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Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management 1

COMMUNITY-BASED FISHERIES CO-MANAGEMENT CASE STUDY: PHANG-NGA BAY, THAILAND

JATE PIMOLJINDA

VEERA BOONRAKSA Andaman Sea Fisheries Development Center, Thailand

ABSTRACT

Due to the degradation of fishery resources, the coastal ecosystem has deteriorated and conflict among fishermen in Phang-Nga Bay has intensified with the fish output becoming unsatisfactory. Various factors have aggravated this situation: inappropriate methods particularly the former management measures which had been established by the government sector, lack of participation and poor cooperation of the fisher community. To solve this problem, the Community-based Fisheries Management (CBFM) of which the essence is that the fishermen/fishermen’s organizations/communities and the government sector share their responsibilities in fishery management, has been initiated in two pilot coastal fishing villages of Phang-Nga Bay, namely Ban Bang Chan and Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy in 1995. The result of CBFM in the Bay has been successful in the short term. The fishery management through the CBFM approach has created better overall outcomes at present (1999) than those of the former system, and fishers are predominantly convinced that the present CBFM would produce good overall outcomes in the next five years than the present time. The key conditions for the success of CBFM are: socioeconomic status of the community such as community homogeneity and people’s dependence on fisheries; active participation, cooperation and coordination of various stakeholders; collaboration, support and advice from outside agencies; and the last condition is follow-up and evaluation to be carried out closely and continuously by responsible agencies. The process of CBFM in the Bay began with the organization of a workshop to get the acceptance, commitment and consensus of key stakeholders on the CBFM workplan components. This was done before selection of the appropriate target villages, organization of the meeting and selection of a village committee. The stakeholders were familiarized with the CBFM workplan objectives to be realized with a view to acceptance by the stakeholders in the villages. Later on, the problems faced and needs of the villages were discussed and taken into account in the workplan. The implementation of all activities has been conducted mainly by the fisherfolk themselves under the supervision and support of Andaman Fisheries Development Center (AFDEC) and other organizations such as the Bay of Bengal Programme (BOBP), Phuket Fisheries Association, etc. Lastly, close and continuous follow-up and evaluation of the implementation have been performed during bimonthly meetings of the representatives from the target villages; the meetings rotate from one village to another to achieve the effective output and these give them the opportunity as well to exchange experiences both positive and negative in order to improve, to adjust and to develop the current activities for the success of CBFM approach.

Background


General Situation of Thai Marine Fisheries Marine fisheries in Thailand are operated in two distinct fishing areas: the Gulf of Thailand on the South China Sea which has a coastline of about 1 825 km and the West Coast of Thailand on the Andaman Sea, with a coastline of about 740 km (Figure 1). Thai marine fisheries have developed rapidly since the 1960s following the introduction of new fishing gears and the extension of new fishing technologies, the venture of fishing fleets into new fishing grounds, improvement of fishing vessels and the development of supporting infrastructure. The significant development of marine fisheries, particularly commercial fisheries, are the successful introduction of trawl fisheries since 1962, the development of purse seines since 1973 and the development of light-luring techniques since 1978. Commercial fisheries development has been accompanied by the parallel growth in the number of boats and fishing efficiency of the small-scale fisheries. These developments resulted in a spectacular increase of marine resources in both demersal and pelagic resources, which have grown from the approximately 0.3 million metric tons (mt) in 1962 to exceed 1.0 and 2.0 million mt in 1968 and 1977 respectively. By 1996, the landing of marine captured fisheries reached 2.8 million mt, of which 1.9 million mt is from the Gulf of Thailand and 0.9 million mt from the Andaman Sea Coast. The contribution of national landings from the Andaman Sea Coast has increased from 5% in 1967 to 32% in 1996, with the Andaman Sea fisheries playing a much more significant role than in the past. The development of marine captured fisheries (fishing) has been favored by the abundance and resilience of the coastal resources by an open-access framework. The Thai fleet has expanded its operation of the Thai and neighboring waters rapidly, but following the establishment of the Exclusive Economic Zone the pressure on Thai marine resources has increased. The continued legal or illegal access to distant fishing grounds by part of the commercial fleets does not impact much on the fisheries resources, nevertheless the development of national fleets by other countries in the future will most likely result in increased pressure on Thai coastal resources. The significant development of marine captured fisheries has resulted not only in a considerable increase of landings but also in an equally considerable level of degradation of both marine fishery resources and marine environments, particularly in coastal areas. This is due to unrestrained fishery operations conducted in the absence of a comprehensive management framework and lack of consequent conservation and rehabilitation of coastal fishery resources. The development has also not provided any benefit to the coastal communities of artisanal fishermen, who could only add to the progressive erosion of the fishery resources base in their traditional fishing grounds. These fishermen have also responded to the increasing pressure with an equal increase in fishing efficiency and fishing efforts in the immediate inshore areas. Artisanal landings presently represent less than 10% of the total marine fishery landings, but the economic stability of the network of coastal small-scale villages remains a problem of major social significance. Coastal habitats such as mudflats, seagrass beds, coral reefs and the associated resources have been either degraded or severely damaged by over-intensive operations of destructive gears in inshore waters. This involves both commercial and artisanal fishing gear such as trawlers, push nets, clam dredgers and indiscriminate use of nets and light attraction in highly sentive areas. The problems linked to permanent physical damage to habitats and exhaustion of the associated fishery resources have been exacerbated by the coastal nature of Thai marine fisheries, which are operated almost exclusively within the inner continental shelf zone. Therefore, the commercial and artisanal fishing efforts both overlap and interact to exert an intense and continuous pressure on coastal fishery stocks spanning across all the phases of the species’ life cycle. The major commercial fishing gears are trawlers and purse seines, while the major artisanal fishing gears are push nets, gill nets and traps. Typically, the major marine fishery captured in pelagic landings are mackerels, round scads, sardines, small tunas and anchovies, while the demersal landings are shrimps, squids and cuttlefish, threadfin breams and crabs. The progressive depletion of fishery resources and degradation of the coastal marine environment have generated a host of serious problems and conflicts, both among fishermen and between fishermen and the government agencies concerned.

