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WOOD LIBRARY-MUSEUM

OF ANESTHESIOLOGY

ANESTHESIA.

Who Made and Developed this Great Discovry?

A STATEMENT

" Delivered upon the mellowing of Occasion."

BY

G. Q. COLTON.

" Fear not to touch the best,The truth shall be thy warrant."

Sir Walter Raleigh.

NEW YORK:

A. G. SHERWOOD & CO., PUBLISHERS,47 LAFAYETTE PLACE.

1886.

2I QCC-72abB6hi*' n

AN2ESTilE SIA.

WHO FIRST DISCOVERED AND DEVELOPED IT?Some of my friends have claimed for me a greater

share of credit in the discovery and development ofanaesthesia than I deserve, or have ever claimed formyself.

I propose, in this brief treatise, to give a plainand simple statement of the facts concerning this dis-covery, and leave the public to judge of the degree ofmerit which each of the actors may justly claim.

It is an established principle that the mere con-ception of a discovery, without any practical applica-tion and development of it, does not constitute a dis-covery. The real discoverer is the man who not onlyconceives, but practically applies and develops hisdiscovery--puts it into actual use.

By this rule, the claims of Sir Humphry Davyand of Dr. Crawford W. Long, of Georgia, must beset aside. In a work entitled, " Researches on NitrousOxide," published by Sir Humphry Davy in 1800, heuses these words: " Inasmuch as Nitrous Oxide, wheninhaled in large doses, seems capable of rendering oneinsensible to pain, it is not improbable that it may beused in surgical operations where no great flow of

blood is caused." There is no evidence that Sir Hum-phry Davy or any one else ever acted on his suggestion.

Dr. Crawford W. Long performed a surgicaloperation while the patient was under the influence ofSulphuric Ether in 1842. But there is no evidencethat he ever performed any other operation with it,or that he made any publication of it. Evidently hedid not consider or claim that he had made a discovery.

Without any knowledge of the suggestion of SirHumphry Davy, or the experiment of Dr. Long, thegreat discovery of modern anesthesia was made bythe late Dr. Horace Wells, of Hartford, Conn., on theevening of the 10th of December, 1844; and on thefollowing day he put it to a practical test on his ownperson.

The circumstances were as follows: On the even-ing of the 10th of December, 1844,1 gave an exhibitionof the effects of laughing gas in the city of Hartford,Conn. Among those who inhaled it was a young manby the name of Cooley, who while under its influence, injumping about, ran against some wooden benches orsettees on the stage, bruising his legs badly. Aftertaking his seat, he was astonished to find his legsbloody; and said he did not know he had run againsta bench, and felt no pain until after the effects of thegas had passed off. Dr. Wells-who sat next to him-noticed the circumstance, and as the audiencewere retiring, asked me why a man could not have atooth extracted without pain while under the influence

of the gas. I replied that I did not know, as the ideahad never occurred to me. Dr. Wells then said he be-lieved it could be done, and would try it on himself, if Iwould bring a bag of gas to his dental office the nextday. The next morning-11th of December, 1844-Itook a bag of gas to his office-Dr. Riggs having beencalled in-and administered it to Wells, and Dr. Riggsextracted a molar tooth for him. Dr. Wells, on recov-ering, exclaimed, "It is the greatest discovery ever made !I didn't feel it so much as the prick of a pin ! " Thiswas the FIRST operation performed in modern anes-thesia, and was the forerunner of all the other anes-thetics. Beyond all question, this discovery had itsbirth in the brain of Dr. Horace Wells ! I can onlyclaim for myself that I was the occasion of the discovery,and of having given the gas for the first operationwith an anasthetic.

At the request-of Dr. Wells, I instructed him howto make the gas, and then went off on my exhibitionbusiness. Dr. Wells got up the apparatus, madeand tested the effects of the gas, and then went toBoston to make the discovery known. He calledupon Dr. Morton, his former pupil in dentistry, also onmany other dentists and physicians, stating what hehad discovered and done. They all treated him as avisionary enthusiast. He obtained permission of theelder Dr. Warren to address the class in surgery at Cam-bridge College. At the close of his remarks, he ad-ministered the gas to a boy and extracted a tooth.

