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Chapter FiveChapter FiveAmerican HistoryAmerican History

The Road to a RepublicThe Road to a Republic

The Regulars are out!

•• Colonists began heading west after hearing reports of lands Colonists began heading west after hearing reports of lands to the west of the Appalachian Mountains to the west of the Appalachian Mountains •• This upset many Indian tribes, particularly those who had This upset many Indian tribes, particularly those who had sided with the French in the warsided with the French in the war••Fighting broke out in many areas along the Ohio ValleyFighting broke out in many areas along the Ohio Valley••The British realized that they needed to control the situationThe British realized that they needed to control the situation

Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301

USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it

is not allowed.

Lord Jeffrey Amherst The British decided to The British decided to send Lord Jeffrey send Lord Jeffrey

Amherst to keep peaceAmherst to keep peace

Lord Amherst proved to Lord Amherst proved to be a poor choice as be a poor choice as

peacemakerpeacemaker

The French had treated The French had treated the Indians as friends, the Indians as friends,

whereas Amherst treated whereas Amherst treated them as enemiesthem as enemies

He raised prices on He raised prices on British goods sold to British goods sold to Indians and allowed Indians and allowed

English settlers to build English settlers to build forts on land promised to forts on land promised to Indians through treatiesIndians through treaties

Jeffrey Amherst, painted by Joshua Reynolds, 1765. Public domain

image

An Ottawa Chief named PontiacPontiac decided to take action.

Pontiac began organizing many Indian tribes together to rebel against the British.

Pontiacs got tribes including the Delawares, Hurons, Illinois, Kickapoos, Miamis, Potawatomies, Senecas, Shawnees, Ottawas, and Chippewas to unite in the cause.

Chief Pontiac

• Pontiac and his Indian allies attacked Fort Pitt and Fort Detroit unsuccessfully, but were successful in taking just about every other fort on the frontier• Pontiac’s hope was that the French would come to their aid, but the British retook their forts before long

Courtesy of Robert Griffing Pontiac’s War convincedThe British to closesettlements west of the Appalachian Mountains.

They issued the Proclamation of 1763 which 1. forbade colonists to settle

west of the Appalachians2. Required all colonists who

had already settled West of the Appalachians to return to the colonies

3. Enforced the Proclamation of 1763 by sending 10,000 British troops to the area (which would be paid for by higher taxes in the colonies)

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The The Proclamation of Proclamation of

1763 was 1763 was incredibly incredibly unpopularunpopular

Many settlers Many settlers ignored the law ignored the law and moved west and moved west

anywayanywayCredit: National Archives of Canada,

•• The British The British government government found itself in found itself in serious debt serious debt after the French after the French & Indian War& Indian War--£133,000,000!!!£133,000,000!!!

•• Taxes in Great Taxes in Great Britain rose Britain rose tremendously!tremendously!

• As a result, As a result, Prime Prime Minister George Minister George

GreenvilleGreenville decided decided to institute a tax in to institute a tax in

the colonies on the colonies on molasses, molasses,

reasoning that the reasoning that the colonists had colonists had

gained the most as gained the most as a result of the a result of the

French and Indian French and Indian War and needed to War and needed to pay their share of pay their share of

the debtthe debt

George GreenvilleGeorge GreenvilleCourtesy of Florida

Center for Instructional Technology. (1722-

1770) Member of the House of Commons and First Lord of the

TreasurySource: Benson J.

Lossing, The Pictorial Field-Book of the

Revolution (New York: Harper & Brothers,

1852)Keywords: portrait, House of Commons, Lord of the Treasury

The SUGAR ACT of 1764SUGAR ACT of 1764 (Grenville American Revenue Act) was passed by Parliament

• It replaced the Molasses Act of 1733 which forbade the import of foreign molasses (no molasses from French, Dutch, Spanish colonies)• Most merchants and traders ignored the Molasses Act of 1733 and smuggled molasses from the West Indies or bribed tax collectors

The Sugar Act of 1764The Sugar Act of 1764allowed colonists to buy foreign goods with a smaller tax

But Grenville took measures to ensure that smuggling and bribes stopped, including more aggressive naval patrols

The Sugar Act reduced trade from the colonies (particularly rum). Because foreign nations would have to pay higher prices, many of them traded with other nationsCourtesy of The Manhattan Rare Book Company

Despite colonial anger about the Sugar Act,

Grenville decided to get Parliament to impose

another tax the following year

The Stamp Act of 1765The Stamp Act of 1765imposed a tax on 55 types

of printed material including wills, diplomas, almanacs, newspapers, playing cards, and dice

