Color Theory – part 2

Color Theory: Overview• Color is one of the most expressive elements

because• its quality affects our emotions directly and

immediately.• In representational art, color serves to identify

objects• and to create the effect of illusionistic space

• This part is continued from Color Theory – part 1, it contains history of the colors & Physiological Principles of Color

Historical Background• In 1666, Sir Isaac Newton figured out the

phylogenesis of colors. He permitted a beam of sunlight to go past a prism and explored that the white light split up into different wavelength, giving different colors – red, yellow, orange, green, blue, indigo, and violet. As a reasult, he proved that the white light is made up of all wavelengths of the visible spectrum. Newton said that colors already exist in light. For him, darkness was absence of lignt

Sir Isaac Newton

Isaac Newton Opticks 1704 (old spelling of Optics)

Used musical scale to divide spectrum and attach names to areasPhysics (but theological implications)

Historical Background• Goethe’s Theory of Colors (1810)• Built on wavelength theory of light (after Newton)• Methods interesting Conclusion refuted Influential on

artists Ex. Turner Color theory weblink

Johann Wolfgang Goethe

Johann Wolfgang Goethe implied another color theory. Goethe believed that coloris the interaction between light and darkness. He thought that colors arise from the interaction of light and dark edges along the spectrum, a bit different from that proposed by Newton.

Goethe’s Color Wheel

• 1510• Leonardo da Vinci• Designed a sketch of linear view of colors

that traversed from yellow to green to blue and all the way to red.

• 1611• Aron Sigfrid Forsius• Wrote a treatment on the subject of color.

His theory tells us that white and black are the primary colors of the world from which all other

• colors are derived.• 1613• Franciscus Aguilonius• Came up with a color diagram in his 1613

work on optics. It is• arguably the ancient system to use the

combination of red, yellow and blue during which colors were I defined within a linear division.

• 1630• Robert Fludd• Created the first printed color wheel in a

medical journal

1659RembrandtProposed that yellow darkened to brown and red was half yellow, so it darkened to brown too. A problem always pops up when brown is darkened with black instead of its opposite color ultramarine blue.• 1731• Jacques Christopher Le Blon• Invented the fundamental three-color palette

and explained his palette with many dyes. Le Blon never extended his organized color system properly.

• 1755• Tobias Mayer• Developed color theory by the use of

mathematics, and his choice of triad colors (red, blue and yellow) was created. Mayer tried to find out the exact number of colors which the eye is able to perceive.

• 1766• Moses Harris• Developed the first use of a color wheel; the

wheel had red, yellow and blue but he added black as the only neutral color.

• 1772• J. Heinrich Lambert• Showed his first three-dimensional color

system.

Historical Background

Emotional Response of Colors• Red Hot, danger, negative, stop, excitement

• Dark blue Stable, mature, calming, trustworthy,

• Light blue Cool, youthful, masculine

• Green Positive, growth, organic, go, comforting

• Brown Wholesome, unpretentious, organic

• Yellow Emotional, caution, positive

• Orange Emotional, organic, positive

• Purple Royal, contemporary, youthful

• Pink Youthful, warm, feminine

• Pastels Feminine, sensitive, soft, youthful

• Gold Conservative, elegant, stable

• Black Death, heavy, serious

• Grey Cool, mature, neutral, integrity

• White Pure, clean

Physiological Principles of color

color is the result of

interaction of light with the

nervous system. There are

several elements that

affect color perception,

including the lens of the eye, the retina and a

color processing unit along the optic nerve.

Trichromatic Color Vision The most important

physiological principle for the effective use of color is what we call trichromacy or

trichromaticism. It is the condition of exerting control over the three independent

channels for the transmission of color

information, which originates from the three distinct cone

types. Trichromats are organisms with trichromacy.

Physiological Principles of color

The natural definition of trichromacy is that, the organism's retina comprises three different types of color receptors called cone cells with different absorption spectra. In reality, the number of such color receptors may be greater than three, since different types of receptors may be operational at different light intensities. In vertebrates, the rod cells may also take part in color vision at low light intensities along with the three types of cone cells, giving a small region of tetrachromacy in the color space.

Human Visual System

Millions of photoreceptors take part in the human visual system. Ocular photoreceptors are the only neurons in humans capable of phototrans duction with an exception of melanopsin-containing photosensitive ganglion cells. All the photoreceptors in humans are found either in the outer nuclear layer in the retina at the back of each eye, or in front of them where the bipolar and ganglion cells carry information from photoreceptorsto the brain. This inverted arrangement significantly cuts down the acuteness, as light must move through the axons and cell bodies of other neurons prior to reaching the photoreceptors. The retina comprises two specialized components to deal with this matter They are : FOVEA and BLIND SPOT

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Fovea: It is an area at the centre of the retina, containing only photoreceptors. It is utilized for high visual acuity.

