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U.S. Census BureauForeign Trade Division
Understanding Foreign Trade Data
June 18, 2008
U.S. Census Bureau
Overview of Imports and Exports
Carol Aristone
Commodity Analysis Branch
3
What do the statistics measure?
The physical movement of goods between:• United States, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands• Foreign countries.
4
Coverage
Movement of goods into & out of:
• U.S. Customs Territory• U.S. Virgin Islands• Bonded Warehouses• Foreign Trade Zones (FTZs)
5
Coverage
• Goods not included:• U.S. trade with U.S. territories
• Trade between U.S. territories
• Trade between foreign countries and U.S. territories (other than PR and VI)
• In transit merchandise through the U.S.
6
What’s not Covered in Statistics? • Monetary gold & silver • U.S. government to U. S. government • Imports of articles repaired under warranty• Intangibles • Personal and household effects• Low valued transactions
7
The Harmonized System (HS)
Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the U.S. Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes (HTSUSA)
Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the U.S. (Schedule B)
8
The HS System17,000+ HTSUSA & 8,000+ Schedule B codes
• Periodically revised
• Structure:• 2 digit Chapter
• 4 digit Heading
• 6 digit sub heading
• 8 digit legal
• 10 digit statistical
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The HS System
10
What is the difference?Export codes (Schedule B) are maintained by the U.S.
Census Bureau.
Import codes are administered by the U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC).
Import Codes CAN be used to classify Exports, but Exports codes CAN NOT be used to classify goods for import (Imports has a lot more detail!!)
11
Changes to the HTSUSA & Schedule B
Changes occur three different ways:
• WCO changes affect the HS (4 or 6 digit) level
• Legislation – affects the legal (8-digit) level
• Imports only
• 484(f) committee – affects the statistical (10-digit) level
Exports
13
Related vs. Non-related
Statistics cover the physical movement of goods, regardless of if item is sold
When a U.S. manufacturer exports merchandise to their company in France or to a non-related purchaser in Russia, both are counted as trade
14
Valuation
F.A.S. Export Value (free alongside ship)• Value of export at port based on transaction
price, including inland freight, insurance other charges incurred (before loaded)
• Excludes international freight, cost of loading merchandise and any other charges/costs beyond port of export
15
Leases
If merchandise exported for <12 months • Non-statistical
Consignment - Temp. lease with option to buy• Statistical• Examples: artwork or aircraft
16
Repairs – Exports Exporting items for repair
• Report Ch. 1-97 HS number of item• Non-statistical• AES export information code TR
(temporary export for repair)
Exporting items repaired in U.S. • Report HS 9801 and value of repair• Statistical
Imports
18
Foreign Trade Zones – Imports• Duties not required until goods
withdrawn for consumption
• Importer has choice to pay at the rate of the original foreign materials or the finished product
• Can result in $3,000 new car
• No duty if re-exported to foreign country
19
Bonded Warehouses – Imports
Duty payment deferred
No duty if re-exported to foreign countries
20
General vs. Consumption
General Imports – measures flow of goods across U.S. border
• Imports for direct consumption
• Bonded warehouse entries and FTZ admissions
• Most widely used measure of imports
21
General vs. Consumption (cont.)
Imports for Consumption – goods cleared through Customs
• Imports for direct consumption
• Bonded warehouse and FTZ withdrawals
22
Valuation
Customs Value• Generally, price actually paid excluding:
• Duties• Freight • Insurance and other charges
• Relationship b/w parties should not influence value
23
Valuation (cont.)
CIF (cost, insurance, freight)
• CIF = Customs Value + Import Charges
• Excludes U.S. import duties
24
Valuation (cont.)
Dutiable Value• Customs value of foreign goods subject to
duty• Where merchandise is a combination of
U.S. and foreign goods, duty is applied only to the foreign value added
25
Valuation (cont.)
To determine the dutiable value of a combination of U.S. and foreign goods:
• Example: 9802 provision• U.S. value is included in statistics
Value is total of domestic + foreign values
• U.S. Goods indicators show that a portion of the import is domestic materials
• Publication IM146A
26
Valuation (cont.)
Duty• Collected by CBP• Reported on the Automated Commercial
System (ACS)• FTD generally uses duty as reported on
ACS
27
Country Sub-Codes (CSC)
Indicates a special program allowing for free or reduced duty
• Examples: GSP, US-Chile Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA
• CSC used:• 00 = no special programs claimed• CA = Goods marked for Canada (NAFTA)• MX = Goods marked for Mexico (NAFTA)• Full list available on our website
28
Rate Provision (RP) codes
• RP codes indicate free or dutiable status
• Used in conjunction with goods imported using Ch. 98 or 99 code
• RP code can relate back to Ch. 98 or 99
• Assigned by FTD
29
Rate Provisions (cont.)Examples of RP codes:
• RP 17 = Free as articles imported for the handicapped. Imported under HTS subheadings 9817.00.92, 9817.00.94 & 9817.00.96
• RP 69 = Dutiable at rate prescribed in Rate of Duty columns of HTS Ch. 99. Duty reported
• Full list available on our website
30
Special Provisions
Chapter 98 & 99 for National use• Ch 98 - duty free/reduction • Ch 99 - legislation, executive and
administrative actions
31
Special Provisions (cont.)
9801 - U.S. goods exported and returned not advanced or improved• U.S. origin• Previously exported from U.S.
32
Special Provisions (cont.)
