Community –Led Total Sanitation –a step towards greater Livelihood

Security - Accelerating Progress in Asia

Community empowerment in total Community empowerment in total sanitation movement in sanitation movement in

Bangladesh, India, Cambodia, Bangladesh, India, Cambodia, Nepal and IndonesiaNepal and Indonesia

Dr.Dr. KamalKamal KarKarInstitute of Development Studies at the University of Institute of Development Studies at the University of

Sussex, UKSussex, UKMarchMarch--20062006

What is Community – Led Total Sanitation ?

They are total (meaning involve/affect everyone in the They are total (meaning involve/affect everyone in the community e.g. total elimination of open defecation, total community e.g. total elimination of open defecation, total freedom from hunger)freedom from hunger)Collective Community decisionCollective Community decision and collective local and collective local action are the keysaction are the keysSocial SolidaritySocial Solidarity and cooperation are seen in abundance and cooperation are seen in abundance They are often locally decided and are not dependent on They are often locally decided and are not dependent on external subsidies and prescriptions or pressuresexternal subsidies and prescriptions or pressuresNatural LeadersNatural Leaders emerge from the collective local actions emerge from the collective local actions and they lead future collective initiativesand they lead future collective initiativesThey often don’t follow externally determined mode of They often don’t follow externally determined mode of development and development and blue print blue print Local diversity and innovationsLocal diversity and innovations are the main elementsare the main elements

Entry/ IgnitionPRA

Defecationarea transectDefecationMappingFlow diagramCalculation of faeces

etc.

Communityrealization of

terrible impact of faecal-oral contamination

Self Empowered Committee formed

Identificationof right

person in the community

How to get a latrine slab Registration

daily monitoring on mapStart pit

latrinefrom

tomorrow

We do it first and stop open defecatio

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10 H/H 10 H/H

Spreadingmessagesfrom the mosque

Each of us cover 10 families

Diagrammatic presentation of the process of igniting Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS)

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Land less don’t have place for defecation. Land owners often blame them for defecating in open. Landless poor (women specially) are the worst victims who want to come out of that humiliation.

ParticipatoryPlanning

Latrineowners can’t get rid of negativeimpacts as many others adding faces everywhere.

Spoilingenvironment by open defecation

Will form positive pressure groups from within to convince others for having latrine

Betteroff

Medium

PoorVery poor

Moving towards 100% sanitised village

Social map of Choobana village, Monze district, Zambia showing all the households with and without latrines dish racks and refuses pits

Woman showing defecation areas of village on a map in Bahirwadivillage in Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra, India.

Floating toilet on the river Musi in Teluk kijingin Mubs district of South Sumatra,Indonesia

CLTS embossed caps given to successfulvillage chiefs by the Local Government as recognition and encouraging neighboring

villages

Community in Hetauda, Nepal mapped defecation areas and are planning to stop open defecation

Floating toilet on Musi river in Teluk kijing village in Mubsdistrict of South Sumatra,Indonesia

Good facilitation Good facilitation –– the key to ensuring community the key to ensuring community participation.participation.

Hundreds of lowHundreds of low--cost local communitycost local community--made toilets are surfacing inmade toilets are surfacing inthe rural landscape in CLTS villages in Bangladesh.the rural landscape in CLTS villages in Bangladesh.

Newly constructed toilets in villages of BangladeshNewly constructed toilets in villages of Bangladesh-- great great sense of ownership and pride sense of ownership and pride

Every day’s shit is collected in buckets for applying in vegetable fields; Xansee province, China

Plan, China’s prescription of expensive “Eco-san” toilet models. Huge money available for

subsidy!

Toilet renovated after one year of use in Skun villages of TbengCommune, Banteay Srei district in Siem Reap province in Cambodia -great sense of ownership and pride! This woman with three children could save at least R 30,000 per month from medicines and doctors.

Newly constructed toilets in Kampong Svay villages of Kampong Tralachdistrict in Kampong Chhnang province in Cambodia - great sense of ownership and pride. Mr.Hoeun invites his neighbours to use his toilet in order to get more manure at the end

Natural Leaders emerge from the very first collective action that improves everyone’conditions of living, Skun villages of Tbeng Commune of Banteay Srei district in SieReap province in Cambodia. Can we help in developing thousands of such natural leand enguage them as community consultant?

Use of ash after defecation in direct pit latrine is an innovation by the community of Skun villages of Tbeng Commune of Siem Reap province in Cambodia. One gets potash rich manure at the end. Whose idea?