The boy screamed out, though he said he didn'tknow when the tooth was drawn. The students, how-ever, hissed, and pronounced the pretended discoverya humbug. After laboring in and around Bostonfor about three weeks without any success, Wellsreturned to Hartford and resumed his dental practice,using the gas as an anesthetic. He used the gas dur-ing all of the year 1845, as the depositions of someforty respectable citizens of Hartford on whom he hadoperated, bear testimony. During this year of 1845,no one claims that any dentist or surgeon used thegas, or any other anesthetic, save Wells alone.

At the close of 1845, Dr. Wells went to Europeon account of ill health, where he remained severalyears. When in Paris he presented his claims beforethe Academy of Sciences, and the Academy con-ferred upon'him the honor of an " M.D."

During the month of September, 1846, Dr. Mor-ton (Dr. Wells's former pupil) went to Dr. Jackson, achemist of Boston, to learn how to make the NitrousOxide or laughing gas, as he wished to test the truthof Wells's pretended discovery. Dr. Jackson advisedhim to try Sulphuric Ether, and said, " That gas ex-hilarates, makes people laugh, dance, etc. If that willdestroy pain, Sulphuric Ether will do the same," but ad-vised him not to incur the expense of the apparatus tomake the gas. Upon this suggestion, Dr. Morton pur-chased some Ether and tried it on a boy named EbenFrost. This first experiment with Ether took place

on the 30th of September, 1846-almost two yearsafter Wells had used the gas--and was suggested byby Wells's experiments ! Dr. Morton reported thesuccess of his operation to Dr. Jackson, which theyfollowed up by a series of experiments betweenthem, with Ether. Finding it successful, they ap-plied, jointly, for a patent for the discovery of theanesthetic effects of Ether. Before the patent wasissued, Jackson assigned all his interest in it to Morton,taking an agreement from the latter that he-Morton-should give him 10 per cent. of all he made out ofit. Dr. Jackson then wrote to the Commissioner inWashington, requesting that the patent should be issuedto Morton, which was done, while Morton, in orderto mystify the public, called it "Letheon," and beganto sell " rights." At this early period, it was too muchto believe that any vapor inhaled into the lungs coulddestroy pain in a surgical operation, and, as a result, thediscovery was scouted by the profession. Dr. Mortondeserves great credit for his perseverance in pushingit into use and demonstration in the MassachusettsGeneral Hospital. Any one, on discovering thatNitrous Oxide would destroy pain, would naturally in-fer that Ether might do the same; and at the sugges-tion of Dr. Marcy (who was then practising medi-cine in Hartford), Dr. Wells tried Ether on one occa-sion, before he went to Europe. But he did not likethe symptoms, the odor was bad, and this was the onlyexperiment he ever tried with it.

8

In the latter part of 1847 Wells returned fromEurope, and was astonished to learn that Dr.-Mortonhad obtained a patent for Ether, and claimed the honorof the discovery of anaesthesia ! An exciting discus-sion followed between them on the subject in theBoston Medical Journal. This discussion so workedon the sensitive nature of Wells, that he became de-ranged and committed suicide. This took place onthe 24th of January, 1848. Up to this period no onehad attempted to use the gas save Wells.

After the death of Wells, Dr. Morton claimed thatNitrous Oxide was not an ancesthetic, and that insensi-bility to pain could not be produced by it; thereforehe, Morton, was the discoverer of anaesthesia ! AndDr. Jackson endorsed this view, stating in his work onChemistry, that he had tried the gas with "large ori-fices and small orifices" and could not produce insen-sibility with it. Subsequently, when Jackson learnsthat some man's name is going down to posterity as agreat discoverer, he claims the discovery of anaesthe-sia, inasmuch as he suggested the trial of Ether toMorton. A violent discussion followed between themon the subject.

Dr. Morton, in his claim that Nitrous Oxide wasnot an anaesthetic, virtually admits that Dr. Wells wasthe discoverer of anesthesia, provided that NitrousOxide was an anaesthetic, and that pain could be de-stroyed by it.