9802 – Goods with components of U.S. origin• U.S. goods assembled abroad• Importers deduct value of U.S. goods from
total Customs value
33
Dual Reporting of Codes
Report 10-digit statistical reporting number• Chapter 1-97• Unit of Quantity
Followed by special provision • Chapter 98
34
Dual Reporting of Codes9817.85.01
• Prototypes for development, testing, evaluation• Free
8422.11.0000• Dishwasher, household• 2.4%
8422.19.0000• Dishwasher, other• Free
35
Special Provisions (cont.)
Chapter 99 • Quotas• Additional duties• Temporary reductions
36
37
Dual Reporting of Codes
• Footnote 189 - See headings 9902.01.19, 9902.02.12, 9902.12.54, etc.
• Reduced or duty free rates • 9902.01.19 Vinclozolin• Report 9902.01.19 - 2934.99.1200
38
Repairs – ImportsImporting repaired item
• Report Ch. 98 number and value of repair• If under warranty – non-statistical• If Non-warranty – statistical
Also report Ch. 1-97 HS in order to determine duty
Importing item for repair• Temporary imports
39
Internet References
FTD• http://www.census.gov/trade
Guide to Foreign Trade Statistics• http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/
guide/index.html
40
Internet References (con.)
Schedule B• http://www.census.gov/scheduleb
HTSUSA• http://www.usitc.gov/tata/hts/bychapter/index.htm
41
Internet References (con.)
CSC• http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/
reference/codes/csc.html
RP• http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/
reference/codes/rp.html
42
Any Questions?
Processing and Editing
June 18, 2008
Andrew Jennings
Methods Research and Quality Assurance
44
Introduction
• The Foreign Trade Division processes over 6 million import and export transactions a month
• Publish the official merchandise trade statistics on a monthly basis
• Ensure that published statistics are accurate• Published data may appear different than
what can be seen on the electronic systems
45
Outline
Sources of Data
Processing
Data Categories
Differences
46
Sources of Import Data
Imports• The Automated Commercial System (ACS)• E214 Program• Automated Foreign Trade Zone Reporting
Program (AFTZRP)• Paper Documents• Canadian Gas and Electricity• Estimates
47
Sources of Import Data
Source Percent of Number of
Value Records
ACS 86 4,099k
AFTZRP 4 61k
E214 6 27k
Canada 2 0.05k
Paper Documents 1 8kCF-7051 and CF-214
Estimates 1 0.2k
Totals 4.2 millionMarch 2008 data
48
Sources of Export Data
Exports
• Automated Export System (AES)
• Canadian Data Exchange
• Shippers Export Declarations (SED)
• Estimates
49
Sources of Export Data
Source Percent of Number of
Value Records
AES 78 1,743k
Canada 20 885k
Paper SED 0 26k
Estimates 2 0.5k
Totals 2.7 million
March 2008 data
50
Sources of Data
Editing at point of collection
• Data are edited at point of collection
• Ensures best quality data
• Subset of what is edited post collection
51
Processing
Overview
• Prepare for editing
• Edit
• Resolve errors
• Categorize and aggregate the data
52
Prepare Records for Editing
Combine Sources
• Reformat data to uniform structure
• Identify Non-statistical transactions
• Low value records
53
Prepare Records for Editing
Statistical time periods
• Imports - Release date
• Exports - Clearance date
• Statistical month
• Carryover
54
Prepare Records for Editing
Preliminary Alterations
• Recode commodities as necessary
• Convert quantities
• Convert Schedule B from HTSUSA (exports only)
55
Prepare Records for Editing
Apply Corrections to Data
• Customs corrections
• Filer corrections
56
Editing
Overview
• Code Validations
• Consistency Checks
• Ratio Edits
• Maximums and Minimums
57
Editing
Code Validations
We validate codes with lookup tables that are updated monthly as changes are made– Harmonized System commodity – Country of origin– Foreign port– U.S. port– Special Program Indicators (imports)
58
Editing
Consistency Checks
• Commodity-specific consistency checks
Example: import bananas from Greenland
• Mode of Transportation and Port of Unlading relationship
59
Editing
Ratio Edits• Verify numeric data by computing ratios• Check ratios against commodity-specific
ranges• Several types of ratio edits
o Quantity to valueo Quantity to shipping weight/value to shipping
weighto First quantity to second quantity for shipments
requiring two quantities
60
Editing
Ratio Edits• Unit price example - Fireworks
– We edit the quantity using unit price parameters of 0.663966/kg and $30.165/kg
– We expect a $40,000 shipment of fireworks from China to have a quantity between 1,326 kg and 60,244 kg
• $10,000,000 / 10,000,000 kg
61
Editing
Maximums and Minimums• General Maximums
o Shipping weight exceeds what the mode of transportation can carry
• Commodity-specific maximumso Maximum shipping weights– Example: 20 kilograms of diamonds unlikelyo Maximum values
• Maximum quantities
62
Editing
Commodity Specific Parameters
• 2.7 million parameters
• Files containing editing parameters by commodity
• Flexible – can easily make necessary changes to parameters
63
Editing
Error resolution• Cannot review every erroneous
record• Analysts review records that have
the most impact• Edit programs impute the other
records
64
Editing
Imputation• Impute a new quantity or shipping weight
from a factor and value or previously edited field
• Unit price example1,000 kg of fireworks valued at $40,000
would reject our edit. Using an imputation factor of $4.51/kg, the edit program would change quantity to 8,853 kg.
