communication technology timeline

Communication Technology Timeline

By Ivan ChauTGJ3M1

Mr. Negru

Communication Technologies

60s and 70s

First publication of Erbauliche Monaths-Unterredungen (Uplifting Conversations Monthly) in Germany started by Johann Rist, a theologian and poet of Hamburg. It believed to be the world's first magazine.

SOCIAL IMPACT: THIS IS A MONTHLY MAGAZINE, WHICH MEANS THAT GERMANS CAN UNDERSTAND THE MAIN EVENTS HAPPENING IN THE SOCIETY AND IT MOTIVATE PEOPLE TO INVOLVE IN THE SOCIETY

Magazine 1663

Related Invention:Writing

Weekly Boston News-Letter becomes the first newspaper to survive in America. John Campbell, a bookseller and postmaster of Boston, was its first editor, printing the newspaper on what was then referred to as a half-sheet. It originally appeared on a single page, printed on both sides and issued weekly.ECONOMIC IMPACT: THIS IS A MONTHLY MAGAZINE, WHICH MEANS THAT GERMANS CAN UNDERSTAND THE MAIN EVENTS HAPPENING IN THE SOCIETY AND IT MOTIVATE PEOPLE TO INVOLVE IN THE SOCIETY

Newspaper 1704

Related Invention:Writing

German-born painter and engraver who was the first to make use of several metal plates (each for an individual colour) for making prints with continuous gradations of colour. His colour theory formed the foundation for modern colour printingCULTURAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT: IT IS A GREAT IMPACT ON CULTURE AND BECAUSE COLOUR CAN BE A SYMBOL OF MANY THINGS. THEREFORE, COLOUR PRINTING IS A GREAT STEP IN EXPRESSING EMOTION OR FEELINGS. ALL THE COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES ARE IN COLOUR AND THIS IS ALSO THE FIRST STARTING POINT OF COLOUR IMAGE.

Printing 1710

Related Invention:Printing

Lithography 1798Lithography is invented by Alois Senefelder. Lithography is a method for printing using a stone (Lithographic Limestone) or a metal plate with a completely smooth surface. Lithography uses oil or fat and gum arabic to divide the smooth surface into hydrophobic regions which accept the ink, and hydrophilic regions which reject it and thus become the background.ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT:

LITHOGRAPHY IS USING A METAL PLATE UNLIKE THE OLDER PRINTING THAT USED WOOD BLOCK TO PRINT. METAL PLATE PRINTING CAN BE MORE PRECISE AND METAL PLATE IS ALSO MORE DURABLE THAN WOOD BLOCK PRINTING.

Related Invention:Printing


80s

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce_Oldest_Photograph_1825.jpg

FLAT-BED CYLINDER PRINTING 1819

Flat-bed cylinder printing press employing a flat surface for the type or plates against which paper is pressed, either by another flat surface acting reciprocally against it or by a cylinder rolling over it. It may be contrasted to the rotary press, which has a cylindrical printing surface. The first cylinder flatbed press was built by Friedrich Koenig of Germany and used by The Times of London in 1814. Economic Impact:

A cylinder printing is more efficient in terms of the printing speed because it is printing on a long roll of paper or substance and the cylinder will rotate continuously on the paper. It will significantly increase the rate of printing. Related Invention:

Printing

PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGE 1827

Social and Economic Impact:

Photograph is a tool for the future reference about history because photograph can help saving the memories in the past. Photograph has also changed to many different technology or entertainment in the century such as the cartoons or movies.

In 1827 French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce was the first to obtain a true fixed photographic image. This first exposure took eight hours! Photography was born, but it was a long way from everyday use. He took the first photograph by coating a pewter plate with bitumen and exposing the plate to light in 1814. The bitumen hardened where light struck. The unhardened areas were then dissolved away.

Related Invention:Camera

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce_Oldest_Photograph_1825.jpg

GALVANOMETER 1829

Social Impact:

Galvanometer is a new instrument to measure electric current. Workers can work more efficient without spending time on measuring electric current. Galvanometer is still a very useful tool right now to measure batteries.

Leopoldi Nobili invents the galvanometer. Galvanometer is the historical name given to a moving coil electric current detector. When a current is passed through a coil in a magnetic field, the coil experiences a torque proportional to the current. If the coil's movement is opposed by a coil spring, then the amount of deflection of a needle attached to the coil may be proportional to the current passing through the coil.

