpensesExpenses

Colonies Provide:Colonies Provide:

1.1. Supplies of Raw MaterialsSupplies of Raw Materials

2.2. A Market for Finished GoodsA Market for Finished Goods

Page 32: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

KEY IDEAKEY IDEA

America existed to serve the interests of America existed to serve the interests of EnglandEngland

America was a MEANS to English ENDSAmerica was a MEANS to English ENDS

Page 33: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

England

Colonies

Raw Materials

Finished Products

Currency

Page 34: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

http://members.tripod.com/lylesj/trade/tritrade.html

Page 35: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

Mercantilist Controls on Mercantilist Controls on TradeTrade

1.1. Navigation Laws, 1650 Navigation Laws, 1650 = = only English ships may trade with the coloniesonly English ships may trade with the colonies

2.2. Trade with Europe must first pass through EnglandTrade with Europe must first pass through England

3.3. Certain products could only be made in EnglandCertain products could only be made in England

4.4. Currency was restricted – produced primarily in Currency was restricted – produced primarily in EnglandEngland

5.5. ““Royal Veto” used against colonial assembliesRoyal Veto” used against colonial assemblies

6.6. Royal Governor, ESPECIALLY Royal Governor, ESPECIALLY Sir Edmund AndrosSir Edmund Andros

Page 36: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

CAUSE:

Increased Competition

in Europe

2 EFFECT:

Mercantilism

3 EFFECT: Trade imbalance

in Colonies

4 EFFECTColonial Smuggling

Royal Crackdown

5 EFFECTSalutary Neglect

6 EFFECTColonial

Self-Government

Glorious Revolution

Dominion of New England

Page 37: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

Salutary NeglectSalutary NeglectAKA Benign NeglectAKA Benign Neglect

Stricter regulations on trade not Stricter regulations on trade not enforcedenforced

AS LONG AS trade imbalance continuedAS LONG AS trade imbalance continued

Colonies controlled by Royal GovernorsColonies controlled by Royal Governors

BUT local assemblies used “power of the BUT local assemblies used “power of the purse”purse”

Page 38: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

INTENTION/CAUSE

ECONOMICCONTROL OF

COLONIES

UNINTENDED EFFECT

UNIFY THE COLONIES

Page 39: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

PROS & CONS of PROS & CONS of MercantilismMercantilism

PROSPROS

England paid bounties on England paid bounties on shipping industry shipping industry =government subsidies=government subsidies

American had a American had a monopoly on Tobaccomonopoly on Tobacco

America was not taxed to America was not taxed to support the English Army support the English Army or Navyor Navy

Americans generally. Americans generally. better off than Englishbetter off than English

CONSCONS

Stifled American economic Stifled American economic initiativeinitiative

Southern Colonies favored over Southern Colonies favored over Northern Northern

Cash Crop prices set by English Cash Crop prices set by English MerchantsMerchants

GougingGouging

Colonies were dependent on Colonies were dependent on EnglandEngland

Not equal partnersNot equal partners

Currency DepreciationCurrency Depreciation

Page 40: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

What were the effects of the What were the effects of the Glorious Revolution?Glorious Revolution?

In Virginia?In Virginia?

In the Bay In the Bay Colony?Colony?

In New York?In New York?

In Maryland?In Maryland?

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion

Dominion of New Dominion of New EnglandEngland

Salem Witch TrialsSalem Witch Trials

Leisler’s RebellionLeisler’s Rebellion

Coode’s RebellionCoode’s Rebellion

Page 41: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 THEME: Compared with its 17 th Century counterpart, 18 th Century colonial society became more complex

Salem Witch “Trial”Salem Witch “Trial”What happened?What happened?

Why?Why?

What is its historical What is its historical significance?significance?


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