65
Editing
Analyst review
• Contact the filer
• Ensure correct classification
• Bypass the edits
66
Editing
Analyst Review• Review data by grouping individual records• Aggregate by commodity to determine if total
values and quantities are reasonable• Utilize control files• Compare measures to previous months –
look for missing or misreported data and identify processing problems
67
Import Data Categories
• Consumption Entry
• Warehouse/FTZ Withdrawal
• Admission to Warehouse/FTZ
• General Imports are Consumption Entry and Admission to Warehouse/FTZ
• Consumption imports are Consumption Entry and Warehouse/FTZ Withdrawal
68
Import Data Categories
Usually Imports for Consumption <= General Imports
Remember:
Consumption = Consumption+withdrawals
General = Consumption+admissions
69
Why would Consumption be greater than General Imports?
Goods processed in a FTZ
Example: Petroleum entered in FTZ General import stats would show Ch 27 when
goods admitted to FTZ
Petroleum is processed in the zone, creating byproducts classified in Ch 25
Therefore imports for consumption are based on what EXITS the zone (Ch 25)
70
Why would Consumption be greater than General Imports?
Petroleum processed in a FTZ could result in:
Chapter 27
General import stats > Consumption stats
Chapter 25
General Import stats < Consumption stats
71
Export Data Categories
Domestic– Merchandise grown, produced or manufactured in
the U.S.– Foreign merchandise changed in the U.S.
Foreign (re-export)– Foreign merchandise, entered for consumption or
into a warehouse or FTZ, that is unchanged at the time of export
Published exports are domestic exports and foreign exports
72
Data Categories
Noncontiguous trade– PR and VI trade with U.S. are Non-
contiguous exports (separate data product)
73
ACE Portal
Several sources of dataNot seeing all of the data (Paper and
AFTZRP)
Estimate low value shipments
74
ACE Portal
The data are categorized by Entry TypesDouble counting trade into and out of
warehouses and Foreign Trade Zones
75
ACE Portal
We make changes to the data during processing
Non-statistical data are not publishedData corrections are not seen at the time
filingAlterations to the data occur after the
data are extracted from the sourceMulti-line reporting
76
ACE Portal
Time periodsLate filings are received and published at
yearly revisions
Early filings are held until the next processing month
The United States – Canada Data
Exchange
Helen HongProcess Coordination Staff U.S. Census BureauJune 18, [email protected]
79
Agreement between the governments of the United States and Canada
based on a
Memorandum of UnderstandingMemorandum of Understanding (MOU) (MOU)
What is the United States – Canada Data Exchange?
80
Who is Involved?
UNITED STATES
° U.S. Census Bureau (BOC)
° U.S. Customs & Border Protection (CBP)
CANADA
° Statistics Canada (STC)
° Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA)
81
How Does It Work?
The United States and Canada exchange each other’s Import statistics to publish their respective Export statistics; i.e.,
U.S. Exports to Canada = Canadian Imports from the U.S.
andCanadian Exports to the U.S. =
U.S. Imports from Canada
82
Why Was It Created?
‣ Rise in Export under coverage
‣ Decrease operating costs to
process Export Declarations
‣ Eliminate reporting burden of Exporters
‣ Location and language of both countries
83
What Is Special About the Data Exchange?
» Valuable data source
» Expansive data coverage
» Unique working relationship
» Data used for statistical purposes only
84
What Are Some Differences in the Data Exchange?
° Port Codes
° State of Export
° Vendor vs. Exporter
85
> STC transmits files
twice per month
> Adjustments are required
How Do We Receive Canadian Import Data?
86
What Kind of Adjustments?
* Freight Charges* Currency Conversion* Exports of Foreign Goods to Canada* Exports of U.S. Goods to Canada
from Third Party Countries* Revisions
87
Freight Charges
▪ Included in U.S. Exports
▪ Excluded in Canadian Imports
▪ Added to compensate for difference in valuation
88
~ U.S. Federal Reserve’s
monthly exchange rate
~ STC converts to U.S. dollars;
transmits data to BOC
Currency Conversion
89
Exports of Foreign Goods to Canada
• Transmitted from STC
• BOC includes these goods
in U.S. export statistics
90
Exports of U.S. Goods to Canada from Third Party Countries
• Transmitted from STC
• BOC excludes these
goods from U.S. export statistics
91
Revisions
• Estimates for Late Arrivals
• Corrections from STC
• Corrections Made by BOC
92
Estimates for Late Arrivals
• STC sends with
second transmittal
• Estimates replaced with actual values the following month in the FT-900 press release only
93
Corrections from STC
• STC sends with second transmittal
• Corrections from first transmittal
• Applied automatically and manually
94
Corrections Made By BOC
• Commodity analysts verify corrections with their STC counterparts
• Corrections made prior
to publication, when possible
97
Topics
Definition of Partner Country
Special Cases
Trade Statistics do NOT Follow the Money
Why Bilateral Statistics Differ
98
Partner Country
Exports – Country of Ultimate Destination as known at time of export
99
Partner Country
Imports – Country of Origin– Where grown, mined or manufactured– Where last “substantially transformed”– Legal Definition – tariffs, quotas,
preferences• CROSS – Customs Rulings Online Search
System
100
Imports from A
Goods produced in and exported from A
Goods produced in A incorporating foreign components if “substantially transformed” under U.S. rules
Goods produced in A by affiliates of U.S. or foreign firms
101
Imports from A
Need not have been exported from A• A exports to distributor in B, which sells to U.S.
– A: export to B, B: export to U.S.; U.S.: import from A
• A exports used U.S.-built aircraft to B– A: export to B:, B: import from U.S.
