community-based entrepreneurship for rural development
TRANSCRIPT
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Community-based Entrepreneurship for Rural Development- Introduction to Training Program-
Koichi MIYOSHI: Professor (Dr.), Graduate School of Asia Pacific Studies,Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University [email protected] OKABE: Bureau Chief,Institute for Community Design
Facilitators
Koichi MIYOSHI (APU-GSA) Yumiko OKABE (Institute for Community
Design) Ana PUATU (APU-GSA)
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APU Officers (Research Office)
Seigo TAKEBAYASHI: Deputy Director Ryoko MASUNAGA: Program Officer : Program Officer
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Self Introduction Koichi MIYOSHI Dr.
Current Position Professor, Graduate School of Asia pacific Studies, Ritsumeikan
Asia Pacific University
Past Position Managing Director, Office Of Evaluation Visiting Professors: Graduate School of Tokyo University, Graduate
School of Chuo University etc. Deputy Managing Director, Planning Department Chief Representative of JICA USA Office
Specialties Community Capacity and Rural Development Evaluation and Planning International Cooperation Policy
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List of Training Program Course (Country/Region), (As of FY 2014)
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Course Name FY Year Country/RegionNumber of
Participants
1 Training Course in Seminar for Municipal Mayors of Clustered LGUS: One Village One Product Movement 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Country: Philippines 38
2 The Country focused Training Program on the "One Village One Product" Movement in Tunisia 2006, 2007 Country: Tunisia 18
3 Training Course in Region Development Promotion for ASEAN Countries - One Village One Product 2007, 2008, 2009 Region: ASEAN 31
4 Training Course in Community Capacity and Rural Development - Focusing on One Village One Product – for AFRICAN Countries + Malawi 2008, 2009, 2010 Region: Africa 47
5 Training Course in Enforcement of Region Administrative Function for Local Industrial Promotion 2008, 2009, 2010 Country: Chile 28
6 Training Course in Seminar on One Village, One Product Movement in Savannakhet and Saravanh 2008, 2009 Country: Laos 8
7 Training Course in ANDEAN Region One Village One Product Promotion 2009, 2010, 2011 Region: Andean 45
8 Training Course in Development and Promotion of Region Industries Utilizing Local Resources for INDOCHINA and PACIFIC Regions 2009 Region:
Indochina & Pacific 13
9 Training Course in Community Capacity and Rural Development - Focusing on One Village One Product – for AFRICAN Countries (A) & (B) 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Region: Africa 110
10 Training Course on Community Capacity and Rural Development Promotion for ASIAN Countries – One Village One Product 2010, 2011, 2012 Region: Asian 49
11 Training Course in Promotion of Local Industries for GUATEMALA 2010, 2011, 2012 Country: Guatemala 46
12 Training Course of Promotion of One Village One Product Movement in COLOMBIA 2010, 2011, 2012 Country: Colombia 49
13 Training Course in NEPAL One Village One Product Promotion 2011 Country: Nepal 15
14 Enhancement of Capacity for Promotion of One Village One Product Program in Uganda 2012 Country: Uganda 14
15 Training Course on Community Capacity and Rural Development Promotion for Central & South America – One Village One Product (A)&(E) 2012, 2013 Country: Central and
South America 60
16 Training Course of Promotion of One Village One Product Movement in Kenya 2012 Country: Kenya 15
17 Training Course on Community Capacity and Rural Development Promotion for East Europe – One Village One Product 2013 Country: Eastern Europa 8
18Training Course in Community Capacity and Rural Development - Focusing on One Village One Product – for Asia and Pacific Regions ( C ) 2013 Country: Asia and
Pacific Regions 15
19 Thailand Training Course: Marketing Techniques and OTOP Enhancement for Producers, Farming Households and Agricultural Products 2013 Country: Thailand 17
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Course Name FY Year Country/RegionNumber of
Participants
20 Training Course in Seminar for Municipal Mayors of Clustered LGUS: One Village One Product Movement 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Country: Philippines 38
21 The Country focused Training Program on the "One Village One Product" Movement in Tunisia 2006, 2007 Country: Tunisia 18
22 Training Course in Region Development Promotion for ASEAN Countries - One Village One Product 2007, 2008, 2009 Region: ASEAN 31
23 Training Course in Community Capacity and Rural Development - Focusing on One Village One Product – for AFRICAN Countries + Malawi 2008, 2009, 2010 Region: Africa 47
24 Training Course in Enforcement of Region Administrative Function for Local Industrial Promotion 2008, 2009, 2010 Country: Chile 28
25 Training Course in Seminar on One Village, One Product Movement in Savannakhet and Saravanh 2008, 2009 Country: Laos 8
26 Training Course in ANDEAN Region One Village One Product Promotion 2009, 2010, 2011 Region: Andean 45
