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REVIEW Epidemiology concerned with the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations y disease - health-related events -- chronic disease, environmental problems, behavioral problems, and injuries in addition to infectious disease. y 5 Ds diseases, deaths, disability, destitutions, dissatisfaction y characterizes health events in terms of o Time o Place o Person y disease frequency o example : number of breast cancer in countries A and B * country B has bigger frequency of women having breast cancer (75/5000 =0.02 or 2 per 1000) compared to country (A 100/50000) MEASURES OF DISEASE FREQUENCY Three factors to consider when measuring disease frequency 1. the number of people with the disease/outcome 2. the size of the pop ulation (where people with the disease/outcome are members) 3. the length of time the population were observed Ratio, Proportion, Rate y In epidemiology, the measures of disease frequency are in the forms: o Ratio o Proportion o Rate RATIO y Expresses the numerical relationship between two quantities which may or may not be related with each other y Follows the form: y Example: Given: In TB-DOTS Center X, in Jan1- Dec31, 2009 450 patients (215 males, 235 females) What is the sex ratio of patients? y Other examples: o Dependency Ratio (indicator for population aging) o Ratio of Health Worker to Population (indicator for adequacy of primary health care coverage) o Ratio of Hospital Beds to Population- numerator not part of denominator o *A and B should occur for the same specified geographic area and the same period of time. Special type of ratio: Subject: COMMED Topic: Measures of Disease Frequency  Association Lecturer: Prof. Danaida Marcelo Date of Lecture: June 29, 2011 Transcriptionist: pinkyred  Pages: 10    S    Y    2    0    1    1      2    0    1    2

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