Fig. 1. Map of Thailand


The conflicts between artisanal fishermen/community and commercial fleets have grown to unprecedented levels of confrontation, particularly in Southern Thailand such as in the Songkla waters in the Gulf of Thailand and in the Phang-Nga Bay area of the Andaman Sea coast of Thailand. General Features of Phang-Nga Bay Phang-Nga Bay, located in the middle of the Andaman Sea coast of Thailand, is bordered by the three distinct administrative provinces of Phuket, Phang-Nga and Krabi. The Bay has a triangular shape and covers a marine area of approximately 3 000 km2 located within 7° 30′ N - 8° 30′ N latitude and 98° 15′ E - 99° 15′ E longitude (Figure 2). Numerous islands are scattered throughout the Bay, and provide an extreme diversity of coastal habitats together with the approximately 1 900 km2 of remaining mangrove forests found along its shorelines and various seagrass beds and coral reef zones. The waters of Phang-Nga Bay are mostly shallow with maximum depth of less than 40 m. The water depth is generally less than 10 m in the nearshore areas and in the inner part of the Bay, and the seabed is mostly composed of mud, muddy sand and silt. The Bay receives nutrients through the freshwater inflow from several small rivers and streams, with Phang-Nga River being the most significant.


Fig. 2. Map of Phang-Nga Bay

These peculiar environmental characteristics contribute to make Phang-Nga Bay a most productive area in terms of fishery resources. The Bay serves specifically as a major spawning and nursery ground for several economically-important marine species such as shrimp, blue swimming crab, mud crab, short-necked clam, sand whiting, anchovy, Indo-Pacific mackerel, etc. Fisheries are the major source of livelihood and employment in Phang-Nga Bay. The Bay provides also the natural setting for intense tourism activities with significant revenues for the local governments and for the public sectors. In the past the top revenue earner was tin mining industry, both on coastal lands and at sea, but in the last two decades the industry has progressively declined due to the collapse of the global market. General Situation of Fisheries and Resources in Phang-Nga Bay Fisheries in Phang-Nga Bay have been traditionally conducted by small-scale fisherfolk employing artisanal fishing gears such as bamboo-stake traps, hook-and-line and fish traps, while gear used depended on geographic conditions and species targeted. During the last two decades the increasing demand of fishery products for exports and local consumption has generated over-investment, increased efficiency of fishing gears and competition in the commercial fishery sector. Many types of commercial destructive fishing methods such as trawlers, light-luring techniques and push net have been introduced into the Bay. The artisanal gears have been forced to increase in parallel numbers and efficiency, with the main gears as follows: trammel nets, crab gill nets, sand-whiting gill nets and fish traps. Ratanachote and Noothong (1969) reported that trawl surveys by the Fishery Research Vessel Prameng 3 in 1969 shows a catch rate of 160 kg/hr, comprising approximately 49% and 51% of valuable species and trash


fish respectively. This catch rate decreased to about 38 kg/hr in 1988, comprising approximately 33% of valuable species and 67% of trash fish, while the composition of trash fish are 30% of juvenile economic species and 37% of true trash fish (Chantawong 1993). Boonragsa (1989) reported that the catch rate of small otter-beam trawls operating in the Bay comprised 32% of valuable species and 68% of trash fish, and trash fish in turn composed of about 38% of juvenile economic species and 62% of true trash fish. Boonragsa and Nootmorn (1990) reported that push net catches were mainly composed of trash fish (about 85%) and the trash fish comprised about 44% of juvenile economic species and 56% of true trash fish. This leads to the conclusion that trash fish has become one of the main target species of trawlers and push nets. As a result, fishery resources have declined drastically. The increased competition for access to resources and fishing ground exploitation has finally resulted in a situation of constant conflict among the fishermen operating in the Bay. The present confrontation first of all centered around the requests by artisanal communities to effectively exclude commercial fleets from operation within the inner fishing grounds whilst extending the proteced zone further offshore to fishing grounds at the entrance of the Bay. Within artisanal communities, conflicts also involve the elimination of gears such as push nets. It can be expected that tensions in the future will rise among the growing number of small-scale operators. In order to conserve marine fishery resources and ecosystems in the Bay, various ministerial regulations and laws have been established. Apart from the main ministerial regulation prohibiting the operation of trawls and push nets within 3 km from the shoreline all over Thailand, the most significant specific regulations (Figure 3) presently in force in Phang-Nga Bay are:

1. The ministerial regulation issued on 1 August 1979 prohibiting the fisheries in Phang-Nga Bay of any type of trawler and push net gear operated by a motorized boat.

2. The ministerial regulation issued on 11 April 1985 prohibiting the fishery within the Bay of every type and size of trawler, purse seine and encircling gill net with mesh size less than 4.7 cm during the period between 15th April-15th June every year. Daytime operations of anchovy purse seine and night time operations of small otter-beam trawl.

