community-based corrections generally cbc generally offender selection the state of modern cbc
TRANSCRIPT
Community-Based Corrections Community-Based Corrections GenerallyGenerally
CBC Generally
Offender Selection
The State of Modern CBC
What Is CBC?What Is CBC?
Intermediate Sanctions and Intermediate Sanctions and CBCCBC
Recall:
What are Intermediate What are Intermediate Sanctions?Sanctions?
What are IS?
CBC ObjectivesCBC Objectives
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Community ProtectionCommunity Protection
Offender Selection Criteria
Restrictions (IS) and Level of Control
Rules and Rules Enforcement
Rules and Rules EnforcementRules and Rules Enforcement
Rules and rules enforcement tend to deter criminal activity and identify, before crime, persons at risk for criminality.
Fairness and JusticeFairness and Justice
Fairness and Justice Fairness and Justice AKA: ProportionalityAKA: Proportionality
Punishment should fit the crimeAggravating and mitigation circumstancesApply the right amount of just deserts
Should an offender who works and obeys the law, but continues to have problems with drugs, be sent to prison?
Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation and ReintegrationReintegration
Rebuilding community ties– Family, Job, Friends, Education
Why are these things important?
RehabilitationRehabilitation
Rehabilitation is based on the premise that crime and delinquency are:
““Healthy” Community Healthy” Community Organization ExamplesOrganization Examples
Why are “healthy” community Why are “healthy” community offerings important?offerings important?
Why are “healthy” community Why are “healthy” community offerings important?offerings important?
What happens when offenders What happens when offenders are barred from normal social are barred from normal social
roles?roles?
Labeling TheoryLabeling Theory
Practical ImplicationsPractical Implications
Programs that avoid stigmatizing offenders and enable them to maintain ties to the larger community could be expected to encourage responsible, law-abiding behavior.
ReintegrationReintegration
Reintegration, to be effective, must be:
Restorative and Community Restorative and Community JusticeJustice
Cost EffectivenessCost Effectiveness
Prison: About $18,000 - $25,000 per year
Probation: About $1,400 per year
Effective TX: About $12,000 - $14,000 year
Cost Effectiveness cont’dCost Effectiveness cont’d
28,000 VA inmates X $22,000
= $616,000,000 per year 40,000 P&P Cases X $1,400 = $ 56,000,000 per year 7,000 Selected Inmate Cases X $14,000 = $ 98,000,000 per year Savings: $155,554.000 - $98,000,000 = $57,554,000 per year PLUS Less Crime
Cost Effectiveness cont’dCost Effectiveness cont’d
TX pays for itself.
Fact:
Fact:
Offender SelectionOffender Selection
Offender Selection ToolsOffender Selection Tools
Presentence ReportRisk and Needs AssessmentsSentencing Guidelines
Sentencing Guidelines Sentencing Guidelines
Who Uses Who Uses Sentencing Guidelines?Sentencing Guidelines?
Sentencing Guideline PurposeSentencing Guideline Purpose
History of SG in VirginiaHistory of SG in Virginia
Historical widespread inequities Voluntary sentencing guidelines 75% compliance rate by judges
Truth In SentencingTruth In Sentencing
– 1980-1992 Number f federal prisoners increased 46% to 75%
– Result: 60% increase in corrections spending
Important ConceptsImportant Concepts
Collective Incapacitation:
Selective Incapacitation:
Important ConceptsImportant Concepts
Determinate Sentencing:
Indeterminate Sentencing-
Important ConceptsImportant Concepts
The State of Modern The State of Modern Community CorrectionsCommunity Corrections
Get Tough On CrimeGet Tough On Crime
Result of War On Drugs– National crackdown on drug use– Massive increases in law enforcement and
prosecutions
Get Tough On CrimeGet Tough On Crime
Effect– Increase in drug users in prison– Limited prison space for violent and property
offenders– Huge increases in correctional spending– DOC became largest agency in many states
Get Tough on CrimeGet Tough on Crime
Some Bright SpotsSome Bright Spots
Greater focus on violent offenders Law authorized federal mandatory
minimum for minor drug offenders Federal money to states for prisons tied to
– Evidence of balanced approach Rehabilitation, TX, Education Diversion, Drug Courts, Post Release Assistance
Less Bright SpotsLess Bright Spots
Limited federal court authority to remedy prison overcrowding
Permitted double bunking of maximum security inmates
Most states maximized incarceration– Proliferation of sentencing enhancements for all
Parole abolition
Sentencing EnhancementsSentencing Enhancements
Three strikes and you’re out • For All
Truth in sentencing (Serve 85% of time)• For All
Sentencing Guideline enhancements
Prison AdmissionsPrison Admissions
Implication?
Collective Incapacitation Collective Incapacitation CriticismsCriticisms
If collective incapacitation were effective, crime reduction would have been greater.– Serious offenders were already incarcerated– Longer sentences incapacitate offenders after
criminal career ended or greatly diminished– Drug offenders leave prison with broader
criminal expertise– Middle class assumption prison is equal
deterrent to all groups
Reality of Incapacitation Reality of Incapacitation PolicyPolicy
Cost and Consequences of Cost and Consequences of Incarceration PolicyIncarceration Policy
Cost– Economic, Social, Educational, Health and
Public Safety
Consequences If Trend Continues– Raise taxes or reduce Funding in almost all
other areas
International PerspectiveInternational Perspective
US places disproportionate emphasis on physical punishment in CCJ policy.
US reliance on collective incapacitation is not based on demonstrated success.
What Are The Alternatives?What Are The Alternatives?
Reintroduce Indeterminacy In Sentencing Focus On Alternatives To Incarceration Remove Lesser Offenders From Prison
• Especially Drug Offenders
Solution: Back To CBCSolution: Back To CBC
• CBC can provide protection• Rehabilitation and enforcing restrictions costs $
• Most offenders respond to the right program match
• CBC is the best cost effective alternative
ConclusionConclusion
• Public safety concerns dominate correctional planning.
• Resolution of offender problems and needs may be the best long-term solution to public safety problems and crime prevention.