Coming to AmericaComing to America

Millions of newcomers to the United states left Millions of newcomers to the United states left their countries of birth for better lives.their countries of birth for better lives.

From the 1880s to the 1920s immigrants from From the 1880s to the 1920s immigrants from Western and Eastern Europe came in huge Western and Eastern Europe came in huge numbers to the U.S. through the numbers to the U.S. through the Ellis IslandEllis Island immigrant transfer station in New York Harbor.immigrant transfer station in New York Harbor.

Immigrants’ criminal and health records were Immigrants’ criminal and health records were checked in reference to their countries of checked in reference to their countries of origin.origin.

Immigrants deemed too sick or had deadly Immigrants deemed too sick or had deadly diseases were sent back to their home diseases were sent back to their home countries or quarantined [isolated] until they countries or quarantined [isolated] until they were well enough to join the rest of the were well enough to join the rest of the population. population.

Immigrant Labor and WorkImmigrant Labor and Work Many of the new immigrants from Western and Eastern Europe were from the Many of the new immigrants from Western and Eastern Europe were from the

peasant classes [uneducated, unskilled] and often encountered discrimination and peasant classes [uneducated, unskilled] and often encountered discrimination and a language barrier.a language barrier.

Immigrant children often assimilated quickly but often spoke broken English.Immigrant children often assimilated quickly but often spoke broken English. Public school helped immigrant children with adjustment and assimilation.Public school helped immigrant children with adjustment and assimilation. Laborers often did Laborers often did piece workpiece work for local businesses manufacturing textiles sewing for local businesses manufacturing textiles sewing

[most often women and children]. Each item or “piece” was paid a price.[most often women and children]. Each item or “piece” was paid a price. Women also worked outside the home in Women also worked outside the home in sweatshopssweatshops in unsafe conditions for very in unsafe conditions for very

long hours at low wages.long hours at low wages.

Populations of major U.S. cities such as New York, Chicago and Philadelphia doubled Populations of major U.S. cities such as New York, Chicago and Philadelphia doubled from about 40 million in 1870 to about 80 million by 1900. Big cities were often very from about 40 million in 1870 to about 80 million by 1900. Big cities were often very crowded [densely populated].crowded [densely populated].

Streets were filled with vendors and domestic animals [chickens, horses, pigs] Streets were filled with vendors and domestic animals [chickens, horses, pigs] causing causing filthyfilthy and and unsanitaryunsanitary conditions. conditions. High crimeHigh crime was rampant. was rampant.

UrbanizationUrbanization of the United States concentrated large populations of people into of the United States concentrated large populations of people into citiescities. .

New immigrants such as Western Europeans [Italians and Jews] were drawn by the New immigrants such as Western Europeans [Italians and Jews] were drawn by the lure of industrial type jobs in factories.lure of industrial type jobs in factories.

Urbanization and City life

New Immigrants vs. Old New Immigrants vs. Old ImmigrantsImmigrants Old immigrantsOld immigrants-From the 1600s to early 1800s most of the people who -From the 1600s to early 1800s most of the people who

arrived as immigrants to the United States were from English speaking arrived as immigrants to the United States were from English speaking countries such as England, Scotland and Ireland. Many Germans and countries such as England, Scotland and Ireland. Many Germans and French came to the U.S. as well. The dominant religion was French came to the U.S. as well. The dominant religion was Protestantism.Protestantism.

New immigrantsNew immigrants from the mid-1800s to early 1900s did not speak English from the mid-1800s to early 1900s did not speak English and were mostly Catholic and Jewish.and were mostly Catholic and Jewish.

The differences between the two groups caused resentment and conflict.The differences between the two groups caused resentment and conflict. The Old immigrants wanted to preserve their language and culture and The Old immigrants wanted to preserve their language and culture and

preached preached nativismnativism [favoring and maintaining original America]. [favoring and maintaining original America].

Jane Addams and Settlement Jane Addams and Settlement HousesHouses Hull House was a community center in Chicago that was created to Hull House was a community center in Chicago that was created to

help newly arrived immigrants, especially women, transition to the help newly arrived immigrants, especially women, transition to the New World.New World.

Helped new comers cope with big city life and to learn English.Helped new comers cope with big city life and to learn English.

Provided cultural activities such as block parties, rent parties and Provided cultural activities such as block parties, rent parties and street festivals to raise money for the center and needy families.street festivals to raise money for the center and needy families.

Jane AddamsJane Addams provided free simple health care and job training for provided free simple health care and job training for women. Addams also advocated women. Addams also advocated against child laboragainst child labor and and sweat shopssweat shops..

Living conditions of city dwellersLiving conditions of city dwellers Cramped living conditionsCramped living conditions and and poor sanitation facilitiespoor sanitation facilities were common. were common. Dumbbell tenementsDumbbell tenements were designed to maximize space by using a vertical design were designed to maximize space by using a vertical design

[multiple floors] with long, narrow construction.[multiple floors] with long, narrow construction. Communal bathrooms often used by multiple families increased the chance of Communal bathrooms often used by multiple families increased the chance of

disease transfer and also created a lack of privacy for residents.disease transfer and also created a lack of privacy for residents. Early tenements also had Early tenements also had poor ventilationpoor ventilation [causing respiratory ailments] and poor [causing respiratory ailments] and poor

natural lighting due to a natural lighting due to a lack of windowslack of windows throughout [one room had window] the throughout [one room had window] the apartments. apartments.

Prior to introduction of Prior to introduction of fire escapesfire escapes deaths due to fire were common. deaths due to fire were common.

TransportationTransportation Electric trolleys were used to transport people through city streets on top of metal Electric trolleys were used to transport people through city streets on top of metal

tracks similar to those used by railroads.tracks similar to those used by railroads. Mass transit lines were expanded in major cities such as Chicago and New York Mass transit lines were expanded in major cities such as Chicago and New York

[powered by overhead electric power lines].[powered by overhead electric power lines]. Electric trolleys were eventually replaced by underground subways at the turn of the Electric trolleys were eventually replaced by underground subways at the turn of the

2020thth century. century. Public transportation allowed easy and cheapPublic transportation allowed easy and cheap transportation to work for poor citizens.transportation to work for poor citizens.