3. The ministerial regulation issued on 14 December 1998 prohibiting the fishery within the Bay of every type and size of trawlers, purse seines and push net with a motorized boat.

Apart from these regulations, the Government of Thailand has implemented various project activities in the Bay through Department of Fisheries (DOF) and the collaboration of regional and international organizations such as Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and SEAFDEC to protect and rehabilitate the resources and to improve the livelihood of the small-scale fisherfolk, construction of fishery and village infrastructure, deployment of artificial reefs, and education of the fishermen on resource management and regulations, etc. However, the degradation of fishery resources and the coastal ecosystem and conflict among fishermen has seriously intensified with the fish output becoming unsatisfactory. Various factors have aggravated the situation: inappropriate methods particularly the former management measures introduced by the government sector, lack of participation and poor cooperation of the fisher community. A shift in paradigm since then brought new management concepts and approaches for fisheries in Thailand in the past few years. The Community-based Fisheries Co-management System (CBFM) is one of the action plans set up to achieve the government policy goals on the management of marine fisheries resources, particularly in coastal areas. The essence of such a system is that fishermen/fishermen’s organization/community and the government sector should share the responsibility for fishery management measures.


Fig. 3. Regulations presently in force in Phang-Nga Bay Community-based Fisheries Co-management in Phang-Nga Bay The initial CBFM project in Thailand has been set up in Phang-Nga Bay on the Andaman Sea coast in 1995 by the Andaman Sea Fisheries Development Center (AFDEC) of the Department of Fisheries (DOF). The Bay was selected as a project area partly due to the problems as discussed earlier and its ecological importance. Moreover, the socioeconomic conditions of the area warranted a strong need for intervention. The living conditions of small-scale fishers were poor relative to those in other areas. Average monthly family income was inadequate to meet basic expenses like food, clothes, etc. Consequently, their indebtedness to traders and investors increased. With the adoption by the government of the community-based fisheries management approach, some responsibilities for coastal resources management have been delegated to coastal villages along the Bay. Village committees, whose members include fisherfolk and village leaders, have been established to implement resources management initiatives and decisions emanating from the villagers. AFDEC has provided guidance and support to the coastal villages and village committees hold monthly meetings. The monthly or bimonthly meeting involves several village committees and fisherfolk, along with the participation of AFDEC, universities, NGOs and others involved in project implementation. Over time, the village committees have also demonstrated their unity, initiative and responsibilities for resources management.


Community-based Fisheries Co-management Case Study The case study of CBFM in Phang-Nga Bay was conducted in two coastal fishing villages, namely Ban Bang Chan and Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy. The choice of these study sites was guided by a set of criteria used by the co-management research project in earlier case studies. These criteria include:

1. actual sharing of responsibility and authority of coastal resources management between the government and the resource-user communities,

2. establishment of a resources-management technology, 3. existence of property rights and rules, and 4. demonstration of tangible project outcomes.

Objective The overall objective of this study is to improve and promote sustainable management of coastal fishery resources with emphasis on community participation to reduce the poverty of the fishery communities. The study will:

1. document and investigate the CBFM experience of case-study villages along Phang-Nga Bay using the institutional analysis research framework,

2. assess the performance and impact of co-management at the case-study sites, 3. identify the key conditions and principle for successful co-management arrangements, and 4. present and analyze the process for conducting CBFM based on Phang-Nga Bay experience.

Research Framework and Methodology Institutional analysis. This case study is divided into two parts. The first part systematically examines the experience of Phang-Nga Bay using the institutional analysis research framework, which links contextual variable, pattern of interaction and outcomes (ICLARM and NSC 1996). This includes the contextual attributes, market attributes, socioeconomic and cultural attributes, institutional and organizational arrangements and exogenous variables. The study is to assess the performance criteria of co-management as an equitable, efficient and sustainable system whilst determining the conditions and factors essential for the success of co-management arrangements. The structured approach of the framework permits documentation and evaluation of the origin, current status, operation and impact of co-management institutions of Phang-Nga Bay. This case study highlights how institutional arrangements affect user behavior and incentives to cooperate and coordinate in the establishment, implementation and enforcement of management regimes. It also analyzes the set of rights and rules by which the government and the resource-user communities adhere to in collective action situations (ICLARM and NSC 1996). The second part is to cover a detailed process for conducting CBFM based on the experience of Phang-Nga Bay, which is expected to provide a model or guide in establishing CBFM in other areas. Data collection. Data collection in this study involved both quantitative and qualitative inquiries through household surveys and informal discussions with key informants by AFDEC staff in two villages, Ban Bang Chan and Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy. This was conducted during the period of August-November 1999. In both case-study villages, only fisher households participationed on the CBFM project. Therefore, data collection from household surveys was obtained from fisher households. The household survey was conducted on a sample of households in two case-study villages, and the questionaire used was adapted from the Fisheries Co-management Project: Case Study (ICLARM 1996). The household survey investigated information on various contextual variables such as socioeconomy, fishery resources, pricing and market information as well as on perceptions of change before and after establishing the co-management arrangements. Informal discussions with key informants was obtained from the historical, sociocultural and technical perspectives as well as other contextual variables from village leaders (Phoo Yai Ban), subdistrict administrative


