Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Suchopar Social Studies 7

Unit 4:

Causes of the

RevolutionMYP Inquiry Statement:

What values are worth fighting for?

Forks of the Ohio Map/directions go here

The French and Indian WarDirections: Use the map to the right to answer the questions below.

1. Which European countries had colonies in North America in 1754?_____________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What problems can happen with these European powers all having colonies on the same continent?__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Conflict in the Ohio River ValleyBritain and France both wanted control of the Ohio River Valley. This was land

that stretched from New York and Pennsylvania to Illinois. Before 1754, the French controlled the area. Soon, however, English colonists began to set their sights on the Ohio River Valley, as well.

Why would both European powers want control of this area? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Ohio River Valley was very important to the French because it connected their lands in Canada to their settlements along the Mississippi River. English colonists soon realized that the Ohio River Valley would enable them to trade with Native Americans for fur. This trade was very

profitable for the English colonists. Unfortunately, the French were not thrilled with this idea, and let the British know that they were not welcome to settle in the region.

In 1754, the British sent a 22-year old officer from the colony of Virginia to the Ohio River Valley, where he received orders to “make prisoners or kill & destroy...” all those who resisted British control of the area. The officer launched a surprise attack on the French at Fort Duquesne, killing 10, while only losing one of his men. The French and Indian War had officially begun!

Sum up the cause of the French and Indian War in one sentence: _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

Who was the young officer responsible for the start of the F&I War? __________________________________

Taking SidesFrom 1754 to 1763, Britain and France fought against each other for control of this land. France had a lot of help from Native American tribes, including the Algonquian.

Though France had the support of more Native American tribes, the British had the help of armies sent by the 13 colonies. These armies were called militias. However, the British troops who came to North America to fight did not treat the colonial militias very well. They thought that the colonists were low-quality soldiers who did not come from

British Army Militias [armies] from

the 13 Colonies The Tribes of the

Iroquois

French Army Most Native American

tribes in the region (ex: Algonquians)

One group of Native Americans that supported the British were the Iroquois (SCOOM). Thinking back to Unit 1, why might the Iroquois fight alongside the British instead of the French?

____________________________________________________________________________

Why might more Native American tribes support the French rather than the British? Think back to Unit 2 (Exploration) if you are stuck!

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

respectable [upper class] backgrounds, and who did not have the training to win the war. This thinking was incorrect- the colonists who joined the militias came from all different backgrounds. In fact, many of the regular BRITISH soldiers were actually common farmers, laborers, or even former criminals! However, many continued to look down on the colonists, which caused some problems between the two groups.

Some of the colonial militias [armies] did not even get a chance to fight in the war. In certain cases, British troops would fight and leave the simple, background tasks to the colonists. They did not take the colonial militias seriously. However, when the colonists did get the chance to fight in battle, they were extremely helpful to what eventually became a British victory.

How did the British treat the colonists while the two groups were fighting on the same side? Give one example from the text that backs up your answer: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Native Perspective: MinavavanaMinavavana was a Native American who was chief of the Chippewa tribe, and a close ally of the French during the French and Indian War. In 1761, while the war was still going on, a British fur trapper named Alexander Henry was traveling through Chippewa territory when he encountered Minavavana.

Directions: Below is an original speech that Minavavana made to Alexander Henry. As you read to yourself, highlight and annotate the text. In other words, write down questions, comments, circle words that you do not know, and highlight what you think the main idea of the letter is. THEN, answer the question below.

Englishman, although you have [almost] conquered the French, you have not yet conquered us!

We are not your slaves. . . .

Englishman, our father, the king of France, employed our young men to make war upon your

nation. In this warfare, many of them have been killed; and it is our custom to retaliate, until

such time as the spirits of the slain are satisfied. But, the spirits of the slain are to be satisfied in

either of two ways; the first is by the spilling of the blood of the nation by which they fell; the

other by covering the bodies of the dead…this is done by making presents.

Englishman, your king has never sent us any presents . . . therefore he and we are still at war;

and, until he does these things, we must consider that we have no other father, nor friend,

among the white men, than the king of France. . . . You [Alexander Henry] do not come armed,

with an intention to make war. . . . We shall regard you, therefore, as a brother. . . . As a token of

our friendship, we present you with this pipe, to smoke.

Based on your close reading of the text, what is one inference you can make about Minavavana’s perspective? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Albany Congress: Colonists try to UniteIn 1754, delegates (representatives) from seven colonies gathered in Albany, New York to create a plan to work together to defeat the French. Benjamin Franklin, the representative from Pennsylvania, proposed the Albany Plan of Union. This created one representative government for all 13 colonies.

What would be the benefits of this plan? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What would be the drawbacks (negatives) of the plan?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Despite Benjamin Franklin’s efforts, the Albany Plan of Union was not approved by a single colony. None of the colonies wanted to give up their powers to one government.

Look at the “Join or Die” cartoon below. This political cartoon is a primary source from 1754. Benjamin Franklin created this and had it printed throughout all thirteen English colonies, to try to get the colonies to approve the Albany Plan of Union.

List anything that you see in this political cartoon: _____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What is the main message of this political cartoon? ____________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

Effects of the French and Indian War

Before the War After the War

Based on the maps above, who won the French and Indian War? How do you know? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

In 1759, the Battle of Quebec took place. This was a major turning point of the French and Indian War. British troops had been successfully seizing [capturing] French forts, and soon looked to the fort at Quebec, which was the capital of New France. The only way the French could supply the rest of their forts was through Quebec. The British were determined to take it.

