Common

Women Health

Issues

Breast cancers

Its a type of cancer which develops from breast cells; inner lining of milk ducts is

the development part. Breast cancer is one of the most common health issues

around the world which found in women. There are two types of breast cancers

Invasive and Non-invasive breast cancer

Anatomy of Breast

Invasive breast cancer- The cancer cells break out from inside the lobules or ducts

and invade nearby tissue. With this type of cancer, the abnormal cells can reach

the lymph nodes, and eventually make their way to other organs (metastasis),

such as the bones, liver or lungs. The abnormal (cancer) cells can travel through

the bloodstream or the lymphatic system to other parts of the body; either early

on in the disease, or later.

Non-invasive breast cancer- This is when the cancer is still inside its place of

origin and has not broken out. Lobular carcinoma in situ is when the cancer is still

inside the lobules, while ductal carcinoma in situ is when they are still inside the

milk ducts. "In situ" means "in its original place". Sometimes, this type of breast

cancer is called "pre-cancerous"; this means that although the abnormal cells

have not spread outside their place of origin, they can eventually develop into

invasive breast cancer.

Common Symptoms

Some common signs and symptoms of breast cancer are as follows

A lump in a breast

A pain in the armpits or breast that does not seem to be related to the

woman's menstrual period

Pitting or redness of the skin of the breast; like the skin of an orange

A rash around (or on) one of the nipples

A swelling (lump) in one of the armpits

An area of thickened tissue in a breast

One of the nipples has a discharge; sometimes it may contain blood

The nipple changes in appearance; it may become sunken or inverted

The size or the shape of the breast changes

The nipple-skin or breast-skin may have started to peel, scale or flake.

Causes of Breast Cancer

Age- Breast cancer risk increases with increase in age, it has been noticed 80%

cases of breast cancer are belongs to age 50 or above.

Genetic- Breast cancer can cause due to genetic disorders as well, women who

have any relative who has/had breast or ovarian cancer are more likely to develop

it. However the majority of breast cancers are not hereditary.

Dense breast tissue- Women with denser breast tissue has a greater chance of

developing breast cancer.

Estrogen exposure- Women who started having periods earlier or entered

menopause later than usual have a higher risk of developing breast cancer. This is

because their bodies have been exposed to estrogen for longer. Estrogen

exposure begins when periods start, and drops dramatically during the

menopause.

Obesity- Post-menopausal obese and overweight women may have a higher risk

of developing breast cancer. Experts say that there are higher levels of estrogen in

obese menopausal women, which may be the cause of the higher risk.

Alcohol consumption - The more alcohol a woman regularly drinks, the higher her

risk of developing breast cancer is.

Radiation exposure- Undergoing X-rays and CT scans may raise a woman's risk of

developing breast cancer slightly.

HRT (hormone replacement therapy) - both forms, combined and estrogen-only

HRT therapies may increase a woman's risk of developing breast cancer slightly.

Combined HRT causes a higher risk.

Inverted nipple is a sign of breast cancer?

Inverted nipples on one or both sides are quite common and not typically

associated with cancer. However, some cancers involving the breast ducts can

cause retraction of the ducts, leading to nipple retraction. It is best to speak to an

experienced surgeon about the nipple retraction to see if it is cause for concern.

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a bone disease where parts of the bone become weak and prone

to fracture. 68 percent of the 44 million people at risk for osteoporosis are

women. One of every two women over age 50 will likely have an osteoporosis-

related fracture in their lifetime. Thats twice the rate of fractures in men one in

four. 75 percent of all cases of hip osteoporosis affect women.

Common Symptoms

Back pain, caused by a fractured or collapsed vertebra

Loss of height over time

A stooped posture

A bone fracture that occurs much more easily than expected

Causes of Osteoporosis

Drop in estrogen after menopause: The rate of bone loss increases significantly

after menopause because the ovaries stop producing estrogen, a hormone that

plays a major role in the bone repair process. Female athletes and women who

suffer from anorexia nervosa may also be at increased risk for osteoporosis. In

both cases, the menstrual cycle is disrupted or lost and levels of estrogen in the

body drop dramatically. Women who experience early menopause (before 45

years of age) are more likely to have osteoporosis.

Family history and body type: Osteoporosis tends to run in families, and the risk

of this condition is greater for individuals with elderly relatives who have had a

bone fracture, especially if it is a parent who has had a hip fracture. People of

European and Asian descent are most at risk. People who are thin or "small-

boned" also have a higher risk of osteoporosis. People who have had a fracture in

the vertebrae are also at increased risk.

Lifestyle and health conditions: Lifestyle factors such as smoking and excessive

drinking, taking specific medications (such as corticosteroids), and having certain

medical conditions may also contribute to bone loss. People with type 2 diabetes

are more likely to suffer a hip or shoulder fracture than those without diabetes.

Lack of Physical Work: Bones need to be used daily in order for them to stay

healthy. People who are physically active are less at risk of developing

osteoporosis, as their bones are stronger and less likely to lose strength with age.

By contrast, a person who is bedridden or inactive for a lengthy period of time

loses bone mass very quickly and is at high risk of osteoporosis.