These items required a government stamp to

prove that taxes had been paid

Actual British Government StampActual British Government Stamp

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The purpose of the Stamp Act was to help pay for the large number of British troops in the colonies

Protests broke out in New York City, Newport, RI, Boston, MA

Hartford, CT and Charleston, SC

Mobs burned effigies (likenesses) of tax

collectors and some were tarred and

feathered

The Bostonians paying the exciseman or tarring & feathering. (Cartoon). Lithograph by

Pendleton, 1830, after print published in London in 1774. Colorized. Public domain image

The British were surprised and outraged

by the colonists unwillingness to accept

the taxes

The British paid 25 times more in taxes than the colonists.

The average colonist paid the equivalent of $1.20 in taxes per year

NO TAXATION WITHOUT NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION!REPRESENTATION!

The problem with that, the colonists

argued, was not with the tax itself, but with the fact that they were being taxed without

representation in Parliament (the right

to be taxed with representation, they argued, dated back to the Magna Carta).What they wanted

was colonial approval of taxes in

their own legislatures

• The first to use the term was James Otis

• He was a wealthy lawyer who quit his position as

the King’s advocate general of the vice-admiralty after his

conscience got the best of him

• He said, “Taxation without representation is

tyranny” James OtisJames Otis

James Otis, portrait by J. Blackburn, 1755; in the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Assemblies in every colony vigorously defended the idea of

NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION

Patrick Henry drafted the Virginia Resolves of 1765 which

stated that only the Virginia Assembly could raise taxes on

their citizens

John Adams of Massachusetts “Instructions to the Town of

Braintree” which outlines ways to oppose the tax John AdamsJohn Adams

Patrick HenryPatrick Henry

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On October 7, 1765, the first meeting of the Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress was held in New York City by delegates opposed to the Stamp Act

The meeting was the idea of James Otis

Delegates from 9 colonies attended(VA, NH, NC and GA declined)

Stamp Act protest by newspaper publisher William Bradford

Library of CongressPublic domain image

The delegates drew up petitions to King George III and the Parliament stating that they had no right to tax the

colonies

They also organized boycotts

of British goods

King George IIIGeorge III by Allan

Ramsay, 1762. National Portrait Gallery, London.

Public domain image

The boycott boycott resulted in a 14% drop in

trade

British merchants and

workers suffered because of the

boycott

In 1766, the Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, but it passed the Declaratory Act which reserved the right of the Parliament to raise

taxes on the colonies

Although the colonists were happy about the repeal, taxation without representation would

still be an issue

Review 5-31. Who did the British choose to bring peace to the areas west of the Appalachian

Mountains?2. What did the person above do to hurt relations between the British and

Indians?3. What Ottawa Chief organized several Indian tribes to fight against the

British?4. What nation had the Indians hoped would come to their aid?5. After receiving what news did the Indians effectively end the attacks?6. List three things that the Proclamation of 1763 did?7. What was the Sugar Act of 1764? 8. What types of items did the Stamp Act of 1765 tax?9. What did colonists do to demonstrate their outrage over the Stamp Act of

1765?10.Why were many in Great Britain outraged by the colonists response to paying

higher taxes?11. Why did the colonists consider the taxes imposed by the Parliament unfair?12. Who is believed to be the first to say, “Taxation without representation is

tyranny”?13. Who drafted the (a) Virginia Resolves of 1765 and (b) Instructions to the

Town of Braintree ?14. What group met for the first time on October 7, 1765 in order to draft

petitions to King George III demanding that he repeal colonial taxes?15. What tactic, or form of protest, ultimately led to the repeal of the Stamp Act

of 1765.

In 1767, Charles Townshend, the leader of the British Treasury,

proposed the Townshend Acts

The Townshend Acts

(1) placed a tax on lead, paint, glass, tea,

silk, and paper (it would again be used to pay for troops in the colonies).