Quebec was well fortified [protected] and sat atop a steep cliff. Most French believed that no one would come up there because it was too high to climb, but the British were willing to take the risk. Late at night, British troops rowed quietly in small boats to the base of the cliff. In the morning, 4,000 British troops stood ready to fight. With two French generals dead, the French surrendered. Soon after, in 1763- after NINE years of fighting, the French and Indian War came to a close.

The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the war. It stated that ____________ no longer had control over most North American land. Instead, ________________ now controlled all land up to the Mississippi River.

Result: George Washington emerges as a hero. Fighting for the British, young George Washington was a key player in the early years of the war. He gained respect and fame for his actions on the battlefield.

Result: Colonists are annoyed at the way the British treated colonial militias. Result: Though the Albany Congress was a failure, it was the first attempt at colonial

unity Result: The map of North America changes and France loses its territory in the New

World Result: The Proclamation of 1763 Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Causes of the Revolution Social Studies 7

MercantilismFocus Question (answer on Post-It): What is the point of having colonies?

What are raw materials? _____________________________________________________________________

Explain the following quote: “Whoever commands the trade of the world commands the riches of the world”____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

In the 1600’s, England believed that it should be benefitting from its 13 colonies in North America. This belief was part of an economic theory known as mercantilism. According to mercantilism, colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country (England). A nation became strong by keeping control over its trade.

To do this, a country needed to export more than it imported:

______________: Products shipped and sold outside of a location (you sell exports and make $$$).

______________: Products brought into a location (you buy imports and spend $$$).

Why would a country need to export more than it imported to become strong? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Raw materials were __________________ from the 13 colonies and _________________ by England.

These goods were _________________ expensive.

Manufactured goods were ________________ from England and _______________ by the 13 colonies. These goods were ________________ expensive.

In this situation, did England or the 13 colonies benefit more from mercantilism? Why? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Navigation Acts

Parliament: The part of the English government that makes the laws for England

In the 1650’s Parliament passed the Navigation Acts to control trade between England and its 13 colonies. These laws were created to make sure that only England benefitted from trade with its colonies.

The Navigation Acts were laws that made it _____________ for colonists to trade certain items, such as _____________ and _____________, with countries other than England.

Questions to consider:

Why did Parliament pass the Navigation Acts? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Who benefits the most from the Navigation Acts? How? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________

Causes of the Revolution Social Studies 7

Using the worksheets for the French and Indian War and mercantilism, answer the following review questions for this section:

1. What caused the French and Indian War? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why did Ben Franklin propose the Albany Plan of Union? Was it successful? Explain. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What were the results of the French and Indian War? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. a. Why did Great Britain follow the theory of mercantilism? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b. Why did the British Parliament pass the Navigation Acts? __________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

c. How did colonists react to the Navigation Acts? Why? ____________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

War and Proclamations and Taxes: Oh My!

England = the Mother CountryRecall:

What did Britain gain after the French and Indian War? ______________________________________________

What is the theory that colonies exist for the benefit of the MOTHER COUNTRY? __________________________

What were the laws that Parliament created to control trade with the colonies? _______________________________

Debt: Money that is owed

After the French and Indian War, England had two major problems:

1. How to control the new land they got from the Treaty of Paris- and what to do about the Native Americans living

on that land.

2. How to get rid of their war debt (money owed) - war is expensive!

What would you do? With your partner, come up with one solution to each problem that England is facing in 1763. Explain how each solution would help England:

Our Solution to Problem 1 is… Our Solution to Problem 2 is…

How would this solution help England with this problem?

How would this solution help England with this problem?

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Causes of the Revolution Social Studies 7

What did England actually do?

Problem 1: How to control the new land they got from the Treaty of Paris, and how to handle the Native Americans living on that land. This land stretched from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River.

Solution: The Proclamation of 1763. This drew an imaginary line down the Appalachian Mountains. Colonists were not allowed to settle west of that line. Anyone who already settled past that line would have to move back. This was meant to protect Native Americans living in the new land, and to prevent war with Native Americans.

The proclamation

Problem 2: How to get rid of their war debt (money owed).

Solution: Taxes from Parliament. Since the British defended the colonists and won the French and Indian War for them, Parliament believed that it was fair that the colonists pay a tax to help get rid of the debt owed.

Is this fair?

Parliament’s Taxes, 1764-1767Name of the

Act/TaxWhat was it? Result?

The Sugar Act (1764)

A tax on molasses Some colonists protested, and eventually it was repealed (cancelled).

The Stamp Act (1765)

Colonists were required to pay a small tax on legal documents, newspapers, almanacs, playing cards, and other printed materials. All of these items would have to carry a stamp to prove that the tax had been paid.

Some colonists protested this too, and soon Parliament repealed it again.

The Quartering Act (1765)

Colonists were required to house, or “quarter,” British soldiers while they were stationed in the colonies. Soldiers were to be housed in empty buildings or barracks. Under this law, colonists were also required to provide food and drink to the soldiers.

Some colonists protested the Quartering Act too, but it was NOT repealed.

The Townshend Acts (1767)

These laws put small taxes on a number of goods imported from England, such as paint, lead, paper, glass, and tea. The taxes were low, but the colonists still protested.

Colonists continued to protest.

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Causes of the Revolution Social Studies 7

Colonists take sides: Should we pay these taxes?Patriots & Loyalists

It is 1767. You are a colonist in America. You may be a merchant, farmer, or craftsperson. The British Parliament has passed the Proclamation of 1763, the Sugar Act, the Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts.