Inventions and Inventions and InnovationsInnovations

ElevatorsElevators-created to -created to transport people transport people vertically within multi-vertically within multi-story buildings in major story buildings in major cities such as Chicago cities such as Chicago and New York.and New York.

TelephonesTelephones-patented by -patented by Alexander Graham Bell it Alexander Graham Bell it gave people the ability to gave people the ability to communicate communicate inexpensively over long inexpensively over long distances.distances.

TypewritersTypewriters-gave -gave people ability to write people ability to write text in a faster and more text in a faster and more efficient manner. efficient manner. Newspaper and magazine Newspaper and magazine writers, as well as book writers, as well as book authors, used these authors, used these machines to share the machines to share the written word.written word.

Spectator sportsSpectator sports Bare-knuckled Irish-American brawlers such as John L. Sullivan and Bare-knuckled Irish-American brawlers such as John L. Sullivan and

“Gentleman Jim” Corbett fought as prize fighters during the mid-late 1800s.“Gentleman Jim” Corbett fought as prize fighters during the mid-late 1800s. In 1892 the two pugilists [boxers] fought before more than 10,000 spectators In 1892 the two pugilists [boxers] fought before more than 10,000 spectators

in New Orleans.in New Orleans. Corbett defeated Sullivan handing the legendary Irish boxer his first and only Corbett defeated Sullivan handing the legendary Irish boxer his first and only

loss.loss. Championship Championship boxing matchesboxing matches were enormously popular in the early 1900s. were enormously popular in the early 1900s.

Spectator sportsSpectator sports Team sports became wildly popular with the advent of “Team sports became wildly popular with the advent of “basket ballbasket ball” ”

by Dr. James Naismith in 1891 at Springfield, Massachusetts and by Dr. James Naismith in 1891 at Springfield, Massachusetts and baseballbaseball by Alexander Cartwright in 1845 at Hoboken, New Jersey. by Alexander Cartwright in 1845 at Hoboken, New Jersey.

The popularity of the two sports sprang from the expansion of leisure The popularity of the two sports sprang from the expansion of leisure time among young American men. The desire to be competitive and time among young American men. The desire to be competitive and physically fit yet group oriented greatly enhanced the appeal of these physically fit yet group oriented greatly enhanced the appeal of these sports. The two “games” remain highly regarded to this day.sports. The two “games” remain highly regarded to this day.

Jacob RiisJacob Riis and and How the Other Half How the Other Half LivesLives Jacob RiisJacob Riis was an immigrant from Denmark. was an immigrant from Denmark.

He was a photo-journalist [photographer who He was a photo-journalist [photographer who told stories with photos] for New York City told stories with photos] for New York City newspapers.newspapers.

He published thousands of photos showing He published thousands of photos showing how immigrants lived in how immigrants lived in squalorsqualor [horrible [horrible poverty], unsafe and unsanitary conditions.poverty], unsafe and unsanitary conditions.

In 1890 he published a collection of his photos In 1890 he published a collection of his photos titled titled How the Other Half LivesHow the Other Half Lives showing how showing how the poorest of the urban poor lived.the poorest of the urban poor lived.

Chinese Exclusion ActChinese Exclusion Act Because Chinese workers were willing to work for extremely Because Chinese workers were willing to work for extremely

low wages [lower than other immigrants] lots of resentment low wages [lower than other immigrants] lots of resentment was directed towards them.was directed towards them.

Violent attacks on Chinese workers by white immigrants and Violent attacks on Chinese workers by white immigrants and poor whites took place in San Francisco and other citiespoor whites took place in San Francisco and other cities

The U.S. Federal Government passed a law called the Chinese The U.S. Federal Government passed a law called the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 that banned Chinese immigration. Exclusion Act in 1882 that banned Chinese immigration.

Frederick Law OlmsteadFrederick Law Olmstead City life wasCity life was stressfulstressful because of overcrowding, filth and crime. because of overcrowding, filth and crime.

Landscape architect Frederick Law Olmstead was hired to design Landscape architect Frederick Law Olmstead was hired to design public parks in large cities such as New York, Detroit and Chicago.public parks in large cities such as New York, Detroit and Chicago.

The purpose of public parks was to provide open spaces for The purpose of public parks was to provide open spaces for recreation, exercise and escape from the stress of city life.recreation, exercise and escape from the stress of city life.

New York City’s Central Park and Prospect Park were designed by New York City’s Central Park and Prospect Park were designed by Olmstead.Olmstead.

Amusement ParksAmusement Parks Entrepreneurs [business owners] created parks with exciting attractions Entrepreneurs [business owners] created parks with exciting attractions

such as rides and strange acts to attract people to pay admission fees.such as rides and strange acts to attract people to pay admission fees.

The most famous early American amusement park was Coney Island in The most famous early American amusement park was Coney Island in Brooklyn, New York. City residents could escape from city life for a time.Brooklyn, New York. City residents could escape from city life for a time.

The park contained rides, restaurants, hotels, circus acts, freak shows, The park contained rides, restaurants, hotels, circus acts, freak shows, beach and boardwalk [wooden road overlooking the seashore].beach and boardwalk [wooden road overlooking the seashore].

Thomas EdisonThomas Edison The most influential and The most influential and

famous of all American famous of all American inventors.inventors.

He patented hundreds of He patented hundreds of inventions so he could inventions so he could receive payments.receive payments.

His most famous inventions His most famous inventions were the were the light bulblight bulb, , phonographphonograph and and movie movie recorderrecorder..

His inventions [especially His inventions [especially the light bulb] improved the the light bulb] improved the quality of life for Americans.quality of life for Americans.

Gilded AgeGilded Age Time period from 1870-1910 when a small number of Americans Time period from 1870-1910 when a small number of Americans

became extremely wealthy due to their exploitation of Laissez Faire became extremely wealthy due to their exploitation of Laissez Faire policies of the U.S. Government.policies of the U.S. Government.

Railroads, The Steel industry and Oil companies controlled their Railroads, The Steel industry and Oil companies controlled their business sectors with complete control.business sectors with complete control.

