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COMMON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE REFERENCE Handbook for COMMON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

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COMMON COMMUNICABLE

DISEASEREFERENCEHandbook for COMMON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE BY: Dionesia Navales

F I L A R I A S I SParasitic disease caused by african eye worm, can live on L Y M P H A T I C S Y S T E M.

Caused by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTIon arms, vulva, breast

BRUGIA MALAYIextremities, kness & below elbow

BRUGIRIA TIMORIgenitals

Pathology

1. When mosquito bites a person with lymphatic filariasis, micro worms circulating in person blood enter and infect mosquito.

2. It passes to human skin and lymph vessels3. Worms live for 7 years4. Usually no symptoms until worms die5. Damages kidney, lymphatic system

ELEPHANTIASIS ONCHOCERCIASIS

S/sOn and off chills, headache, fever, swelling, redness, TREATMENT1. Ivermectin- “Stromectol” oral, topical,

single dose taken annually for 10-15 life span

2. Albendazole- “Albenza, Alworm” oral3. Diethylcarbamazine- “ Hetrazan,

Caricide”6mg/kg daily for 9 days oral

Name Incubation s/s Pathology Organ Medication

FILARIASIS 6-8 months On and off chills, headache, fever, swelling, redness,

It passes to human skin and lymph vessels

Worms live for 7 yearsUsually no symptoms until worms die

Damages kidney, lymphatic system

Lymphatic System

Ivermectin- “Stromectol” oral, topical, single dose taken annually for 10-15 life spanAlbendazole- “Albenza, Alworm” oral400 mg orally twice a day with mealsDiethylcarbamazine- “ Hetrazan, Caricide”6mg/kg daily for 9 days oral

H O O K W O R M D I S E A S E• I N T E S T I N A L parasite usually cause diarrhea

and crumps

Caused by ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALENECATOR AMERICANUS

INCUBATION: 6 weeks after larvae penetrate the skin40-100 days or 2-8 weeks

PATHOLOGY1. They penetrate the unbroken skin of feet/

legs entering in hair follicles.2. It penetrate blood and lymph vessels

entering in inferior vena cava, Rt atrium, lungs and alveoli

3. Adult worm survive by attaching itself to duodunal/ jejunal

4. Death may result from sever anemia and cachexia.

S/s

small lesion, anemia, abd pain, diarrhea, allegic rx ( urticaria), mentaly & physicaly underdevelop, malnourished, lazy, no energy, eyes are less dilated, edema

TREATMENT1. Pyrantel Pamoate- 11 mg/kg base (maximum 1

g) orally daily for 3 days.2. Benzimidazoles

HOOK WORM DISEASE

Name Incubation s/s Pathology Organ Medication

HOOK WORM DISEASE

40-100 days or 2-8 weeks

small lesion, anemia, abd pain, diarrhea, allegic rx ( urtica), mentall & physicall underdevelop, malnourished, lazy, no energy, eyes are less dilated, edema

They penetrate the unbroken skin of feet, blood and lymph vessels Adult worm survive by attaching itself to duodunal/ jejunalDeath may result from sever anemia and cachexia

INTESTINE Pyrantel Pamoate- 11 mg/kg base (maximum 1 g) orally daily for 3 days. Benzimidazoles

• Protozoal infection of human beings• C O L O N but may spread to soft tissues like L I V E R

& L U N G S.Cause by ENTANOEBA HISTOLYTICA

a. Prevalent in unsanitary areasb. Warm climatesc. Acquired by swallowing

It may cause AMOEBIC LIVER ABSCESSSource HUMAN EXCRETA

A M O E B I A S I S (Amoebic Dysentery)

• PATHOLOGY

Stomach CecumCyst

Cyst remain viable in a moist & cool environment for 12days , 30 days in water. Also resistant to chlorine

• Incubation PeriodSevere: 3 daysMost of the time: 3daysChronic: several months

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

• Acute Amoebic Dysenterya. diarrhea, constipation, nausea, flatulence,

tenderness on rt iliac region, water foul smelling stool• Chronic amoebic dysentery

a. anorexia, weight loss weakness, liver enlargement, bowel movement, abd loses elasticity, stool with hemorrhage• Extraintestinal forms

a. pain RUQ, tenderness on liver, jaundice, intermittent fever, anorexia

Anorexia Bowel Movement

TREATMENT

1. Metronidazole (Flagyl) 800mg TID x 5days oral2. Tetracycline 250mg q g hr oral3. Ampicillin, quinolone, sulfadiazine4. Streptomycin SO4, chloramphenicol5. Lost fluids and electrolytes must be replaced

