Color Plates

0.000.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

RC DamageDuzce/Bolu/Kaynasli, Turkey 1999

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40

Column Index %

Wal

l In

dex

%

NoneLightModerateSevereCollapse

Plate 1 (See also Fig. 2 on page 3)

209

210 Color Plates

Plate 2 Fracture of CFRP sheet in Beam 2 (See also Fig. 8 on page 27)

a) Anchor failure, Beam 4 b) Fracture of sheet, Beam 5

Plate 3 Failure with no adhesion between CFRP sheet and concrete (See also Fig. 9 on page 27)

a) Sheet fracture, Bm-Col 1 b) Hinging and fracture, Bm-Col 2

Plate 4 Failures of Beam-Column specimens (See also Fig. 10 on page 28)

Color Plates 211

S.Giuliano d.P.

Plate 5 Historical evolution of seismic classification in Italy (De Marco and Martini 2001) (Seealso Fig. 4 on page 72)

Plate 6 Seismic classification proposal of1998 (Gavarini et al. 1999) (See also Fig. 5on page 72)

Plate 7 Current Italian seismic zonation asdetermined by the by-law 3274/2003 (See alsoFig. 7 on page 76)

212 Color Plates

Plate 8 Italian INGV seismometric network (See also Fig. 9 on page 83)

39% T100 22% T200

5% T975 2% T247510% T475

63% T50

Plate 9 Hazard maps in terms of peak groundacceleration on stiff soil (ag) for differentreturn periods (project DPC-INGV-S1) (Seealso Fig. 10 on page 84)

Plate 10 Hazard maps in terms of elasticresponse spectra on stiff soil (project DPC-INGV-S1) (See also Fig. 11 on page 85)

Color Plates 213

Plate 11 Microzonation with respect to Turk-ish earthquake code (2007) (See also Fig. 1 onpage 138)

Plate 12 Microzonation with respect to aver-age shear wave velocity (VS30) (See also Fig. 4on page 141)

Plate 13 Zonation with respect to spec-tral accelerations calculated using Borcherdt(1994) procedure for Bolu city (See also Fig. 6on page 144)

Plate 14 Zonation with respect to aver-age spectral accelerations calculated by siteresponse analysis for Bolu city (See also Fig. 7on page 144)

214 Color Plates

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

Plate 15 Damage to reinforced concrete frame buildings in Nai Thon Beach, Thailand (See alsoFig. 2 on page 156)

Color Plates 215

Plate 16 A single-story house, displaced by water pressure due to lack of proper anchorage, BandaAceh, Indonesia (See also Fig. 13 on page 164)

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Plate 17 Impact loading on columns due to floating debris, Banda Aceh, Indonesia (See alsoFig. 15 on page 166)

216 Color Plates

Plate 18 The earthquake intensity zone, providedby the Chinese Earthquake Administration (CEA)(See also Fig. 4 on page 182)

Plate 19 Zonation map of PGA theseriously damaged area (See alsoFig. 50 on page 205)

Plate 20 Zonation map of characteristicperiod of ground motion response spectrumfor the seriously damaged area (See alsoFig. 51 on page 206)

Plate 21 Map of active faults distribution inthe south-east area of Gansu province (Seealso Fig. 52 on page 206)

Index

AAnchorage, 23, 160–162, 215Assessment

of seismic capacity, 62of seismic vulnerability, 134

CCFRP anchor, 22, 24, 28, 30, 31, 33Climate change, 116–121, 130Code implementation, 42, 43, 44, 77, 86Conflict of values, 54–56

DDelamination, 27Disaster mitigation, 50, 115–131

EEarth pressure, 94, 100, 104, 105, 108–110,

112, 113Earthquake

earthquake death rates, 38, 39earthquake risk, 1, 35–50, 133seismic risk, 39, 67–89

FFlood, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 124, 126, 128,

131, 134, 154, 168, 171, 172, 200

GGround damage, 93, 94–101, 113

IImpact, 23, 25, 26, 33, 35, 38, 47, 48, 70, 73,

79, 80, 93, 128, 129, 130, 154, 160,162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168,170–171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 181, 215

Indexcolumn index, 2, 3, 209Hassan index, 2, 3, 4

seismic resistance index, 41wall index, 2, 3, 209

LLevels

acceptable damage levels, 56–57, 59,62, 63

damage levels, 59, 135importance levels, 57uncertainty levels, 57visitability levels, 56

Lifelinesbridges, 192–197communication, 192, 197dams, 192, 195gas supply, 192, 195–197highways, 192, 193–194power supply, 195–197railways, 192, 193–194water supply, 195–197

Liquefaction, 79, 93, 94, 104, 111, 120, 125,134, 137, 179, 201–202, 204

MMicrozonation

wrt average peak ground velocity, 149wrt ground shaking, 143–150wrt peak spectral accelerations, 141, 143,

147, 148, 149, 150Millennium Development Goals

poverty reduction, 36Monitoring, 47, 57, 58, 86, 87, 88, 105, 130Monuments, 53–65, 70, 80

RRatcheting, 94, 100, 105, 110, 112, 113Reconstruction, 37, 47, 50, 69, 71, 78, 126,

129, 203, 205–207

217

218 Index

Rehabilitationby CFRP sheets, 7, 15, 17, 22, 23, 25, 27,

29, 33by column jacketing, 10, 11by concrete panels, 17infilled frames, 9, 12–15, 17member rehabilitation, 10–11strategy, 8–10, 35, 37, 45, 49system improvement, 9, 11–18

Remote sensing, 47, 48Repair, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 20, 24, 26, 53, 57,

63, 64, 69, 189Retrofit

retrofit progress, 44

SSeismic hazard, 42, 67, 68, 70, 71, 76, 77, 86,

134, 135–136Settlements, 38, 39, 40, 42, 49, 58, 79, 93,

94, 96, 99, 100, 101, 102, 105, 107,110–113, 134, 137, 195, 201, 202

Site response analysis, 133, 136, 138, 141–143,144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 213

Storm, 117–119, 121, 122, 131, 154Strengthening

by CFRP sheets, 7, 15, 17, 27, 28, 29, 30,33, 210

splices, 21–33by steel jackets, 10, 11, 21, 22, 28by steel plates, 10, 11, 22

Structural interventions, 54–56, 57, 62–63, 64

TTechnology

known technologies, 46new technology, 47

Tsunami induced forceson reinforced concrete frame buildings,

154, 155–157, 158, 214on structures, 153–177on timber construction, 160, 164on unreinforced masonry infill walls, 160

Tsunami loadsbraking wave forces, 102, 104, 112buoyant force, 165, 168, 173debris impact force, 170–171, 174,

175, 176hydrodynamic (drag) force, 165, 168,

171–172hydrostatic force, 165–167, 170,

172, 173load combinations, 171–173, 175surge force, 165, 166, 169–170, 172, 174,

175, 176

UUrban planning, 133–150

VVolume change, 94, 105–108, 113Vulnerability reduction, 80–81, 88