Blind spot: Each retina holds a blind spot, which is an area devoid of photoreceptor cells and where axons from the ganglion cells can pass through the retina to the brain.

Human Visual System

• Phototransduction is a process by which light is converted into electrical signals in the rod cells, cone cells and photosensitive ganglion cells of the retina of the eye.

• The visual cycle is the biological conversion of a photon into an electrical signal in the retina. This process occurs via G-protein coupled receptors called opsins which contain the chromophore 11-cis retinal. 11-cis retinal is covalently linked to the opsin receptor via Schiff base forming retinylidene protein. When struck by a photon, 11-cis retinal undergoes photoisomerization to all-trans retinal which changes the conformation of the opsin GPCR leading to signal transduction cascades which causes closure of cyclic GMP-gated cation channel, and hyper polarization of the photoreceptor cell

Animation PhototransductionVisit the site

http://sites.sinauer.com/neuroscience5e/animations11.02.html

Phototransduction

Signal Transduction PathwaySignal transduction pathway indicates a mechanism in the cell by which the energy of a photon results in the cell's electrical polarization. This polarization will result in either the process of transmission or confinement of a neural signal that will be taken to the brain by the optic nerve. The following are the various steps in the signal transduction pathway in vertebrate rod and cone photoreceptors

Rods

• Used for scotopic vision• Very light sensitive; sensitive to scattered light• Loss causes night blindness• Low visual acuity• Not present in fovea• Slow reaction to light, stimuli added over time• Have more pigment than cones, so can observe lower

light levels• Stacks of membrane-enclosed disks remain on the cell

membrane• 20 times more rods than cones in the retina One type of

photosensitive pigment• Responsible for achromatic vision

Cones

• Used for photopic vision• Not very light sensitive; sensitive to only

direct light• Loss causes total blindness• High visual acuity; better spatial resolution• Concentrated in fovea• Fast reaction to light, can comprehend more rapid

changes in stimuli• Have less pigments than rods, need more light to

find images• Disks are confined to the outer tissue layer• Three types of photosensitive pigment in humans• Responsible for color vision

Differences between Rods and Cones

In 1991, Foster et al. observed a non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor in the eyes of mice, which was depicted to serve as the medium for effecting circadian rhythms. These neuronal cells, known as intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC), are a small subclass (-1-3%) of the retinal ganglion cells. The cells are settled in the inner retina, which is in front of the rods and cones found in the outer retina. ipRGCs comprises a photopigment, melanopsin, which has an absorption crest of the light at a different wavelength (-480 nm) than rods and cones. In 2007, Farhan H. Zaidi and colleagues published their pioneering work in Current Biology using rodless coneless humans. The researchers found the distinctive character of the non-rod non-cone photoreceptor in humans to be a ganglion cell in the inner retina as had been previously ' shown in rodless coneless models in some other mammals. Human retinal ganglion cell photoreceptor takes part in conscious sight as well as in non-image-forming functions such as circadian rhythms, behavior and pupil reactions. The groundbreaking research of Zaidi and colleagues' with rodless and coneless human subjects also opened the door into image-forming (visual) roles for the ganglion cell photoreceptor.

Ganglion Cells

• Any object viewed by our eye is upside down. Light travels extremely fast to allow the recognition of different hues. The front part ()lour eye consists of the cornea, while the back part consists of lens. The main purpose of lens is to focus light rays, so that the color can be perceived. To achieve correct focus, our lens should continuously change its shape

• The lens is also called the aquula (Latin, a little stream, dim. of aqua, water) or oystalline lens. In humans, the refractive power of the lens in its natural environment is about 18 dioptres, roughly one-third of the eye's total power.

Lens

• Portion, Size and Shape• Structure and Function of Lens• Crystalline and Transparency

RetinaRetina is comprised of numerous photoreceptor cells referred to as cones and rods. These special cells help us in viewing under various lightning conditions. Cones become active and operate best under daylight, while rods function during night. Sunlight is made up ofdifferent colors (spectrum). Under normal circumstances, humans can see only the visible spectrum (color vision). Red, green and blue constitute the three basic colors of light and are called the primary colors. While blue has the shortest wavelength in the spectrum, red has the longest wavelength. The wavelength of green, is in the middle of the spectrum.