Some colonists believe Parliament is taking their money without asking. These colonists are called Patriots and are considered rebels, even traitors, by some. The Patriots believe the British are trying to take their money to pay for their expenses. They did not vote for these taxes. The Patriots say they do not have representatives

This worksheet has been officially

stamped by England

Replacing one tax law with another only made the colonists angrier.

The taxes were very small, and they were meant to help the colonists. As long as the colonists paid their small taxes, Britain

would provide defense for them.

So, WHY was there so much anger towards these small taxes?

___________________________________________________________________

What does the above quote mean? ______________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

in Parliament. Nobody asked them what they think about the taxes. The Patriots feel like slaves because they cannot speak or vote on the taxes.

Other colonists think differently. They say that because they are British they feel they must be loyal to the king. These colonists are known as Loyalists. They believe the men in Parliament represent all British people no matter where they live. They say “If our motherland needs us to pay these taxes, then we must pay these taxes!”

Define patriot___________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

Define loyalist_____________________________________________________________________________

Using the above readings and definitions, decide if a Patriot or Loyalist would have said the statement. Write the answer on the blank line to the left of the statement.

1.____________________ I do not think Britain’s taxes are fair on the colonists.

2.____________________ I am going to join my friends and tar and feather the local tax collector.

3.____________________ I think Britain has the right to tax the colonists.

4.____________________ I am going to boycott all of the goods Britain taxes.

5.____________________ I agree with the taxes passed by Parliament.

6.____________________ I think anyone who disagrees with Britain’s policies is a rebel and a traitor.

7.____________________ I am going to smuggle (sneak) taxed goods into the colonies.

8.____________________ I do not have a problem paying any of the taxes passed by Britain.

9.____________________ I am going to burn stamps to protest the Stamp Act.

10.___________________ King George III is my hero!Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Causes of the Revolution Social Studies 7

The Sons of Liberty Protest British Taxation

To protest the Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts, some Patriot colonists living in Boston formed an organization known as the Sons of Liberty. This group included men from all different classes of society who joined together to defend their rights, and to protest against British rule. Members would often meet at the Old South Meeting House- the

largest public building in Boston at the time. Other times, they would meet under a tree in Boston that they called the “Liberty Tree” to discuss their plans of action.

Three of the leaders of the Sons of Liberty were:

Samuel Adams John Hancock Paul Revere

Boston politician Cousin to Boston

lawyer, John Adams Patriot

Wealthy Boston merchant

Patriot

Boston silversmith Patriot

Chanting the slogan, “NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION,” the Sons of Liberty traveled around Boston and other cities using a variety of methods to protest against the British.

Based on the information above, list two characteristics that Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and Paul Revere all have in common:

__________________________________________________________________________________________

What are the positive consequences of being in the Sons of Liberty? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What are the negative consequences of being in the Sons of Liberty? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Sons of Liberty Protest British Taxation

Chanting the slogan “No Taxation without Representation”, the Sons

of Liberty traveled around Boston and other cities using a variety of methods

to make their point. They encouraged colonists to boycott (not buy) British

goods that were being taxed. They wrote to the King and Parliament about their dislike for the taxes. They also used more extreme and sometimes violent methods. A couple of those methods are illustrated below.

Directions: After examining each picture, describe what you see, what you think is happening, and why.

How did the Sons of Liberty Protest?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

They made_______________________ for the colonists to sign _________________________________.

They _______________________ certain goods to prevent the British from _______________________.

They _________________________________ Loyalists and tax collectors to_________________________________.

They hung _________________________________ from trees to _______________________ Loyalists and British officials.

Sons of Liberty True or False1. _______ The Sons of Liberty were also known as the Loyal Nine. 

2. _______ John Adams and Sam Adams were brothers.

3. _______ Sam Adams made his living as a well-known Boston brewer.

4. _______ Sam Adams was not interested in money.

5. _______ Benedict Arnold started his career in the Sons of Liberty.

6. _______ John Hancock was originally a Loyalist.

7. _______ Paul Revere rode hundreds of miles shouting “the British are

coming” to warn the people of Boston about the British army.

8. _______ The Sons of Liberty used a tree, not a meetinghouse, to stage many of

their protests.

Ben Franklin True or False

1. _______ Mozart and Beethoven composed music for an instrument Franklin

invented. 

2. _______ Franklin invented the lightning rod. 

3. _______ Franklin was a lefty. 

4. _______ Franklin was a vegetarian. 

5. _______ He invented “swimmies.”

6. _______ He designed the first fireman’s coat. 

7. _______ He invented the best stove in the colonies. 

8. _______ He has a plant named after him. 

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Causes of the Revolution Social Studies 7

Using the worksheets for taxes and the Sons of Liberty, answer the following review questions for this section:

1. What problems did Britain face after the French and Indian War? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. How did colonists react to the Proclamation of 1763? Why? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Why did many colonists resent Parliament’s taxes? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Describe the methods used by the Sons of Liberty and other colonists to protest British taxes. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Explain the points of view of Patriots and Loyalists about British taxation. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Boston Massacre: Comparing Points of ViewAs the struggle over taxes continued, new leaders emerged in all of the colonies. Men and women in the New England region of the colonies were especially active in the colonial cause.

Why would the New England region be especially active in the colonial cause? (Think about its layout) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Port cities like Boston, where a lot of trading took place, were centers of protest. British officers, known by the colonists as redcoats, were sent to Boston to protect tax collectors there. On March 5, 1770, an event in Boston sparked anger throughout the colonies. This event came to be known as the Boston Massacre.