(2) It also ordered new and corrupt customs officers into the area Charles TownshendCharles Townshend

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• The customs officers were empowered by using writs of writs of assistanceassistance•• Writs of assistanceWrits of assistance were legal documents that allowed customs officers to inspect the cargo of ships without reason• Often, customs officers required merchants to pay bribes before ships left port

Colonists said the law was unfair because officials needed a good reason

to suspect someone of a crime

Merchants and Merchants and planters from all 13 planters from all 13

colonies signed colonies signed nonimportation nonimportation

agreementsagreements

The agreements The agreements promised that they promised that they would boycott the would boycott the

importation of importation of British goods in the British goods in the

hope that the hope that the Townshend Acts Townshend Acts

would be repealed would be repealed

Many colonists did their fair share to

boycott

Instead of buying cloth made in Britain, they wore homespun

fabrics

Paper was made in the colonies,

although it was more coarse than British

paper Sources unknown

Many people joined the

Sons of Liberty(the Daughters of

Liberty were founded later)

Sons of Liberty gathered around “Liberty Trees” in which they would hang lanterns and

conduct mock hangings of

British Officials

A good part of the Sons of Liberty were willing to take extreme methods• Homes of loyalists were destroyed• tarring and feathering was used liberally (sometimes resulting in death)• merchants who refused to sign nonimportation agreements were threatened

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Another British law that causes great controversy in the colonies is the Quartering Act (1765)

The Quartering Act required that colonists pay for the quartering (lodging) of British soldiers (as well as bedding, candles, and drinks)

In 1774, the British required the quartering of soldiers in private homes. The Quartering Act called for taxes to be used to pay for barracks and for lodging in taverns and inns

In 1766, the New York assembly was dismissed

after refusing to obey the Quartering Act (The

dismissal of the NY Assembly was the 3rd

thing that the Townshend Acts did)

In 1768, the Massachusetts

Assembly petitioned Parliament for the repeal of the Townshend Acts.

Instead, the Royal Governor dismissed

the Assembly

Samuel Adams- a Boston brewer who was a poor speaker, business failure, but great organizer• Very anti-British, loved politics- leader of the Sons of Liberty• He wrote letters to newspapers and published pamphlets to encourage protest

John Adams- cousin of Samuel Adams • intelligent and skilled lawyer • Very cautious • Knowledgeable of British law and highly committed to American principles of Justice

Mercy Otis Warren- sister of James Otis• very skilled writer who strongly supported the cause of liberty• she wrote a series of plays featuring characters that represented harsh British officials and heroic Sons of Liberty (like her brother, James Otis)

Samuel AdamsSamuel Adams

John AdamsJohn Adams

Mercy Otis WarrenMercy Otis Warren

James Otis- wrote essays and pamphlets against laws that allowed “taxation without representation”• Also a lawyer who spoke before the courts defending the principles of liberty• During an argument with a British official. He was struck in the head and went insane

Patrick Henry- a lawyer and a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses• Bravely defied British taxation by making a series of speeches in the House of Burgesses• Many Loyalists referred to him as a traitor• Known as the greatest orator (public speaker) of the time

James OtisJames Otis

Patrick HenryPatrick Henry

Thomas Thomas JeffersonJefferson

Thomas Jefferson- The youngest of the colonial leaders• Jefferson was 33 years old in 1776• He too was a lawyer and a very eloquent writer• His most famous contribution come about in the years just prior and after the Revolutionary War

• Two regiments of British soldiers

arrived shortly thereafter

• They set up camp on Boston

Common• They suffered

insults and beating when walking the

streets

0010824

The Boston Massacre

British soldiers were paid very little, and they were not provided with the necessities of life (food, etc)

As a result, many searched for work in their off hours

One soldier searched for work near Grey’s Ropewalk. A small number of colonists showed their displeasure by rioting

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A guard named Private Hugh White stood guard

outside of the Boston Customs House on

March 5, 1770

A crowd of 60 gathered and began to harass him

One suggested that his commanding officer was a “cheat” who did not pay

for a wig he had purchased

Pvt. White dared the accuser to step forward,

and then butt stroked him in the head with his musket

Another soldier chased the man down the street with

his bayonet Source unknown

The crowd grew even larger and they began to pelt Pvt. White and other soldiers with snowballs, rocks, and oyster shells

The soldiers became enraged and began shouting threats back

British officers arrived and tried to calm both the crowd and the soldiers

• British Captain Thomas Preston gathered 7 soldiers to rescue Private White• When he arrived, he ordered Pvt. White to fall in to the detachment• The crowd surged forward and made it impossible• Preston then ordered his men to form a defensive line, which angered the crowd of about 400 colonists even more

Source unknown

Captain Preston summoned a Justice of the Peace to read the Riot Act

The Riot Act was a warning to crowds that had gathered illegally that if they did not disperse in 30 minutes, they would be fired upon