• May have been subject to further processing, packaging or finishing
102
Trade Statistics Do NOTFollow the Money
Goods manufactured in A under contract to firm from country B – country of origin = A
Firm in B purchases U.S. goods & directs shipment to A – A: Import from U.S.;
A may not be involved in B’s imports from A
Multi-country production – attributed to single country of origin
103
Special Cases
Re-imports – reported under HS 9801 – imports from country of shipment
Country of origin undetermined – imports from country of shipment
ISO Coding Errors
104
In-Transit Goods
U.N. Guidelines – exclude goods moving under customs bond from statistics
Shipper may choose to enter and re-export– EX: Goods transiting U.S. between
Canada & Mexico • Import from Canada• Re-export to Mexico
105
Bilateral Statistics
Will rarely match
UN Guidelines– Country of Origin vs. Country of
Destination– Valuation
Reconciliation Studies – on web site
106
Major Sources of Discrepancy
Indirect trade/Re-imports/Re-exports/Multi-country production (Imports from A/Follow $)
System of TradeCoverage DifferencesValuation DifferencesLow-value shipmentsChapter 98/99
107
System of Trade
General Trade – as crosses borderSpecial Trade– excludes bonded
warehouses and free trade zones– 1989 European reconciliation $307
million in refined oil exported from warehouses
108
Definition of Country
Which territories/possessions are included– e.g. Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands– 1989 EU Reconciliation – Monaco, San Marino
Special cases – 1992 Korean Reconciliation
• Integrated circuits re-exported by U.S. • $167 million – Korea credited to U.S. as country of origin
could not be determined
109
Coverage Differences
Differences in commodities/types of transactions included– Leases– Repairs– Confidentiality practices– Re-imports
• US – records by country of shipment• Some countries – import from themselves
110
Valuation Differences
Partner country imports are usually c.i.f.– U.N. guidelines– Will be higher than exports
Treatment of assists and other adjustments
Third party markups
111
Low Value Shipments
Many countries use low-value threshold
Some exclude without estimation
112
Chapter 98/99
Nationally Defined – may include:– Confidentiality suppressions– Re-imports– Low value– Repairs– Miscellaneous exports– Values can be significant– Partner country values likely in HS 1-97
113
Partner Country Data
1992 U.S. – Japan Trade
Eastbound Westbound
U.S. Imp/Exp $97,414 M $47,813 M
Japan Exp/Imp $95,793 M $52,230 M
Difference -1.7 % 9.2 %
114
U.S.- Japan Reconciliation – 1992(values in $millions)
U.S. Published Exports 47,813
Re-exports -1,921
Timing -406
Insurance and Freight 4,084
Imports from 3rd countries 624
Japan’s re-imports 987
Puerto Rico/U.S. Virgin Is. -458
Low value shipments -213
Other/Residual 1,720
Japan’s Published Imports 52,230
115
U.S.- Japan Reconciliation – 1992(values in $millions)
U.S. Published Imports 97,414
Re-imports -776
Imports from 3rd countries -1,790
Shipping Containers 180
Re-exports 1,869
Puerto Rico/US Virgin Islands -776
Low Value -733
Residual 405
Japan’s Published Exports 95,793
116
Any questions ?
117
Methods Research & Quality Assurance
Branch
Sherri EwingJune 18, 2008
U.S. Census Bureau
Port and Port and Mode of Transportation DataMode of Transportation Data
118
Objectives
District/Port Data Definitions
Mode of Transportation (MOT)
Data Quality Issues
119
What is a Port Code?
A 4 digit number consisting of the customs District and Port
1301
District Port
120
Port Data Definitions
Port of ExportationVessel or Air – Customs port where merchandise is
loaded and taken out of the country
Vessel could be containerized or non containerized
Overland – Customs port where merchandise
crosses the U.S. border into foreign territory
121
Port Data Definitions Cont.
Import Port of Entry
The port in which merchandise clears Customs
for entry into consumption, bonded warehouses,
or Foreign Trade Zones
Import Port of Unlading
The port where merchandise is unloaded from
the importing vessel or aircraft
122
Mode of Transportation (MOT) Transportation Statistics Categories
Vessel, Air, and Other Methods
Based on the MOT by which the merchandise arrives in or departs from the United States
We obtain this information from the documentation the filers provide
Other methods are available for certain publications (i.e. rail vs. truck or container vs. non container for vessel)
123
Mode of TransportationCont.
Entering/Departing through Canada & Mexico
Recorded under the MOT by which they enter or depart the U.S. regardless of the transportation mode for the rest of their journey
124
How does a truck get here from China?
MOT is identified by the method of conveyance that is used when the shipment crosses the border into the U.S.
Example: China Canada on vessel, then Canada U.S. on truck
Over 5% of goods arriving over land originate in countries other than Canada and Mexico
125
Reporting of District/Port DataQuality Issues:
Filing
Imports – data captured at time of entry summary
Exports – port where shipment is expected to ship from
Knowledge of Filer
Airports and Seaports
Correcting the obsolete/incorrect codes
Unknown container status is coded as non-container
126
Mail, Pipeline and Other Unknowns
U.S. MailFor exports via U.S. Mail, filers can report
any code, but the Census Bureau changes the code to ‘8000’
The Census Bureau corrects some export shipments that are incorrectly reported as mail (e.g. fire trucks)
127
Mail, Pipeline and Other Unknowns
Pipeline
For shipments by pipeline, exporters file with the port having jurisdiction for the pipeline
128
User-Fee Ports and Nearby Ports
A lot of small package couriers have their own port codes
Recoding of courier port codes
129
Canadian Data Exchange
Quality Issue
We take Canada’s imports for our exports which can lead to inaccurate port code information
Canada does not collect containerized vessel shipment information for their imports
Thus for Canadian shipments, all vessel shipments have unspecified as the container status
U.S. Census BureauForeign Trade Division
Quality Issues
Alison Gajcowski
June 18, 2008
U.S. Census Bureau
132
Topics Covered
• Why is Quality Important?
