communications over the thz band: challenges and … over the thz band: challenges and opportunities...

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Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering Communications over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities Presented by: Vitaly Petrov , Researcher Nano Communications Center Tampere University of Technology

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Page 1: Communications over the THz band: Challenges and … over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities ... 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm Current presentation Major ... q Assessment of the THz

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

Communications over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities

Presented by: Vitaly Petrov, Researcher

Nano Communications Center Tampere University of Technology

Page 2: Communications over the THz band: Challenges and … over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities ... 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm Current presentation Major ... q Assessment of the THz

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

q  Growing interest towards the THz band §  Suitability for bandwidth-oriented applications §  Feasible for micro- and nano-scale devices

Devices miniaturization trend

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§  Adaptation of communication techniques is required §  Novel research challenges raise

Page 3: Communications over the THz band: Challenges and … over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities ... 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm Current presentation Major ... q Assessment of the THz

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

q  Established in late 2012 via an Academy of Finland “Finnish Distinguished Professor (FiDiPro)” Program

q  Co-supervised by Prof. Yevgeni Koucheryavy (TUT) and Prof. Ian F. Akyildiz (Georgia Tech, USA)

q  Staff: §  Currently 5 (Senior) researchers + MSc students

q  Major focus: -  Graphene-enabled networks (THz band) -  Cross-connectivity with biological components

TUT Nano Communications Center

Page 4: Communications over the THz band: Challenges and … over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities ... 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm Current presentation Major ... q Assessment of the THz

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

Molecular nanonetworks

Micro- gateway

nano-sensors

on clothing

s Phone surface sensors

Context Management layer

Query routing

EM – nano communication

Micro-gateway

PathogensChemicals

Sweat

Blood

Allergens

nano-sensors

nano-sensors

nano-sensors

Services Layer

Nano-sensors For

environmental monitoring

IoNT – Internet of Nano Things

Page 5: Communications over the THz band: Challenges and … over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities ... 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm Current presentation Major ... q Assessment of the THz

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

Part 1. Motivation to go for high frequencies

Page 6: Communications over the THz band: Challenges and … over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities ... 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm Current presentation Major ... q Assessment of the THz

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

q  Spatial loss §  E.g. free-space loss for

omnidirectional antennas q  Shannon Capacity Limit

§  Link-level performance in case of “best” modulation and coding scheme

Path loss and capacity trade offs

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Page 7: Communications over the THz band: Challenges and … over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities ... 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm Current presentation Major ... q Assessment of the THz

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

q  Smaller antenna size

§  λ/2 and λ/4 for 10 MHz = 15 (7.5) m §  λ/2 and λ/4 for 1 GHz = 15 (7.5) cm §  λ/2 and λ/4 for 1 THz = 150 (75) mcm

q  MIMO (!) §  Massive MIMO è Higher capacity §  Adaptive MIMO è Interference cancellation

q  Devices miniaturization §  Micro and Nano Scale networks

Practical benefits

Page 8: Communications over the THz band: Challenges and … over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities ... 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm Current presentation Major ... q Assessment of the THz

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

Industry 2008: IEEE 802.15 THz Interest Group (IG)

2013: IG upgraded to a Study Group on 100G

2014: Task Group .3d has been established

Over 300 contributions

Interest growth in numbers

Academia

§ Workshops at INFOCOM and ICC

§  Symposiums at GLOBECOM and ICC

§  IEEE Transactions on THz, 2 Special Issues in JSAC

More than 500 articles

Several proofs of concept for elements

Page 9: Communications over the THz band: Challenges and … over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities ... 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm Current presentation Major ... q Assessment of the THz

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

Definition of the THz band

Frequency range Wavelengths Industry, IEEE 802.15.3d 0.3 – 3 THz 1 mm – 100 µm

Academia 0.1 – 10 THz 3 mm – 30 µm

Smart academia 0.06 – 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm

Current presentation Major focus: 0.1 – 3 THz Primary: 3 mm – 100 µm

Page 10: Communications over the THz band: Challenges and … over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities ... 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm Current presentation Major ... q Assessment of the THz

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

Part 2. Enabling technologies

Page 11: Communications over the THz band: Challenges and … over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities ... 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm Current presentation Major ... q Assessment of the THz

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

q  Equipment is available from late 1990s* 1.  Lasers:

§  Quantum cascade lasers (QCL) §  Far infrared lasers (FIR)

2.  Free electron based: §  Schottky diodes §  Travelling Wave

Tubes (TWT), etc.

