community- based conservation andré pelser 2010. the nature of conventional conservation policies...
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COMMUNITY- BASED COMMUNITY- BASED CONSERVATIONCONSERVATION
André Pelser2010
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THE NATURE OF THE NATURE OF CONVENTIONAL CONVENTIONAL
CONSERVATION POLICIESCONSERVATION POLICIES
• Preservation of forests, parks, etc.• Rehabilitation and improvement of
degraded areas• Several problems with above
developing countries Growth in number of protected areas Growth in human population Integrated environmental management
• CBC seen as alternative conservation approach
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THE EARTH’S LANDTHE EARTH’S LAND
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OLD APPROACH OFTEN OLD APPROACH OFTEN RESULTED IN…RESULTED IN…
Social dislocation
Tension and conflict
Poaching
Downward spiral in quality of life
Hostility towards conservation
Increased environmental degradation
NOT SUITABLE FOR DEVELOPING NATIONS
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REASONS FOR SHIFTING TO REASONS FOR SHIFTING TO CBCCBC
50% of protected areas (pa’s) inhabited
community as equal partners
Central agencies often insufficient lc’s often at the forefront of protest
Declining political support for conservation
Need to re-examine both concepts of
management and conservation
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REASONS FOR SHIFTING TO REASONS FOR SHIFTING TO CBCCBC
(iii) Conservation not non-use, but sustainable utilization
CBC more cost-efficient Local knowledge of conservation Agenda 21 of UNCED; Rio Declaration
recognize indigenous communities
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WHAT IS CBC?WHAT IS CBC?
Involvement of local communities (lc’s) in
decision-making
Saving the environment with, rather from
lc’s
Various options: consultation to control
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MAIN CHARACTERISTICSMAIN CHARACTERISTICS OLD APPROACHOLD APPROACH
authoritarian emphasis on
“reservation” ignored needs of local
people conservation divorced
from development exclude communities custodial ideology “scientific” knowledge
in management
NEW APPROACHNEW APPROACH
progressive emphasis on
“sustainable use” need-sensitive
conservation integrated with development
include communities greater benefits to
people local knowledge in
sustainable use of resources
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Three major forms of CBCThree major forms of CBC
Protected area outreachProtected area outreach
Collaborative managementCollaborative management
Community-based Natural Resource ManagementCommunity-based Natural Resource Management
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THE CBC APPROACH IN THE CBC APPROACH IN SASA
Outreach programmes after 1994: Social
Ecology Dept. of SANP in 1994; Directorate of
People and Conservation in 2003
Community forums
Environmental education; eco-tourism;
community development
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THE CBC APPROACH IN THE CBC APPROACH IN SASA
Eco-tourism = Richtersveld; Arts & Crafts (Tsitsikamma, Wilderness, Karoo); Tourist guides (Golden Gate); Community Trust (Addo)
KZN: mussel collecting, plant nurseries; B&B accommodation
Accent on local culture Sustainable yield basis
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STEPS/ISSUES TO BE STEPS/ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED IN CBCCONSIDERED IN CBC
WHO IS THE LOCAL COMMUNITY?WHO IS THE LOCAL COMMUNITY?
Historic relationship with land/resources
Resource-dependence
Cut-off date for claims
Physical proximity
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STEPS/ISSUES TO BE STEPS/ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED IN CBCCONSIDERED IN CBCWHO IS THE LOCAL COMMUNITY?WHO IS THE LOCAL COMMUNITY?
Identify primary, secondary, tertiary
stakeholders
Important to identify inequalities (caste, class, gender,
age, etc.);
Powerful individuals can dominate process
Social analysis / PRA
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STEPS/ISSUES TO BE STEPS/ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED IN CBCCONSIDERED IN CBC
ESTABLISH A COMMUNITY PROFILEESTABLISH A COMMUNITY PROFILE
Capacity of the community?
Ascertain traditional systems of conservation
and management
Avoid devaluation of local knowledge
Social analysis / PRA
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STEPS/ISSUES TO BE STEPS/ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED IN CBCCONSIDERED IN CBC
HOW WILL LOCAL COMMUNITY ENSURE HOW WILL LOCAL COMMUNITY ENSURE SUSTAINALE UTILIZATION?SUSTAINALE UTILIZATION?
What is to be conserved, How it is to be conserved and for Whom?
Capacity building among community Monitoring of impact of CBC (30% of funds allocated;
focus on biological and social elements of process) I=PATS Motivation of lc requires incentives
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STEPS/ISSUES TO BE STEPS/ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED IN CBCCONSIDERED IN CBC
ESTABLISH PARTICIPATORY ESTABLISH PARTICIPATORY INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURESINSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES
Involvement and empowerment of actual users
Exclude and regulate undesirable external
influences
Consensus on the utilization of the resource
Management boards, committees etc
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STEPS/ISSUES TO BE STEPS/ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED IN CBCCONSIDERED IN CBC
DETERMINE THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS FOR THE DETERMINE THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS FOR THE COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY
Forest and other produceForest and other produce (Collecting grass etc.)
EmploymentEmployment (Reserve proportion of new
employment opportunities for local people)
Tourism revenuesTourism revenues
Returns from outside commercial activitiesReturns from outside commercial activities
(Industry and researchers should pay for LCK)
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FORMULATE A POLICY/LAW: FORMULATE A POLICY/LAW: MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
TO FACILITATE CBCTO FACILITATE CBC
Three objectives:
-facilitate participation;
-ensuring the “ecological rights” of the lc;
-regulate human activities
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FORMULATE A POLICY/LAW: FORMULATE A POLICY/LAW: MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
TO FACILITATE CBCTO FACILITATE CBC
Issues to be resolved Issues to be resolved
Role of “outsiders” to be clarified: “outside”
projects subjected to public hearings?
Conflict resolution
Stakeholder identification/rights and roles
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COMMON COMMON PROBLEMS/ERRORSPROBLEMS/ERRORS
Inter-and intra-community rivalry
Who constitutes a neighbouring community?
Lack of wider social support for community
Officials project their own values and
priorities on lc’s
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COMMON COMMON PROBLEMS/ERRORSPROBLEMS/ERRORS
Overlook lc’s ways of meeting their own needs
Fixation on job-creation
Overlook the social differentiation within a community
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Medicinal PlantsMedicinal Plants 80% in KZN use traditional medicine80% in KZN use traditional medicine 27 million in SA in one year27 million in SA in one year AIDSAIDS 1 doctor: 20 000 people; 1 traditional 1 doctor: 20 000 people; 1 traditional
healer: 500 peoplehealer: 500 people 200 000-250 000 healers nationwide200 000-250 000 healers nationwide Commercial traders and gatherersCommercial traders and gatherers
750-1100 jobs750-1100 jobs
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Medicinal PlantsMedicinal Plants
Trade worth more than R500 million Trade worth more than R500 million
p/ap/a
ProblemProblem 350 plant species nationally harvested350 plant species nationally harvested
Plant used: 4000t per year in KZN alone; Plant used: 4000t per year in KZN alone;
20 000t nationally20 000t nationally
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