organizations (Or Bor Tor), fishery leaders, school headmasters, traders, religious leaders, senior citizens as well as NGOs and local community development/fisheries officers. Apart from data collection as discussed earlier, reports on marine fisheries and resources in the Bay, related journals, articles and the knowledge and experience of DOF staff were also important in the review of CBFM arrangements in the Bay. Data analysis. Data collection was used to analyze both descriptive and inferential statistics, the descriptive statistical analysis included frequency counts, percentages, means and standard deviation while the inferential statistical analysis employed t-tests, correlation analysis, principle component analysis and regression analysis. Results of CBFM Case Study Historical Settings of Case-study Villages Ban Bang Chan. The first settlement in this village which was established about 50 years ago comprised approximately 30 households. The initial settlers migrated from the La-Ngu district of Satun province, with other settlers migrating later from adjacent communities. The initial main occupations are rice farming and marine fisheries. Shrimp boats and white-board boats use traditional fishing gears that targetted shrimps and mullets. Later on about 20 years ago, artisanal fishing gears particularly gill nets were introduced into this village by fishers from Ban Lam Sak, in Krabi province. Therefore, gill nets particularly the crab gill net, mullets gill net and sand-whiting gill net were predominantly the main artisanal fishing gears widely used in Ban Bang Chan at present. Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy. The first settlement was built about 100 years ago in Maprao island located in front of the present Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy area. It comprised mainly of garden vegetable farmers, and numbered about only three to four households who migrated from the Trang and Satun provinces. Due to limited land area, they eventually moved to establish a larger settlement within the present Ban Had Sai Pleug Hoy area. At the same time, people from adjacent communities particularly Ban Bang Larm moved to settle in this village. The number of households at that time numbered approximately 10 households; their main occupations are rice farming and tending orchards. Marine fishing was a limited activity, the fishers using mainly traditional fishing gears such as cast net and harpoons, and meant only for household consumption.

Marine fishing became imporant about 60 years ago, aided by the expansion and wide use of artisanal fishing gears; particularly fish set net and shrimp seine net. Subsequently, artisanal fishing gears and other fishing activities such as the white-board catching boat, grouper-cage culture and trammel net were introduced to this village.

However, the rapid expansion and wide use of trawlers and push net in Phang-Nga Bay in the past two decades caused the degradation of the fishery resources which finally led to the decline of former artisanal fishing gears used in the village. In the past four to five years, the shallow-water set net which targeted shrimps was the main fishing gear for fisher households in this village. Other artisanal fishing gears were the fish trap, mackerel gill net and mullet gill net. Small-scale fishing was therefore the important occupation in this village. Contextual Variables Related to Community-based Fisheries Co-management Physical, Technical and Biological Attributes Physical attributes. The case-study villages are located on the coastal area in the inner part of Phang-Nga Bay. Ban Bang Chan and Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy belong to Lor Yoong subdistrict and Klong Kean subdistrict respectively in the Takuatoong district of Phang-Nga province. The physical situation is typical of many coastal villages/communities in Phang-Nga Bay, which is quite far from the town, nevertheless the present transportation is satisfactory. The distance from Ban Bang Chan and Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy to the town in the district of Takuatoong is about 39 km and 45 km respectively by asphalt road. Public transportation is available by small trucks that pass these villages, as well as adjacent villages to the town in Takuatoong, with a traveling time of between two and four hours. However, commuters in Ban Bang Chan and Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy who travel by private vehicles are able to arrive at the town in approximately one hour.


Ban Bang Chan is currently composed of 83 households with approximately 58% or 48 households being fisher households, with the remaining 42% or 35 households owning rubber plantations or involved in various trades. Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy is currently composed of 59 households, the majority of 43 households or 73% are fisher households, while the rest are employed as laborers in various trades. All households in both the case-study villages are Muslim, with the average household size numbering five persons, with the most common type of household being joint (extended) households; i.e., married couple living with married or unmarried children, together with elderly members. The primary occupation of fisher households is marine fishing, which constituted about 93% and 100% of all primary occupations declared in Ban Bang Chan and Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy respectively. It is clear that the households in both the case-study villages depend greatly on fishing, particularly small-scale fishering as their important livelihood. Technical Attributes Ban Bang Chan Fisheries. Based on the household survey, fishers of Ban Bang Chan currently use artisanal fishing gears, particularly gill nets, i.e., about 95% of the total number of artisanal fishing gears used, while the remaining 5% use set nets. The most common type of gill nets are crab gill net, mullet gill net and sand-whiting gill net (Table 1). Table 1. Estimated number of artisanal fishing gears currently used in Ban Bang Chan (1999)

Gear types Estimated number % Crab gill net 34 53 Mullet gill net 14 22 Sand-whiting gill net 10 15 Trammel net 3 5 Set net 3 5

Total 64 100 About 45 fisher households (or 94%) have their own fishing boats, with the remaining 3 households (or 6%) using fishing boats belonging to either their parents or neighbors. Most fishers used the long-tailed boat, with a length of between 7-12 m powered by a single, outboard engine rated between 4-13 horsepower. All types of fishing gear normally operate a single daytrip with a two-man crew. However, exceptions are made for crab gill net, the main fishing gear in the village and mullet gill net, which is normally operated at night during the full moon period. The sand-whiting gill net and trammel net is operated in the day. It must be noted that the operation time and number of sets used per trip varies according to the type of gear used. Fishing season. Artisanal fishing gears in this village may be operated the whole year round with peak of catches occuring during the southwest monsoon (from May-October) for mullet gill nets and during the beginning of southwest and northeast monsoons for the trammel net and set net. Fisher households therefore operate more than one type of gear. Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy Fisheries. Fishers of Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy currently use artisanal fishing gears, particularly the shallow-water set net; they make up about 68% in the total number of artisanal fishing gears used in the village, the rest aapproximately 19%, 8% and 5% being grouper traps, Indo-Pacific mackerel gill nets and mullet gill nets respectively (Table 2). All fishing households have their own fishing boats, particularly the long-tailed with a length of between 6-11 m, with a single outboard engine rated between 2-13 horsepower. All types of fishing gear normally operate a single daytrip with a two-man crew. The shallow-water set net, the main fishing gear of this village is normally operated during the low-tide period. The grouper trap, Indo-Pacific mackerel gill net and mullet gill net is operated at night, particularly the latter during the full-moon period. Table 2. Estimated number of artisanal fishing gaers currently used in Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy (1999)