Community Innovated direct pit latrine- Skun village, Banteay Srei, Cambodia

Community Led Total Sanitation in Ahmed Nagarand Nandeddistricts in Maharashtra had set first examples for the entire state and all other states in India

Construction details of community innovated low-cost latrine

Tin sheet, old plastic bottles and plastic sheets are used to construct such toilets

Using plastic funnel as toilet pan; Immediate measure to declare the village free from Open defecation, South

Sumatra

Using inflated pipe as toilet pan. Toilet is attached with kitchen, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Locally innovated toilet model in flood prone areas and in places with high water table. Sambas, West

Kalimantan

Proud Kepala Desa showing different toilet models to visitors

Plastic pans are available in the shops of remote villages in Bangladesh wherever CLTS is in progress.

Privatesectorparticipation hasboosted up 100% total sanitationremarkably.

Local dealer of sanitary hard ware displaying different models of sanitary toilets that suits different pockets, PLAN Bangladesh promotes CLTS without subsidy.

Community latrine constructed over a defunct ring well –no subsidy- all local innovation. Whose idea?

We have constructed this and we all use it. Whose ideas are appropriate? Who can scale-up faster?

Participatory Evaluation in WATSAN is in progress in Participatory Evaluation in WATSAN is in progress in ChobanaChobana Village of Village of MonzeMonze District, Zambia District, Zambia

Women in Siem Reap villages felt they were more healthy after stopping open defecation and their daily income increased by one dollar at least from collection of fuel from the forest.

Community commitment for elimination of open defecation in Tany village, Rumchek commune, Bateay Srey. The challenge lies in igniting thousands of communities.

Community innovated superstructure of toilet – In Kampong Chhnang Province, Cambodia

Community designed sub-structure of pit latrine in KompungChhnang, Cambodia

Mr. Sinoeun, Deputy Chief of Commune Council takes the pride of showing locally innovated toilets to outsiders- Kampong Chhnang

Toilet built by community for village guests.Who takes the credit of whose work?

CLTS involves the entire community in collectivaction to end open defecation-Kudappa district inAP, India

Striking difference between mud walls and thatched roofs of dwelling houses and brick & cement walls for toilet. Whose designs and decisions?

Empowered Commune Council members share new learning from community and mnew commitments. Hundreds of villages could be liberated from the pangs of diarrh

supported properly and thousands more could be ignited by them

CLTS triggered empowerment

Empowered community

compelled UP to issue birth

registration certificate to enroll children in primary

school

School recognized for educationalgrants

Reducedschool

dropouts in primaryschool

Increased enrolment in primaryschools

Innovativeapproach of construction of retention walls using ITK

Major shift in Koroshplantation by the community, which was earlier done by the contractors

Utilization of free space for variety of vegetable gardening and plantation on clean space created from CLTS

Massive community participation with labour and cash for construction of retention wall. Creation of fund for maintenance of structures

Better utilization of space by raising nursery on raised structures

School attendance for primary level

increased

Innovative ways of vegetable cultivation on extended bamboo structures in Haors.

Empowered education committee formed

Schoolteachers’ attendanceimproved

Natural leaders developed functional linkage with the Livestock, &other NBD.Livestock officers prefer to work with the natural leaders

Women members of CLTS organized themselves around small savings and credit. Many poor families participated in S&C initiative.

Increased ownership of empowered & proud UP chairmen & members influences neighboring UPs and ensure better governance

Women members of CLTS committee participate in Salish to protest against women abuse. Increased cooperation and social

solidarity amongst all categories of the community

Empowered community challenging contractors and protesting poor quality material supply

Catalysts of community triggered CLTS in other villages as consultant

Shifts from Subsidy/Target Driven Structured approach to Community Led Process approach

Sustainability of local Sustainability of local institutionsinstitutions

Local agencies and Local agencies and leadershipleadership

Expectation of Expectation of community and their community and their dependence on dependence on external inputsexternal inputs

Short and programme Short and programme implementationimplementationorientedoriented

As prescribed and As prescribed and created by projectcreated by project

HighHighCommunity expects Community expects material incentives material incentives and spirit of local and spirit of local action is lostaction is lost

Long and and Long and and community managedcommunity managed

Through local action Through local action and natural leaders and natural leaders emerged from emerged from collective community collective community actionaction

LowLowCommunityCommunityparticipation is participation is interactive and often interactive and often are self mobilizedare self mobilized

What could be a better way to achieve the MDGs ?