Watch this clip about the Boston Massacre:

https://safeshare.tv/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D6BOWMV-YKLo

(The clip can also be found on my eSchool View)

Directions: After you watch the video, WEB OUT the causes and results of this event.

Boston Massacre

Video

The Boston Massacre

This engraving, created by Paul Revere, appeared all over the colonies. The engraving greatly increased colonial anger towards the British.

1. Who are the people on the right? How can you tell? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Who are the people on the left? How can you tell? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. According to Paul Revere, who started the Boston Massacre? _____________________________________

4. Are there any limitations to this source (reasons why it may be biased)? Explain. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

BONUS QUESTION!

5. What is the point of the dog in this engraving?! __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The REAL STORY of the Boston Massacre

1. Describe at least two specific details in the real story that differ from the Revere engraving:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why do you think Revere intentionally portrayed the Boston Massacre in this way? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. In the Boston Massacre, five colonists died. Yet, Samuel Adams coined the term “Boston Massacre” for the events described above. Why do you think he did this?

By 1770, tensions between the colonists and British were very high in Boston. Colonists resented the taxes passed by Parliament and the presence of Redcoats in their city. On the night of March 5, these tensions erupted into violence.

On that night, a lone British soldier stood guard outside the Boston Custom House. Some angry colonists gathered outside the building and began shouting insults at the soldier. Other British soldiers soon arrived for reinforcement [help]. The crowd of colonists grew larger and rowdier. They began throwing rocks, snowballs, oyster shells, and chunks of ice at the soldiers. The soldiers panicked and fired into the crowd. Five colonists lay dead. Among them was Crispus Attucks, a black sailor who was an enthusiastic and dedicated patriot. To this day, no one is sure who gave the order for the troops to fire.

The British soldiers were put on trial in a Massachusetts court. Defended by attorney and known Patriot John Adams, most of them were found not guilty and none were sentenced to death. The jury had been convinced that the soldiers acted out of panic and did not

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WHY DID JOHN ADAMS, A PATRIOT, DEFEND THE BRITISH SOLDIERS?

“The part I took in defense of captain Preston and the soldiers, [gave] me anxiety. It was, however, one of the most gallant [brave], generous, manly

and [unselfish] actions of my whole life, and one of the best pieces of service I ever rendered [did for] my country. Judgment of death against those soldiers would have been as foul a stain upon this country as the

executions of the Quakers or witches [in the past].”____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

You are cordially invited to attend the Boston Tea Party

Directions: Read the sections in parentheses out loud. Let’s put your reading and acting skills to the test!

In the years following the Boston Massacre (SOME MASSACRE!), things were pretty quiet (SHHH) in the colonies. Parliament (THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT) did not pass many taxes (NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION!). The colonists, led by the Sons of Liberty (WE HATE PARLIAMENT), organized many boycotts (DON’T BUY THAT) of things taxed by Parliament (THE

“Boston Harbor: a teapot tonight!”

BRITISH GOVERNMENT). Sam Adams (TROUBLEMAKER) organized Committees of Correspondence (THEY MAILED LETTERS) to keep other towns and colonies up to date on what was happening.

Why were Committees of correspondence important for the Patriots? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The tax on tea was still an issue, however. In 1773, Parliament (THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT) passed the Tea Act, requiring colonists to buy tea from the British. Many colonists still believed that Parliament had no right to tax them because the colonies did not elect the members of Parliament (NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION!). These colonists were known as Patriots (AREN’T THEY A FOOTBALL TEAM?).

On December (BRRRRR) 16th, 1773, three ships loaded with tea (THROW IT OVERBOARD!) were sitting in Boston Harbor, where colonists refused to even unload them. None of the Patriots (DOWN WITH BRITAIN!) wanted to buy the tea (THROW IT OVERBOARD!) or pay the tax (NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION!) on the tea (THROW IT OVERBOARD!). A big meeting was held by Sam Adams (TROUBLEMAKER), Paul Revere, and the other Sons of Liberty (WE HATE PARLIAMENT). They needed to decide what to do about the tea (THROW IT OVERBOARD).

Late that evening, a group of about 50 Mohawk Indians (IT WAS JUST A DISGUISE) climbed aboard the ship with the tea (THROW IT OVERBOARD) on it. The Mohawk Indians (NOT REALLY INDIANS) were actually the Sons of Liberty (WE HATE PARLIAMENT). They only took the tea (THROW IT OVERBOARD) from the ship, breaking open the wooden boxes with their tomahawks and throwing the tea (THROW IT OVERBOARD) into the harbor. This was called the Boston Tea Party.

Based on the reading above, why did the Sons of Liberty throw the tea overboard? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

After the Boston Tea Party, King George III was angry (GRRRRR). He wanted the colonists to pay for the cost of the tea that they had destroyed (YOU WILL PAY

FOR THIS!). Until they paid for it all, the King had Parliament pass a series of laws called the Coercive Acts. The Patriots called them the Intolerable Acts (YUCK). There were 3 parts to these acts:

1. The people of Boston were not allowed to call town meetings without permission. King George III did not want groups like the Sons of Liberty (TROUBLEMAKERS) meeting to plan more attacks.

2. Under the new Quartering Act, soldiers were sent to live in colonists’ homes (KNOCK KNOCK).

3. Boston’s harbor was closed down - nothing could be imported or exported from there (NO TRADING?). This hurt many in Boston who depended on shipping and trading to get their everyday needs and earn a living.