Gear types Estimated number % Shallow-water set net 40 68 Grouper trap 11 19 Indo-Pacific mackerel gill net 5 8 Mullet gill net 3 5

Total 59 100 Fishing season. Fishing gears in this village can be operated the whole year round, with the peak catch for shallow-water set and Indo-Pacific mackerel gill nets achieved during the beginning of the southwest and northeast monsoons. Most of the fisher households have more than one type of gear for fishing. Biological Attributes Ban Bang Chan Fishing grounds. Artisanal fishing gears mostly operate in shallow waters in front of the village and nearby waters such as Ko Pa-Yu, Ko Ham, Ko Pa-nak, Ko Hong, and Ko Nagaya. The main artisanal fishing gear type is the crab gill net within a depth range of between 5-10 m, with sand or muddy sand on the bottom, mullet gill net within a depth range between 5-10 m with rock, coral reef, or sand on the bottom. The sand-whiting gill net is in the depth range of between 6-12 m, with sand or rock on the bottom and finally, trammel net in the depth range of between 3-8 m, with muddy or muddy sand on the bottom (Figure 4). Catch rate and species composition. Based on the household survey, the catch rate of crab gill net varies in the range of 2-20 kg/day with and everage of 5-10 kg/day. The majority of the catch, with more than 80% is the blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus), with the rest being the three-spot swimming crab (Portunus sanquinolentus) and musk crab (Chargbdis cruciata). The catch rate of mullet gill net varies in the range of 0.5-50 kg/day, with the majority of the catch constituting the mullets, particularly the diamond-scaled grey mullet (Liza vaigiensis). The catch rate of sand-whiting gill net varies in the range of 2-10 kg/day, with the majority of the catch constituting the sand-whiting, particularly common sand-whiting (Sillago sihama) and oriental number sand-whiting (Sillago maculata). The catch rate of the trammel net in turn is in the range of 2-10 kg/day, with the target species being shrimps, which share about 20-30% in the catch. The remaining 70-80% are mixed species of fish and crab. Apart from data base on the household surveys, Sangchan and Siriraksa (1999) reported that the catch rate of crab gill nets in Ban Bang Chan are about 14.4 kg/day in 1995 (7.4-22.2 kg/day), which composed of blue swimming crab with 90%, other crabs with 3%, fish with 5% and others with 2%. The catch rate of the trammel net in Ban Ao Koong which is mainly operated in the same fishing ground of Ban Bang Chan is about 4.6 kg/day (2.5 - 9.1 kg/day), composed of shrimps with 39%, fish with 37% and others with 24%. Results indicate that the target species of each gear type are as follows: a) crab gill net – blue swimming crab, b) trammel net – shrimps particularly banana shrimp (Peneaus merguiensis), c) sand-whiting gill net – sand-whiting species and, d) mullet gill nets – mullets.


Fig. 4. Fishing grounds of artisanal fishing gears Perceived trends in the condition of fishery resources. Based on the household survey, the results on fisher perception in Ban Bang Chan comparing marine fishery resources in 1984 and 1999 is shown in Table 3. The fishers in Ban Bang Chan perceived that the status of fishery resource in the last 15 years are mostly slightly good, good and very good conditions (approximately 93%). At present, perceptions are mostly neither bad nor


good, but inclined to slightly bad conditions (about 72%). Nonfishers' perception of the status of fishery resource in 1984 and 1999 are as follows: good and very good conditions in 1984, whilst in 1999 indicates mostly slightly bad, bad and neither bad nor good conditions (about 84%). Table 3. Perception of fishers and nonfishers in Ban Bang Chan on the status of fishery resources at the present, 1999 and 15 years ago, 1984

1984 1999 Perceived condition (%)