Our externally designed prescription of toilet Our externally designed prescription of toilet construction with subsidy or their own will to stop construction with subsidy or their own will to stop open defecation?open defecation?What could be the best way to identify the hard What could be the best way to identify the hard core poor? Outsider’s survey or insiders collective core poor? Outsider’s survey or insiders collective well being analysis?well being analysis?Who’s reality and decisions counts?Who’s reality and decisions counts?Who is more powerful in fighting against open Who is more powerful in fighting against open defecation and spreading the message? defecation and spreading the message? What is more powerful ? Local collective strength What is more powerful ? Local collective strength or external assistance or a balance between the or external assistance or a balance between the two where insiders are empowered constantly? two where insiders are empowered constantly? Who leads ? Who learns?Who leads ? Who learns?

Truly Community Led approach is definitely an Truly Community Led approach is definitely an opportunity to put them on the driving seatopportunity to put them on the driving seatTarget driven approach kills diversity. Scaling up Target driven approach kills diversity. Scaling up effort of CLTS in Bangladesh with huge funding effort of CLTS in Bangladesh with huge funding has raised many new questions. has raised many new questions. Looking in to these for a deeper understanding is Looking in to these for a deeper understanding is necessary.necessary.

NGP awards received by different states of IndiaMarch 2006

(Total awards given to Gram Panchayets-770) More than 2000 GPs have been declared ODF

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What could be done in enhancing the process of scaling up of CLTS?

Refrain from spreading a mixed message by Refrain from spreading a mixed message by supporting subsidy and no subsidy approach in the supporting subsidy and no subsidy approach in the same country to avoid unnecessary confusionsame country to avoid unnecessary confusionIdentify the strength and capacity of the partners Identify the strength and capacity of the partners before pouring in fund. Value your own evaluation before pouring in fund. Value your own evaluation and reviews of programmesand reviews of programmesDecide between achieving targets of spending and Decide between achieving targets of spending and quality of sustained improvement in sanitationquality of sustained improvement in sanitationInvest in training and capacity building of Invest in training and capacity building of community consultants emerging from CLTS and community consultants emerging from CLTS and more grass root level facilitatorsmore grass root level facilitatorsSupport action research for deeper understanding Support action research for deeper understanding of community led processes necessary to policy of community led processes necessary to policy change for enhancing the speed change for enhancing the speed

Community Led Process in Bangladesh

GBP 17.5 million for GBP 17.5 million for scaling up CLTSscaling up CLTSFunding SACOSANFunding SACOSAN-- Million to UNICEF for Million to UNICEF for promoting subsidized promoting subsidized latrine constructionlatrine constructionMDG pressureMDG pressureOver enthusiasm of Govt. Over enthusiasm of Govt. 100% sanities by 2008100% sanities by 2008Reward for UNO (Foreign Reward for UNO (Foreign trips)trips)

Faster Union coverage, (Hygiene Faster Union coverage, (Hygiene behavior change??)behavior change??)Govt. declared 94 unions out of 4800 Govt. declared 94 unions out of 4800 unions and 460 unions and 460 UZsUZs 100%100% sanitisedsanitised(faster by those who joined later)(faster by those who joined later)DPHE, who doesn’t work without DPHE, who doesn’t work without hardwarehardware--subsidy examines/certifies subsidy examines/certifies CLTS unions without subsidyCLTS unions without subsidySpread of CLTS by Community Spread of CLTS by Community Consultants stalled, no. of NGO staff Consultants stalled, no. of NGO staff (who never defecated in the open) (who never defecated in the open) multiplied five timesmultiplied five timesLocal innovation in technology and Local innovation in technology and scaling up process slowed/stoppedscaling up process slowed/stoppedUNOsUNOs are imposing penalty on are imposing penalty on communities for not constructing communities for not constructing toiletstoiletsNGOs competing for quick coverage NGOs competing for quick coverage (quality?)(quality?)

CLTS in NepalPlan, Water Aid, NEWAH, Nepal Red Cross and a few Plan, Water Aid, NEWAH, Nepal Red Cross and a few others have initiated CLTS who needs support for training, others have initiated CLTS who needs support for training, capacity building and multiplication of community catalystscapacity building and multiplication of community catalystsCan DFID discuss the issue of “Community Led Scaling up” Can DFID discuss the issue of “Community Led Scaling up” and spread of CLTS with the partners it supports in the and spread of CLTS with the partners it supports in the region e.g. Water Aid, UNICEF, WSP? region e.g. Water Aid, UNICEF, WSP? Great variation in approach between WAGreat variation in approach between WA--Bangladesh and Bangladesh and WAWA--India. Both receive DFID funding. India. Both receive DFID funding. Can DFID influence the process of dissemination of learning Can DFID influence the process of dissemination of learning emerging from the region for accelerating the process of emerging from the region for accelerating the process of scaling up (especially their partners)? e.g. all Water Aid scaling up (especially their partners)? e.g. all Water Aid countries in the regioncountries in the regionExample of intraExample of intra--institutional learning and sharing between institutional learning and sharing between WSPWSP--SA and WSP EAP is worth emulatingSA and WSP EAP is worth emulatingWater Aid Nepal and NEWAH has a great potential of Water Aid Nepal and NEWAH has a great potential of scaling up CLTS in rural Nepalscaling up CLTS in rural NepalA national level consultation with other agencies interested A national level consultation with other agencies interested in community led process could bring many new ideasin community led process could bring many new ideas