Competition between businesses was limited and prices of goods Competition between businesses was limited and prices of goods were very high.were very high.

There was a huge disparity [difference] between the rich and poor.There was a huge disparity [difference] between the rich and poor.

Captains of IndustryCaptains of Industry

These were business owners who were ruthless and did These were business owners who were ruthless and did everything they could to be financially successful by controlling everything they could to be financially successful by controlling their types of business. They were called captains of industry as their types of business. They were called captains of industry as a result of their tactics.a result of their tactics.

These men became very wealthy and powerful because they These men became very wealthy and powerful because they controlled huge amounts of money.controlled huge amounts of money.

Robber BaronsRobber Barons

Robber barons were business owners who sometimes broke Robber barons were business owners who sometimes broke the law or twisted rules to their advantage in order to make the law or twisted rules to their advantage in order to make huge amounts of money.huge amounts of money.

They controlled the wealth of the United States by They controlled the wealth of the United States by “stealing” money from citizens with exorbitant pricing.“stealing” money from citizens with exorbitant pricing.

Edwin DrakeEdwin Drake Drake was the first American to Drake was the first American to

successfully drill for and find successfully drill for and find significant oil in the United significant oil in the United States.States.

He discovered oil in Pennsylvania He discovered oil in Pennsylvania and refined it into and refined it into kerosenekerosene..

Kerosene was originally Kerosene was originally used for used for lamp fuellamp fuel..

Because of his discovery other Because of his discovery other people later drilled for oil and people later drilled for oil and eventually also became very eventually also became very wealthy.wealthy.

John D. Rockefeller and Standard OilJohn D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil

Rockefeller built on the success of Rockefeller built on the success of Drake and went into the oil Drake and went into the oil business.business.

Because of the invention of cars Because of the invention of cars and the use of and the use of gasolinegasoline Rockefeller Rockefeller became very wealthybecame very wealthy..

Rockefeller used a business Rockefeller used a business strategy called horizontal strategy called horizontal integration to consolidate other integration to consolidate other businesses by taking them over.businesses by taking them over.

He was then able to create a He was then able to create a monopoly and charge whatever he monopoly and charge whatever he wanted to.wanted to.

Andrew Carnegie, BessemerAndrew Carnegie, Bessemer ProcessProcess and U.S. Steeland U.S. Steel

Carnegie was a Scottish immigrant who Carnegie was a Scottish immigrant who was very poor when he arrived in the was very poor when he arrived in the United States.United States.

He worked his way up to owner of He worked his way up to owner of U.S. U.S. SteelSteel Corporation which later became a Corporation which later became a monopoly in the steel business.monopoly in the steel business.

He was shown the He was shown the Bessemer processBessemer process by by a chemist who demonstrated how to a chemist who demonstrated how to create high quality steel for military create high quality steel for military weapons.weapons.

The The Bessemer processBessemer process enabled him to enabled him to make super strong steel in a quick manner make super strong steel in a quick manner using oxidation [air blown through molten using oxidation [air blown through molten steel].steel].

He also used a business strategy called He also used a business strategy called vertical integrationvertical integration which combined which combined every part of the steel business in order to every part of the steel business in order to make higher profits.make higher profits.

J.P. MorganJ.P. Morgan Railroad and banking tycoon Railroad and banking tycoon

who financed numerous who financed numerous businesses and formed businesses and formed banking banking truststrusts

He cleverly acquired He cleverly acquired ownership in companies that ownership in companies that were often considered were often considered unfair.unfair.

He purchased U.S. Steel He purchased U.S. Steel Corporation from Carnegie Corporation from Carnegie for $400 millionfor $400 million

He often forced companies He often forced companies to dissolve when profits were to dissolve when profits were siphoned off [workers lost siphoned off [workers lost jobs]jobs]

Vanderbilt FamilyVanderbilt Family The Vanderbilt family of New York dominated the railroad industry.The Vanderbilt family of New York dominated the railroad industry.

The ruthless Vanderbilt family was well known for charging high fees The ruthless Vanderbilt family was well known for charging high fees for shipping freight.for shipping freight.

They were also well known for bribing members of the U.S. government They were also well known for bribing members of the U.S. government in order to get laws passed that would favor their business interests.in order to get laws passed that would favor their business interests.

The Interstate Commerce Act greatly reduced the power of the The Interstate Commerce Act greatly reduced the power of the railroads. railroads.

George WestinghouseGeorge Westinghouse Westinghouse was an inventor from New York.Westinghouse was an inventor from New York.

He made a fortune selling his railroad air brake.He made a fortune selling his railroad air brake.

He later made millions of dollars organizing the He later made millions of dollars organizing the Westinghouse Electric CompanyWestinghouse Electric Company that used the that used the principle of AC [alternative current].principle of AC [alternative current].

Electricity became very popular in many Electricity became very popular in many American homes to power lights and appliances.American homes to power lights and appliances.

Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer

Some people believed the reason Some people believed the reason people were rich was because they people were rich was because they were smarter.were smarter.

Nature favored much as the British Nature favored much as the British Naturalist Charles Darwin thought Naturalist Charles Darwin thought it favored stronger creatures.it favored stronger creatures.

Poor people deserved their poverty Poor people deserved their poverty because they were inferior because they were inferior according to the theory of according to the theory of Social Social DarwinismDarwinism..

This concept of Social Darwinism This concept of Social Darwinism was used by the Robber Barons as was used by the Robber Barons as justification of their wealth.justification of their wealth.

Horatio AlgerHoratio Alger

Horatio Alger wrote a Horatio Alger wrote a series of inspirational series of inspirational novels telling various novels telling various rags to richesrags to riches tales. tales.

The stories focused on The stories focused on how kids from how kids from impoverished impoverished beginnings were able to beginnings were able to pull themselves up pull themselves up by their bootstraps.by their bootstraps.

Very few of these Very few of these stories were real but stories were real but they offered hope for they offered hope for future success.future success.