Name Incubation s/s Pathology Organ Medication

AMOEBIASIS Severe: 3 daysMost of the time: 3daysChronic: several months

diarrhea, constipation, nausea, flatulence, tenderness on rt iliac region, water foul smelling stool, pain RUQ, tenderness on liver, jaundice, intermittent fever, anorexia

Cyst remain viable in a moist & cool environment for 12days , 30 days in water. Also resistant to chlorine

INTESTINE, COLON, LIVER

1. Metronidazole (Flagyl) 800mg TID x 5days oral

2. Tetracycline 250mg q g hr oral

3. Ampicillin, quinolone, sulfadiazine

4. Streptomycin SO4, chloramphenicol

5. Lost fluids and electrolytes must be replaced

• Infection caused by B. Anthracis that occurs primary in herbivores. It has a potential for use in biological warfare or bioterrorism.

A N T H R A X

Survive for years in dry soil but can be destroyed by boiling for 10 min. They are susceptible to penicillin.M O D E S1. Direct2. Indirect3. Airborne

• CUTANEOUS ANTHRAX- incubation: 9 hr to 2 weeks, s/s fever, toxemia,

extensive edema. Integumentary System

• INHALATION ANTHRAX (Woolsorter’s Disease)– 1-3 days , s/s increase fever, dyspnea, stridor,

hypoxia, hypotension, leads to death for 24hr RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Hemorrhagic Mediastinitis

• GASTROINTESTINAL ANTHRAX- ingestion of inadequately- cooked meat

from animals with anthrax. s/s fever, N/V, abd pain, bloody diarrhea, ascitis . G.I TRACT

• TREATMENT1. Parenteral Penicillin- 2 million units q six

hours until edema subsides, w/ subsequent administration of ORAL PENICILLIN for 7-10 days

2. Erythromycin, tetracycline or chloramphenicol if patient are sensitive to penicillin.

Name Incubation s/s Pathology Organ Medication

ANTHRAX CUTANEOUS ANTHRAX 9 hr to 2 weeks

INHALATION ANTHRAX 1-3 days

fever, toxemia, extensive edema

dyspnea, stridor, hypoxia, hypotension

Cyst remain viable in a moist & cool environment for 12days , 30 days in water. Also resistant to chlorine

SKIN, LUNGS

1. Parenteral Penicillin- 2 million units q six hours until edema subsides, w/ subsequent administration of ORAL PENICILLIN for 7-10 days

2. Erythromycin, tetracycline or chloramphenicol if patient are sensitive to penicillin.

B A C I L L A R Y D Y S E N T E R YAcute bacterial infection of I N T E S T I N E. s/s diarrhea & fever and associated with bloody- mucoid stool.

Caused by SHIGELLA GROUP

Incubation: 7hr – 7days, ave 3-5 days

PATHOLOGY• After incubation period the organism invade the intestinal

mucosa and cause inflammation. Dirty green, fibrinous sloughing areas or ulcers are formed. Within 3 days, stool may contain pus, mucus and blood

• S/sfever, N/V, headache, abd pain, anorexia, diarrhea,

dehydration

TREATMENT

1. Severe cases: Ampicillin, tetracycline, cortrimoxazole

2. IV with Saline ( with electrolytes) to prevent dehydration

B O T U L I S Mrare but serious paralytic illness caused by potent neurotoxin.

Caused by Clostridium Botulinum

CNS, SKIN, RESPIRATORY

• FOODBORNE incubation: 18- 36 hours

• WOUND BOTULISM

• INFANT BOTULISM

PATHOGENESIS• These three forms produce disease via final common

pathway. The toxin disseminated to peripheral cholinergic synapses and block acetylcholamine, causing impaired autonomic and voluntary neuromuscular transmission.