27 Training Course in Development and Promotion of Region Industries Utilizing Local Resources for INDOCHINA and PACIFIC Regions 2009 Region:
Indochina & Pacific 13
9 Training Course in Community Capacity and Rural Development - Focusing on One Village One Product – for AFRICAN Countries (A) & (B) 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Region: Africa 110
10 Training Course on Community Capacity and Rural Development Promotion for ASIAN Countries – One Village One Product 2010, 2011, 2012 Region: Asian 49
11 Training Course in Promotion of Local Industries for GUATEMALA 2010, 2011, 2012 Country: Guatemala 46
12 Training Course of Promotion of One Village One Product Movement in COLOMBIA 2010, 2011, 2012 Country: Colombia 49
13 Training Course in NEPAL One Village One Product Promotion 2011 Country: Nepal 15
14 Enhancement of Capacity for Promotion of One Village One Product Program in Uganda 2012 Country: Uganda 14
15 Training Course on Community Capacity and Rural Development Promotion for Central & South America – One Village One Product (A)&(E) 2012, 2013 Country: Central and
South America 60
16 Training Course of Promotion of One Village One Product Movement in Kenya 2012 Country: Kenya 15
17 Training Course on Community Capacity and Rural Development Promotion for East Europe – One Village One Product 2013 Country: Eastern Europa 8
18Training Course in Community Capacity and Rural Development - Focusing on One Village One Product – for Asia and Pacific Regions ( C ) 2013 Country: Asia and
Pacific Regions 15
19 Thailand Training Course: Marketing Techniques and OTOP Enhancement for Producers, Farming Households and Agricultural Products 2013 Country: Thailand 17
Concept of Training Program
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Inception Report(Project, Program or Policy)
Revision and Modification
Interim Report(Project, Program or Policy)
1. Community Capacity Development and Policy Structure Model- Concept of Community Capacity Development- Concept of Planning and Evaluation- Concept of the Systematic Value Addition for the Rural Entrepreneurs/Development Promoter
• Decentralized Hands-On (DHO) Exhibition Policy Approach Model
• Community-based OVOP Policy Approach Model2. Study Tours3. Case Studies: Group Discussions4. Action Plan: Group Discussions
Final Report(Project, Program and Policy)
ImplementationProject, Program and Policy
Concept + Practice
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Our Intentions To discuss an alternative development approach focusing
on community capacity and collective activities that benefits rural communities.
To conceptualize the rural development approach for practical usages; not to theorize the rural development phenomena
To clarify the practical, operational concepts to examine, discuss, and analyse the real life operation. The real life is not simple to interpret by simple theories
for causalities. We can choose various options for development.
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Community Capacity Developmentand Policy Structure Model
Outcomes of Community(Change of
Society)
Functions
Strategic Components
Decentralization
Historical Condition and Context
Intermediate Outcomes
(Change of Target Group)
Outputs Activities Inputs
Community
ImplementationOutcomes
Characteristics of Community Capacity
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Community Policy Structure
Community Capacity
Community Capacity Developmentand Policy Structure Model
Decentralization
Historical Condition and Context
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Outcomes of Community(Change of
Society)
FunctionsEvaluationPlanning Implementation
Strategic ComponentsHuman Resources: ChampionsLeadership: Community LeadersOrganizations for Collective activitiesNetwork: Relational Capital
Intermediate Outcomes(Change of
Target Groups)
Outputs Inputs
CommunityImplementation
Outcomes
Characteristics of Community CapacitySense of CommunityCommitmentsAbility to Set and Achieve ObjectivesAbility to Recognize and Access to Resources
Community Capacity
EconomicFormal/InformalCollective/Individual
SocialFormal/InformalCollective/Individual
EnvironmentalFormal/InformalCollective/Individual
Political
Formal/InformalCollective/Individual
Activities
Community Policy Structure
Systematic Value Addition
Higher Value Added and
Better Well-being Policy Structure
(Collective Activities)
+
Community Capacity
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Systematic Value Addition
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Decentralized Hands-on (DHO)
Exhibition Programs(Catalogue issuing for many programs)
+
DHO Exhibition
Implementation Organization(Community capacity development)
Systematic Value Addition
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One Product(At least one prominent product or
service) +
One Village(Community capacity development)
Level of Community
International Community
Regional Community
Country Community
Provincial Community
District/Municipality Community
Village Community
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Defining CommunityThe community is a social aggregation constructed
by people in the specific territorial area, usually confirmed