Macro generators of the THz radiation

*D. Grischkowsky et al., "Far-Infrared Time-Domain Spectroscopy with TeraHz Beams of Dielectrics and Semiconductors,” The Journal of the Optical Society of America B, October 1990

Poor performance at room temperature

Size and power requirements

Page 12: Communications over the THz band: Challenges and … over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities ... 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm Current presentation Major ... q Assessment of the THz

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

q  One atom thick carbon material q  Produced by Andre Geim,

K. Novoselov in 2004 §  Nobel prize 2010

q  Major electrical property: §  Extremely high electrical conductivity

q  Derivatives: §  Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) §  Graphene Nanoribbons (GNR)

Graphene and Carbon Nano Tubes (CNTs)

Feasibility of micro- and nano-scale antennas

Page 13: Communications over the THz band: Challenges and … over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities ... 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm Current presentation Major ... q Assessment of the THz

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

q  Significantly decrease the size of THz signal generators and detectors

§  By Rohm, Japan, 2011* §  Frequency: 300 GHz §  Estimated price: 1.3 USD

Proposal 1. Resonant-tunneling diode + voltage oscillator

* Rohm Semiconductor Press-release, November 2011

Achieved rate: 1.5 Gbps Estimated rate: 30 Gbps

Size: 1.5 x 3 cm

Page 14: Communications over the THz band: Challenges and … over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities ... 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm Current presentation Major ... q Assessment of the THz

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

q  Significantly decrease the size of THz antennas

§  By Astar, Singapore and Imperial College, London in 2012*

§  Size of few hundreds nanometers

Proposal 2. Optical rectification for continuous-wave terahertz emission

*H. Tanoto et al., “Greatly enhanced continuous-wave terahertz emission by nano-electrodes in a photoconductive photomixer”, Nature Photonics, January 2012

Size: 255 х 341 nm Operational at room temperature*

Page 15: Communications over the THz band: Challenges and … over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities ... 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm Current presentation Major ... q Assessment of the THz

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

q  Enhance the performance of THz signal generators and detectors

1.  Increase efficiency

2.  Decrease losses

Proposal 3. SPP waves and plasmonic antennas

* J. M. Jornet and I. F. Akyildiz, "Graphene-based Plasmonic Nano-antenna for Terahertz Band Communication in Nanonetworks," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (JSAC), December 2013

In theory, operational at room temperature* By Georgia Tech, USA, 2012

Page 16: Communications over the THz band: Challenges and … over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities ... 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm Current presentation Major ... q Assessment of the THz

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

Part 3. Prospective applications and user scenarios

Page 17: Communications over the THz band: Challenges and … over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities ... 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm Current presentation Major ... q Assessment of the THz

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

Ubiquitous connectivity

Converged infrastructure for Personal Area Networking

Page 18: Communications over the THz band: Challenges and … over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities ... 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm Current presentation Major ... q Assessment of the THz

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

High speed data transmission

Current:

q E.g. HD, 4K, 8K video transmission

Proposed:

Camera/Coder

Smartphone

Camera

Smartphone

GHz channel

THz channel

ü  Solution for head-on displays §  Cost and complexity minimisation §  Latency decrease

Page 19: Communications over the THz band: Challenges and … over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities ... 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm Current presentation Major ... q Assessment of the THz

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

Board-to-Board and Core-to-Cache communications

q  Solves complexity and scalability issues q  Homogeneous system structure q  Capacity of the THz channel is sufficient for

core-to-cache communications as well

Page 20: Communications over the THz band: Challenges and … over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities ... 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm Current presentation Major ... q Assessment of the THz

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

q  Health monitoring, E-payments, etc. §  Fast signal degradation with distance §  Substantial bandwidth for almost any

handshakes

Security-sensitive communications

Beneficial to study the suitability of: §  PHY layer security §  ID-based crypto systems

Page 21: Communications over the THz band: Challenges and … over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities ... 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm Current presentation Major ... q Assessment of the THz

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

Part 4. Summary, open challenges and future research directions

Page 22: Communications over the THz band: Challenges and … over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities ... 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm Current presentation Major ... q Assessment of the THz

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

q  Fundamental PHY: Feasibility of miniaturised components design and manufacturing §  THz signal generators §  Tx/Rx §  Antennas

q  Advanced PHY: Rapid improvements study §  Feasibility of carriers-based communications §  Directivity is vital and needed soon

(mitigation of high propagation losses) §  Antenna arrays and (massive) MIMO

Primary research challenges (1)

Page 23: Communications over the THz band: Challenges and … over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities ... 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm Current presentation Major ... q Assessment of the THz

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

q  Lower link: Principal selection of MCS type §  Limitations of On/Off keying modulation §  Applicability of IEEE 802.11ac-based

signaling (minimize time-to-market) §  Suitability of full-duplex MAC

q  Upper link and higher layers: System level §  Peers discovery (especially, with directional

antennas), angle of arrival, etc. §  Addressing for massive amount of devices §  Security and Privacy issues

Primary research challenges (2)

Applicability assessment for certain user scenarios

Page 24: Communications over the THz band: Challenges and … over the THz band: Challenges and opportunities ... 10 THz 5 mm – 30 µm Current presentation Major ... q Assessment of the THz

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

v  First generation systems: primitive, pulse-based, 1-2 m coverage Released in fall 2014:

q  Protocol-level simulator to explore system dynamics §  COMSOL, etc. are too heavy §  Referencing validated channel models §  Feasibility study of different channel

access schemes and protocols q  Enhanced analytical models

§  BER estimation, peer discovery, etc. To be released in 2015:

q  System-level simulator q  Assessment of the THz band for anticipated usage scenarios

§  Board-to-Board §  HD video transmission

TUT ongoing activities