It did not discourage the crowd, who threw snowballs at the Justice of the Peace

• Soon after, a club flew from the crowd and hit a British soldier in the head• The soldier fired a shot into the air• Other shots followed

Courtesy of www.billfarnsworth.com

In the end, 5 colonistswere killed, another 6 were wounded1. Crispus Attucks- shot twice in the chest (considered the first martyr for American Independence)2. Samuel Grey- shot in the head3. James Caldwell- shot twice in the back4. Samuel Maverick- 17 years old, shot in the abdomen5. Patrick Carr- shot in the hip, exited side

Boston Massacre, Mar. 5, 1770. Chromolithograph by John BuffordNational Archives and Records Administration

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Captain Preston and six of his men were

charged with murder

Two prominent lawyers decided to defend the soldiers

Josiah Quincy and John Adams, despite their patriot loyalties, took the case because they strongly believed in the right to a fair trial.

The lawyers argued that the men only acted in self-defense

Josiah Quincy John Adams

Adams and Quincy performed brilliantly in

court

In the end, Preston and four of his men were

acquitted of the charges

Two other soldiers were found guilty of man-

slaughter, not murder

They also pleaded “benefit of clergy” and were spared the death

penalty

Source unknown

The 2 soldiers

were both discharged

from the British

Army and branded on the right

thumb for their

crimes

To Sam Adams, the Boston Massacre was an

opportunity for propaganda!

He referred to the event as the Boston Massacre, despite the fact that only

5 of the 400 people present were killed

Adams asked Paul Revere to make an

engraving of the event to promote rebellion (the

engraving is very inaccurate… and

possibly stolen by Revere from a friend)

The bloody massacre perpetrated in King Street, Boston on March Revere, 1770. Engraving By Paul Revere, 1770. Library of

Congress

Posters were hung around Boston and information

about the event was spread through the

colonies

Adams’ attempts to

propagandize the event failed, as most people

thought the outcome of the

trial was fair

Library of Congress By coincidence, the By coincidence, the Townshend Acts were Townshend Acts were repealed on March 5, repealed on March 5,

17701770-- the same day as the same day as the Boston Massacrethe Boston Massacre

The King required that The King required that the tax on tea remain the tax on tea remain

in place just to make a in place just to make a pointpoint

The colonists rejoiced The colonists rejoiced and things were pretty and things were pretty

calm for a couple of calm for a couple of yearsyears

Massacre Circle Boston, MAMassacre Circle Boston, MA

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By 1772, the Sons of Liberty had faded away greatly. Many thought they were doomed until the Gaspee Affair

Many smugglers were using the coves and inlets to smuggle goods into Rhode Island’s Narragansett Bay

In June of 1772, the schooner Gaspee, under the command of Lieutenant William Dudingston, was dispatched by the Royal Navy to stop smuggling

He was very successful and hurt Rhode Island’s economy terribly

Burning of the Gaspee by Doley

Courtesy Gaspee Days Committee

Public Domain

One night, the Gaspee pursued a ship carrying

smuggled goods and ran into a sandbar

Abraham Whipple, The Sheriff of Kent County,

Rhode Island, demanded that Dudingston allow him

to board the Gaspee

Dudingston refused and held a sword to one of the

men on Whipple’s boarding party, who in turn shot Dudingston in the groin

Abraham WhippleSource: US Naval Academy

• Whipple then ordered that the sailors be put into boats and cast off• Whipple and his party then set the Gaspee on fire• News of the event excited colonists • The event helped revive the Sons of Liberty

The Burning of the Gaspee.Published in Harpers Monthly Magazine, August, 1883Source: http://gaspee.org/GaspeeGraphics1.html

• To inform citizens in Massachusetts about the actions of the British, Sam Adams set up committees of correspondence• Soon, committees of correspondence were set up in all 13 colonies• This helped Americans unite against the British

Review 5-41. What were the 3 things that the Townshend Acts of 1767 did?2. What were (a) writs of assistance and (b) why were they considered unfair by

many colonists?3. How did merchants and planters protest the Townshend Acts?4. What group held meeting around ‘liberty trees” and hanged effigies of British

officials?5. What violent methods of protest were used by the group above?6. What Boston brewer was an important leader of the Sons of Liberty?7. What member of the Virginia House of Burgesses and opponent of British

taxation, was considered one of the greatest orators of his time? 8. What act required that colonists pay for the lodging of British soldiers (as

well as bedding, candles, and drinks) ?9. What happened to the New York Assembly after they announced their refusal

to abide by the act above?10. How did the mob of Bostonians colonist initially demonstrate their outrage at

the British during the events leading up to the Boston Massacre?11. Why was a local Justice of the Peace summoned by Captain Preston?12. What were the names of the colonists killed during the Boston Massacre?13.Why were the events of March 5, 1770 referred to as the “Boston Massacre” ?14. What British schooner charged with ending smuggling, was sunk in the

waters of Rhode Island?15. What was the purpose of the committees of correspondence?.