Why did Parliament pass the Coercive Acts? _____________________________________________________Why did the Patriots call them the Intolerable Acts? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

People in all 13 colonies were outraged by the new laws (GRRRRR). Many believed that more action needed to be taken against the British (DO SOMETHING!). In September 1774, representatives from most colonies met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to discuss what to do. This meeting was called the First Continental Congress. Here, representatives decided to boycott all British goods (DON’T BUY THEM!) and stop importing goods from Britain (DON’T BUY THEM!). They also planned to encourage the colonies to gather weapons and recruit militia soldiers to prepare for a possible war (IT’S ON, BRITAIN!).

Make a Prediction: How will the decisions made at the First Continental Congress affect the British and the colonists?

The Shot Heard ‘Round the World After the Intolerable Acts were passed, representatives from 12 out of the 13 colonies met at the First Continental Congress to discuss how to respond. They decided to begin forming militias (people who serve as soldiers in an emergency). The militias began holding training sessions, making bullets, and stockpiling rifles and muskets.

Some companies, known as minutemen, boasted they would be ready to fight at a minute’s notice.

On the night of April 18, 1775, Paul Revere and William Dawes (leading members of the Sons of Liberty) were warned that the British were preparing for an attack on the colonists. The two men, as well as a 15-year-old girl named Sybil Luddington, began riding through the countryside warning “the British are coming!”

Listen to the “Midnight Ride of Paul Revere”

http://safeshare.tv/w/TOAAQUAzfe

Henry Longfellow was a popular American poet in the 19th century. “Paul Revere’s Ride” was one of his most famous poems. It remains a thrilling account of Paul Revere’s warning to Americans that the British Army was marching out of Boston to seize the colonial government at Concord, Massachusetts, and a call to arms for all patriots to fight the British there.

1. In a few sentences, sum up the story of Paul Revere’s ride as it is described in the poem____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What did hanging two lanterns in the church represent? Why do you think it mattered if the British came by land or by sea?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What does Longfellow mean by “the fate of a nation was riding that night”?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Do you think riding alone made Paul Revere more or less heroic? Explain your answer ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Are there any limitations to Longfellow’s poem- is there anything that may make this source unreliable?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Map of the opening events of the American

Revolution

On the map above:

1. Trace Paul Revere’s ride 2. Circle the towns of Lexington and Concord (the town, not the river)

3. Based on the poem and the map above, what values were important to Paul Revere (what was he willing to risk his life going on this ride for)?

“The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere”By Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Listen my children and you shall hearOf the midnight ride of Paul Revere,On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-five;Hardly a man is now aliveWho remembers that famous day and year.

He said to his friend, "If the British marchBy land or sea from the town to-night,Hang a lantern aloft in the belfry archOf the North Church tower as a signal light,-One if by land, and two if by sea;And I on the opposite shore will be,Ready to ride and spread the alarmThrough every Middlesex village and farm,For the country folk to be up and to arm."

Then he said "Good-night!" and with muffled oarSilently rowed to the Charlestown shore,Just as the moon rose over the bay,Where swinging wide at her moorings layThe Somerset, British man-of-war;

On April 19, 1775, colonial militias and British redcoats clashed in the Massachusetts towns of Lexington and Concord. To this day historians have not proved who fired the first shot. News of the battles of Lexington and Concord spread swiftly. To many colonists, the fighting ended all hope of a peaceful settlement. Only war would decide the future of the 13 colonies.

Why would the battles of Lexington and Concord be known as the “shot heard ‘round the world”?

Beneath, in the churchyard, lay the dead,In their night encampment on the hill,Wrapped in silence so deep and stillThat he could hear, like a sentinel's tread,The watchful night-wind, as it wentCreeping along from tent to tent,And seeming to whisper, "All is well!"A moment only he feels the spellOf the place and the hour, and the secret dread

Of the lonely belfry and the dead;For suddenly all his thoughts are bentOn a shadowy something far away,Where the river widens to meet the bay,--A line of black that bends and floatsOn the rising tide like a bridge of boats.

Meanwhile, impatient to mount and ride,Booted and spurred, with a heavy strideOn the opposite shore walked Paul Revere.

A phantom ship, with each mast and sparAcross the moon like a prison bar,And a huge black hulk, that was magnifiedBy its own reflection in the tide.

Meanwhile, his friend through alley and streetWanders and watches, with eager ears,Till in the silence around him he hearsThe muster of men at the barrack door,The sound of arms, and the tramp of feet,And the measured tread of the grenadiers,Marching down to their boats on the shore.

Then he climbed the tower of the Old North Church,By the wooden stairs, with stealthy tread,To the belfry chamber overhead,And startled the pigeons from their perchOn the somber rafters, that round him madeMasses and moving shapes of shade,--By the trembling ladder, steep and tall,To the highest window in the wall,Where he paused to listen and look downA moment on the roofs of the townAnd the moonlight flowing over all.

It was twelve by the village clockWhen he crossed the bridge into Medford town.He heard the crowing of the cock,And the barking of the farmer's dog,And felt the damp of the river fog,That rises after the sun goes down.

It was one by the village clock,When he galloped into Lexington.He saw the gilded weathercockSwim in the moonlight as he passed,And the meeting-house windows, black and bare,Gaze at him with a spectral glare,As if they already stood aghastAt the bloody work they would look upon.

It was two by the village clock,When he came to the bridge in Concord town.He heard the bleating of the flock,And the twitter of birds among the trees,And felt the breath of the morning breezeBlowing over the meadow brown.

