comments on the microstructure of vertebrae, and … · comments on the microstructure of...

COMMENTS ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF VERTEBRAE, AND ESTIMATES OF AGE AND GROWTH OF THE BLUE

SHARK, PRIONACE GLAUCA (L., 1758), IN THE SOUTHWEST ATLANTIC

Santiago Montealegre-Quijano 1, Renato Zacarias Silva 2 &Carolus Maria Vooren 3

1 UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Department of Fishing Engenering. Registro, SP, Brazil.2 FURG – Univ. Federal do Rio Grande, Biological Sciences Institute.Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.3 FURG – Univ. Federal do Rio Grande, Elasmobranchs and Sea Birds Lab.Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.

5th International Otolith Symposium 20-24 October 2014. Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain

grant 2014/[email protected] 1/10

5th International Otolith Symposium 20-24 October 2014. Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain

S. Montealegre-Quijano

www.flmnh.ufl.edu

The divergences between the published assessments of the state of the stocks of P. glauca in the South Atlantic justify the need for further studies on its population biology.


5th International Otolith Symposium 20-24 October 2014. Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain 5th International Otolith Symposium 20-24 October 2014. Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain

BRAZIL

grant 2014/16533-0

Fêmeas

0

5

10

15

20

25

70

80

90

10

0

11

0

12

0

13

0

14

0

15

0

16

0

17

0

18

0

19

0

20

0

21

0

22

0

23

0

24

0

25

0

26

0

Fre

qü

ên

cia

(%

) Captura (n = 402)

Amostra (n = 260)

Machos

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

70

80

90

10

0

11

0

12

0

13

0

14

0

15

0

16

0

17

0

18

0

19

0

20

0

21

0

22

0

23

0

24

0

25

0

26

0

Comprimento Furcal (cm)

Fre

qü

ên

cia

(%

)

Captura (n = 2340)

Amostra (n = 563)

Catch (n = 402)Sample (n = 321)

79,8%

Catch (n = 2340)Sample (n = 536)

28.9%

Females

Males

The length structure of the analyzed samplerepresented well the length variability ofcatches.

[email protected]

Seven comercial longline fishing trips wereaccompanied in the EEZ of Brazil and adjacentinternational waters. All seasons were covered.

F/V YAMAYA III F/V MACEDO IV

Fork Length (cm)

Fre

qu

en

cy

(%)

3/10


grant 2014/[email protected]

Casey et al (1983)

Vertebral frontal plane sections with 0.6 mm were obtained

4/10

A growth mark was definedas the point at which anarrow band ends its growth,and give place to a wideband.



0.5 mm

1000 µm210µm

100 µm

70 µm

Chondrocytes (CD) are aligned in parallel rows with scarce extracellular matrix.

120 µm0.5 mm

35 µm

Details of the Hyaline cartilage Details of the Intermedialia

The presence of isogenic groups within the vertebral structures seems to alsocontribute to the interstitial growth.

210 µm

350 µm0.5 mm

290 µm



Linear model

FL = 17,60VR + 23,806

r2 = 0,884

Multiplicative model

FL = 25,714VR0,901

r2 = 0,904

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Females (n = 260)

Males (n = 563)

Full term embryos (n = 4)

RMN

FLB

PROPORTIONALITY BETWEEN THE VERTEBRAL AND BODY GROWTH

Fo

rkLe

ng

th(c

m)

Vertebral Radius (mm)

6/10

713

1425

3347

42 34

28

30

11 31

-101

23456

789

10

11121314

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Ag

e E

sti

mate

d b

y A

ger

2

Age Estimated by Ager 1

n = 288CV = 18.4 %

REPRODUCIBILITY OF AGE ESTIMATES



VALIDATION

Monthly mean marginal increments was calculated separately for specimens in four life stages. Lower values occurred from July to September in sharks with 3 to 8 years. This same pattern was observed for all ages together. Thus, we accepted the hypothesis of an annual pattern in the periodicity, with growth marks being formed winter.

Small Juveniles Large Juveniles

Adults Large Adults



VALIDATION

Monthly mean marginal increments was calculated separately for specimens in four life stages. Lower values occurred from July to September in sharks with 3 to 8 years. This same pattern was observed for all ages together. Thus, we accepted the hypothesis of an annual pattern in the periodicity, with growth marks being formed winter.

Small Juveniles Large Juveniles

Adults Large Adults

122

15487

113 56

154174

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

Feb Mar Jun Jul Aug Sep Dec

Sexes Combined

A A A

BB

C

C CD



0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Fo

rk L

en

gth

(cm

)

Age (years)

Females (n = 260)

Males (n = 577)

Females: FL = 245,6 {1 - e [ -0,16 ( t + 1,549)]}Males: FL = 256,8 {1 - e [ -0,149 ( t + 1,561)]}

We found no difference in growth between thesexes.