by administrative boundaries, in which the members (organizations, groups,
and individuals) recognize themselves and each other as belonging to the same community. including private, non-governmental and
governmental organizations Specific Area + Common Life
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Community Capacity
The ability of a community to produce outcomes in society which organizations and individuals produce as the result of their collective activities by utilizing available resources to them (human resources, physical, social and organizational resources)
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Strategic Components of Community Capacity
Human resources
Who is the best in -----? Leadership
Individual Leadership → Community Leadership Organizations
Support Collective Activities Networks in or related to the community
Know Who > Know How
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Evaluation, Planning and Policy Structure
Evaluation
Planning
Existing Policy Structure
Revised Future Policy Structure
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Framework of Evaluation and Planning
Subject of Evaluation and Planning Policy Structure/Objective Tree Policy/Program/Project PDM (Project Design Matrix)/PTM (Program Theory
Matrix)/Logical Framework Evaluation and Planning Questions
Measuring Performance: Normative Questions Examining Implementing Process : Process Questions Clarifying Cause-Effect Relationship: Impact Questions (5 Criteria of DAC/OECD)
Methodology/Method/Approach Economics, Sociology, Business Management etc. Quantitative, Qualitative analysis (Self, Internal, External Evaluation) Traditional, Participatory
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Objective Tree: Policy Structure
Breakdown of Policy Higher Result
PolicyEnd Outcome
Program
Intermediate Outcome
Program
Intermediate Outcome
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
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Program Theory Matrix (PTM)Policy(End
Outcome)
Program(Intermediate
Outcome)
Project
(Output) (Activity) (Input)
PolicyChange of Society-Indictors
Program A Change of Target group (A)-Indicators
Project A-1 Products and Services of ProjectIndicators
A-1 A-1
A-2 A-2 A-1
Program BChange of Target Group (B)-Indicators
B-1 B-1 B-1
B-2 B-2 B-2
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Recognition of Policy, Program and Project in Policy Structure
PolicyEnd
Outcome
ProgramIntermediate
Outcome
Project
Output Activity Input
EOC IOC1 OP1/1 A1/1 IP1/1
OP1/2 A1/2 IP1/2
IOC2 OP2/1 A2/1 A2/1
OP2/2 A2/2 IP2/1
Policy Program
Project
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Feature of evaluation and planning
E & P
PolicyEnd Outcome
Program
Intermediate Outcome
Program
Intermediate Outcome
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
PolicyEnd Outcome
Program
Intermediate Outcome
Program
Intermediate Outcome
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
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Feature of evaluation and planning
E & P
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PolicyEnd Outcome
Program
Intermediate Outcome
Program
Intermediate Outcome
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
PolicyEnd Outcome
Program
Intermediate Outcome
Program
Intermediate Outcome
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
Program
Intermediate Outcome
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
ProjectOutput
IActivities
IInput
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PolicyEnd Outcome
Program
IntermediateOutcome
ProjectOutput
lActivities
lInput
PolicyEnd Outcome
Program
IntermediateOutcome
ProjectOutput
lActivities
lInput
PolicyEnd Outcome
Program
IntermediateOutcome
ProjectOutput
lActivities
lInput
Evaluation
Continuous Modification of Policy Structure
Planning
PolicyEnd Outcome
Program
IntermediateOutcome
ProjectOutput
lActivities
lInput
PolicyEnd Outcome
Program
IntermediateOutcome
ProjectOutput
lActivities
lInput
Evaluation PlanningImplementation
Localization of Policy Structure
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National Province A District A
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20 Million 500,000 30,000Localization Localization
Policy Structure in Decentralization
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Central Regional District
20 Million 500,000 30,000
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Decentralization Decentralization
Integration of Policy StructureEnd Outcome
Intermediate Outcome
Output Activities Input
Change of Society
Whose Society
Target GroupBeneficiaries A
National Network:e.g. National Road
Construction e.g.Central:Local:
Maintenance e.g.Central:Local:
Target GroupBeneficiaries B
Regiuonal Network(Prefecture):e.g. Prefectural Road
Construction e.g.Central:Local :
Maintenance e.g.Central:Local
Target GroupBeneficiaries C
Rural Facilities (Municipality):e.g. Rural Road
Construction
Maintenance
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Integration of Policy StructureEnd Outcome
Intermediate Outcome
Output Activities Input
Change of Society
Whose Society
Target GroupBeneficiaries C