Related Invention:Sound Recording

PHENAKISTISCOPE 1832

Social Impact:

This is the first time that people can see the movement of an image and this is also the base of the advance cartoon in nowadays. It is also a new entertainment for human.

Joseph-Antoine Plateau invents the Phenakistiscope, using a slotted disc to create an appearance of continuous motion when spun in front of a series of still images. The phenakistoscope consisted of two discs mounted on the same axis. The first disc had slots around the edge, and the second contained drawings of successive action, drawn around the disc in concentric circles.

Related Invention:Video Games

PICTURE TELEGRAPHY SYSTEM 1850

Social Impact:

Picture can be send by telegraph instead of mailing. Telegraph is a much more efficient source to transfer information from a place to another. Picture telegraph was innovated to become the television in everyone’s house which it receive picture with audio too.

Picture telegraphy system is demonstrated by Frederick C Bakewell in which images are transmitted by making and breaking an electrical current such that the image is recorded by a metallic point depositing shellac ink to discolour chemically-coated paper wrapped around a metal cylinder, tracking spirally.

Related Invention:Television

SUBMARINE CABLE 1851

Political and Social Impact:

The relation between England and France and greatly improvement because the submarine cable let the two countries to communication to each other. Submarine cables are very important because they transfer all the signals from one place to another place like telephone signal and internet.

First successful submarine cable is laid between Dover and Calais by Thomas Crampton’s Submarine Cable Company, creating a continuous telegraph link between London and Paris. The four copper wires, sheathed in gutta percha and a protective iron rope, lasts 37 years.

Related Invention:Telephone and Internet

SOUND RECORDING 1857

Cultural and Economic Impact:

Music can be recorded when sound recording invented. People can listen to their favourite music without going to live performance. Music also can be selling after recorded.

The first device that could record sound mechanically (but could not play it back) was the phonautograph, developed in 1857 by Parisian inventor Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville. The earliest known recordings of the human voice were phonautograms also made in 1857


COLOUR PHOTOGRAPH 1861The first colour photograph was made by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, with the help of English inventor and photographer Thomas Sutton, in 1861. He had the photographer Thomas Sutton photograph a tartan ribbon three times, each time with a different color filter over the lens. The three images were developed and then projected onto a screen with three different projectors, each equipped with the same color filter used to take its image. When brought into focus, the three images formed a full color image.Social Impact:

Show the contrast of the photograph and show the actually image or circumstance. Colour is also used for everything in the twenty-first century.


TELEPHONE 1876


Communication between people in the society will be more clearly, straight forward and efficient. The highly used technology mobile is also innovated from the telephone.

Alexander Graham Bell's notebook entry of 10 March 1876 describes his successful experiment with the telephone. First practical use of a voice telephone system at 5 Exeter Place, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Bell says to his assistant: 'Mr Watson, come here. I want you.'

Related Invention:Telephone

MICROPHONE 1876

Social Impact:

It is a great instrument for any politics or social affair because it project speaker’s voice which let all the audience can listen clearly. Microphones also used in telephones which transfer the signal to the other side.

In 1876, Emily Berliner was the person to invent the first microphone which was used as a voice transmitter, known as a telephone today. She did not invent the telephone, but improved it with the microphone. A microphone is a device for converting acoustic power into electric power that has essentially similar wave characteristics. Microphones convert sound waves into electrical voltages that are eventually converted back into sound waves thru speakers.


LOUD SPEAKER 1876


Loudspeaker is also an instrument that corporate with microphones to project the sound or signal. Speakers are built in many different technologies such as cell phones, computer and television.

A loudspeaker is an electroacoustic transducer that converts an electrical signal into sound. The speaker pulses in accordance with the variations of an electrical signal and causes sound waves to propagate through a medium such as air or water.Alexander Graham Bell patented his first electric loudspeaker as part of his telephone in 1876 which capable of reproducing intelligible speech

Related Invention:Sound recording and Playback

INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE CALL 1857

Social and Cultural Impact:

It improves the relation between Canada and USA. International telephone call is what the long distance call right now. Countries at the opposite side can still communicate to each other which may develop the relation between countries.

First international telephone call is made between Calais, Maine in the USA and St Stephen, New Brunswick in Canada.