fishers nonfishers fishers nonfishers Vary bad - - 7 - Bad - - 7 25 Slightly bad 7 - 29 42 Neither bad nor good 0 - 43 17 Slightly good 36 - 14 8 Good 36 75 - 8 Very good 21 25 - - From the result, it can be noted that the fishers and nonfishers perceived that the present status of fishery resources are fairly worse at present as opposed to the last 15 years. Morever, the fishers and nonfishers in Ban Bang Chan believe that CBFM and artificial reef contruction (AR) are essential to better fishery management. Here, fishers particularly believed that the status of fishery resources after establishment of CBFM in the village and AR construction in the Bay are better than before. Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy Fishing grounds. The main artisanal fishing gears, particularly the shallow-water set net is mostly operated in shallow water in front of the village, with a depth range of 1-4 m. Grouper traps, Indo-Pacific mackerel gill nets and mullet gill nets are operated in front of the village and nearby waters such as Ko Pa-nak, Ko Hong, Ko Nagaya. The main fishing ground by type of artisanal fishing gears are as follows: Grouper traps in mangrove forest are in a depth range of 2-8 m, Indo-Pacific mackerel gill nets in a depth range of 5-12 m and mullet gill nets in a depth range of 3-6 m, with rock, or coral reef, or sand on the bottom (Figure 4). Catch rate and species composition. Based on the household survey, the catch rate of shallow-water set net varies in the range of 0.1-9 kg/day, with the average approximating 4.1 kg/day. The majority of the catch are shrimps, particularly banana shrimps. The catch rate of Indo-Pacific mackerel gill net varies in the range of 1-5 kg/day, with the average of appoximately 3.0 kg/day. The target species of the Indo-Pacific mackerel gill net at present are shrimps, particularly banana shrimps, instead of the Indo-Pacific mackerel. For grouper trap targeting on juvenile grouper normally operating about 80 trap/day (60-100 trap/day), the catch rate of live juvenile groupers vary in the range of 0-20 individuals/day, with the average approximately 7 individuals/day. Apart from databases on the household survey, the findings from Sangchan and Siriraksa (1999) as discussed earlier are also under consideration. Results show that the target species for each gear type are as follows: a) shallow-water set net – shrimps, b) grouper trap – juvenile grouper and c) Indo-Pacific mackerel gill net – banana shrimps. Perceived trends in the condition of fishery resources. Fishers in this village perceived that the status of fishery resources: in the last 15 years are mostly very good, i.e., about 81% and at present, mostly neither bad nor good and slightly bad conditions, i.e., about 75% (Table 4). Nonfishers in this village mainly reserved comment regarding the status of fishery resources. From the result, it should be noted the fishers perceived that the present status of fishery resources as fairly worse compared to the last 15 years. Morever, the fishers believed that the status of fishery resources after establishing CBFM in the village and AR installation in the Bay is better than before. Table 4. Perception of fishers in Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy on the status of fishery


resources in 1999 and 1984

Perceived condition (%) 1984 1999 Very bad - - Bad - 6 Slightly bad - 25 Neither bad nor good - 50 Slightly good 6 13 Good 13 6 Very good 81 - Stakeholders Nongovernment Organizations Since the fishery resources in Phang-Nga Bay have been overexploited by some destructive fishing gears such as trawlers, push net, etc., the groups of small-scale fishermen led by local NGOs had consolidated (small-scale fishermen from Phuket, Phang-Nga and Krabi provinces) to establish themselves as an organized group. Their ratification was recognized by the Vice Minister of Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, governors of three provinces, representative of DOF and leaders of fishermen from each province. This ratification aims to protect the fishery resources and environment in the Bay from trawlers, push nets and any other destructive fishing gear. There are several NGOs in Phang-Nga Bay, for example, WFT, TACAP, CAA Small-scale Fisheries Federation, etc., that work together to protect coastal resources and environment. At the beginning of CBFM implementation, those NGOs also participated in the project. But due to the obligation that each NGO has to submit annual results to the donor for the next financial support, some NGOs have finally faded, instead choosing to work parallel with AFDEC for they thought that it was rather difficult to produce results if they still participate in the project. Fisheries offices Andaman Sea Fisheries Development Center (AFDEC): AFDEC is under the Marine Fisheries Division, Department of Fisheries of Thailand and is located in Phuket province. The Center is responsible for research activities in marine fisheries and resources including resources utilization and rehabilitation and fisheries management along the Andaman Sea coast of Thailand. Moreover, AFDEC is also responsible for CBFM project in Phang-Nga Bay by supervising and supporting the essential needs of the fishing communities, for example, knowledge, technologies, education, infrastructure and financial, etc., to enhance their living standard. Takuatoong District Fisheries Office (TDFO): TDFO is located at Takuatoong district town, and is supervised by the Phang-Nga Provincial Fisheries Office of the DOF, Thailand. The TDFO is responsible for the implementation of the fishery policies in Takuatoong District area particularly in promoting fishery development and enforcement of fishery laws and regulations. Almost all of those offices give indirect support to the CBFM project. Regional agency Bay of Bengal Programme (BOBP), belongs to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO/UN). Its regional agency based in India collaborates, supports and encourages CBFM project in Phang-Nga Bay in terms of budget and technologies.

Local community leaders In Thailand, the village headman (Phu-Yai-Baan) leads the administration of each village, whereas the subdistrict leader (Kam-Nan) leads the administration of each subdistrict. Under the current structure of development planning and administration which has been reformed toward decentralization of power, the subdistrict administrative organization (Or-Bor-Tor) was authorized to be the central body of development administration at the subdistrict level. The structure of Or-Bor-Tor consists of the executive committee (Kanakamakarn borihaan) led by Kam-Nan. This committee will be in charge of drawing development plans, proposing regulation and implementing development activities. The subdistrict administrative organization


council (Sapha-Or-Bor-Tor) led by the elected president (Pradhan Sapha-Or-Bor-Tor) is in charge of approving development plans and regulations, and directing the development administration undertaken by the executive committee. In general, in both case-study villages, the Phu-Yai-Baan, Kam-Nan, and Or-Bor-Tor local leaders will be knowledgeable persons who are active and influential among community members and work closely with other stakeholders in management of fishery resources.

