colorado state patrol legalized recreational …...oral fluid testing device evaluation &...
TRANSCRIPT
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Colorado State Patrol
Major S.J. Garcia
303-638-9798
Colorado State PatrolLegalized Recreational Marijuana
Lessons Learned
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Areas of Interest
Legalization of marijuana in Colorado
Marijuana enforcement challenges
Colorado State Patrol strategies
Education for law enforcement
Marijuana impairment
Oral Fluid Drug Screening Pilot Program
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Sales of Marijuana in Colorado
2014 Marijuana Sales
$699,198,805
2015 Marijuana Sales
$996,184,788
2016 Marijuana Sales
$1.3 BILLION
Cash and banking remains an obstacle to the
marijuana industry due to Federal Regulations.
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Tax Revenue from Marijuana in Colorado
FY 2014/2015 Taxes Collected
$43,887,483
FY 2015/2016 Taxes Collected
$76,227,595
FY 2016/2017 Taxes Collected
$191,854,850 (FY to date, as of 04/17)
How high will it be in 2017??
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Driving with Marijuana in Colorado
Year Impaired Driving Citations
(with MJ)
Fatal and Injury Traffic
Accidents Related to
Impaired Driving
Fatal and
Injury
Accidents
Caused by
Drugs
2013 6528 489 48
2014 7525 (674 MJ Related) 515 66
2015 6544 (641 MJ Related) 547 64
2016 6024 (767 MJ Related) 542 69
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Marijuana Enforcement Challenges
Odor from vehicle
Live marijuana plants
Caregiver ownership
Commerce transport
Legal possession:
1 oz. or less for persons at
least 21 years of age
2 oz. or less for Colorado
Medical Marijuana card
holders, no age requirement
Evidence challenges
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Enforcement Strategies – cont.
Modified internal policies
reflect the change in law;
members are prohibited
from engaging in the
marijuana industry
maintaining a drug-free
workforce.
2014-CSP was an instrumental stakeholder in the facilitation of statewide marijuana blood testing (policy and procedure).
2015-In partnership with the Department of Law, the CSPimplemented a pilot program for oral fluid drug testing.
2016-Entered the second phase of pilot program for oral fluid drug testing.
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Enforcement Strategies – cont.
New and emerging technology
CSP Oral fluid Drug Screening Pilot Program
Summits
Partners
University of Colorado
Denver
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CSP Strategies
Updated philosophies and definitions to
ensure accurate data compilation for
DUI/DUID arrests.
Alcohol
Alcohol and marijuana
Marijuana only
Marijuana and other drug combinations
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Oral Fluid Testing Device
Evaluation & Methodology
The oral fluid drug testing pilot program began data collection on April 1, 2015 and the evaluation process focuses on the following:
1. The ease of use of the device as it was designed. This will include functionality, display of results and accessibility.
2. Officer safety, the safety of the suspect and the ease of use in a field environment.
3. The accuracy of the device versus the results of a certified blood test provided by a state certified toxicology laboratory.
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Existing Literature
Oral fluid is an accurate bodily fluid to test for THC
Most common signs of impairment are found in eyes,
attitudes, and delayed reaction times
One Leg Stand examination in SFSTs
Difficulties with divided attention tasks, depth
perception, motor coordination, and attention
Advantages to oral fluid drug testing devices:
Ease of use
Non-invasive
Sensitive to cannabis impairment
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Research Questions
What are the circumstances surrounding DUID
cases: probable cause stop or vehicular crash
(proactive vs reactive); offense type; and
signs of impairment?
Do the results of the oral fluid drug testing
devices mirror the blood results, related to
positive or negative findings?
What are the officers’ perceptions on the use
of the oral fluid drug testing devices?
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Pilot Project Phases
2015 – First Phase
2016 – Second Phase
2017 – Second Phase ongoing
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Preliminary Results for Phase I
Methodology
Incident variables
Time of stop (day or night)
Weekday of stop
Type of offense
Probable cause
Signs of impairment
Drivers’ decisions to consent to biological
tests
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Time of Stop
Frequency Percent
Day 124 36.6
Night 215 63.4
Total 339 100.0
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Stops per Day
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
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Relationship Between
Day and Time
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
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Reason for Stop Frequency
Speeding 91Equipment defect / invalid registration 80Weaving 50Careless/reckless driving 22No lights 15
Total 258
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Offense Charges
Offense Frequency
Driving under the Influence of alcohol 150
Driving under the influence of
alcohol/drugs/both122
No proof of insurance 66
Driving under the influence of drugs 58
Careless driving 57
Driving without a seat belt 51
Total 504
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Type of Stop
247
89
Proactive Reactive
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Most Common Signs of ImpairmentVariable Most Common
EyesBloodshot (217)
Watery (199)
SpeechSlow (138)
Slurred (89)
Hand MovementsSlow (174)
Shaky (143)
WalkingUnsteady (146)
Normal (129)
TremorsEyelid (223)
Leg (117)
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Relationship Between Offense
Charges and Biological Tests
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Oral Fluid Devices and Blood Tests
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
1 2 3 4 5
Number of Tests Positive Resutls Confirmed Blood
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Device Completion Times
Device Time Range
Average Time
Frequency
1 1-15 6.13 182 1-10 5.00 143 3-10 7.00 84 1-5 3.00 35 1-10 4.89 11
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Officers’ Perceptions
4.56 4.71 2.94 4.00 2.09
02468
101214161820
1 2 3 4 5
Number of Tests
Legible Results
Ease of Use
Overall Rating
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Next Steps for Pilot Program
Continuing research
Vehicle exit
Walking
Unusual actions
Attitude
Romberg
Level of training: SFST, ARIDE, and DRE
Second phase
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CSP Statistics 2014-2016
4,820
4,042
3,610
201
204
244
112
107
153
213
210
239
359
335
389
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
2014 (Total=5,705) 2015 (Total=4,898) 2016 (Total=4,635)
Marijuana only
Marijuana & alcohol
Marijuana & other drugs
Other drugs
Alcohol only
652
781
684
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Total DUI/DUID Citations in 2016
2,941Proactive
1,013Crash Related
17.2%of all DUI/DUID citations in
2016 involved marijuana
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Thank you
Major S.J. Garcia
Colorado State Patrol
303-638-9798