COMBATING VEHICULAR POLLUTION: GETTING BEYOND RECITATION

Dr. Prashant Gargava and Ms Meetu PuriCentral Pollution Control Board

Delhi

(Email: eepg.cpcb@nic.in)(Web: http://www.cpcb.nic.in)

ICAMP: POLICY CONCLAVE ON REDUCING VEHICULAR EMISSIONS TO IMPROVE AIR QUALITY

DELHI, FEBRUARY 04, 2014

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

VEHICULAR POLLUTION CONTROL

o What have been done? – Actions

o What have been achieved? – Status

o Are we on the right track? – Action Dilemma

o What can be done? – Way Forward

VEHICULAR POLLUTION CONTROLTECHNOLOGY INTERVENTIONSo Improved fuel quality – S content in Diesel: 0.5% (1996) –

0.005% (mega cities) and 0.035% (rest of the country) (2010); Gasoline: 0.015% – 0.005%

o Progressive emission norms for vehicles – BS I (1999) – BS IV in major cities and BS III in rest of the country (2010)

o Alternate cleaner fuel (CNG/LPG) – 1.1 million vehicles (8% of total fleet), 0.55 million in Delhi

o Improvement in public transport system (Metro) – 2.5 million passengers; 2500 trips covering 69,000 km

RESOURCE INTENSIVE

BS-III

BS-IV

BS-V

BS-VI

CO HC+NOx NOx PM

0.64

0.50

0.50

0.50

0.56

0.30

0.23

0.17

0.50

0.25

0.18

0.08

0.05

0.025

0.005

0.005

21.8%

0%

0%

46.4%

23.3%

26%

50%

28%

55.5%

80%

50%

0%

EMISSION REDUCTIONS IN PASSENGER CARS ( DIESEL)

BS-III

BS-IV

BS-V

BS-VI

CO HC NOx

2.3

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.20

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.15

0.08

0.06

0.06

21.8%

0%

0%

50.0%

0%

0%

47%

25%

0%

EMISSION REDUCTIONS IN PASSENGER CARS (GASOLINE)

VEHICULAR POLLUTION CONTROLMANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONSo Phasing out of old commercial vehicleso PUC Schemeo Restriction on goods vehicles during day timeo Installation of time clocks at important crossingso Construction of more flyovers and subways

IMPLEMENTATION DIFFICULTIES

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012Delhi 3.45 3.55 3.9 4.2 4.5 4.8 5.2 5.6 6 6.5 6.9 7.4India 55 58.9 67 72.7 81.5 89.6 96.7 105. 115 127. 141. 159.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Vehi

cle

Popu

latio

n in

Mill

ion

Source : MoRTH & Delhi Transport Department

VEHICLE GROWTH IN DELHI AND INDIA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

8000000Vehicle Nox PM 2.5 PM10

Year

PM10

, PM

2.5

& N

Ox

(µg/

m3)

Vehi

cle

Popu

latio

n

AIR QUALITY AT ITO, DELHI

SIX CITY STUDY: PM10 SOURCE CONTRIBUTIONS

City Bangalore Chennai Delhi Kanpur Mumbai Pune

SourcesRoadside Dust

45 – 55 6 – 27 14 – 29

7 – 9 29 – 47 49 – 64

Vehicles 10 – 22 35 – 48 9 – 20 15 – 17 8 – 26 2 – 10

Industries 27 - 6 – 9 2 – 19 1 – 7 -

Construction - - 23 - 28 – 46 6 – 28

Secondary Particulates

2 – 11 - - 16 – 19 10 – 21 -

Domestic - 4 – 20 3 – 9 15 – 26 3 – 18 -DG Sets 7 – 18 14 – 16 7 – 12 5 – 8 - 3 – 4

Roadside dust and vehicles are prominent sources in all the six cities

EMISSION INVENTORY FOR SIX CITIES

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Bangalore (217.44)

Chennai (12.16)

Delhi (460.0)

Kanpur (22.50)

Mumbai (215.59)

Pune (41.41)

NOx

Others

DG Sets

Industries

Vehicle Exhaust

Domestic Combustion

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Bangalore (54.30)

Chennai (11.02)

Delhi (147.2)

Kanpur (9.4)

Mumbai (73.5)

Pune (32.3)

PM10Others

DG Sets

Industries

Construcion

Vehicle Exhaust

Paved & Unpaved Road DustDomestic Combustion

PM10:o Major Source – Road dust

re-suspensiono Significant contribution of

industries in Kanpur, Mumbai and Delhi

NOx:o Vehicles are major sourceo Contribution of industries

(power plants) high in Delhi, Mumbai and Kanpur

Important observation: A few prominent sources in a city can mask the contribution of the other sources.

HEAVY DUTY DIESEL VEHICLE: 40 – 59%

EMISSION INVENTORY (TONS/YEAR): DELHI, 2010

Source: International Council on Clean Transportation

PM10 EC OC TC Pb Ni As0%

10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%Vehicle

Paved Road

Generator Set

Construction

Soild Waste Burn-ing

Waste Incinerator

Crematoria

Commercial

Domestic Cook-ing

Industry

Power PlantPM10 Species

Perc

ent C

ontr

ibut

ion

(%)

CARBON AND TOXIC METAL FRACTION IN PM10 EMISSIONS IN DELHI, 2007: CONTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT SOURCES

PM10 EC OC TC Pb Ni As0%

10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%Wood

Coal

Kerosene

Diesel

Gasoline

Compressed Natural Gas

Liquified Petro-leum Gas

PM10 Species

Perc

ent C

ontr

ibut

ion

(%)

CARBON AND TOXIC METAL FRACTION IN PM10 EMISSIONS IN DELHI, 2007: CONTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT FUELS

PM10 EC OC TC Pb Ni0%

10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Gasoline Vehicle

Compressed Natural Gas Vehicle

Diesel Ve-hicle

PM10 Species

Perc

ent C

ontr

ibut

ion

(%)

CONTRIBUTION OF DIESEL, GASOLINE AND CNG FUELED VEHICLES TO PM10, CARBON AND TOXIC METAL EMISSIONS IN DELHI, 2007

o Action Dilemma – Technology v/s Management based options?

o No direct visible impact/correlation of the measures taken – many influencing factors

o Many contributing sources – vehicle share not most prominent, but road dust could be attributed to vehicle movement

o Higher contribution of vehicles and diesel in toxic carbon component of PM

CONCLUSION

o Efficient, affordable, convenient public transporto Next generation norms – sooner the bettero Get the dirty vehicles off the roads as quickly as

possibleo Address pollution from heavy duty diesel vehicles –

effective freight managemento Policies to translate in micro level actionso Minimize activities in hotspotso Experiment with ideaso Aggressive public awareness

WAY FORWARD

HOW AND HOW FAST??

THANK YOU