Beneath, in the churchyard, lay the dead,In their night encampment on the hill,Wrapped in silence so deep and stillThat he could hear, like a sentinel's tread,The watchful night-wind, as it wentCreeping along from tent to tent,And seeming to whisper, "All is well!"A moment only he feels the spellOf the place and the hour, and the secret dread

Of the lonely belfry and the dead;For suddenly all his thoughts are bentOn a shadowy something far away,Where the river widens to meet the bay,--A line of black that bends and floatsOn the rising tide like a bridge of boats.

Meanwhile, impatient to mount and ride,Booted and spurred, with a heavy strideOn the opposite shore walked Paul Revere.

And one was safe and asleep in his bedWho at the bridge would be first to fall,Who that day would be lying dead,Pierced by a British musket ball.

You know the rest. In the books you have readHow the British Regulars fired and fled,---How the farmers gave them ball for ball,From behind each fence and farmyard wall,Chasing the redcoats down the lane,Then crossing the fields to emerge againUnder the trees at the turn of the road,And only pausing to fire and load.

So through the night rode Paul Revere;And so through the night went his cry of alarmTo every Middlesex village and farm,---A cry of defiance, and not of fear,A voice in the darkness, a knock at the door,And a word that shall echo for evermore!For, borne on the night-wind of the Past,Through all our history, to the last,In the hour of darkness and peril and need,The people will waken and listen to hearThe hurrying hoof-beats of that steed,And the midnight message of Paul Revere.

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Causes of the Revolution Social Studies 7

Colonists and British: Comparing Strengths and Weaknesses

When the American Revolution began, many people in America and Europe thought that the colonists had little chance of defeating the British. A close look at the strengths and weaknesses of the two sides makes it easy to see why the odds were against the patriots.

Directions: For each of the areas of comparison below, decide whether the colonists or British are stronger. Place a check on the side that you believe holds that advantage. The first one has been done for you.

Area of

Comparison

Colonists British

population 2,750,000 people ☑ 12,000,000 people

support of the people

Though 1/3 of the colonists were against the war, more than half of the colonists supported it

The war was unpopular in England; England has recently been involved in a war with France

size of the navy

No regular navy; many privateers (private warships)

Best navy in the world

familiarity with the land

Fighting on home turf Fighting in unfamiliar territory

organization of the army

As a general rule, the “militia,” or local citizens in one colony, would not leave their own colony or fight under officers from another colony; men from different sections did not mingle

Highly organized, soldiers fought wherever needed

Area of

comparison

Colonists British

officers and soldiers

Many arguments between officers from different areas; many officers were poorly trained; soldiers often refused to obey orders and freely criticized their commanders

Highly disciplined army; soldiers respected the well-trained officers; orders were readily obeyed

reason for fighting

Fighting to protect homes and families, and for freedom to govern themselves

British soldiers had no particular interest in the war; England itself was not threatened

Very little money; The richest country in the

wealth Congress did not have the power to tax; the wealthiest colonists were Loyalists

world

amount of manufacturing

Very little manufacturing Produced more manufactured goods than any other country

weapons, supplies and

transportation

Shortage of food, tents, clothing, blankets, supplies, arms, ammunition; depended on land transportation because sea routes threatened by British navy

Had everything that colonists lacked; controlled travel along sea coast

Count the check marks for each column (Colonists and British) and give one point for each check.

_____ Colonist total points ______ British total points

According to your tally, which side would be considered the “underdog” [LEAST likely to win] at the start of the American Revolution?

_________________________________

INFLUENTIAL EVENTS DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION(Part One)

Battle of Bunker Hill

The Battle of Bunker Hill took place on June 17, 1775 at Charlestown, Massachusetts. It was the first major battle of the American Revolution. Although it was called the Battle of Bunker Hill, most of the battle actually occurred on nearby Breed’s Hill. It is called the Battle of Bunker Hill because the troops fighting there believed that they were on Bunker Hill, rather than on Breed’s Hill.

After the battles at Lexington and Concord, the colonial militia (army) had surrounded Boston. Reports from spies alerted the colonists that the British, under General Thomas

Gage, were planning to control the hills around Boston to keep Boston harbor open to British ships bringing in supplies and troops. The colonial militia of over 1000 men, led by William Prescott, quickly created barriers on top of both Breed’s Hill and Bunker Hill. General Gage ordered three thousand men to Charlestown to attack the Americans. The first two British attacks were stopped by the colonial militia, which resulted in major losses to the British force: over 1000 men were either killed or wounded.  However, more British soldiers continued to arrive. On their third attack, the colonial militia ran out of

gunpowder and ammunition, forcing them to retreat. Although the British won the battle, they suffered a surprising amount of losses. This gave the less experienced colonial militias confidence in their ability to fight the British.

1. If the colonial army lost the Battle of Bunker Hill, why did they have so much confidence after the battle? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. During the battle, colonial leader William Prescott was forced to tell his soldiers, “don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes!” Why did he have to say this to the colonial militia? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”

What does it mean to have common sense? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

In January 1776, a man named Thomas Paine wrote a pamphlet called Common Sense. In it, he used plain arguments to convince Americans that the colonies should become _______________________ from Great Britain.

In his pamphlet, Paine argued that Americans owed no loyalty to a king or queen 3,000 miles away. The ______________________, he said, should be in charge. He also stated that the colonies would be better off economically if they ruled themselves.

The pamphlet became a bestseller in the colonies, selling more than 500,000 copies. After reading it, many more average Americans became _________________________ that the colonies should declare independence from Britain.