• Sources of Errors
• Carryover
• Revisions
133
Why is Quality Important?
Government Uses:– Developing the merchandise trade figures
• To appraise and analyze major movements and trends
• To evaluate and plan various programs• Measure impact of tariff and trade concessions
– Implement and analyze operations under various international agreements
134
Why is Quality Important?
• Detailed import data are essential to:– Correctly assess import duties– Administer embargoes and quotas– Restrict counterfeit items entering the country– Implement control policies
• Detailed export data are necessary to:– Administer export control and regulatory policies
135
Why is Quality Important?
Non-government uses:• Appraise the general trade situation and
outlook• Perform share-of-the-market analyses and
market penetration studies• Aid in product and market development• Measure the impact of competition
136
Why is Quality Important?
Transportation industry uses:
– Market share and penetration analyses– Anticipating the need for and design of future
facilities and equipment
137
Sources of Errors
– Reporting errors – Nonfiling of documentation– Late filing– Data capture errors– Transiting goods– Underestimation of low value transactions
138
Nonfiling of Export Documentation
Example: • If exporting to Canada, NO documentation of
export is required• BUT if shipping through Canada to another
country documentation is required
139
Nonfiling of Export Documentation
Increased electronic filing • Reduces the instances of nonfiling • Less export paper documents are lost
140
Nonfiling of Import Documentation
Undocumented foreign merchandise entering FTZs
• Should be included in import trade statistics under most imports
Rail cars• By law importers of rail cars are not required to
report their shipments
141
FTZ Withdrawals
Foreign Country
U.S. Customs Territory
Export documentation should befilled out
Import documentation must be filled out, duties paid
FTZ
FTZ
Shipment in-bond, no duties paid
142
Data Capture
– Automated reporting
– Edits are performed at various stages• ABI and AES• Statistics Canada import processing system• Internal Census Bureau edits
143
Automated Reporting
– Allows the Census Bureau to receive and compile data quickly
– Error reduction• Exports
– In 2007 over 98% of transactions filed electronically– 56% of SEDs contain errors versus only 10% of
AES records as of a 2001 study
• Imports– In 2007 over 99% of transactions filed electronically– 37% of Customs Entry Forms 7501 contain errors
versus only 8% of ABI records as of a 2001 study
144
Classification
– Exports and duty free imports are not scrutinized as closely for proper classification
– 80% of imports are duty free
145
Reasons for Misclassification
– Typos– Duty avoidance– Not understanding the classification
system
* ABI and AES utilize edits to detect misreporting and send error messages to the filers*
146
Low Value Estimation
• Initially all trade transactions were fully reported• Value-based exemptions reduced the increasing filer
burden • Value of a shipment is under the exemption level
– Do not have to report full details on imports – Do not have to report at all for exports
• Low Value Exemptions – Initially enacted in the early 1960s, – Have been updated several times since
147
Low Value Estimation
– Amount of detailed records collected from low valued shipments declined
– Value of these shipments is estimated– Factors based on ratios of low valued shipments
to individual country total for past periods– The factors used
• May no longer be effective• FTD is researching ways of improving the estimation
methods
148
Charges
– If a charge is included in the invoice priceIt must be included in the Customs Value
– If an importer does not know the exact value of all charges
Charges must be estimated
– For items excluded from Customs valueThe filer must have documentation
– Actual value may be overstated
149
Carryover
– Trade records received and/or processed too late for inclusion with records in the correct transaction month
– Current carryover rate (2007 avg)• 0.29% exports• 0.77% imports
150
Carryover
– Each month in the FT900, the total import, export, trade balance and “end-use” totals for the prior month are adjusted for carryover
• SITC (Standard International Trade Classification) and country detail reports not revised
– Annual revision takes place each June• SITC and country detail reports are revised
151
Revisions
– Every June of the current year, FTD publishes an annual revision of the previous year
• Carryover correction• Corrections resulting from data investigations• Customs and Canadian revisions
152
Conclusion
FTD continues to monitor the quality of data during collection, processing, and publication.
We are constantly exploring ways to further improve the quality of international trade data.