Dr. Morton's claim to be the discoverer of anaes-

thesia was almost universally recognized, from thetime of the death of Wells, January 24th, 1848, tillthe month of June, 1863, when I revived the use ofthe gas in the city of New Haven, Conn. During thisperiod of fifteen years, when the gas was mentioned,the profession said, "O that was tried by Wellsand proved a failure." When in New Haven in June,1863, I was preparing to give an exhibition of theamusing effects of the gas, and invited a number ofgentlemen to attend a private preliminary entertainmentat which I gave a history of the discovery of anesthe-sia, and detailed the experiments of Wells; statingalso that I had never been able to induce a dentist totry the gas. Dr. J. H. Smith, a distinguished dentistof New Haven, who was present, said to me that hewould try the gas, provided I would administer it. Ireplied that I would be very glad to do it, as I wishedto demonstrate what could be done with it. We com-menced at his office. The first patient who came inwas a wealthy old lady, for whom we extracted seventeeth with the gas. On recovering she was so pleasedwith the result, that she said I might mention hername to my audience, and state that she had had seventeeth extracted without pain, and without any ill orunpleasant effects from the gas. I did so. In threeweeks and two days, we extracted a little over threethousand teeth ! This success induced me to abandonthe " Exhibition " business, and to establish an Institu-tion in New York, devoted exclusively to the extrac-

10

tion of teeth with the gas. I called it the ColtonDental Association, because my name had been so longidentified with the gas.

Whatever credit I deserve in connection with thismatter is derived from the fact that I revived the useof the gas after it had been condemned, dead and for-gotten as an anesthetic from 1848 to 1863. In thisrevival and demonstration of the value of the gas asan anasthetic, is not the world practically indebted tome for its use? If I had not revived it, when, and bywhom would it have been done? That poor Wellsfailed to convince the world of its value does notmilitate in the slightest degree against the honor hedeserves as the discoverer of anesthesia. He did allthat a man could do under the circumstances.

Chloroform was discovered and brought intopractical use by Professor Simpson, of Edinburgh, inthe latter part of 1847, or about a year after the firstexperiments made with Ether; but Chloroform is a dan-gerous agent to use, especially in unskilful hands, asthousands of deaths have occurred while under its in-fluence. Ether is a much safer agent, yet both theseagents often cause nausea, and the ill effects frequentlylast for days. The Nitrous Oxide is beyond all com-parison the safest of all anesthetics; as it is pleasantto inhale, and the patient is quickly under its influenceand quickly over it. I have given it to over 150,000patients without a single death. I have the autographsignatures, and numbered, of every patient in my office.

11

Nearly ten years ago the following TESTIMONIAL

was given to me, signed by many of the most eminentPhysicians, Surgeons and Dentists of New York:

NEW YORK, November, 1876.

The undersigned hereby certify that they are more or less familiarwith the anesthetic effects of Nitrous Oxide Gas, having (xperienced orwitnessed its operation at the COLTON DENTAL ASSOCIATION in the CooperInstitute. When the gas is pure and properly administered, it suspendsall consciousness of pain, and, so far as we know, has never been attendedwith any injurious effects. We regard it as the safest of all anesthetics.Signed by

WILLARD PARKER, M.D.,

GURDON BUCK, M.D.,

C. F. CHANDLER, M.D.,

FORDYCE BARKER, AM.D.,J. MARION SIMS, M.D.,

STEPHEN SMITH, M.D.,C. R. AGNEW, M.D.,ALEX. B. MOTT, M.D.,

T. A. EMMETT, M.D.,A. B. CROSBY, M.D.,JOHN ALLEN, D.D.S.,A. L. NORTHROP, D.D.S.,GEO. E. HAWES, M.D.,WILLIAM H. DWINELL, M.D.,J. SMITH DODGE, Jr., M.D.,NORMAN W. KINGSLEY, D.D.S.,CHAUNCEY P. FITCH, M.D.,CHARLES MERRITT,

S. L. CLOSE, D.D.S.,

FRANK H. HAMILTON, M.D., LL.D.,WILLIAM A. HAMMOND, M.D.,LEWIS A. SAYRE, M.D.,H. B. SANDS, M.D.,AUSTIN FLINT, M D.,T. M. MARKOE, M.D.,JAMES R. WOOD, M.D.,ISAAC E. TAYLOR, M.D.,JAS. KNIGIIT, M.D.,

ANDREW H. SMITH, M.D.,R. OGDEN DOREMUS, M.D., LL.D.,ALFRED C. POST, M.D.,ELISHA HARRIS, M.D.,

JEROME C. SMITH, M.D.,W. A. BRONSON, M.D.,

ALBERT LEFLER,

WILLIAM H. ALLEN,

J. S. LATIMER, D.D.S.,EHRICK PARMLEY,

E. A. BOGUE, M.D.

When the gas is breathed freely, as it should be,its effects are admirably described by the Rev. Dr.Prime in one of his " IRENEUS" letters published in