INFLUENTIAL EVENTS DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION(Part TWO)

The Second Continental Congress Meets

After the battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill, the __________________ Continental Congress met in Philadelphia to discuss their next plan of action. Some delegates (representatives) at the Continental Congress wanted to declare __________________, while others were not so sure.

In early 1776, members of the Continental Congress debated about whether to officially declare independence from Britain. After a long debate, they finally voted to do so. They chose ______________________________ to write the declaration. On ___________________, in the city of ___________________________________, Congress voted to accept this document and declare the colonies as “free and independent ________________.” Today, this date is celebrated as _________________________.

(The document was actually signed later in the summer)

The Declaration of Independence: Preamble“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to abolish it...”

-Thomas Jefferson, The Declaration of Independence

The first part of the Declaration of Independence is the preamble. This is the introduction to the document. In total, the Declaration is split into three parts: the preamble, grievances (wrongdoings of the king), and the official dissolving (breaking) of ties with Britain.

Below are some excerpts from the preamble of the Declaration of Independence:

What Jefferson Wrote… What Jefferson Meant…1. We hold these truths to be self-evident,

that1. ________________________________________________ __________________________________________________

all men are created equal…

2. …that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights…

3. …that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

4. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed…

5. …that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the

right of the people to abolish it.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Declaration of Independence was written in the early years of the Revolutionary War. Before it was written, many colonists did not know if they even wanted to separate completely from Britain, but once the Declaration was signed, there was no turning back.

What does the signing of the Declaration mean for the 13 colonies if…

The colonies win the war: ____________________________________________________________________

Britain wins the war: ________________________________________________________________________

Who had more to lose with this Declaration? Explain your answer. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What values were worth fighting for to the signers of the Declaration of Independence?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________

Causes of the Revolution Social Studies 7

Thomas Jefferson lists the Wrongdoings of the King

Background: The second section of the Declaration of Independence is referred to as the Wrongs of the King. In this section, Jefferson outlines the reasons why the colonists believe that King George III should no longer be their leader.

Directions: Read each of the wrongdoings described by Jefferson. For each, make a text-to-text connection: list what acts/laws Jefferson is referring to, and then explain in your own words why he includes each as a wrongdoing of the king.

Excerpt Act/Law Explanation

“He has kept among us, in times of peace,

Standing Armies without the Consent of our

legislatures.”

“For cutting off our Trade with all parts of

the world”

“For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent”

[he then lists many examples]

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Causes of the Revolution Social Studies 7

Using the worksheets for the Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Declaration of Independence, and advantages/disadvantages in war, answer the following review questions for this section:

1. How did the Boston Massacre help to cause more tensions between the colonists and Great Britain? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why did the Sons of Liberty carry out the Boston Tea Party? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What laws did the British government pass as a result of the Boston Tea Party? Why? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. a. Why did colonists form the First Continental Congress? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. What was decided there? _____________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What three ideas did the Declaration of Independence argue that all men deserved? __________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. a. What advantages did the British have during the Revolutionary War? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. What advantages did the Americans have during the Revolutionary War? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Causes of the Revolution Social Studies 7

Road to Revolution Timeline

Directions: Use your knowledge of this unit and your notes to fill in the following timeline, starting from the earliest event and ending with the latest. The first one has been done for you.

1607: England sets up its first successful colony at Jamestown. Eventually, 13 colonies are created. England

believes in this theory that states that colonies exist to benefit the mother country. ___Mercantilism____

1650s: Parliament passes these acts to control trade with the colonies. ________________________________

1754: Ben Franklin calls this meeting to attempt to create the first representative

government for all 13 colonies.

_______________________________________________________

1754-1763: Conflict between England and France, England wins: ________________________________

1763: Parliament issues this order, preventing colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains:

___________________________________

1764: Parliament issues this tax on molasses. Sons of Liberty protest, and it is repealed. __________________

1765: Parliament issues this tax on paper goods (later repealed) AND issues this act that requires

colonists to provide shelter and food for Redcoat soldiers. This second act was NOT repealed. (2

separate answers). __________________________ and

_______________________________________

1767: Parliament issues this tax on a number of random goods imported from England. ___________________

1770: Colonists confront British soldiers standing outside of the Boston Customs House. 5 colonists are killed

in the action that follows. What is this event called? ______________________________

1773: Parliament passes this act, putting a tax on tea. ________________________

1773: Members of the Sons of Liberty disguise themselves as Mohawk Indians and throw chests of tea into

Boston Harbor to protest the Tea Act. What was this event called? ____________________

1774: To punish Boston, Parliament passes these acts, banning town meetings, closing Boston Harbor to

prevent trade, and forcing colonists to keep soldiers in their own homes. ______________________, OR

________________________ (give BOTH the official name AND the name that the colonists called them)

1774: Representatives from some of the colonies met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They decide to boycott all

British goods and prepare for war at this meeting. _____________________________________________

1775: One man gets word that the British are planning an invasion. Along with two other people, he hurries to

warn many that the British are arriving. Who are the THREE people who actually participated in this midnight

ride? ______________________, __________________________, and _____________________________.

1775: The day after the last event, the first shots of the Revolution are fired in these two Massachusetts towns.

__________________________ and ____________________.

1775: This first major battle of the Revolution takes place. Though the colonists lose, they are proud that they

were able to push the British back twice. _______________________________.