Rural Facilities (Municipality):e.g. Rural Road
Construction
Maintenance
Target GroupBeneficiaries B
Regiuonal Network(Prefecture):e.g. Prefectural Road
Construction e.g.Central:Local :
Maintenance e.g.Central:Local
Target GroupBeneficiaries A
National Network:e.g. National Road
Construction e.g.Central:Local:
Maintenance e.g.Central:Local:2015/04 33
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Three Type of Questions in Evaluation and Planning
Descriptive Questions:Current situationExamining implementation process
Normative Questions:Comparison with target
valuesPerformance measurement
Cause-Effect Questions:Measurement of effect by implementation
Impact evaluation
Implementation Failure Degree of Achievement
Design Failure
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Program Theory Matrix and DAC 5 Criteria
Policy(End Outcome)
Program(Intermediate Outcome)
Project
(Output) (Activity) (Input)
EOC IOC1 A-1 A-1 A-1
A-2 A-2 A-1
ICO2 B-1 B-1 B-1
B-2 B-2 B-2
Relevance
Impact
Sustainability
Effectiveness
Efficiency
Measuring Performance
Examining implementing process
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Recognition of Program Theory Matrix and DAC 5 Criteria
Policy(End Outcome)
Program(Intermediate Outcome)
Project
(Output) (Activity) (Input)
EOC IOC1 OP1/1 A1/1 IP1/1
OP1/2 A1/2 IP1/2
IOC2 OP2/1 A2/1 A2/1
OP2/2 A2/2 IP2/1
Relevance
Impact
Sustainability
Effectiveness
Efficiency
Measuring Performance
Examining implementing process
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PolicyProgram
Project
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Project approach vs. Program-based approach
Policy(End Outcome)
Program(Intermediate Outcome)
Project
(Output) (Activity) (Input)
PolicyChange of Society-Indictors
Program A Change of Target group (A)-Indicators
Project A-1 Products and Services of ProjectIndicators
A-1 A-1
A-2 A-2 A-1
Program BChange of Target Group (B)-Indicators
B-1 B-1 B-1
B-2 B-2 B-2
Shift of Responsibility OutputOutcome
Planning Approach
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The Focal Problem Method The Objectives Oriented Method
Problem Solving Appreciative Inquiry Introduction of Best Practice Introduction of Social Theory
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Intervention to Policy Structure by Model Project
End Outcome Intermediate Outcome
Output Activity Input
EOC- 1 IOC-1 OP-1 A-1 I-1
EOC- 2 IOC- 2 OP-2 A-2 I-2
EOC- 3 IOC- 3 OP- 3 A- 3 I- 3
EOC- 4 IOC- 4 OP- 4 A- 4 I- 4
EOC- 1234 IOC-1234 OP-1234 OP-1234 OP-1234
Expansion
Intervention/Support
Model Project
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Approach Model for Rural Development
Policy-Making Organization
Implementation Organization Individual
Individual
Implementation Organization Individual
Individual
Implementation Organization Individual
Individual
Producer & Service Provider Level
Production & Service Group
Implementation Organization Level(Rural Community)
(DHOE/Community-based OVOP)
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CommunityNetwork
Policy Structure for Rural Development
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Policy: End Outcome
To improve the lives of producers and service
providers (groups) and build their confidence
- Participation in Centralized/Decentralized
Hands-on Exhibition
- Efforts for qualitative and quantitative improvement of
products and services
- Effective utilization of market place for products
and services
- Knowledge Sharing on Development Experiences
Program: Intermediate Outcome
Program: Intermediate Outcome
Project: Output/Activity/Input
Project: Output/Activity/Input
Project: Output/Activity/Input
Project: Output/Activity/Input
Support for Centralized/Decentralized Hands-on Exhibition
Project: Output/Activity/InputSupport for Technical support for potential
products and services
Project: Output/Activity/InputSupport for Effective Utilization of Market Place
for products and services
Project: Output/Activity/InputSupport for knowledge sharing system on
development experiences
Program: Intermediate Outcome
Program: Intermediate Outcome- Implementation of
Centralized/Decentralized Hands-on Exhibition
- Technical support for potential products and services
- Market place creation and management for products and
services- Creation of knowledge sharing
system on development experiences
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DHO Exhibition Approach
(DHO Exhibition Program Implementation)
+
Community-based OVOP Approach
(Collective Activities)
+
Community Capacity
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Characteristics of ExhibitionsCentralized Decentralized
Display
Centralized and Display Oriented Decentralized and Display Oriented
Hands-on
Centralized and Hands-on Oriented Decentralized and Hands-on Oriented
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Decentralized and Hands-on Oriented
DHO Exhibition Approach Model
End Outcomes(Change of
Society)
Community Capacity of DHO Exhibition Community
Strategic Component
Intermediate Outcomes(Change of
Target Group)
DHO Exhibition related Individual Activities
DHO Exhibition related Collective Activities
Community
Implementation
Outcomes