U.S. Census BureauForeign Trade Division
Profile of U.S. Exporting Companies 2005-2006
Ben Shelak
June 22, 2008
U.S. Census Bureau
155
Released January 11, 2008
Available on FTD Website back to 1996
http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/aip/index.html#profile
Profile of U.S. Exporters2005 – 2006
156
Profile of U.S. Exporters 2005 – 2006
U.S. Census Bureau NewsU.S. Department of Commerce • Washington, D.C. 20230
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
8:30 A.M. EST FRIDAY, JANUARY 11, 2008
For information contact: (301) 763-3629 CB-08-01Kristen S. Corwin or Benjamin Shelak
A Profile of U.S. Exporting Companies, 2005 - 2006
157
Partially $ponsored by the
International Trade Administration (ITA)
Produced by the Special Projects Branch
Produced by linking export records to the Census Business Register, which contains employment, company types, & company locations
Profile of U.S. Exporters 2005 – 2006
158
Composition of Total Export Value: 2006Composition of Total Export Value: 2006
Unidentified = Unidentified = Exports that could not Exports that could not be matched to Business be matched to Business RegisterRegister
Identified = Exports Identified = Exports that could be matched to that could be matched to the Business Register the Business Register (Known export value)(Known export value)
Other = Low value Other = Low value est., revisions, Gov’t est., revisions, Gov’t shipmentsshipments
Profile of U.S. Exporters 2005 – 2006
3%
10%
87%
Unidentified Identified Other
159
Profile of U.S. Exporters 2005 – 2006
The Profile can answer questions such as:
Value that can be attributed to large manufacturers in 2006
Canada’s known export value that can be attributed to companies with 1 to 19 employees
Number of companies that exported from Maryland in 2006 and how much known value was exported
160
Profile of U.S. Exporters 2005 – 2006
Profile Provides Data Users: Exporting community’s employment sizes,
types of companies, & major foreign markets
Top 25 U.S. export countries and multiple country groupings
Export value and number of exporters for each state (OM State)
Number of employees of identified exporting companies
161
Profile of U.S. Exporters 2005 – 2006
Profile Characteristics - I
Company type – NAICS based (North American Industry Classification System)
Manufacturers
Wholesalers
Other
Unclassified
162
Company size - # of employeesSmall (0-99 employees)
Medium (100-499 employees)
Large (500 or more employees)
Profile of U.S. Exporters 2005 – 2006
Profile Characteristics - II
163
Unclassified0.7%
Others13.5%
Wholesalers22.3%
Manufacturers63.5%
2006 Known Export ValueBy Company Type
Profile of U.S. Exporters 2005 – 2006
164
$118.2
$56.0 $51.9$40.9 $37.7
$29.7 $29.3$22.6 $22.5
$178.5
$0$20$40$60$80
$100$120$140$160$180
Profile of U.S. Exporters 2005 – 2006
2006 Top 10 Export CountriesKnown Export ValueKnown Export Value (in billions)
165
Profile of U.S. Exporters 2005 – 2006
2006
Export Concentration
9.4%13.4%
20.8%
30.6%
39.5%
52.3%
61.8%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
Top4
Top8
Top20
Top50
Top100
Top250
Top500
Companies
% o
f K
now
n E
xpor
t V
alu
e
166
2006 Export Value and Number of Exportersby Employee Sizes
20%
91%
6%
9%
71%
3%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Large (500 or More)
Medium (100-499)
Small (0-99)
Employee Sizes:
Known Export Value ($910.5 bil.)
Number of Exporters (245,945)
Profile of U.S. Exporters 2005 – 2006
167
Profile of U.S. Exporters 2005 – 2006
How is our data valuable to data users?
Example:
A data user wants to know how many Large sized companies (500+ Employees) export to OPEC countries and how much value is exported.
168
Profile of U.S. Exporters 2005 – 2006Special requests for data:
We may be able to provide special tabulations that are not included in the Profile.
Example:
A data user wanted to know the number of U.S. companies that exported to Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) countries in a given year.
Table 5a of the Profile did not provide export data on these CAFTA countries, so we compiled the data for the data user.
169
Profile of U.S. Exporters 2005 – 2006
The EDB Team
Kristen CorwinBen Shelak
(301)763-3629
170
Profile of U.S. Exporters 2005 – 2006
U.S. Census BureauForeign Trade Division
Origin of Movement Export State
Origin State, ZIP Code & Sub-state Data
John Chantis
June 18, 2008
U.S. Census Bureau
172
Background:
Origin of Movement (OM) State – Based on Origin State “State OM”
Origin of Movement (OM) State – Based on ZIP Code “ZIP Code OM”
http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/state/index.html
173
Background:
For more information call Data Dissemination Branch 301-763-2311
174
Based on Origin State: Available 1987-Present
Based on the state in which the goods begin their journey to the port of export
Does not represent the production origin of U.S. export merchandise
175
Origin State examples: Goods warehoused in GA transported to a
FL port to be shipped to a foreign country. OM state is……GA
Auto parts produced from many states are consolidated in TX to be exported to Mexico. OM state is…… TX.
176
Origin of Movement (OM) State Series – Based on Origin State
Available in our monthly FT900 Press Release, supplement, exhibit 2
Web address: http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/Press-
Release/current_press_release/exh2s.pdf
More detailed information
177
Based on ZIP Code: Available January 2006 - Present
The ZIP Code of the USPPI, the party in the US that receives the primary benefit
from the shipment
Does not necessarily represent the location of the USPPI
178
ZIP Code State examples: Goods warehoused in GA transported to a
FL port to be shipped to a foreign country. ZIP state is ...GA.
Auto parts produced from many states are consolidated in TX to be exported to Mexico. ZIP state is not …TX.