Religious leaders Both case-study villages are Muslim, the religious leaders (Imam) lead all religious affairs and also hold a respected position which is influential among the communities. The Imam of Ban Bang Chan and Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy are active and work closely with the local official leaders and other active members of the village committee to promote sustainable resources management. Fish dealers Most of fishery resources caught in both case-study villages are sold fresh through fish dealers in the villages. There are two local fish dealers in Ban Bang Chan, and five fish dealers of which two from local and three from other provinces in Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy. Generally, fish dealers play the vital role in the marketing system such as price fixing of fishery resources and they also play roles as moneylenders to the fisherman. Fisher Community, Fishers and Fisher Households Fisher community Ban Bang Chan. This community is currently composed of 83 households divided by primary occupations into fisher households (48 households), rubber plantation (23 households), labors (6 households) and trades (6 households) (Table 5). The majority of the people were born in the village itself and all of the households are Muslim, with the average household size numbering 5 persons for fisher household and 4 persons for nonfisher household respectively. Several facilities are available in the community which include a primary school, community public health office, electricity, water supply, public library and community center. The main problems regarding facilities in this community are lack of development loans and freshwater for consumption during the dry season. Table 5. Distribution of households in Ban Bang Chan by primary occupation (1999)

Primary occupation No. household % Fishing 48 58 Rubber plantation 23 28 Trading 6 7 Labor 6 7 Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy. This community is currently composed of 59 households divided by primary occupation into fisher households (43 households), rubber plantation (7 households), labors (6 households) and trades (3 households) (Table 6). The majority of the people (about 63%) were born in the village with the remaining 37% migrants from other areas, particularly from adjacent villages. All households are of the Muslim faith with the average household size numbering 5 persons for both the fisher household and 3 persons for nonfisher households respectively. Facilities and amenities made available in the community include a primary school, community public health office, water supply, public library, mosque and small pier. The main problems regarding facilities in this community are waste-water effluent contamination from shrimp farms and lack of electricity supply in several households.


Table 6. Distribution of households in Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy by primary occupation (1999)

Primary occupations No. household % Fishing 43 73 Rubber plantation 7 12 Trading 3 5 Labor 6 10 Characteristics of sample fishers Ban Bang Chan. Result on the household survey, particularly the fisher households are shown in Table 7. Interviews were mostly done with the head of fisher households, i.e., about 93% of all fisher household surveys. The majority of fishers were born in the community (about 64%) while the remaining 36% migrated from adjacent provinces such as Surathanee and Phuket. The main reasons cited for migrating were marriage and economic purposes. The average number of years spent in school was 4-6 years as the majority of them completed both 4 years in the old primary education system and 6 years in the new system. The average age of fishers is about 38.1 years ranging from young to old men, i.e., between 25-62 years. Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy. The result of sample fisher characteristics is as shown in Table 8. The interviews were mainly done through the head of fisher households, i.e., about 81% of all fisher households surveyed. The majority of fishers were either born in the community or migrated from other areas, particularly from adjacent villages, with marriage cited as the main reason. The average number of years spent in school was 7.1 years as the majority of them completed higher than primary schooling. Fishers are all male, with the average age about 36.6 years ranging between 20 and 61 years of age. Table 7. Characteristics of fishers in Ban Bang Chan (1999)

Variables Mean values (range) 1. Age (years) 38.1 (25-62) 2. Education (year) 4.6 (0-6) 3. Sex (%) - Male 100 - Female - 4. Status of household (%) - Head 93 - Nonhead 7 5. Religion (%) - Muslim 100 6. Residence (%) - Born in community 64 - Migrant 36 7. No. of years living in the 19.4 (2-40) community (migrants) Table 8. Characteristics of fishers in Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy (1999)

Variables Mean values (range) 1. Age (years) 36.6 (20-61) 2. Education (year) 7.1 (0-14) 3. Sex (%) - Male 100 - Female - 4. Status of household (%) 100 - Head 81


- Nonhead 19 5. Religion (%) - Muslim 100 6. Residence (%) - Born in community 50 - Migrant 50 7. No. of years living in the 20.2 (4-49) community (migrants) Fisher households Ban Bang Chan. The most common type of fisher household were joint or extended households (about 79%), with the remaining 21% being nuclear households. The average household size numbers approximately 5 persons, ranging between 3-8 persons in a single household (Table 9). Considering the age composition of fisher household members, most of the members (41%) are in the age-range group of 25-60 years, followed by younger members (36%) belonging to the primary school age-range group, i.e., under 15 years of age. The third group (18%) belong to the high school and graduate school age-range group (15-25 years) while the rest constitutes elderly members above 60 years of age. Overall the age of fisher household members covered range from 2-71 years. Considering members who start their primary education at aged 7 in Thai educational system and above, about 79% have either obtained or are still undertaking primary education. About 15% have either obtained or are still undertaking secondary education and above, whereas about 6% of members between 23-62 years old do not have any formal education. The average ages of education for both male and female members are the same values, i.e., 4.2 years, ranging from 0-10 years (male) and 0-14 years (female). The overall educational attainment of fisher household members in Ban Bang Chan is considerably low; however, there has been much improvement among young members. Table 9. Type and composition of fisher households in Ban Bang Chan (1999)

Items Mean values 1. Household type distribution (%) - Subnuclear - - Nuclear 21 - Joint (extended) 79 2. Average household size (no.) 5 3. Age composition of household (%) < 15 years 36 15-25 years 18 25-60 years 41 > 60 years 5 The result of fisher households classification based on structure and building material are as presented in Table 10. The majority of households (about 50%) can be categorized as the medium group while the remaining 36% and 14 % belong to the high and low groups respectively.