Related Invention:Telephone

PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM 1885

Environmental and Economic Impact:

It will negative impact on the environment because photographic film uses many chemicals that may cause damage on the environment and the society. However, photographic film is which will create the printed photos.

Photographic film is a photographic material consisting of a base of celluloid covered with a photographic emulsion; used to make negatives or transparencies Early photography in the form of daguerreotypes did not use film at all. Eastman Kodak developed the first flexible photographic film in 1885. This original "film" was coated on paper. The first transparent plastic film was produced in 1889.

Related Invention:Movie

RADIO 1895

Social and Cultural Impact:

Using radiotelegraph to transfer message or information in the society is more efficient. Radio in nowadays is also transfer by radiotelegraph. Radio shows already became an entertainment for people when they have free time or when they driving.

Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian inventor, proved the feasibility of radio communication. He sent and received his first radio signal in Italy in 1895. By 1899 he flashed the first wireless signal across the English Channel and two years later received the letter "S", telegraphed from England to Newfoundland. This was the first successful transatlantic radiotelegraph message in 1902.

Related Invention:Radio

X-RAY 1895

Cultural Impact:

A new step of communication technology for doctor or medical officers to communication with the patients about their problems or diseases. Disease can be found out through x-ray and then it can be cure.

X-rays are discovered by Wilhelm Röntgen. He wrote an initial report "On a new kind of ray: A preliminary communication" and on December 28, 1895 submitted it to the Würzburg's Physical-Medical Society journal. This was the first paper written on X-rays. Röntgen referred to the radiation as "X", to indicate that it was an unknown type of radiation.



90s

Metal Detector 1904


A development on the communication technology which is use in the society nowadays to avoid crimes. Metal detectors are use in many ways, for instance, US army use it to search for weapon. It is also commonly use at the airport.

The first to use radio waves to detect "the presence of distant metallic objects" was Christian Hülsmeyer, who in 1904 demonstrated the feasibility of detecting the presence of a ship in dense fog, but not its distance. He received Reichspatent Nr. 165546 for his pre-radar device in April 1904


Wireless Telegraph 1904


The society will be informing the weather more accurately and people can decide appropriately according to the weather. Weather reports are also very important for farmers because they have to plan their farming according to the weather.

Weather reports relayed by wireless telegraphy are first published in London.


Radio Transmission 1915

Social Impact:

People can understand more about other countries and what happening in the world.

In 1915, speech was first transmitted across the continent from New York City to San Francisco and across the Atlantic Ocean from Naval radio station NAA at Arlington, Virginia, to the Eiffel Tower in Paris.


Broadcasting 1927

Economic Impact:

The live broadcast can have an economic impact on the society because people now can watch football game on TV instead of paying money to enter the stadium.

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) broadcasts the first live commentary on a football match: the 1-1 First Division draw of Arsenal v Sheffield United.


Colour Transmission 1928

Social Impact:

Colour is an element that can make people more joyful and delightful rather than just watch black and white transmission which is very dull.

John Logie Baird demonstrated the world's first color transmission on July 3, 1928, using scanning discs at the transmitting and receiving ends with three spirals of apertures, each spiral with filters of a different primary color.


Motion Picture Film 1928

Social Impact:

It is an improvement of the Phenakistiscope in 1800s. It also became a new entertainment for people. People can also save money because they don’t have to purchase Phenakistiscope but rather watch it in TV.

John Logie Baird also first demonstrated to news media on 1 September 1928, televising a motion picture film.


Magnetic Tape 1928


Magnetic tape is a useful tool which can store data in it. This Magnetic tape will help out the economy because people will start to purchase in large amount for storing useful data. Government will be a consumer that needs to store many information.

Magnetic tape was first invented for recording sound by Fritz Pfleumer in 1928 in Germany, based on the invention of magnetic wire recording by Valdemar Poulsen in 1898. Magnetic tape is a medium for magnetic recording generally consisting of a thin magnetizable coating on a long and narrow strip of plastic.

Related Invention:Sound Recording and Playback

Walkie-Talkie 1940

Social Impact:

This is a technology that communicates in short distance which can let any function in the society run more smoothly and effectively because of the great communication between the staff.