The Gospel of WealthThe Gospel of Wealth

Not all wealthy business owners were bad!Not all wealthy business owners were bad! Andrew Carnegie, a robber baron, gave away almost all of his money Andrew Carnegie, a robber baron, gave away almost all of his money

before he died.before he died. He believed dying wealthy was a type of crime according to an essay He believed dying wealthy was a type of crime according to an essay

written by Andrew Carnegie.written by Andrew Carnegie. His financial gifts funded public libraries and museums across His financial gifts funded public libraries and museums across

America.America. Therefore, according to Carnegie, the wealthy had a responsibility to Therefore, according to Carnegie, the wealthy had a responsibility to

do good with their money throughdo good with their money through philanthropyphilanthropy..

The Workplace and workersThe Workplace and workers During the late 1800s and early 1900s places people worked were often During the late 1800s and early 1900s places people worked were often

very dangerous.very dangerous. The risk of serious injury and death was always present.The risk of serious injury and death was always present. Poor and dangerous Poor and dangerous working conditionsworking conditions such as faulty equipment, long such as faulty equipment, long

work hours and low pay often made working in factories unbearable. work hours and low pay often made working in factories unbearable. Very low Very low wageswages [the amount of pay workers received] forced people to [the amount of pay workers received] forced people to

work many hours which made them very tired, angry and ineffective.work many hours which made them very tired, angry and ineffective. Because many families in large cities were often poor they sent their Because many families in large cities were often poor they sent their

young children [age 3 to teenagers] to work. Their lack of strength and young children [age 3 to teenagers] to work. Their lack of strength and experience put them at high risk of injury.experience put them at high risk of injury.

Workers UnitedWorkers United

Eventually many workers got smart Eventually many workers got smart and united together to fight for and united together to fight for better working conditions and higher better working conditions and higher wages.wages.

The groups of workers called The groups of workers called themselves themselves labor unionslabor unions..

Unions usually organized themselves Unions usually organized themselves by the type of work they did such as by the type of work they did such as carpenters and shoemakers.carpenters and shoemakers.

Trade unionsTrade unions and and craft unionscraft unions were were types of unions that were specific to types of unions that were specific to types of industries to protect those types of industries to protect those types of workers.types of workers.

For example a carpenters’ trade For example a carpenters’ trade union would protect the rights of union would protect the rights of carpenters.carpenters.

Conflicts and labor leadersConflicts and labor leaders

Even with labor unions there were still problems between Even with labor unions there were still problems between workers and business owners.workers and business owners.

Businesses often forced workers, as a condition of Businesses often forced workers, as a condition of employment, to sign employment, to sign yellow dog contractsyellow dog contracts which which forbade them from joining labor unions.forbade them from joining labor unions.

Labor union leaders such as Labor union leaders such as Eugene V. DebsEugene V. Debs encouraged encouraged members to go out on members to go out on strikestrike [walk out of work] when [walk out of work] when they believed they were being treated unfairly by they believed they were being treated unfairly by employers.employers.

Debs led the Debs led the Pullman StrikePullman Strike in 1894 which led to over in 1894 which led to over 100,000 workers walking out on their railroad jobs.100,000 workers walking out on their railroad jobs.

Debs was jailed for his participation in the strike because Debs was jailed for his participation in the strike because the effect of the strike was too negative.the effect of the strike was too negative.

Samuel Gompers Samuel Gompers

Gompers learned from the failures of Gompers learned from the failures of other unions.other unions.

Gompers led the Gompers led the American Federation American Federation of Laborof Labor [A.F.L.] for over 40 years. [A.F.L.] for over 40 years.

Federation=Group of separate entities Federation=Group of separate entities [in his case unions] that combines.[in his case unions] that combines.

His most important strategy was to His most important strategy was to pool the resources of different types pool the resources of different types of unions.of unions.

The funds were used to support The funds were used to support workers during prolonged strikes.workers during prolonged strikes.

He also championed He also championed closed shopsclosed shops which did not allow non-union workers which did not allow non-union workers to work in union dominated jobs.to work in union dominated jobs.

Labor Strife and Labor Strife and UnrestUnrest Business/Labor conflicts were not always peaceful.Business/Labor conflicts were not always peaceful. On May 4, 1886 rioting in Chicago’s On May 4, 1886 rioting in Chicago’s Haymarket SquareHaymarket Square led led

to multiple deaths and a bad reputation for unions.to multiple deaths and a bad reputation for unions. The greatest mistake by the The greatest mistake by the Knights of LaborKnights of Labor [labor union [labor union

with different types of workers] was including skilled and with different types of workers] was including skilled and unskilled workers under one unified group.unskilled workers under one unified group.

Unskilled workers could be replaced by strike breaking Unskilled workers could be replaced by strike breaking scabsscabs while craftsmen [skilled workers] were not.while craftsmen [skilled workers] were not.

Skilled workers believed their jobs were unprotected. Skilled workers believed their jobs were unprotected.

Sherman Anti-Trust ActSherman Anti-Trust Act The U.S. Government in 1890 tried to rein in the power of business trusts.The U.S. Government in 1890 tried to rein in the power of business trusts. The shrewdest of businessmen hired lawyers who were able to find The shrewdest of businessmen hired lawyers who were able to find

loopholesloopholes in the law and avoid compliance. in the law and avoid compliance. Trusts were sometimes forced to break up into separate companies.Trusts were sometimes forced to break up into separate companies. The best example of a corporate break-up was the 1911 break up of The best example of a corporate break-up was the 1911 break up of

Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Corporation.Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Corporation. The U.S. Government was bent on Trust busting after passage of the lawThe U.S. Government was bent on Trust busting after passage of the law

Homestead Strike and Steel Company Homestead Strike and Steel Company tacticstactics

Workers at Carnegie’s steel company wanted better working conditions Workers at Carnegie’s steel company wanted better working conditions andand better pay. better pay.

The steel labor unions went on strike at the Homestead Steel Works.The steel labor unions went on strike at the Homestead Steel Works. Because the workers refused to agree to Carnegie’s terms they were Because the workers refused to agree to Carnegie’s terms they were

locked outlocked out [not allowed to work by the company]. [not allowed to work by the company]. Violence was threatened from both the Steel company and their workers.Violence was threatened from both the Steel company and their workers. After much negotiation, fighting and legal battles most of the striking After much negotiation, fighting and legal battles most of the striking

workers wereworkers were blacklistedblacklisted by U.S. Steel and not allowed to work in the by U.S. Steel and not allowed to work in the industry again.industry again.