Lack of Calcium: Children, adolescents, and adults need to eat the recommended

amounts of vitamins and minerals. Calcium and vitamin D are very important in

the maintenance of healthy and strong bones throughout life and in the

prevention of osteoporosis.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a problem in which a woman's hormones are out of

balance. It can cause problems with menstrual periods and make it difficult to get

pregnant. PCOS also may cause unwanted changes in the way you look. If it isn't

treated, over time it can lead to serious health problems, such as diabetes and

heart disease.

Common Symptoms

Acne

Weight gain and trouble losing weight

Extra hair on the face and body- Often women get thicker and darker facial

hair and more hair on the chest, belly, and back

Thinning hair on the scalp

Irregular periods- Often women with PCOS have fewer than nine periods a

year, some women have no periods and others have very heavy bleeding

Fertility problems- Many women who have PCOS have trouble getting

pregnant (infertility)

Depression

Causes of PCOS

Excess insulin- Insulin is the hormone produced in the pancreas that allows cells

to use sugar, your body's primary energy supply. If you have insulin resistance,

your ability to use insulin effectively is impaired, and your pancreas has to secrete

more insulin to make glucose available to cells. Excess insulin might also affect the

ovaries by increasing androgen production, which may interfere with the ovaries'

ability to ovulate.

Low-grade inflammation- Your body's white blood cells produce substances to

fight infection in a response called inflammation. Research has shown that

women with PCOS have low-grade inflammation and that this type of low-grade

inflammation stimulates polycystic ovaries to produce androgens.

Heredity- If your mother or sister has PCOS; you might have a greater chance of

having it, too. Researchers also are looking into the possibility that certain genes

are linked to PCOS.

Depression

Sadness or downswings in mood are normal reactions to lifes struggles, setbacks,

and disappointments. Many people use the word depression to explain these

kinds of feelings, but depression is much more than just sadness. Some people

describe depression as living in a black hole or having a feeling of impending

doom. However, some depressed people don't feel sad at allthey may feel

lifeless, empty, and apathetic, or men in particular may even feel angry,

aggressive, and restless.

Common Symptoms

Feeling of Helplessness and Hopelessness

Loss of interest in daily activities- Start finding no interest in hobbies,

pastimes, social activities, sex and losing ability to feel joy and pleasure.

Appetite or weight changes- Significant weight loss or weight gain, a change

of more than 5% of body weight in a month.

Lack of Sleep- Either insomnia, especially waking in the early hours of the

morning, or oversleeping.

Anger or irritability- Feeling agitated, restless, or even violent. Your

tolerance level is low, your temper short, and everything and everyone gets

on your nerves.

Loss of energy- Feeling fatigued, sluggish, and physically drained, your

whole body may feel heavy, and even small tasks are exhausting or take

longer to complete.

Self-loathing- Strong feelings of worthlessness or guilt, you harshly criticize

yourself for perceived faults and mistakes.

Reckless behavior- You engage in escapist behavior such as substance

abuse, compulsive gambling, reckless driving, or dangerous sports.

Concentration problems

Unexplained aches and pains

Causes of Depression

Loneliness

Lack of social support

Recent stressful life experiences

Family history of depression

Marital or relationship problems

Financial strain

Early childhood trauma or abuse

Alcohol or drug abuse

Unemployment or underemployment

Health problems or chronic pain

Thalassemia Blood Disease

Thalassemia is a type of blood disorder which passed down through families. In

this body makes abnormal form of hemoglobin, the red blood cell protein which

carries oxygen.

Common Symptoms

Thalassemia Minor: Thalassemia minor usually does not cause any symptoms. If it does, it causes only minor anemia.

Beta Thalassemia: Beta Thalassemia comes in two serious types

Thalassemia Major: Generally appear before a childs second birthday. The severe anemia related to this condition can be life-threatening. Other symptoms include:

Fussiness Paleness Frequent infections Poor appetite Failure to thrive Jaundice Enlarged organs

Thalassemia Intermedia: It is a less severe form of beta thalassemia. While people with this condition still have anemia, they do not need blood transfusions.

Causes of Thalassemia

Thalassemia occurs when there is an abnormality or mutation in one of the genes

involved in hemoglobin production. This genetic defect is inherited from your

parents. If only one of your parents is a carrier for thalassemia, you may develop a

form of the disease called thalassemia minor. If this occurs, you will probably

not have symptoms, but you will be a carrier of the disease. Some people with

thalassemia minor do develop minor symptoms. If both of your parents are

carriers of thalassemia, you have a 25 percent chance of inheriting a more serious

form of the disease. Thalassemia is most common in people from Southeast and

Central Asia, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, India, and North Africa.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a progressive type of lung disease which

makes it difficult to breath. Here progressive means the disease gets worse over

time.

Common Symptoms

You have a cough that won't go away

You often cough up mucus

You are often short of breath, especially when you exercise

You may feel tightness in your chest

Coughing up more mucus than usual

A change in the color or thickness of that mucus

More shortness of breath than usual

Greater tightness in your chest

Causes of COPD

Long-term exposure to lung irritants such as industrial dust and chemical

fumes

Preterm birth that leads to lung damage (neonatal chronic lung disease)

Smoking- Cigarette smoke is by the far the most common reason people get

COPD

Secondhand smoke- Even if you don't smoke yourself, you can get COPD

from living with a smoker and breathing in smoke

Pollution and fumes- You can get COPD from air pollution

Your genes

Asthma

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