• S/sblurred, double vision, drooping eyelids, difficulty

swallowing, muscle weakness, poor muscle tone, paralysis,

TREATMENT1. Supportive care is needed with particular

attention to respiratory and nutritional needs2. In foodborne, emetics and gastric lavage are

recommended3. In wound, exploration and debridement of the

site need to be undertaken

C A N D I D I A S I SRange from mild superficial fungal

infection to systemic and life-threatening diseaseInfect nails, skin, mucous membrane,

oropharynx, vagina, esophagus, GIT.

Cause by Candida Albicans

S/sSkin is scaly, nails are red and swollen, nailbeds darken, patient may feel regurgitation, vaginal mucosa with white or yellow discharge, fever, cough, headache, seizures, systolic diastolic murmur, blurred vision.

Treatment:Nystatin for oral thrushClitrimazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole for vaginaFluconazole, amphotericin for systemic infection

C H A N C R O I D A STD characterized by painful genital

ulcers and inguinal adenitis. Affects male more than females.

Caused by HAEMOPHILLUS DISCREYI

Incubation: 1-14 days. Ave 3-5 days

PATHOLOGY• Lessions on genital sites. Begins in a small papule.

Labia Majora “ Kissing ulcer” common in female. May develop enlarge lymph nodes

S/SSmall lesion on genital, lips, tongue, breast, navel, pain during coitus,

TREATMENT1. Azithromycin 500mg single dose, oral2. Erythromycin 500mg, 1cap BID x 7days3. Ceftriazone 250mg IM single dose

H E R P E S S I M P L E X viral disease characterized by appearance of sores and blisters on S K I N. Either around the M O U T H & N O S E, G E N I T A L S & B U T T O C K S

Caused by Herpes Simplex Virus

PathogenesisTYPE 1

cause cold sores, 20 days, last for 7-10 days

1. Before blister appears, the skin becomes itchy.2. Lesion are limited epidermisor superficial mucous membrane.3. Blister may break as a result of injury4. The crust falls off, leaving slightly red, healing skin, however the virus remains in the body.

TYPE 2cause genital sores; last 2-20 days

A. MILD to MODERATE1. Oral herpes2. Genital Herpes3. Ocular herpes

TREATMENT1. Acyclovir, Famciclovir, Valacyclovir

A S C A R I A S I S ( Roundworm infection)

• Infection caused by parasitic roundworm Caused by Acariasis LumbricoidesTransmitted through:

a. contaminated fingers put into the mouthb. ingestion of food & drinks with embryonated eggs

INTESTINE.

TREATMENT

1. Albendazole or mebendazole- 15cc single dose.

2. Piperazine citrate- 75mg/kg twice a day,oral

3. Pyrantel Pamoate- 1 mg/kg as single dose, oral

M A L A R I Aacute and chronic parasitic disease

transmitted by bite of infected mosquitoes. Can cause disability and economic burden

Caused by GENUS PLASMODIAINCUBATION:

12days- P. Falciparum14days – P. vivax & ovale30days- P. Malariae

Pathogenesis1. Parasite enters the mosquito’s stomach through

infected human blood obtained during blood meal.2. Zygote matures, young parasite work the salivary

glands of mosquito, then transmit the saliva into the victim.

TREATMENT3. Chloroquine4. Quinine5. Salfadoxine6. Primaquine

MALARIA

P E D I C U L O S I Sthree varieties lice- flattened, wingless

(commonly attack man), although infest lower forms of animals and may become temporary deposited on human host.

Caused by PEDICULUS VAR. CAPITIS (head lice)PEDICULUS VAR. CORPORIS (body lice)PHTHIRUS PUBIS/ PUBIC LICE (crab lice)

• HEAD LOUSECommon in females ( esp children) s/s itchiness, foul,

smelling1% malathion powderGamman Benzene Hexachloride- 10min on scalp

• BODY LOUSES/s red spots like mosquito biteBoil clothing and beddings

CRAB LICEs/s itching in pubic region, grayish pigmented

spotsKwell or Gamene cream- 4 min , once a week

S C H I S T O S O M I A S I SSlowly progressive disease caused by blood flukes, chronic wasting disease in Ph among farmers .