179
ZIP Code Based report: Similar to FT-900 supplement, exhibit
2 press release; available on our website:
http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/state/zip/index.html
180
OM State vs. ZIP Based State(in millions of dollars)
2007
Q1 = -10.98 Median = -3.15 Q3 = 6.18#States within (-10%, 10%) = 28
State OM ZIP Pct Diff Wyoming 801.8 285.4 -64.41 Louisiana 30,374.7 15,827.7 -47.89 Alaska 3,894.6 2,362.9 -39.33 New Mexico 2,583.3 1,790.6 -30.69 Iowa 9,614.1 6,814.4 -29.12. . . . Colorado 7,350.2 8,952.5 21.80 Connecticut 13,719.0 17,446.6 27.17 Minnesota 17,993.4 26,744.0 48.63 Michigan 44,371.4 67,943.2 53.12 Dist of Columbia 1,083.0 2,911.1 168.80
181
OM State vs. ZIP Based State(in millions of dollars)
February 2008
Q1 = -14.49 Median = -2.65 Q3 = 8.08#States within (-10%, 10%) = 22
State OM ZIP Pct Diff Wyoming 88.2 20.4 -76.87 Hawaii 223.6 66.2 -70.39 Alaska 289.3 111.1 -61.60 New Mexico 234.1 99.6 -57.45 Louisiana 4,013.7 1,842.5 -54.09. . . . Connecticut 1,139.3 1,667.4 46.35 Missouri 936.7 1,388.1 48.19 Michigan 3,611.9 5,594.8 54.90 Minnesota 1,435.3 2,574.4 79.36 Dist of Columbia 67.9 318.2 368.63
182
Other available state data products:
FTD - Quarterly and Annual OM & ZIP state data on CDROM. Please call our Current Systems Programming Branch on 301-763-2214. Available in three options….
Option 1: State by 3-Digit NAICS Commodity by Country (Total, Air and Vessel). Option 2: Region by 4-Digit SITC, District/Port of Exit, & Country (Total, Air & Vessel). Option 3: State by District/Port of Exit, & Country (Total, Air & Vessel)- No Commodity Detail
183
Other products … Manufacturing and Construction
Division (MCD) - Gives exports by state and 3 digit NAICS. Available online at http://www.census.gov/mcd/exports/.
184
Sub-State Data
Data historically based on Metropolitan Area (MA).
MA’s are now called Core Based Statistical Area (CBSA) by Office of Management & Budget (OMB).
New definitions for CBSA’s were announced by OMB on June 2003.
185
Sub-State Data
CBSA’s based on zip code of US Principal Party in Interest (USPPI).
CBSA’s now cover areas of 10 to 50 thousand population, which were not covered by MA’s.
CBSA codes increase coverage to about 93% of the population vs 80% with MA’s.
186
Sub-State Data In 2006 completed a quality review and
disclosure analysis of 3-digit ZIP Codes, CBSA Metro, and other tables based on 2005 data
Historically, under contract, we have produced data for ITA
To date we provided 3-digit ZIP Code & CBSA Metro totals for 2005 & 2006 Export data to ITA http://ita.doc.gov/td/industry/otea/metro/
187
Next Steps…Nearing completion of our analysis to provide
data to ITA based on 2007 trade.
• The current contract calls for CBSA by 3-digit NAICS, CBSA by Destination, CBSA by 3-digit NAICS by Destination, and other tables of trade totals.
• 2007 CBSA data will be available mid to late 2008.
188
For more information:
[email protected] Projects Branch Foreign Trade Division
(301) 763-3251www.census.gov/foreign-trade/www/
189
191
www.census.gov/trade
• AES
• Regulations
• Reference
• Schedule B Search Engine
• Statistics
192
AESwww.census.gov/aes
• Getting Started
• Document Library
• Contact FTD AES Branch
193
Regulationshttp://www.census.gov/traderegs
• Trade Regulations
• Meetings and Presentations (Training)
• Contact FTD Regulations Branch
194
Referencewww.census.gov/tradereference
• Announcements & Information Papers
• Codes
• FAQs
• Guides
• Catalog
195
Referencewww.census.gov/tradereference
Announcements & Information Papers
– Merchandise Trade Reconciliations
– Presentations
196
Referencewww.census.gov/tradereference
Codes
– Schedules B, C(ountry), D(istrict/port)
– Concordance: SITC, End-use, USDA, NAICS, ATP
– Trade Agreement Program codes & descriptions
197
Referencewww.census.gov/tradereference
FAQs
– General (Release dates, etc.)