DHO Exhibition
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Community-based Activities & Resources
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Functions
Characteristics of Community Capacity
DHO Exhibition : Utilizations of Potential Local Resources and Activities
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Community Activities
Local Resources
Local Resources
DHO ExhibitionCollective Activities
(Fund Raising, Promotion etc.,)
Community Activities
Implementation Organization(Intermediately Supporting
Organization)
DHO ExhibitionIndividual Activities
(Hands-On Programs)
Introduction ofCollective Activities and Implementation Organization(Intermediately Supporting Organization)
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Catalogue
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Thailand: Khong Dee Muang Surin Festival97 programs (First year)
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Japan: Nagasaki Saruku42 course maps
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Paraguay: Expo Yguazu Porã110 Programs
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Nicaragua: Tierra Mágica153 Programs
Hands-on Program in Catalogue
information on program date, price, Schedule and etc.
Program title and description of the program
Program provider’s comment
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Website/SNS
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Source: Ishimaru 2010
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Centralized and Display Oriented
Small Famers, Industries and Entrepreneurs
High Value Added Activities
Collective Production/Processing Activities
+
Collective Marketing Activities
Direct Sales Facilities
Antenna Shops
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Community-based OVOP Approach Model (Collective Activities)
End Outcomes(Change of
Society)
Community Capacity of Community
Intermediate Outcomes(Change of
Target Group)
Small Farmers and IndustriesHigh Value Added
Production, Processing, Marketing Activities
Community
Implementation
Outcomes
Community-based OVOP Program
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(Collective Processing Activities)
(Collective Marketing Activities)
(Collective Production Activities)
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Characteristics of Sales Place for Shipment
Wholesale Direct Sales
DependentTraditional Wholesale Market
Auction PriceLarge Lot
Standardized
Independent
Direct Sales FacilitiesFree Pricing
Small LotUnstandardized
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Public Wholesale Market
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Oyama Konohana Garten: Direct Sales Shop
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Agricultural CooperativeDirect Sales Facilities
Only a few famers with large production capacity can sell their product through the Public Wholesale Market
WholesalerPublic Wholesale Market
RetailerRetail ShopSuper Market
Oyama ProductSafe, Fresh, Delicious
Any farmers can produce and sell their products through the Direct Sales Shop: Konohana Garten
Self Consumption
Production Cost
Developing Own Market Place
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Direct Sales Shop
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Antenna Shop
Direct Sales Facilities/Antenna Shops
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Small Farmers/ Small Industries
Agricultural /ProcessedProducts
SafeReliable
Fresh
Traceable
Own DecisionPrice
VolumeStandard
And etcetera
Revenue 75%-90%
Direct Sales Facilities/Antenna Shops
Operation Policy(Collective Activities)
Provision of Market Place
Operation Cost25%-10%
Consumers
SafeReliable
Fresh
Sales100%
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Oyama Konohana Garten: Direct Sales FacilityProcessing Products
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Agricultural CooperativeDirect Sales Facilities
Only a few famers with large production capacity can sell their product to Processing Industries
Wholesaler Public Wholesale MarketProcessing Industries
RetailerRetail ShopSuper Market
Processing Cost
Production Cost
Any farmer can produce, process and sell their products through the Direct Sales Facility
Oyama ProductSafe, Fresh, Delicious
Self Consumption
Developing Own Market Places
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Enoki Mushroom Production: Oyama Method
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Agricultural CooperativeMushroom bed production
Only a few farmers with production skills can produce enoki mushroom
No Brand Name Oyama Brand
Any farmer can produce enoki mushroom by utilizing mushroom bed production
Farmers production cost Developing Local Brand
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From Big to Small
Big facilities Small facilities
Big events Small events
Big Activities Small Activities
One big
Making many smalls as big aggregation722015/04 K. Miyoshi & Y. Okabe
Introduction to JICA Training Program in APU (Photos)
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Group Discussion
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Enjoy your stay in Japan!!
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