combined 01 clinical training--terminology
TRANSCRIPT
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TerminologyTerminology
Clinical Training Team
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Human Anatomy—Definition
“The study of the human body,
Its organs and structures, & the
Spatial relationships between them.”
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Precise Terminology
• Allows identification of anatomical sites and pathology in relation to anatomical structures.
• Improves Communication between medical professionals and other health care professionals.
• Improves communication between medical sales representatives and health care professionals.
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Correct Anatomical Position
Body erect standing Eyes open and level Head in mid-position Upper extremities at the sides Palms facing forward Feet parallel
Heels close together
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Anatomical Terminology
• Anterior (ventral) - Toward the front, in front of – The breastbone is anterior to the spine
• Posterior (dorsal) - Toward the back, behind – The heart is posterior to the breastbone
• Superior (cranial/cephalad) - Above or up – The head is superior to the abdomen
• Inferior (caudal) - Below or down– The navel is inferior to the chin
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Anatomical Terminology
• Medial - Towards the midline of the body– The heart is medial to the arm
• Lateral - Away from the midline– The arms are lateral to the chest
• Proximal - Closer to the origin or point of attachment – The elbow is proximal to the wrist
• Distal - Away from the origin or point of attachment– The knee is distal to the thigh
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Anatomical Terminology
• External (superficial) - Toward or on the surface – The skin is external to the skeletal muscles
• Internal ( deep) - Away from the body surface– The lungs are internal to the skin
• Supine - Lying stomach up– Place the patient in the supine position
• Prone - Lying face down– Place the patient in the prone position
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Correct Anatomical Positioning
• RIGHT OR LEFT? – CORRECT, NOT RIGHT!
Mass. surgeon operated on wrong
side of patient
2008 The Associated Press
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Abdominal Quadrants
• The abdomen is divided into four quadrants.
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Divide words into parts:
1.Roots: – All words have a foundation, called a root.
2.Prefixes:– A prefix is a word part that precedes a word, or some
form of a word, to influence its meaning.
3.Suffixes:– The ending that follows a word root is called a suffix.
The Language of Medicine
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Word Analysis
GASTRITIS
GASTR / ITIS
ROOT SUFFIX
Stomach Inflammation
GASTRITIS is an inflammation of the stomach.
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GASTROENTEROLOGY
GASTR / O / ENTER / O / LOGY
ROOT ROOT SUFFIX STOMACH INTESTINES STUDY OF
GASTROENTEROLOGY –Is the study of the stomach and intestines.
Word Analysis
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Four General Rules—
1.Read the meaning of the word from the suffix first, prefix second, and root last.
2.Combine root words from proximal to distal.
3.Drop the combining vowel before a suffix beginning with a vowel.
4.Keep the combining vowel between two roots.
Word Analysis
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Common Prefixes
• Extra - Outside, beyond Intra - Inside, within
Inter - Between, in between
• Supra - Above, superior Sub - Below
Infra - Below, inferior
Pre - Before, anterior Retro - Behind, posterior
Ante - Before (in time) Post - After (in time)
• Hyper - Above, more than normal
Hypo - Below, less than normal
• Anti - Away from Para - Beside, near
Per - Through Peri - Around
• Endo - Within, inner Ecto - Outside, outer
• Pseudo - False Dys - Abnormal
• Uni - One Bi - Two
Tri - Three Quad - Four
Hemi - Half
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Common Roots – GI (Combining Forms)
• Oro - Mouth
• Pharyngo - Pharynx
• Esophago - Esophagus
• Gastro - Stomach
• Pyloro - Pylorus, outlet of stomach
• Entero -Small intestine
• Duodeno - Duodenum
• Jejuno -Jejunum
• Ileo - Ileum
• Ceco - Cecum
• Colo - Colon
• Sigmoido - Sigmoid colon
• Procto -Rectum
• Ano - Anus
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Common Roots (Combining Forms)
• Thoraco - Chest
• Laparo - Abdomen
• Hepato - Liver
• Spleno, Lieno - Spleen
• Nephro, Reno - Kidney
• Dermo - Skin
• Myo, musculo - Muscle
• Osteo - Bone
• Lumbo - Lumbar Sacro - Sacrum
• Ilio - Ilium (bone) Ischio - Ischium
• Angio - Vessel
• Arterio - Artery
• Phlebo, Veno - Vein
• Cysto, Vesico - Sac, bladder
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Common Suffixes
• Ectomy - removal, excision
• Tomy - cutting into
• Stomy - creating an opening between two structures
• Lysis - breaking down, reduction
• Pexy - fixation, tacking
• Rrhaphy - surgical repair
• Rrhea - flow, discharge
• Plasty - repair, surgical formation of
• Scopy - to view
• Logy - to study
• Itis - inflammation
• Sis - state of, abnormal condition
• Oma - tumor
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Surgical Abbreviations – Terms
Mesentery - intestinal fatty attachment containing vessels, nerves
Meso - mesentery covered by double layer of peritoneum
Lap - laparotomy (root) or laparoscopic (prefix)
Expl Lap exploratory laparotomy
Lap Appy - laparoscopic appendectomy
Lap Colect - laparoscopic colectomy
Lap Chole - laparoscopic cholecystectomy
AR - anterior resection (usually above 10-12 cm)
LAR - low anterior resection (usually below 10-12 cm)
TME - total mesorectal excision
TEM - transanal endoscopic microdissection
HARTMAN - sigmoid resection with sigmoidostomy & rectal pouch
ADJUVANT - additional treatment given following surgery
NEOADJUVANT - treatment given before surgery
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Let’s Exercise—
• How do we say:– Taking out part of the colon?
– Colectomy– Inflammation of the liver?
– Hepatitis– Viewing the stomach?
– Gastroscopy– Surgical repair of the small intestine?
– Enterorrhaphy– Creating an opening between the ileum and the rectum?
– Ileoproctostomy
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Basic Surgical Concepts
• Surgery is concerned with operative or manual procedures
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Medical/Surgical Terminology
• Diagnosis • Differential Diagnosis• Symptom • Sign • Syndrome • Diagnostic Procedure • Exploratory Laparotomy • Biopsy
– incisional biopsy– excisional biopsy
• Prognosis
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Division of Perioperative Periods
• Preoperative Period
• Intraoperative Period
• Postoperative Period – immediate postoperative– late postoperative
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Operative Treatment
• Diagnostic vs. Curative vs. Palliative
• Emergency vs. Elective
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Evaluation of a Surgical Procedure
• Morbidity
• Mortality
• Recurrence
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Purse String Notch
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