Machine PoliticsMachine Politics

Political machinesPolitical machines-strong political parties that control who -strong political parties that control who comes to power by using bribery and tight political comes to power by using bribery and tight political organization.organization.

Tammany HallTammany Hall-The name of the New York City Democratic -The name of the New York City Democratic party headquarters. Was well known for corruption led by party headquarters. Was well known for corruption led by party leader William Boss Tweed.party leader William Boss Tweed.

Boss TweedBoss Tweed-Leader of Tammany Hall who used bribery and -Leader of Tammany Hall who used bribery and extortion to rule New York City politics.extortion to rule New York City politics.

GraftGraft-a technique of using bribery or stealing money by an -a technique of using bribery or stealing money by an elected official.elected official.

Civil Service SystemCivil Service System-a system of using tests to decide who -a system of using tests to decide who gets government jobs.gets government jobs.

Pendleton ActPendleton Act-a federal law created to prevent corruption by -a federal law created to prevent corruption by using merit instead of patronage and graft.using merit instead of patronage and graft.

Thomas Nast’s cartoonsThomas Nast’s cartoons A New York City cartoonist named Thomas Nast criticized the A New York City cartoonist named Thomas Nast criticized the

corruption and illegal activities of Tweed and other corruption and illegal activities of Tweed and other government officials.government officials.

His cartoons were so effective because readers did not have His cartoons were so effective because readers did not have to know how to read to understand what Nast was describing. to know how to read to understand what Nast was describing.

Eventually the pressure applied by Nast led to Tweed’s arrest, Eventually the pressure applied by Nast led to Tweed’s arrest, prosecution and imprisonment.prosecution and imprisonment.

Scandals, Corruption and ways to stop Scandals, Corruption and ways to stop itit

Crédit Mobilier scandalCrédit Mobilier scandal-An example of government -An example of government officials taking bribes from railroad companies, officials taking bribes from railroad companies,

Whiskey Ring scandalWhiskey Ring scandal-Terrible example of corruption by -Terrible example of corruption by U.S. Government officials who stole Whiskey taxes.U.S. Government officials who stole Whiskey taxes.

Secret ballot (Australian)Secret ballot (Australian)-Type of voting system that -Type of voting system that protected privacy of voters [ex. Voters did not reveal who protected privacy of voters [ex. Voters did not reveal who they voted for].they voted for].

InitiativeInitiative-A type of vote -A type of vote startedstarted by the citizens [usually to by the citizens [usually to get something changed] such as raising the drinking age.get something changed] such as raising the drinking age.

ReferendumReferendum-A type of law passed by the citizens of a -A type of law passed by the citizens of a country instead of a legislature.country instead of a legislature.

RecallRecall-A vote to fire an elected official before his term is -A vote to fire an elected official before his term is over because the voters do not like his performance.over because the voters do not like his performance.

MugwumpsMugwumps

Group of people who rebelled Group of people who rebelled and left the Republican party and left the Republican party because they were tired of because they were tired of corruption.corruption.

James Blaine ran for president James Blaine ran for president in 1884 but lost the elections in 1884 but lost the elections because he was considered too because he was considered too corrupt.corrupt.

A criticism of the Mugwumps A criticism of the Mugwumps was that they had a was that they had a holier holier than thouthan thou toward morality as toward morality as if they were above criticism if they were above criticism themselves.themselves.

Republican Presidential candidate James A. Blaine

Sherman Anti-Trust ActSherman Anti-Trust Act

Federal law passed by Federal law passed by Congress to break up Congress to break up TrustsTrusts..

The trusts formed monopolies The trusts formed monopolies that controlled prices of that controlled prices of goods such as oil and steel.goods such as oil and steel.

This legislation broke up the This legislation broke up the Standard Oil company.Standard Oil company.

The law gave the U.S. The law gave the U.S. Government more power to Government more power to regulate businesses and regulate businesses and protect consumers.protect consumers.

U.S. U.S. v. v. E.C. Knight, Co. E.C. Knight, Co. (1895)(1895)

This U.S. Supreme Court case was important because it ruled This U.S. Supreme Court case was important because it ruled against the federal government on the key issue of Big Business.against the federal government on the key issue of Big Business.

The U.S. government wanted to break up sugar trusts.The U.S. government wanted to break up sugar trusts.

The Court ruled that Big Sugar did not pose a significant enough The Court ruled that Big Sugar did not pose a significant enough threat to the United States because sugar was not essential. threat to the United States because sugar was not essential.

What is Imperialism?What is Imperialism? Root word is Root word is EmpireEmpire..

An empire is a powerful nation with An empire is a powerful nation with powerful leadership that seeks to powerful leadership that seeks to acquire and control weaker nations.acquire and control weaker nations.

Sometimes the more powerful Sometimes the more powerful nations allow the weaker nations to nations allow the weaker nations to rule themselves [ex. Ancient rule themselves [ex. Ancient Rome].Rome].

Most of the time the Empire Most of the time the Empire assimilates the weaker nation into assimilates the weaker nation into the Empire and forces it into the Empire and forces it into submission [ex. Soviet Union].submission [ex. Soviet Union].

American “Imperialism”American “Imperialism”

Some Americans believed it Some Americans believed it was the U.S. government’s duty was the U.S. government’s duty to save foreign countries from to save foreign countries from themselves [religiously and themselves [religiously and economically]. economically].

Reverend Josiah StrongReverend Josiah Strong preached that “we must preached that “we must Christianize them,” by Christianize them,” by spreading our values to the spreading our values to the “backward” people of the world.“backward” people of the world.

Former U.S. Navy officer Former U.S. Navy officer Alfred Alfred MahanMahan believed the U.S. should believed the U.S. should build and maintain a powerful build and maintain a powerful navy to assert world navy to assert world dominance. Mahan gave many dominance. Mahan gave many examples of world powers who examples of world powers who used such a tactic. used such a tactic.

Admiral Alfred T. Mahan

American American JingoismJingoism Emboldened by American war Emboldened by American war

hawks and sensationalist hawks and sensationalist newspapers America became newspapers America became more aggressive militarilymore aggressive militarily..