1776: A pamphlet is spread throughout the colonies, stating that it is obvious that they should separate from

Britain. WHO wrote this pamphlet and WHAT was it called? ________________________ and

____________________________.

1776: Representatives from most of the colonies meet again in Philadelphia. They decided to declare

independence at this meeting. __________________________________________

1776: The Declaration of Independence was written. WHO wrote it, what THREE rights did he believe all men

were entitled to, and WHEN was it passed by the Continental Congress?

Who wrote it: _________________________________

Three specific rights it guarantees men: _________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

When was it ratified (passed)? Give DAY, MONTH, and YEAR! _____________

Vocabulary Term Definition

Albany Plan of Union

Plan created by Ben Franklin to unite the British colonies against the French during French & Indian War

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Agreement ending French & Indian War in which British gained most of French land in North America

Proclamation of 1763

British law that made it illegal for colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains

Mercantilism Theory that colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country. Colonies sent raw materials to be manufactured in mother country and the mother country sends goods back to colonies to sell

Navigation Acts Series of laws that made it illegal for colonists to trade goods with countries other than England

Stamp Act British law that required colonists to pay a tax on printed goods, which carried a stamp as proof of payment.

Townshend Acts British law that placed taxes on tea, paper, lead, paint, glass, and other imported goods

Quartering Act British law that required colonists to give quarter (housing) to British soldiers

Sons of Liberty Organization of patriots who organized protests against British taxes and other British laws

Patriot Colonist who opposed British laws and taxes

Unit Review Sheet: Causes of the Revolution

loyalist Colonist who supported British laws and taxesTea Act British law stating that colonists must buy their tea directly from

BritainIntolerable Acts British laws created to punish Boston colonists for the Boston Tea

PartyFirst Continental Congress United colonial government created as a response to Intolerable ActsMinutemen Nickname given to militiamen who bragged they would be ready to

fight in a minute“Shot Heard ‘Round the World”

First shot of the American Revolution fired at Lexington, Massachusetts in April 1775. No one knows who fired this first shot.

“Common Sense”

Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 which stated reasons that the colonies should break away from Great Britain.

Second Continental Congress

Meeting of delegates (representatives) from all 13 colonies to organize rebellion against Britain. Served as the United States government during the war.

IMPORTANT PEOPLE:IMPORTANT PEOPLE: Below are the important contributions each individual made to Below are the important contributions each individual made to the growth of the English coloniesthe growth of the English colonies

George Washington (in F & I War)

young officer from Virginia who served the British in French and Indian War

Ben Franklin (in F & I War)

colonist who proposed Albany Plan of Union to unite British colonies against French

King George III King of Great Britain during the period of American RevolutionSamuel Adams leading member of Sons of Liberty; helped organize Boston Tea

PartyJohn Hancock leading member of Sons of Liberty; known for his Dec. of

Independence signaturePaul Revere leading member of the Sons of Liberty; created engraving of Boston

MassacreJohn Adams defended British soldiers in Boston Massacre trial; cousins with Sam

Adams

Unit Overview

The following is a list of topics from this unit that you should know for our unit test. REMEMBER, this review sheet is a study tool. You are still responsible for knowing material from class handouts.

Topic Which Worksheet? Topic Questions

French and Indian War

“The French and Indian War”/”Taking Sides”

“Effects of the French and Indian War”

1. What caused the French and Indian War?

2. Why did Ben Franklin propose the Albany Plan of Union? Was it successful? Explain.

3. What were the results of the French and Indian War?

Mercantilism “Mercantilism”/“The Navigation Acts” (back side)

4. a) Why did Great Britain follow the theory of mercantilism?

b) Why did the British Parliament pass the Navigation Acts?

c) How did colonists react to the Navigation Acts? Why?

Taxes “War and Proclamations and Taxes: Oh My!”

“What did England Actually Do?”

“Parliament’s Taxes, 1764-1767”

5. What problems did Britain face after the French and Indian War?

6. How did colonists react to the Proclamation of 1763? Why?

7. Why did many colonists resent Parliament’s taxes?

The Sons of Liberty “The Sons of Liberty Protest British Taxation”/“How did the Sons of Liberty Protest?”

8. Describe the methods used by the Sons of Liberty and other colonists to protest British taxes.

9. Explain the points of view of Patriots and Loyalists about British taxation.

The Boston Massacre

“The Boston Massacre” (Engraving)/ “The REAL Story of the Boston Massacre”

10. How did the Boston Massacre help to cause more tensions between the colonists and Great Britain?

11. Why did the Sons of Liberty

The Boston Tea Party

“The Boston Tea Party” read-along worksheet

carry out the Boston Tea Party?

12. What laws did the British government pass as a result of the Boston Tea Party? Why?

Heading Towards War and Declaring

Independence

“The Shot Heard ‘Round the World”/ “Map of the Opening Events of the American Revolution”

“Influential Events of the American Revolution (Parts One and Two)”

13. a) Why did colonists form the First Continental Congress?

b) What was decided there?

14. What did the Declaration of Independence argue that all men deserved?

The Revolutionary War

“Colonists and British: Comparing Strengths and Weaknesses” (HW)

“Road to Revolution Timeline” (for an overview of unit)

15. a) What advantages did the British have during the Revolutionary War?

b) What advantages did the Americans have during the Revolutionary War?

We will review these questions in class before the test, but you should answer them in advance

before the day of review, using the appropriate worksheets.

To answer the questions, please use a separate sheet of paper with each question correctly

numbered.

ALL ANSWERS CAN BE FOUND IN YOUR WORKSHEETS! Good luck!