CLTS in CambodiaConcern World Wide has strongly initiated Concern World Wide has strongly initiated CLTS with the Commune Councils in four CLTS with the Commune Councils in four provinces. With the commitment of CCs provinces. With the commitment of CCs some villages have been freed from Open some villages have been freed from Open defecation, many more are in the process. defecation, many more are in the process. Great impact on the lives of poor is seen .Great impact on the lives of poor is seen .At least 50 Chairmen and members of At least 50 Chairmen and members of different Commune Councils have been different Commune Councils have been trained on CLTS in workshops in Februarytrained on CLTS in workshops in February--March 2005March 2005Ministry of RD with UNICEF have started Ministry of RD with UNICEF have started piloting CLTS in at least three provinces. piloting CLTS in at least three provinces. The initial results are very encouraging.The initial results are very encouraging.

CLTS in IndonesiaWSP, World Bank and WESLICWSP, World Bank and WESLIC--IIII progjectprogject of GOI of GOI have introduced CLTS in East and West Java, have introduced CLTS in East and West Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra, NTB and in Sambas.Kalimantan, Sumatra, NTB and in Sambas.CARE, Islamic Relief, Plan International are very CARE, Islamic Relief, Plan International are very keen to get involved and train their field staff on keen to get involved and train their field staff on CLTS.CLTS.Plan Indonesia have huge money to spend on Plan Indonesia have huge money to spend on subsidy on their national sanitation programme and subsidy on their national sanitation programme and that is posing a great problem in the spread of CLTS that is posing a great problem in the spread of CLTS initiated by WSP and WSLICinitiated by WSP and WSLIC--II project of GOIII project of GOICLTS is being adopted by communities with great CLTS is being adopted by communities with great diversity and location specificity.diversity and location specificity.WESLICWESLIC--III project is being designed on CLTS III project is being designed on CLTS approach and philosophyapproach and philosophy

CLTS in China and MongoliaPlan International, China is going to initiate CLTS Plan International, China is going to initiate CLTS in a few villages in Aprilin a few villages in April--06. A team of 15 Plan 06. A team of 15 Plan and other NGO staff visited Bangladesh in 05.and other NGO staff visited Bangladesh in 05.Plan China has host the first national workshop on Plan China has host the first national workshop on CLTS in China in December 05CLTS in China in December 05Plan China field staff don’t want to move out of Plan China field staff don’t want to move out of subsidy approach. National staff find it too subsidy approach. National staff find it too difficult to convince. Huge money on subsidy in difficult to convince. Huge money on subsidy in WES project is available. Killer disease??WES project is available. Killer disease??CLTS has already been initiated in very small CLTS has already been initiated in very small scale in Mongolia (in scale in Mongolia (in DalanzadgadDalanzadgad--South Gobi South Gobi and in Ulaanbaatar). No update so far and in Ulaanbaatar). No update so far

Urban sanitation and need for constant learning on community led approach

CLTS is mostly rural, but learning on Urban sanitation has CLTS is mostly rural, but learning on Urban sanitation has also been initiated in a very small scale.also been initiated in a very small scale.Under DFID supported KUSP (Under DFID supported KUSP (KolkataKolkata Urban Services for the Urban Services for the Poor) millions of Pounds are being spent on sanitation Poor) millions of Pounds are being spent on sanitation subsidies (subsidies (RsRs. 9900 per toilet). Municipality of . 9900 per toilet). Municipality of KalyaniKalyani isismoving fast towards declaring all 52 slums as ODF without moving fast towards declaring all 52 slums as ODF without any external hardware subsidy. Can we learn from these any external hardware subsidy. Can we learn from these initiatives and change our plans accordingly?initiatives and change our plans accordingly?Role of Municipality Chairman and Councilors (elected Role of Municipality Chairman and Councilors (elected people’s representatives) in spreading CLTS in people’s representatives) in spreading CLTS in KalyaniKalyani hashasbeen exemplary.been exemplary.Can DFID locate agencies and support them to continue Can DFID locate agencies and support them to continue learning on community led total sanitation approaches for learning on community led total sanitation approaches for Urban sanitation? Urban sanitation?