America entered into a policy of America entered into a policy of jingoismjingoism that stressed U.S. that stressed U.S. military power and territorial military power and territorial expansion abroad.expansion abroad.

The immediate result was the The immediate result was the acquisition of acquisition of Puerto RicoPuerto Rico, , CubaCuba, , GuamGuam and the and the PhilippinesPhilippines from the from the Spanish-Spanish-American WarAmerican War..

What was the problem with this What was the problem with this policy?policy?

The U.S. created more enemies The U.S. created more enemies and envious foreign competitors.and envious foreign competitors.

Anglo-Saxon SuperiorityAnglo-Saxon Superiority There were many Americans who believed white There were many Americans who believed white

people were “better” than non-whites.people were “better” than non-whites.

Because of superior standard of living and Because of superior standard of living and Christian beliefs many people believed Americans Christian beliefs many people believed Americans were justified in taking over less developed or were justified in taking over less developed or civilized countries. civilized countries.

The White Man’s BurdenThe White Man’s Burden Building on what Josiah Strong preached many Americans Building on what Josiah Strong preached many Americans

believed it was the responsibility of white Americans to believed it was the responsibility of white Americans to spread Christianity, democracy and American goods to spread Christianity, democracy and American goods to foreign countries.foreign countries.

If white America did not do it no one else was capable of If white America did not do it no one else was capable of doing it according to this way of thinking.doing it according to this way of thinking.

Seward’s FollySeward’s Folly

In 1867 [2 years after the end of the U.S. Civil War] Secretary of State In 1867 [2 years after the end of the U.S. Civil War] Secretary of State William Seward was able to get the U.S. Senate to agree to a treaty William Seward was able to get the U.S. Senate to agree to a treaty with Russia to buy Alaska for $.02 per acre [totaling $7.2 million].with Russia to buy Alaska for $.02 per acre [totaling $7.2 million].

The U.S. increased its size by about 20%. Eventually massive oil The U.S. increased its size by about 20%. Eventually massive oil deposits were discovered which the U.S. still uses today.deposits were discovered which the U.S. still uses today.

A major result of this acquisition was that it wetted the appetite A major result of this acquisition was that it wetted the appetite [influenced] of the United States to become imperialist.[influenced] of the United States to become imperialist.

Annexation of HawaiiAnnexation of Hawaii

Americans such as Sanford Americans such as Sanford Dole whose families had Dole whose families had moved to Hawaii in the 1830s moved to Hawaii in the 1830s and 1840s were initially and 1840s were initially welcomed warmly by Hawaii’s welcomed warmly by Hawaii’s monarchy.monarchy.

After newer larger plantation After newer larger plantation owners came to Hawaii in the owners came to Hawaii in the 1870s and 1880s they pushed 1870s and 1880s they pushed to remove the Queen.to remove the Queen.

Rich fruit company owners led Rich fruit company owners led by Dole’s descendants by Dole’s descendants convinced the U.S. military to convinced the U.S. military to dethrone and remove Queen dethrone and remove Queen Liliokalani.Liliokalani.

Hawaii was officially annexed Hawaii was officially annexed [taken over] by the U.S. in [taken over] by the U.S. in 1898. It later became the 501898. It later became the 50thth state in 1959.state in 1959.

Fruit Planter Sanford Dole

Hawaii’s Queen Liliokalani

USS MaineUSS Maine A U.S. warship was sent to Havana Harbor in Cuba to protect U.S. A U.S. warship was sent to Havana Harbor in Cuba to protect U.S.

interests in 1898.interests in 1898. Cuba at the time was still a Spanish possession.Cuba at the time was still a Spanish possession. There was tension between the U.S. and Spain because Spain held There was tension between the U.S. and Spain because Spain held

territories within the United States’ sphere of influence.territories within the United States’ sphere of influence. Aboard the USS Maine were tons of explosives that were not Aboard the USS Maine were tons of explosives that were not

tightly guarded or secured.tightly guarded or secured. A huge explosion occurred killing at least 266 U.S. personnel.A huge explosion occurred killing at least 266 U.S. personnel. U.S. newspaper articles speculatedU.S. newspaper articles speculated that Spain had sunk the ship. that Spain had sunk the ship.

The U.S. declared war on Spain and defeated her within 113 days.The U.S. declared war on Spain and defeated her within 113 days.

Splendid Little WarSplendid Little War

Due to the aggression and strong Due to the aggression and strong naval power of the United States it naval power of the United States it was able to defeat Spain with 113 was able to defeat Spain with 113 days.days.

Secretary of War Secretary of War John HayJohn Hay wrote a wrote a short letter to President Teddy short letter to President Teddy Roosevelt from London stating that he Roosevelt from London stating that he thought the Spanish-American War thought the Spanish-American War had been a “had been a “Splendid Little WarSplendid Little War.”.”

He most likely believed this because: He most likely believed this because:

[a] it was short and the United States did [a] it was short and the United States did not suffer large numbers of casualtiesnot suffer large numbers of casualties

[b] the U.S. acquired several territories. [b] the U.S. acquired several territories.

TheThe PhilippinesPhilippines The spirit of The spirit of JingoismJingoism throughout the United States had spread as the throughout the United States had spread as the

war with Spain spread to Asia.war with Spain spread to Asia.

CommodoreCommodore [High ranking U.S. Navy officer] [High ranking U.S. Navy officer] George DeweyGeorge Dewey was in was in charge of the invasion of the Philippines which was also a Spanish colony. charge of the invasion of the Philippines which was also a Spanish colony.

To make the invasion easier and more successful Dewey reached out to a To make the invasion easier and more successful Dewey reached out to a Filipino rebelFilipino rebel named named Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo to help fight the Spanish. to help fight the Spanish.

Within weeks of the invasion the Philippines was captured by the U.S.Within weeks of the invasion the Philippines was captured by the U.S.