Author Sex L∞ k t0 n

Present study (2014) ♀ 245,6 0,160 -1,549 260♂ 256,8 0,149 -1,561 577

Aasen (1966) ♀♂ 330,7 0,133 -0,801 268

Stevens (1975) ♀♂ 355,3 0,110 -1,035 82

Cailliet et al. (1983) ♀ 201,8 0,251 -0,795 88

♂ 247,0 0,180 -1,130 38

Tanaka et al. (1990) ♀ 254,4 0,160 -1,010 152

♂ 309,5 0,100 -1,380 43

Nakano (1994) ♀ 266,2 0,144 -0,849 123♂ 316,6 0,129 -0,756 148

Henderson et al. (2001) ♀♂ 377,0 0,120 -1,330 159

McNeil e Campana (2002) ♀♂ 302,0 0,240 -0,580 185

♀♂ 300,0 0,250 -0,680 185

Skomal e Natanson (2003) ♀ 310,0 0,130 -1,770 119

♂ 282,0 0,180 -1,350 287

♀♂ 286,0 0,170 -1,430 411

Lessa et al. (2004) ♀♂ 295,2 0,157 -1,010 236



0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Fo

rk L

en

gth

(cm

)

Age (years)

Females (n = 260)

Males (n = 577)

Females: FL = 245,6 {1 - e [ -0,16 ( t + 1,549)]}Males: FL = 256,8 {1 - e [ -0,149 ( t + 1,561)]}

We found no difference in growth between thesexes.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Fo

rk L

en

gth

(c

m)

Age (years)

There are variability in the body growth patternbetween different populations around the world!

Author Sex L∞ k t0 n

Present study (2014) ♀ 245,6 0,160 -1,549 260♂ 256,8 0,149 -1,561 577

Aasen (1966) ♀♂ 330,7 0,133 -0,801 268

Stevens (1975) ♀♂ 355,3 0,110 -1,035 82

Cailliet et al. (1983) ♀ 201,8 0,251 -0,795 88

♂ 247,0 0,180 -1,130 38

Tanaka et al. (1990) ♀ 254,4 0,160 -1,010 152

♂ 309,5 0,100 -1,380 43

Nakano (1994) ♀ 266,2 0,144 -0,849 123♂ 316,6 0,129 -0,756 148

Henderson et al. (2001) ♀♂ 377,0 0,120 -1,330 159

McNeil e Campana (2002) ♀♂ 302,0 0,240 -0,580 185

♀♂ 300,0 0,250 -0,680 185

Skomal e Natanson (2003) ♀ 310,0 0,130 -1,770 119

♂ 282,0 0,180 -1,350 287

♀♂ 286,0 0,170 -1,430 411

Lessa et al. (2004) ♀♂ 295,2 0,157 -1,010 236



0

5

10

15

20

25

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Males (n = 2340)t50

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Females (n = 402)

tMat

t50

Fre

qu

en

cy

(%)

Age Class (years)

Females 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

FL (cm) n

70 1 1

80 5 5

90 8 8

100 11 1 10

110 12 10 2

120 8 1 7

130 10 1 4 5

140 2 1 1

150 8 2 2 3 1

160 20 1 4 7 5 3

170 38 5 4 11 13 5

180 51 2 3 10 17 16 3

190 40 1 4 12 10 8 5

200 22 1 4 11 5 0 1

210 16 3 5 4 4

220 4 2 1 1

230 2 1 1

240 2 1 1

n 15 22 17 19 19 35 59 41 15 13 2 2 1

Males

CF (cm) n

70

80 2 2

90 4 4

100 3 3

110 15 4 5 6

120 17 6 9 2

130 36 4 13 15 3 1

140 54 13 21 16 3 1

150 55 4 14 27 9 1

160 75 3 14 29 19 10

170 85 3 21 34 17 10

180 72 2 8 23 20 14 4 1

190 62 2 11 17 18 7 6 1

200 34 1 3 11 9 7 2 1

210 26 1 6 3 5 6 2 3

220 17 4 4 5 3 1

230 13 3 1 4 2 3

240 6 1 1 1 1 2

250

260 1 1

n 13 15 48 71 107 104 83 61 28 25 10 8 2 2

Age Classes (years)BLUE SHARK AGE STRUCTURE IN THE SOUTHWEST ATANTIC



CONCLUSIONS

Further studies about the microstructure are necessary.

Growth marks are formed in winter.

The maximum observed ages were 13 and 14 years old.

We know that sexes are spatially segregated from early in life, but we do notknow yet where females spend their first 5 years. It is possible that thescarce abundance of young females in catches favors to the apparent stabilityof the stock.

Muito obrigado!Thank you very much!

10/10

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