Caused by SCHITOSOMA JAPONICUMINCUBATION: 2 months

Pathology

1. The larvae penetrate the skin and work their way on liver’s portal circulation.

2. In portal vessels they mature 1-3 months3. Mature worms live in portal vessels and

migrate to other parts4. Female worms lay on the I N T E S T I N E5. Some are on L I V E R

SCHISTOSOMIAS

S/sItchiness, low grade fever, myalgia, cough, abd discomfort, bloody mucoid stools, jaundice, belly becomes bigger because of inflamed liver, weak, pale, headache, dizziness, convulsion

TREATMENT1. Praziquantel tab for 6mon; 1tab 2x a day

for 3mon, 1tab a day another 3 mon2. Fuadin IM/IV. 360mg for entire treatment

E N C E P H A L I T I S• Inflammatory disease invoking part of N E R V O U S S Y S T E M, resulting in abnormal functioning of brain and spinal cord

Caused by BACTERIA, VIRUS, FUNGI, RICKETTSIA, CULEX GROUP

ENCEPHALITIS

1. Primary Encephalitis- direct invasion of CNSa. Eastern Equine Encephalitischildren under 5 y/ob. Western Equine Encephalitisaffect adultsc. St Louis Encephalitisbite of infected mosquito, olfactory ductd. Japanese Encephalitismay cause death, with no treatments/s fever, chills, headache, N/V, decrease IQ,

seizures, brain damage

2. Secondary Encephalitisa. Post infection Encephalitiscomplication are measles, chickenpox, mumpsb. Post vaccinalresult after receiving vaccine like anti-rabies

TREATMENT1. TSB or Alcohol sponge ( fever)

L E P R O S Y• Chronic system infection characterize by

progressive cutaneous lesion.

Cause by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAEAttacks P E R P H E R A L N E R V E S & S K I N

Lepromatous Leprosy• Most infectious,

damge on resp tract, eyes, testes, nerves on skin, s/s thickening of skin, athrophy

Tuberculoid LeprosyAffect peripheral nerves, on face & eyes s/s atrophy, paralysis

Treatment1. Sulfone theraphy2. Rifampicin 600mg once a mon3. Dapsone 100mg daily4. Clofazimine 50mg daily for 12 mon

P E R T U S S I SWhooping cough is an infectious disease characterized by repeated attacks of spasmodic coughing consist of explosive expirations ending in long drawn forced inspiration which sounds like a “whoop” and followed by vomiting.

Caused BORDELLA PERTUSSISIncubation: 7 days

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Pathology1. After incubation it is confined on

tracheobronchial mucosa and cilia2. This mucus irritiates the cilia and initiates

coughing 3. Cough folllows 6days of 3 stages, each last for

2 weeks4. Also affect the C N S

S/s1. Catarrhal Stage- sneezing, cough is

irritating, hacking and nocturnal, last for 1-2 weeks

2. Paroxysmal Stage- Cough is loud, whooping and choking the mucous, induce nose bleeding, vomiting, becomes cyanotic

3. Convalescent Stage- decrease coughing, frequency and severity

Treatment

1. Theraphy ( fluid electrolyte replacement, oxygen)

2. Erythomycin & ampicillin

F U N G A L I N F E C T I O N

Can be harmful or beneficial. Fungal infection are usually easy to treat because they seldom spread below the skin

TINEA FLAVA ( MALASSEZIA FURFUR)Cutaneous fungal infection characterized by hyperpigmentation on S K I N, chest and back

Pathology- in filamentous form, opportunistic pathogen, cutaneous disease

s/s- fine dust like scale covers the lesionTreatment- topical agentsa. Micoconazoleb. Ciclopirox Colaminec. Propylene Glycol Lotiond. Topical Terbinafinee. Benzoyl Peroxide

Tinea Barbae ( Trichoophyton Mentagrophytes)

Colonization on bearded areas on face and neck restricted to adult males only.

s/s- erythema, hair becomes loose & brittle, TREATMENT1. Griseofluvin, Ketoconazole, fluconazole for 2- 3 weeks

RINGWORMCaused by vegetable fungi

s/s reddish, brown color round like a coin, dry lesion,

TREATMENT1.

Athletes foot

Jock ItchInfection on groin and upper thighs.s/s itchy, feels like burning