The Rough RidersThe Rough Riders Due to the destruction and low morale created by the U.S. Civil War the Due to the destruction and low morale created by the U.S. Civil War the

U.S. Military [especially the army] had very low numbers.U.S. Military [especially the army] had very low numbers. In order to field a force able to battle Spain in the so-called In order to field a force able to battle Spain in the so-called Spanish-Spanish-

American WarAmerican War more than 1,000 volunteers were called to serve by more than 1,000 volunteers were called to serve by President McKinley.President McKinley.

Former NYC police commissioner and state legislator Theodore Roosevelt Former NYC police commissioner and state legislator Theodore Roosevelt was selected as second in command of the 1was selected as second in command of the 1stst Cavalry Brigade. Cavalry Brigade.

Teddy Roosevelt

The Rough RidersThe Rough Riders Many of the soldiers were very Many of the soldiers were very

experienced.experienced.

Veterans of the U.S. Civil War and Veterans of the U.S. Civil War and Western Indian Wars were eager Western Indian Wars were eager to see action in Cuba.to see action in Cuba.

The group included gamblers, The group included gamblers, army veterans, hunters, army veterans, hunters, Buffalo Buffalo soldierssoldiers, Native-Americans and , Native-Americans and college students.college students.

Within weeks of their arrival in Within weeks of their arrival in Cuba the Rough Riders were Cuba the Rough Riders were triumphant in key battles triumphant in key battles including the famous and including the famous and decisive decisive Battle of San Juan HillBattle of San Juan Hill..

Their exploits enabled the U.S. to Their exploits enabled the U.S. to defeat Spain and liberate Cuba. defeat Spain and liberate Cuba.

Lt. Colonel Roosevelt

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal The Panama Canal was completed by The Panama Canal was completed by

the U.S. after a long and dangerous the U.S. after a long and dangerous 10 year construction.10 year construction.

France had earlier failed miserably in France had earlier failed miserably in its attempt to build the Canal.its attempt to build the Canal.

Many people died during the long, Many people died during the long, tedious and dangerous construction.tedious and dangerous construction.

THE PURPOSE OF THE CANAL WAS TO THE PURPOSE OF THE CANAL WAS TO ENSURE THAT ENSURE THAT MARKETSMARKETS IN SOUTH IN SOUTH AMERICA AND ASIA WOULD BE AMERICA AND ASIA WOULD BE OPENED TO THE UNITED STATES.OPENED TO THE UNITED STATES.

The Panama Canal shortened The Panama Canal shortened shipping time and distance between shipping time and distance between the U.S. and Latin America as well as the U.S. and Latin America as well as Asia.Asia.

The The Teller AmendmentTeller Amendment and Cuba and Cuba

President McKinley sought authority [War Message] from President McKinley sought authority [War Message] from Congress to attack Spain as revenge for the USS Maine.Congress to attack Spain as revenge for the USS Maine.

Senator Senator TellerTeller of Colorado added an amendment to the war of Colorado added an amendment to the war declaration that would forbid the U.S. from establishing a declaration that would forbid the U.S. from establishing a permanent colony in Cuba.permanent colony in Cuba.

Cuba would be liberated and allowed to be an independent Cuba would be liberated and allowed to be an independent nation.nation.

Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism Both new immigrants and long standing Americans had a “hunger for words.”Both new immigrants and long standing Americans had a “hunger for words.” Inexpensive newspapers were common in every major city and most people at Inexpensive newspapers were common in every major city and most people at

least read the least read the Front Page HeadlinesFront Page Headlines. Most people believed anything that was . Most people believed anything that was written in the newspaperswritten in the newspapers

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer and and William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst competed for readers and competed for readers and lucrative advertising dollars by publishing sensational and scandalous stories.lucrative advertising dollars by publishing sensational and scandalous stories.

Crime, corruption, sex and scandal attracted readers to the daily newspapers.Crime, corruption, sex and scandal attracted readers to the daily newspapers. The money and influence gained by these newspapermen struck fear in the The money and influence gained by these newspapermen struck fear in the

hearts of their enemies and the government.hearts of their enemies and the government.

Pulitzer

Hearst

Treaty of Paris in 1898Treaty of Paris in 1898

In order to end the Spanish-American War Spain and the U.S. met In order to end the Spanish-American War Spain and the U.S. met in Paris to sign a peace agreement called the Treaty of Paris in Paris to sign a peace agreement called the Treaty of Paris [several earlier treaties were also called that].[several earlier treaties were also called that].

The The most importantmost important part of the agreement was the transfer of part of the agreement was the transfer of Puerto Rico, Guam and Cuba to the U.S. [Cuba was later given its Puerto Rico, Guam and Cuba to the U.S. [Cuba was later given its independence]. The Philippines was later purchased for $20 million independence]. The Philippines was later purchased for $20 million by the U.S. The U.S. Senate ratified the treaty 2 months later.by the U.S. The U.S. Senate ratified the treaty 2 months later.

President McKinley

U.S. Secretary of State John Hay

Spain’s foreign minister

The Platt AmendmentThe Platt Amendment

The Platt Amendment was added to a federal law in 1901.The Platt Amendment was added to a federal law in 1901. The purpose of the Platt Amendment was to ensure that The purpose of the Platt Amendment was to ensure that Cuba Cuba

would remain tied to the United Stateswould remain tied to the United States [even after [even after independence].independence].

The following conditions were placed on Cuba:The following conditions were placed on Cuba:[a] Cuba must not make treaties that would weaken its independence.[a] Cuba must not make treaties that would weaken its independence.[b] Cuba must allow the U.S. to buy or lease the [b] Cuba must allow the U.S. to buy or lease the Guantanamo Bay Guantanamo Bay

naval basenaval base..[c] Cuba must keep debts low to avoid foreign conflicts and wars.[c] Cuba must keep debts low to avoid foreign conflicts and wars.[d] The U.S. reserved the right to involve itself to maintain order and [d] The U.S. reserved the right to involve itself to maintain order and

independence .independence .

President Wilson’s Mexican problemPresident Wilson’s Mexican problem

After territorial acquisitions in Latin America and Asia the United States After territorial acquisitions in Latin America and Asia the United States had a “reputation” to maintain.had a “reputation” to maintain.

The Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary set precedents for the U.S. The Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary set precedents for the U.S. to show force in its sphere of influence.to show force in its sphere of influence.