• Tea was incredibly popular in the colonies• The British East India Company was the major source of tea in the colonies• The company was in great financial trouble and the British government decided to help

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The Parliament passed the Tea Act of 1773 to help reduce the 15 million pounds of tea in British warehouses

The act actually lowered taxes in the colonies and allowed the British East India Company to sell tea directly to colonial merchants (of their choice) and bypass the wholesalers and retailers who usually bought it from them first in England.

The British thought the colonists would be pleased by this action

• To the surprise of Parliament, the Tea Act was unpopular• American merchants argued it was an attempt to destroy colonial merchants by cutting them out of the tea trade… and American tea smugglers hated it for obvious reasons (many colonists purchased smuggled tea)• The Sons of Liberty argued that it was a trick to get colonists to accept British taxes, regardless of how small it was

• The colonists again instituted a boycott• daughters of Liberty served coffee or “liberty tea” made from raspberry leaves• Sons of Liberty prevented ships carrying British tea from unloading

In November of 1773, three boats arrived in Boston Harbor. The Sons of Liberty would not let it unload, but Governor Thomas Hutchinson demanded that they sell their goods within 20 days

After the 20 days (December 16, 1773) were up and nothing was sold, a messenger was sent by the Sons of Liberty to ask Hutchinson what he planned to do

In the meantime, about 7,000 colonists gathered around the Old South Church

Governor Thomas Hutchinson

Word arrived from the messenger that Hutchinson still would not let the ships sail.

Sam Adams stepped to the pulpit and said, “This meeting can do nothing further to save the country.”

Suddenly colonists dressed as Mohawk Indians burst through the doors and said, “Boston harbor, a teapot tonight! The Mohawks are a come!”

Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of

this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

The Sons of Liberty rowed quietly out to the three ships in the darkness of night and boarded them

"The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor." 1773. Copy of lithograph by Sarony & Major, 1846. Credit: National Archives and Records Administration NOTE THE INACCURACY! Public domain image

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The men dumped 342 crates of tea into Boston

Harbor which was valued at

about $90,000

When they were

finished, they quietly rowed back

to shore

King George III was outraged!

He asked Parliament to

pass a series of very harsh laws

designed to punish the people of Boston. King George III

The Intolerable ActsThe Intolerable Acts (or Coercive Acts), as they were nicknamed by the colonists

Did several things:1. closed Boston Harbor2. limited power of MA

legislature, made governor more powerful

3. local official were to be appointed by the royal governor

4. Town meetings could only be held once per year

5. British officials charged with major crimes were to be tried in England

6. Quartering Act was extended to include private homes

About the same time the Quebec Act was passed. It served two purposes

1. protected the rights of Roman Catholics in Canada

2. redrew boundaries between Canada and the British Colonies• This angered

colonists who had claimed western land

The committees of correspondence spread the news quickly about the Intolerable Acts

Other colonies came to the aid of the people of Boston

SC gave riceVA gave cornPA gave flourCT gave sheep

• The First Continental Congress met on September 5, 1774 and accomplished a great deal• Moderates who wanted to work out problems fought against radicals who wanted to take strong action

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The meeting The meeting consisted of a lot of consisted of a lot of arguments and a lot arguments and a lot of prayerof prayerIn the end they did In the end they did the following:the following:•• Denounced the Denounced the Intolerable Acts and Intolerable Acts and Quebec ActQuebec Act•• Called for a Called for a boycott of all British boycott of all British goods as well as an goods as well as an exportation banexportation ban•• Urged colonies to Urged colonies to train militiastrain militias•• The delegates also The delegates also agreed to meet again agreed to meet again in May 1775in May 1775

"The Bostonians in Distress." Copy mezzotint attributed to Philip Dawe, 1774Credit: National Archives and Records Administration

Minutemen were recruited in MassachusettsThey got their name because they could be

“ready in a minute” for battle

The "Minute-Men" of the Revolution. Lithograph by Currier & Ives, 1876. Library of Congress

In 1775, Major General Thomas Gage learned that minute men had a store of arms on Concord

Gage planned an attack and set out on April 18, 1775 with 700 British troops

Luckily for the colonists, Paul Revere, a Boston silversmith, had set up spies in Boston to watch Gage

Major General Thomas Gage

British General Thomas Gage.