– AES/Regulations
– Downloading data
198
Referencewww.census.gov/tradereference
Guides
– Guide to Foreign Trade Statistics• Program description• Quantity abbreviations, Conversion tables• Country Groupings
– Foreign Trade Statistics Security Guidelines
– Revision procedure
199
Referencewww.census.gov/tradereference
Product catalog
– Links and descriptions for online data products
– Description of standard data products and link to online order form
200
Schedule B Search Enginewww.census.gov/scheduleb
• Browse current and previous year’s Schedule B book
• Keyword search
• Download ASCII version of the entire book
• View code changes between current and previous year
201
Statisticswww.census.gov/tradestats
• Press Releases• Highlights• Country/Product Data• State Exports• Historical Time Series• Notices & Corrections• Data Products
202
FT900www.census.gov/ft900
FT900: U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services
– Trade Balance– Seasonally Adjusted, Constant Dollar, Not
Seasonally Adjusted– Some commodity, geographic detail– Released approx. 42 days after end of the
statistical month
203
FT900Awww.census.gov/foreign-trade/Press-Release/steel_index.html
FT900A: U.S. Imports for Consumptionof Steel Products
– Steel Groupings as defined by the American Iron and Steel Institute
– Commodity and Country summary and detail files– Preliminary: ~ 25-30 days after end of month– Final: Released with FT900
204
FT920www.census.gov/foreign-trade/Press-Release/ft920_index.html
FT920: U.S. Merchandise Trade:Selected Highlights
– Domestic and Foreign Exports– General, Consumption, Customs, CIF,
Dutiable Imports– Country and Customs District summary– Released with FT900
205
Related Party Tradewww.census.gov/foreign-trade/Press-Release/related_party/
Imports and Exports by Related Parties
– Link to Related Party Database Application• Domestic Exports, Imports for Consumption• NAICS6, All countries, 2000 - 2007
– Annual Reports• Domestic Exports, Imports for Consumption• Limited country and commodity summary
206
Exporter Profilewww.census.gov/foreign-trade/aip/index.html#profile
Profile of U.S. Exporting Companies– Annual Reports– Exports by company type and employment
size– Exports to related parties– Selected countries and world areas– State of Origin
207
Trade Highlightswww.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/highlights/
• Top Trading Partners– Current Month– Year-to-date
• Congressional Highlights
• Monthly and Annual Press Highlights
208
Country and Product Trade Datawww.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/country/
• Special Reports• Advanced Technology Products (ATP)• End-Use• NAICS• SITC• Top Trading Partners• Trade in Goods by Country• Trade w/ Puerto Rico and U.S. Possessions
209
Country and Product Trade Datawww.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/country/
• All Country and Product data is not seasonally adjusted
• Some data is revised
210
Special Reportswww.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/country/sreport/textile.html
U.S. Imports of Textiles, Textile Products and Apparel– NAICS6 detail, totals– Total imports by country– NAICS6 detail from China
– Unrevised
211
Advanced Technology Productswww.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/country/
10 ATP Categories
Monthly, December 2003 – present, unrevised
01 – Biotechnology 06 – Flexible Manufacturing
02 – Life Science 07 – Advanced Materials
03 – Opto-Electronics 08 – Aerospace
04 – Information & Communications
09 – Weapons
05 – Electronics 10 – Nuclear Technology
212
End-Usewww.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/country/
• 5-digit End-Use
• Exports and Imports
• Annual data, last 5 years (revised)
213
NAICS Web Applicationcenstats.census.gov/naic3_6/naics3_6.shtml
• NAICS 3- & 6-digit• Exports and Imports• Exports; General, Consumption,
Census, CIF Imports• Monthly, January 2000 – present• Export to .csv, .xls• Unrevised
214
Top Trading Partnerswww.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/country/
• Exports, Imports, Total Trade (Same as Trade Highlights)
• Deficit, Surplus, Total Trade
• Data is as published (unrevised)
215
Trade in Goods by Countrywww.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/
• Exports, Imports and Trade Balance for all countries
• Monthly and Annual, January 1985 – present (where applicable)
• Total trade under “W” (World)
• Revised
216
U.S. Trade with Puerto Rico and U.S. Possessionswww.census.gov/prod/www/abs/ftdpr895.html
• Trade between the U.S. and its possessions
• These data are not part of the import and export statistics
• Annual PDF publication; monthly ASCII text version available for purchase
217
State Export Datawww.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/state/
• U.S. Exports of Goods by State, ZIP-code Based, January 2006 - present
• State Exports by Country and Commodity– Top 25 Countries– Top 25 Commodities– Based on Origin of Movement
• More data available on USA Trade Online
218
Historical Serieswww.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/historical/
• Annual Trade Totals, 1960 – present
• Monthly trade, 1993 – present
• Petroleum historical data
• Constant-dollar historical data
219
Online Data Distributionwww.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/dataproducts/
• Online Order Form
• Foreign Trade Data Downloads
• FTD Dropbox
220
FTD Data Downloadswww.census.gov/foreign-trade/download
• All FTD standard data products– ASCII files
• Subscriptions to current year data
• Unique username & password
221
FTD Data Downloadswww.census.gov/foreign-trade/download
• U.S. Exports & U.S. Imports of Merchandise (formerly the DVDs)
• Export and Import Databanks
• State Exports (OM & ZIP)
– Monthly: 6-digit HS
– Quarterly: 3-digit NAICS; State/Region; State/Port
• Port 6-digit HS
• Special Program Indicators (SPI – electronic version of IM146A)
• Trade with Puerto Rico and US Possessions (electronic version of FT895)
• Textile Summary
• Commodity/Geographic/Textile concordances
222
FTD Dropboxwww.census.gov/foreign-trade/dropbox/
• Non-standard data products
• Monthly subscriptions– “1-10”– Customized data request
• One-time drops for files too large to email
223
USA Trade Onlinewww.usatradeonline.gov
• 10-digit HS
• Port/6-digit HS
• State Exports
• NAICS
• ALL DATA IS REVISED
224
USA Trade Online – HS 10www.usatradeonline.gov
• 10-digit HS
• Commodity/Country/District
• Value/Quantity/Unit Price
• Monthly:2002 – presentAnnual: 1992 – present
225
USA Trade Online – Portwww.usatradeonline.gov
• HS6 • Over 400 seaports, airports and border
crossings• Country of Origin/Destination• Total Value • Vessel, Air and Containerized Vessel value
and shipping weight• Monthly, 2003 - present
226
USA Trade Online – State Exportswww.usatradeonline.gov
• HS6 and NAICS4• All 50 States, DC, Puerto Rico & The
U.S.Virgin Islands• Monthly, 2002 - present• Country of Destination• Total Value • Vessel, Air and Containerized Vessel value
and shipping weight
227
USA Trade Online – NAICSwww.usatradeonline.gov
• 6-Digit NAICS • Country/District• Import Values: General Customs, General CIF,
Consumption Customs, Consumption CIF Values• Export Values: Total, Domestic, & Foreign Values• Balance (Total Export Value – General Customs
Import Value)• Monthly, 2002 - Present