The first radio receiver/transmitter to be widely nick-named "Walkie-Talkie" was the backpacked Motorola SCR-300, created by an engineering team in 1940 at the Galvin Manufacturing Company (fore-runner of Motorola). A walkie-talkie is a hand-held, portable, two-way radio transceiver. Its development during the Second World War has been variously credited to Canadian Donald L. Hings, radio engineer Alfred J. Gross, and engineering teams at Motorola.

Related Invention:Cell Phone

Advertisement 1941

Economic Impact:

The advertisement fee is fairly high in all times. Which means the advertising company and television company will have a better financial state and this will improve the economy of the society too.

In the U.S., the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allowed stations to broadcast advertisements beginning 1941, but required public service programming commitments as a requirement for a license.


Computer 1941

Economic and Social Impact:

Computer is a programmed system which will make the work of human much more efficient and effective. Computer is an essential technology in every house because many work is require to process with computer.

Konrad Zuse's Z3 was the world's first working programmable, fully automatic computing machine; whose attributes, with the addition of conditional branching, have often been the ones used as criteria in defining a computer. The machine was completed in 1941. On 12 May 1941, it was successfully presented to an audience of scientists in Berlin.

Related Invention:Computer

Pager 1949

Economic Impact:

Pagers is a very popular messaging device before mobile phone. Over millions of pagers are used in the world which is a very huge market at the time.

In 1921, the first pager-like system was in use by the Detroit Police Department. However, it was not until 1949 that the very first telephone pager was patented. The inventor's name was Al Gross and his pagers were first used in New York City's Jewish Hospital.


Printer 1953

Economic Impact:

Printing is an industrial work which can help out in the economy because the mass of printing is needed throughout the whole society. Printer is automatic not like the old printing method that use man power.

In 1953, the first high-speed printer was developed by Remington-Rand for use on the Univac computer. In computing, a printer is a peripheral which produces a hard copy (permanent readable text and/or graphics) of documents stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media such as paper or transparencies.


Mobile Phone 1956


A mobile phone is an essential in the society right now. The usage of mobile phone in the world is a huge number. The money that is spending on mobile phone is also a massive amount.

The first fully automatic mobile phone system, called MTA (Mobile Telephone system A), was developed by Ericsson and commercially released in Sweden in 1956. This was the first system that did not require any kind of manual control in base stations, but had the disadvantage of a phone weight of 40 kg.


Scanner 1957

Environmental and Economic Impact:

Computer is developing and scanner is also developing with computer. Scanner is a tool that can save spaces by put the hard copy into the computer.

The first image scanner ever developed was built in 1957, at the US National Bureau of Standards, by a team led by Russel Kirsch, and it was a drum scanner. The first image ever scanned on this machine was a 5 cm square photograph of Kirsch's then-three-month-old son, Walden. The black and white image had a resolution of 176 pixels.


Satellite 1960

Social Impact:

It is a perfect tool for military use. However, it is also practical for family use. Navigation system is a global system which will definitely help the economy of many countries. People can also navigate to less familiar place without losing direction.

The first satellite navigation system, Transit, used by the United States Navy, was first successfully tested in 1960. It used a constellation of five satellites and could provide a navigational fix approximately once per hour.

Related Invention:Satellites

Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1973

Social Impact:

a new improvement on communication between doctor and patient. MRI is an pretty expensive operation and the money can really help the financial problem of some hospitals. MRI not only can be use for medical but it can also use it for historical research.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a relatively new technology. The first MR image was published in 1973 and the first cross-sectional image of a living mouse was published in January 1974. The first studies performed on humans were published in 1977


Laptop 1975


Laptop is used in some companies in 1975. It is portable which means workers can finish their work even after their working hours and that will make the process more efficient.

The IBM 5100, the first commercially available portable computer, appeared in September 1975, and was based on the SCAMP prototype. A laptop is personal computer designed for mobile use and small and light enough to sit on one's lap while in use. A laptop integrates most of the typical components of a desktop computer


Compact Disc (CD) 1979

Environmental Impact:

CD is compact to a flat surface and it can free up more space instead of the magnetic tape which use many spaces. CD is more environmental friendly because it use less chemical and it is also less costly than magnetic tape.

Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc" in Eindhoven, The Netherlands on March 8, 1979. A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an optical disc used to store digital data.