Engraving (bust). From the United States National

Archives & Records Administration

Public domain image

Revere stationed Robert Newman in the steeple of the North Church

If the troops were on foot, he was to show one lantern from the steeple

If the troops were traveling by ship to get across the Black Bay to Concord, he was to show two lanterns

Revere saw 2 lights on the night of April 18, 1775 so he knew the troops were headed to Concord “by sea”

Both Paul Revere and William Dawes made the “Midnight Ride” (along different routes) informing citizens that the “British are coming!” (He actually shouted, “The Regulars are out!”)

When the 2 men met up in Lexington, Dr. Samuel Prescott joined them

Both Revere and Dawes were arrested- Prescott was the only one of the three to complete the journey to ConcordPaul Revere’s Ride. Library of Congress

At dawn on Lexington’s green, 70 minutemen stood ready for battle.

They were led by militia Captain Jonas Parker

British Major Pitcairn (Royal Marines) ordered the rebels to lay down

their arms

Parker told his men to stand their ground. He

was again warned by the British to disperse his

troops.

Suddenly, a shotrang out

Courtesy of the Army National Guard

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No one knows who fired the first shot, but a British officer shouted “Fire, No one knows who fired the first shot, but a British officer shouted “Fire, by God, fire!”by God, fire!”•• The British fired two volleys and many of the minutemen ran from the The British fired two volleys and many of the minutemen ran from the fields. The rebels that remained, fired back at the Britishfields. The rebels that remained, fired back at the British•• In the end, 8 minutemen were dead (including Parker) and 10 were In the end, 8 minutemen were dead (including Parker) and 10 were woundedwounded•• Only one British soldier was slightly wounded, none were killedOnly one British soldier was slightly wounded, none were killed

The battle of Lexington. Engraving by John H. Daniels & Sons, 1903. Library of Congress

Prints and Photographs Division

•• The British entered Concord and went house to The British entered Concord and went house to house looking for weapons and ammunitionhouse looking for weapons and ammunition•• They found very littleThey found very little•• The British officers ordered their men to march The British officers ordered their men to march back to Bostonback to Boston

Retreat from Concord. Library of Congress

• Along the route, the British met 300 colonial militia on the North Bridge (just outside of Concord)• Fighting broke out, and the colonials drove the British back• As the British retreated, they were picked off by snipers hiding in trees and in the fields (likely 11,000 militia participated).

In the end the casualty count was as follows:

49 dead5 missing41 wounded

73 dead26 missing (presumed dead)174 wounded

National Park ServicePublic domain image

Word of the Battles of Lexington and Concord

spread quickly

Many colonists realized that war was now

inevitable

There was no possibility of resolving

the differences between the colonies

and Great Britain peacefully

Bloody Butchery of the British Troops:

Salem 1775."

Reprint: Salem, Massachusetts: 1850.

Broadside.Printed Ephemera

Collection,Rare Book and

Special Collections Division, Library of

Congress (45)

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Review 5-51. What did the Tea Act of 1773 do?2. Why did colonists oppose the Tea Act of 1773? 3. How did the sons of Liberty demonstrate there anger regarding Governor ThomasHutchinson’s decision to require that 3 tea ships remain in Boston harbor? 4. What was the total worth of the tea dumped into Boston Harbor during the Boston TeaParty? 5. List three things the Intolerable (Coercive) Acts did? 6. What act protected the rights of Roman Catholics in Canadaand redrew boundaries between Canada and the British Colonies?7. How did colonists outside of Massachusetts demonstrate their support for the people ofBoston? 8. In what year did the First Continental congress meet? 9. What was accomplished during the first meeting of the Continental Congress? 10. Massachusetts militiamen who could be ready for battle in a minute, were referred to aswhat? 11. Why did Major General Thomas Gage march 700 troops to Concord? 12. What were the names of the men who rode on the famous “Midnight Ride” to warncolonists of the advance of British troops? 13. Where was (a) the first engagement between British troops and Massachusettsmilitiamen, and (b) what was the result ? 14. Where was (a) the second engagement between British troops and Massachusettsmilitiamen, and (b) what was the result ? 15. The first battles of 1775 convince many colonists of what?