In the 1910s corruption and political unrest led to a revolution in Mexico.In the 1910s corruption and political unrest led to a revolution in Mexico. The Mexican Army overthrew its corrupt dictator Porfirio Diaz and The Mexican Army overthrew its corrupt dictator Porfirio Diaz and

replaced him with General Victoriano Huerta.replaced him with General Victoriano Huerta. The U.S. was not pleased with the situation and with military force The U.S. was not pleased with the situation and with military force

[naval bombardment] installed a new president that Mexican rebels [naval bombardment] installed a new president that Mexican rebels hated Venustiano Carranza.hated Venustiano Carranza.

Mexican rebel leader Pancho Villa

The Elusive Pancho Villa and General Black Jack The Elusive Pancho Villa and General Black Jack PershingPershing

Mexican forces led by rebel Pancho Villa would not accept President Mexican forces led by rebel Pancho Villa would not accept President Carranza and as a result conducted Carranza and as a result conducted raidsraids [swift, violent military invasions] [swift, violent military invasions] into U.S. areas such as New Mexico and Arizona.into U.S. areas such as New Mexico and Arizona.

U.S. President Wilson sent General Pershing into Mexico to capture Villa to U.S. President Wilson sent General Pershing into Mexico to capture Villa to end the raids.end the raids.

Pershing was never able to find and capture Villa who to many Mexicans Pershing was never able to find and capture Villa who to many Mexicans became a symbol of independence and defiance of the United States.became a symbol of independence and defiance of the United States.

Other people simply called Villa a lawless bandit.Other people simply called Villa a lawless bandit.

U.S. Army General Jack Pershing

Mexican rebel leader Pancho Villa

Anti-Imperialism Anti-Imperialism LeagueLeague

After the Spanish-American After the Spanish-American War several prominent U.S. War several prominent U.S. citizens, especially citizens, especially intellectuals, opposed intellectuals, opposed American imperialist American imperialist policies.policies.

People such as John Dewey, People such as John Dewey, Mark Twain, Jane Addams Mark Twain, Jane Addams and Andrew Carnegie and Andrew Carnegie believed imperialism believed imperialism especially in Asia [the especially in Asia [the Philippines specifically] was Philippines specifically] was an abrogation of the an abrogation of the republican principles the republican principles the U.S. was founded on.U.S. was founded on.

Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy From 1898-1900 the United States and European countries From 1898-1900 the United States and European countries

competed for spheres of influence throughout China.competed for spheres of influence throughout China. After the United States acquired the Philippines after the Spanish-After the United States acquired the Philippines after the Spanish-

American War it wanted to expand its Asian markets.American War it wanted to expand its Asian markets. Although there was much apprehension and constant mistrust Although there was much apprehension and constant mistrust

among China’s guest countries Chinese ports were open to foreign among China’s guest countries Chinese ports were open to foreign trade.trade.

Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion In response to perceived exploitation by foreign countries young In response to perceived exploitation by foreign countries young

Chinese men, many of whom were martial artists, rebelled against Chinese men, many of whom were martial artists, rebelled against Western nations with the tacit approval of the Chinese empress.Western nations with the tacit approval of the Chinese empress.

Off and on for roughly 2 years battles between the Boxers and foreign Off and on for roughly 2 years battles between the Boxers and foreign nations occurred in many provinces throughout China.nations occurred in many provinces throughout China.

Western nations convinced China’s empress that ending the war was Western nations convinced China’s empress that ending the war was beneficial to her and the nation.beneficial to her and the nation.

China executed many Boxers by beheading and paid reparations to China executed many Boxers by beheading and paid reparations to Western nations.Western nations.

The Roosevelt CorollaryThe Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt built onto the Roosevelt built onto the foreign policy established by foreign policy established by President Monroe.President Monroe.

The The Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine asserted the U.S. would asserted the U.S. would respond militarily if respond militarily if European powers interfered European powers interfered in the Caribbean and Latin in the Caribbean and Latin America.America.

Roosevelt added that the Roosevelt added that the U.S. would intervene by U.S. would intervene by force, if necessary, into the force, if necessary, into the affairs of Caribbean nations affairs of Caribbean nations if they could not pay debts if they could not pay debts or posed a threat to U.S. or posed a threat to U.S. interests. interests.

Big Stick DiplomacyBig Stick Diplomacy To assert and maintain control of the American sphere of influence To assert and maintain control of the American sphere of influence

President Teddy Roosevelt used what he called Big Stick Diplomacy.President Teddy Roosevelt used what he called Big Stick Diplomacy. His motto [borrowed from ad old African proverb was “speak softly His motto [borrowed from ad old African proverb was “speak softly

and carry a big stick.”]and carry a big stick.”] The metaphor was meant to clearly state his intent to carry out a The metaphor was meant to clearly state his intent to carry out a

foreign policy based on strong military action when needed to foreign policy based on strong military action when needed to support U.S. interests. Echoing Alfred Mahan’s opinion that a support U.S. interests. Echoing Alfred Mahan’s opinion that a strong navy would aid this mission the U.S. Navy was essential to strong navy would aid this mission the U.S. Navy was essential to projecting U.S. power.projecting U.S. power.

Dollar DiplomacyDollar Diplomacy Roosevelt decided Roosevelt decided not to runnot to run for re- for re-

election in 1908.election in 1908.

His protégé William Howard Taft His protégé William Howard Taft won the 1908 election.won the 1908 election.

Taft decided to maintain U.S. foreign Taft decided to maintain U.S. foreign policy influence by using financial policy influence by using financial resources to bribe, loan or prop up resources to bribe, loan or prop up failing Caribbean nations.failing Caribbean nations.

The use of military force was The use of military force was minimized compared to the Monroe minimized compared to the Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary.Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary.

Missionary Missionary DiplomacyDiplomacy

President Woodrow Wilson proposed and supported President Woodrow Wilson proposed and supported alternatives to the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt alternatives to the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary.Corollary.

Instead of using violence and military force Wilson promoted Instead of using violence and military force Wilson promoted American idealism and threatened non-recognition of foreign American idealism and threatened non-recognition of foreign countries [especially Latin American nations]. countries [especially Latin American nations].