The vertebrate retina consists often distinct layers. These are:1. Inner limiting tissue layer Muller cell footplates2. Nerve fibre layer3. Ganglion cell layer—Layer that holds the nuclei of

ganglion cells and gives rise to optic nerve fibres4. Inner plexiform layer5. Inner nuclear layer Layer that contains

bipolar cells6. Outer plexiform layer In the macular region,

this is generally known as the Fiber layer of Henle

7. Outer nuclear layer8. External limiting tissue layer Layer that divides the

inner segment portions of the photoreceptors from their cell nucleus

9. Photoreceptor layer—Rods and cones10. Retinal pigment epithelium

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One of the most complex organs of the human body, the brain forms the epicenter of the Central Nervous System (CNS). One feature that differentiates a human brain from that of other mammals is that it weighs almost three times as big as the brain of a mammal of similar body weight. This increase in volume and size is accounted for by the highly convoluted cerebral cortex. In human beings, the part of the brain devoted to vision is greatly enlarged.

HUMAN BRAIN

• Weight: The brain of an adult man (70 kg) weighs approximately 1.5 kg. There is a slight difference between the brain weight of a man and that of a woman; man's brain weighs approximately 100 gm more.

• Appearance: The circumference of the brain is tan-grey, while the inside is yellowish white.

• Parts of the brain: Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain

Structure and parts of the Brain

• A basic knowledge of color theory definitely helps in making a harmonious combination which is pleasing to the eyes.

• With the basic knowledge of color theory, one can easily understand how to make effective use of colors in our daily life.

• For a person who belongs to art background, judgement about colors and their meaning is easy.• For a lay man visualizing colors is not an easy task. Apoor and undeveloped sense of color proves to be a great

hindrance in making good color decisions.• In the visual arts, color theory refers to the visual impact created by different types of colors, both individually and in

combination with each other.• color balance refers to the use of congruous colors in a design.• color scheme is the choice of colors used in a design for a range of media used in color theory. color schemes are

basically used to create style and appeal.• Complementary color scheme includes a combination of any two colors that are positioned opposite to each other

on the color wheel. Analogous colors appear next to each other on the color wheel.• Warm colors are bright and pleasing. They are generally associated with daylight and cool colors with night.• color theory helps us to understand the various possible combinations that would look harmonious together.• An organism's retina comprises three different types ofcolor receptors called cone cells with different absorption

spectra.• Trichromatic color vision is the natural aptitude of humans and some other animals to see different colors,

interposed by interactions among three types of color-sensing cone cells.• A photoreceptor is a specialized type of nerve cell that is capable of phototransduction.• Phototransduction is the composite process through which the energy o fa photon is utilized to alter the intrinsic

membrane potential of the photoreceptor.• Signals are conducted by polarization and depolarization of the neurons.• One ofthe most important differences between rods and cones is that while rods are meant for scotopic vision,

while cones are responsible for photopic vision.• Lens along with the cornea plays a major role in refracting light to be focused on the retina.

Summary

• Lens functions to change the focal distance of the eye so that it can focus°, objects at various distances, thus allowing a sharp real image of the object interest to be formed on the retina.

• Accommodation is the process where one can centre the eye on an object al dissimilar distances from it by changing the curvature ofthe lens. Retina is comprised by numerous photoreceptor cells referred to as cones and rods.

• Cones become active and operate best under daylight, while rods function during night.• Fovea is a region at the centre of the macula and forms the most sensitive an in the retina.• The three major parts ofthe brain are the forebrain, the midbrain and the hindbrai• The forebrain controls the motor functions of the body as well the autonomi functions.• The midbrain plays an important role in auditory and visual responses.• The hindbrain controls the autonomic functions besides maintaining th, equilibrium, motor function and conducts

sensory information.

Summary

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Disclaimer: Images used in this presentation is purely for the reference purpose. We do not own any copyright onImages other then Veda college. Source of images : https://en.wikipedia.org, https://light2015blog.org/category/chemistry/, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe, , https://justinpamute.wordpress.com http://www.openculture.com/2013/09/goethes-theory-of-colors-and-kandinsky.html, https://www.lhup.edu, http://www.colourblindawareness.org/colour-blindness/types-of-colour-blindness/, http://www.cgadvertising.com, http://www.planet-science.com, https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com, http://www.webexhibits.org, http://blog.tauedu.org, https://www.designmantic.com, http://www.cgadvertising.com/pages/cg/rules-in-design/trichromatic-vision.php

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