CD Player 1982

Environmental and Social Impact:

Although CD is invented, however, we definitely need a CD player in order to listen to the CD. CD player will replace the tape player that is commonly use before the CD player is invented.

Sony released the world's first CD Player called the CDP-101 in October 1982. This was the first of its kind CD player, which had a slide-out tray design for the CD. The introduction of the CD player into the worldwide market helped to replace audio tape as the preferred recording medium, which would eventually lead consumers into the digital age and the advent of MP3s and MP3 players in the early twenty-first century.


LCD Television 1988

Economic and Environmental Impact:

LCD is much thinner CRT and it save many spaces. LCD is low cost and there will be a great demand for it which cause jobs opportunities and it will help out the economy. LCD television can also able to project High-definition picture.

In 1988, Sharp Corporation introduced the first commercial LCD television, a 14" model. LCD televisions are thinner and lighter than CRTs of similar display size, and are available in much larger sizes as well. The LCDs had very slow refresh rates that blurred the screen even with scrolling text, but their light weight and low cost were major benefits.


Digital Camera 1990

Environmental Social Impact:

Memory card in the digital camera is more efficient and environmental friendly because it won’t create any trash not like the photographic films. Digital camera is also more efficient because the photos can transfer to the computer directly rather than going to a shop and pay money for printing the photos out.

The first commercially available digital camera was the 1990 Dycam Model 1; it also sold as the Logitech Fotoman. It used a CCD image sensor, stored pictures digitally, it could attach to a PC or Macintosh and produce black and white photos at 320 by 240 resolution. This was the contribution of Jef Raskin


Webcamera 1991

Social Impact:

There are few programs that are available for video call. Webcam provide people to have a video call service instantly. Webcam is also able to communication with people even not at the same country through internet. This will create another source for people to communication. It also creates a source for people to earn money.

Started in 1991, the first webcam, called the CoffeeCam, was pointed at the Trojan room coffee pot in the computer science department of Cambridge University. A webcam is a video capture device connected to a computer or computer network, often using a USB port or, if connected to a network, ethernet or Wi-Fi.


Smartphone 1992

Social Impact:

Smartphone is a combined feature phone. Many students might own a Smartphone which will drag the attention from the students and they won’t be focus on their education.

The first Smartphone was called Simon; it was designed by IBM in 1992 and shown as a concept product that year at COMDEX, the computer industry trade show held in Las Vegas, Nevada. It was released to the public in 1993 and sold by BellSouth. It combined the features of a mobile phone, a pager, a PDA, and a fax machine. After some delays it was sold by BellSouth in 1994 in 190 U.S. cities in 15 states and was originally priced at $899


Satellite Transmission 1992


When ESPN licensed in Singapore, the culture in Singapore will be affect by the shows because they are watch American channel and the culture is different. ESPN can also earn money internationally through the satellite market.

ESPN (Entertainment and Sports Programming Network) International began in the early 1990s to take advantage of the growing satellite markets in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Sports service ESPN is licensed in Singapore for South Asia satellite transmissions, broadcasting round the clock in English, Hindi and Mandarin

Related Invention:Satellite and Television

Google 1996


Google is the largest browser in the world right now. They earn billions and billions of dollars a year which they also have to pay many taxes to the government. Google already became a tool to search information of any kind.

Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, a Ph.D. student at Stanford working on the Stanford Digital Library Project (SDLP). The SDLP's goal was “to develop the enabling technologies for a single, integrated and universal digital library."

Related Invention:Social Networking and Internet

Digital Video Recorder 1998

Cultural and Social Impact:

DVR will change the culture of a country because people don’t have to follow the schedule anymore. Programs or shows can be record and they can review it later. People can have their freedom to choose the time to view a show a TV, they are not restricted anymore.

The two early consumer DVRs, ReplayTV and TiVo, were launched at the 1998 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. Microsoft also demonstrated a unit with DVR capability but commercial availability of this software would have to wait until the end of 1999 for full DVR features in Dish Network's DISHplayer receivers.

Related Invention:Video Recording and Playback

MSN Messenger 1999

Cultural and Social Impact:

MSN has a great impact on the society especially the school society. Students are easily addicted to messaging and ignored the school work. This has definitely affected the culture of student. However, MSN is a very popular entertainment or socializing tool.

