common property forest management and community forestry: case study from morocco
DESCRIPTION
Pierre-Marie AUBERT, Maya LEROY, Laurent AUCLAIR, Didier GENIN, Bruno ROMAGNYAgroParisTech-ENGREF / IRDPresentation for the conference on Taking stock of smallholders and community forestryMontpellier FranceMarch 24-26, 2010TRANSCRIPT
Common property forest management and community forestry
Pierre-Marie AUBERT, Maya LEROY, Laurent AUCLAIR, Didier GENIN, Bruno ROMAGNY
AgroParisTech-ENGREF / IRD
Case study from Morocco
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INTRODUCTION
• From common property theory to community forestry : analytical and normative dimensions
• The case of Moroccan forestry : degradations explained by :
- the “poverty-environment nexus” and people’s inability to manage forest
- people’s dispossession of forest by the state and disappearance of traditional forest management
• A change in Moroccan forest policy ? An analysis through the example of the Aït Bougmez valley
CONTENTS
What’s the respective role of analytical and normative dimensions of the “common property model” to account for forest policy and local forest management system transformation ?
1 The Aït Bougmez case study
2 The Moroccan forest policy transformation
3 The local forestry management system transformation
I THE AÏT BOUGMEZ CASE STUDY
Local forestry management, local rules and its implementation
Access and use rules
A common property theory model to analyse the situation
• The Aït Bougmez forest as a typical “Common Pool Resources System”
• The institutional design principles considered as important (Ostrom, 1990) :
Group and resource system well defined
Rules appropriate to the local context
Individuals allowed to participate in rules negotiations
Self monitoring system
Graduated sanctions exist
Low cost conflict-resolution mechanism
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Source : Aubert, 2010, d’après Hammi, 2007
A model with two dimensions
• An analytical dimension, which helps us to analyse and make intelligible the situation…
• from which has derived a normative model : community forestry
II THE MOROCCAN FORESTRY POLICY TRANSFORMATION
• The spread of the community forestry model in international institutions : World Bank, FAO, PNUD…
• Its appearance in Moroccan forestry : the role of international environmental conventions and international donors — participative forestry more than “community forestry”
• Few legislative evolutions and weak enforcement…
• … except through the creation of a new tool
A key hypothesis “revisited”…
Hypothesis 1970 Current hypothesis
Local populations are unable to manage forests; the forestry administration needs thus to educate them and manage itself the forest
Local populations were able to manage their forests through customary organisation, which no longer exist : the forestry administration has to revivify and empower these organisations and contract with forest management rules
Source : Aubert, 2010
… however : both still coexist inside of the forestry administration
III Local forestry management and forestry policy : hybridisation and
recomposition ?
- a relative loss of legitimacy of the village assemblies, due to several factors
- the importance of informal regulation and negotiation
• A need to shift from common property theory to a more strategic analytical framework :
- conflict regulation through the forester intervention
The implementation of a new policy tool (1)
• Objective : exclude sheep and goats from reforestation perimeters
• The creation of an association to contract with the forestry administration
• A process still ongoing
• A financial compensation of 250 Dh / ha (around 25 € / ha)
The implementation of a new policy tool (2)
• Participation through financial compensation…
• … but a de facto territorial exclusion…
• … and a contract of which neither the terms nor the objective can be discussed
• Negotiated between rural elites and forestry administration supervisor
CONCLUSION
• An analytical model which had led the forestry administration to recognise the existence of common property forest management
• A normative model “imposed” to the Moroccan forestry administration by the international context…
• … but a selective reappropriation
• A theoretical perspective insufficient to understand forest management system transformations: the need for a more strategic and political approach