12

the New York Observer, March 3d, 1870, from whichthe following extract is taken:

" He received me kindly in his spacious parlors,and concurred in the justice of the sentence pro-nounced. He seated me comfortably in the old arm-chair, and offered me the mouth-piece which the Em-press once, for a moment, held. I put it to my lips,and inhaled three, four, perhaps five times, and then,instantly, as it seemed to me, I heard the Doctor say,'There, it's all right.' I was awake, but the five teethwere gone, as if by magic, without a sense of feeling,with no knowledge of any operation having been per-formed. There was no more sense of having beenasleep, or of having taken anything, than if it had beena glass of water, or a draught of fresh air. It wasabout two minutes from the time of inhalation tothe waking, but the unconsciousness was so completethat it seemed no time at all. Not the slightest incon-venience supervened, and that intense benumbing effectwhich follows the wrenching of a tooth from its socket,was entirely unknown. In a few days the gums healedand became solid, and all sense of having undergoneany operation was past.

" The Doctor has a big roll of manuscript, onwhich he requests each one who has been operatedupon in this room to subscribe his name. They arenumbered regularly, and my name was opposite 40,-509. This is not the noble army of martyrs exactly,but of living witnesses to the safety and efficacy of the

13

process, for in the whole number, some of whom havehad fifteen teeth removed at a single sitting, not anaccident has occurred."

There are, no doubt, many dentists who manu-facture impure gas; or administer pure gas after itbecomes stale. There is this important fact to be con-sidered. There is no injury produced by the inhala-tion of stale gas, only it fails to produce the effect de-sired. And if the gas is so impure that its inhalationwould prove fatal, it cannot be breathed at all-it wouldbe coughed up at once. When the gas is pure, it hasno more taste or odor than the common air, and is per-fectly agreeable to the lungs. I suppose that, in show-ing patients how I wish them to commence to breathethe gas, Iinhale, in the aggregate, twenty gallon' myselfevery day. There is no reactionfollowing the inhalationof the gas. In this respect it is unlike all other stimu-lants. And this, simply because it acts on the blood,and not on the substance of the lungs or other organs.Consumptive patients will often feel stronger for daysafter inhaling it, because it supplies to the blood thatelement-oxygen-for the lack of which they aregrowing weaker and weaker. ' The good effects how-ever, are only temporary.

Where Neuralgic pains arise from a low vital orunoxygenized condition of the blood, the gas affordsinstantaneous relief. This fact-and it is a fact-hasnot as yet engaged the attention of the Medical Pro-fession.

14

Of what is Nitrous Oxide, or laughing gas, com-posed ? It is composed of precisely the same elements--oxygen and nitrogen-as the common air, only theproportions are different. In the air we have (in roundnumbers) one-fifth oxygen and four-fifths nitrogen. Inthis gas there is half oxygen and half nitrogen, or byvolume, one of oxygen to two of nitrogen. Oxygenis the life-giving principle of the air, and in this gaswe have more of it ; a person lives a little faster whileunder its influence.

Chloroform and Ether act as sedatives, and de-press the action of the heart, running the pulse downfrom 70 to 20 or 25 beats to the minute; and this, be-cause they cut off the necessary supply of oxygen.The laughing gas, on the contrary, acts as an exhilarant,as by supplying an extra supply of oxygen to thelungs, the pulse is increased 15 to 20 beats to theminute. The former agents carry the patient downtowards the point of death; the latter up into increasedlife.

I suppose I am safe in saying that, in the use ofChloroform, one death has occurred in every 1,000 timesit has been administered. I have given the gas 150,000times without such an accident. And I doubt if therehas ever been a well authenticated case of death causedby the gas; or a death in which there was not someother cause sufficient to produce the result.

Although my connection with this great discoverywas incidental, yet I think it will be admitted that I

15

was the occasion' of the discovery, and that but for meit would not have been made; certainly not at thattime. And is it too much to claim that the world ispractically indebted to me for the aneisthetic use ofthe Nitrous Oxide gas, having revived and demon-strated its value after it had been abandoned and for-gotten for the space of fifteen years?

I leave the subject to the impartial judgment ofthe profession and the public.

G. Q. COLTON.

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