Windows Live Messenger (MSN) is an instant messaging client created by Microsoft. First version of MSN Messenger Service, version 1.0 (1.0.0863), was released July 22, 1999. It included only basic features, such as plain text messaging and a simplistic contact list

Related Invention:Social Networking


2000s

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3G Network 2001

CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT:

3G NETWORK ALSO CHANGED THE CULTURE OF THE WORKING GENERATION. 3G PROVIDE THE SERVICE OF WIRELESS ONLINE. THE SERVICE WILL ALWAYS BE ABUSE BY THE COMPANY TO FORCE THE WORKERS TO WORK EVEN AFTER THEIR WORK PERIOD. HOWEVER, THE PRESSURE OF THE WORKERS WILL INCREASE BECAUSE WORKERS ARE STILL UNOFFICIALLY WORKING AT ANY TIME.

The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan branded FOMA, in May 2001 on a pre-release of W-CDMA technology.The first commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on October 1, 2001. 3G Services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, video calls, and wireless data, all in a mobile environment.


Youtube 2005

CULTURAL IMPACT:

YOUTUBE IS AN OPEN VIDEO SHARING SITE. EVERYONE IN THE WORLD IN ANY PLACE CAN KNOW WHAT MAJOR AFFAIR OR NEWS HAPPEN IN THE WORLD FROM POLITICS TO FUNNY VIDEO.

Video-sharing internet service YouTube is founded. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim, who were all early employees of PayPal. Hurley studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, while Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Related Invention:Social Networking

Digital Cinema Projector 2005

CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT:

THE CULTURE OF THE WORLD IS STARTING TO STEP INTO THE HIGH-DEFINITION GENERATION. THE DETAIL OF THE 4K IS DOUBLE THE NORMAL HIGH-DEFINITION TV. EVERYTHING ON THE WORLD WILL START TO BECOME MORE AND MORE DETAIL.

Sony demonstrates what it claims is the first commercially available 4K digital cinema projector, model SRX-R100. Conforming to the Digital Cinema Initiative (DCI) specifications for 'high-end' digital cinema presentations, it accepts 2K or high-definition sources and processes them for display as 4K. The first unit is installed in the Nova Kino at Trondheim, Norway.


Blu-Ray Disc 2006

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT:

BLU-RAY IS EVEN MORE ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY BECAUSE IT SAVES EVEN MORE SPACE THAN A DVD. IT IS ABLE TO CONTAIN HIGH-DEFINITION PICTURE OR FILM WHICH WILL USE MUCH MORE SPACE THAN NORMAL FILMS.

The first Blu-ray Disc titles were released on June 20, 2006. The earliest releases used MPEG-2 video compression, the same method used on standard DVDs. Its main uses are for storing high-definition video, PlayStation 3 games, and other data, with up to 25 GB per single layered, and 50 GB per dual layered disc.

Related Invention:Video Recording and Playback

Netbook 2007

ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT:

NETBOOK SAVES MANY PEOPLE’S MONEY BECAUSE THEY ARE LOW COST COMPARING TO OTHER TYPE OF LAPTOP BECAUSE THEY USE LESS MATERIAL TO PRODUCE A NETBOOK.

Netbooks are a rapidly evolving category of small, light and inexpensive laptop computers. At their inception in late 2007 — as smaller notebooks optimized for low weight and low cost — Netbooks omitted key features (e.g., the optical drive), featured smaller screens and keyboards, and offered reduced specification and computing power.


Macbook Air 2008

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT:

THE MACBOOK AIR IS THE THINNEST NOTEBOOK WHICH MEANS IT CAN BE FIT IN A SMALLER SPACE AND IT IS LIGHTER- MORE PEOPLE PREFERABLE. HOWEVER, IN THE ARTICLE “OVERLOAD” ALSO EXPRESS THAT SMALLER OR NEWER TECHNOLOGY USUALLY HAVE MORE ERRORS OR PROBLEMS.

The MacBook Air is a Macintosh notebook computer designed by Apple. It is positioned as the ultraportable in Apple's MacBook Family and was introduced at the Macworld Conference & Expo on January 15, 2008. It has been revised twice since the original release. Apple described it as the "world's thinnest notebook".


communication technology timeline

Documents

printing lithography

metal plate printing

older printing

printing speed

rate of printing

cylindrical printing

wood block printing

s flatbed cylinder printing