Table 10. Fisher household house classification based on building materials and house structure (1999)

Category Ban Bang Chan

(%) Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy

(%)

1. Minimal (made of light materials) - 14 2. Low (made of light material plus wood or

lumber) 50 31 3. Medium (combination of lumber and

concrete with nipa roofing) 4. High (made of concrete and galvanized roof)

36 63

- 6 5. Very high (made of concrete, wood ceramic roof of good quality) Household ownership of durable assets is used for classifying the economic status of fisher households. The measurement of household ownership of durable assets was done by scoring each type of durable assets identified and then accumulating them into the total score. Durable assets identified include boat, radio, television, tape recorder and cassete player, electric fan, refrigerator, cooking stove (gas or electric), sewing machine, motorcycle or tricycle, bicycle, car/pick-up vechicle, furniture, toilet (water-sealed), dresser and others (e.g., microwave, airconditioning unit). The results are presented in Table 11, and based on the findings, the majority of fisher households (about 64%) can be categorized as average, with the remaining 22% and 14% belonging to the slightly rich and slightly poor groups respectively. Table 11. Fisher household economic status classification based on ownership of durable assets

Category (score) % Poor (< 3) - Slightly poor (3-5) 14 Average (6-8) 64 Slightly rich (9-10) 22 Rich (>10) - Considering the occupation of fisher household members, the majority (about 53%) are involved in fishing only, 23% are involved in fishing and general labor, while the remaining 24% are involved in fishing, tapping rubber and various trades (Table 12). However, fishing remains the most important occupation of fisher households. Fishing contribution to the total income of fisher households are represented in Table 13. The fisher households (about 50%) mentioned that fishing contributed more than 50% of their household incomes, with 29% even mentioning that fishing contributed all of their household incomes. Moreover, approximately 93% of the fisher households said that half or more than half of food consumption in their households are from fishing. Overall, it is clear that fisher households which form the majority of households in the community depend greatly on fishing as their important livelihood, both as the main source of cash income and food for household consumption, particularly as the main source of protein in their daily diet. Table 12. Fisher household members who have undertaken different types of occupation, Ban Bang Chan (1999)

Occupations % 1. Fishing only 53 2. Fishing and rubber plantation 6 3. Fishing and labor 23 4. Fishing and trade 6 5. Rubber plantation 3 6. Labor only 3 7. Trade only 6


Table 13. Fishing contribution to total income of fisher household in Ban Bang Chan (1999)

Level of fishing contribution % < 50 % 3 About 50 % 14 > 50 % 50 About 100 % 29 Fishers are predominantly satisfied with their occupation, with all of fishers replying that they would be fishers for the rest of their lives. However, approximately 14% of the fishers did stake an intention to change to other occupations should there be potential for higher income. Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy. The most common type of fisher households were joint or extended households (about 87%) while the rest (about 13%) were nuclear households. The average household numbers 5 persons/household ranging between 3-9 persons in a single household. (Table 14). Considering the age composition of fisher household members, most members (36%) belong to the primary school age-range group, i.e., under 15 years of age, followed by 3% belonging to the secondary school and graduate age-range group, i.e., between 15-25 years old. The third group, consisting 28% belong to the workforce age group, ranging between 25-60 years of age, and the rest constitute elderly members above 60 years of age. Overall, the age of fisher household members covered range between 1-80 years. Table 14. Type and composition of fisher households in Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy (1999)

Items Mean values 1. Household type distribution (%) - Subnuclear - - Nuclear 13 - Joint (extended) 87 2. Average household size (no.) 5 3. Age composition of household (%) < 15 years 36 15-25 years 30 25-60 years 28 > 60 years 6 Considering members aged 7 years and above, about 26% have either obtained or are still undertaking primary education, about 63% obtained or are still undertaking secondary education and above, with the remaining 11% having either obtained lower than primary school or without any formal education whatsoever. The average age of education for males is 6.1 years (0-14 years) which is relatively higher than female, whose average age is 4.5 years, remaining from infant to 12 years old. The overall educational attainment of fisher household members in Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy is considerably low, however, there has been much improvement among young members. The result of fisher household house classification based on structure and building material are as presented in Table 10. The majority of households (about 63%) can be categorized as the high group while the remaining 31% and 6% belong to the medium and very high group respectively. Household ownership of durable assets is used for classifying the economic status of fisher households. The measurements are as discussed earlier. The results are presented in Table 15, and based on the finding the majority of fisher households (about 50%) can be categorized in the rich group, with the remaining 31% and 19% belonging to the slightly rich and average groups respectively.


Table 15. Fisher household economic status classification based on ownership of durable assets, Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy (1999)

Category % Poor (< 3) - Slightly poor (3-5) - Average (6-8) 19 Slightly rich (9-10) 31 Rich (>10) 50 On the occupation of fisher household members, the majority are involved only in fishing (26%), fishing and rubber tapping (26%) and labor (26%). Approximately 16% are involved in rubber tapping and the remaining 6% involved other activities (Table 16). However, it should be noted that the fishing, rubber plantation and labor activities play important roles for fishers in the village. Table 17 represents the fishing contribution to the total income of fisher households. The fisher households (about 75%) mentioned that fishing contributed 75% of their household incomes while 19% mentioned that fishing contributed all of their household incomes. Moreover, fisher households, i.e., about 52% stated that more than 50% of food consumption is obtained from fishing with about 43% indicating that fishing amounts to less than 50% of food consumption for their household. Overall, it is clear that the fisher households predominantly depend greatly on fishing, rubber plantation and general labor as their important livelihood. Table 16. Fisher household members who have undertaken different types of occupation, Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy (1999)

Occupations % 1. Fishing only 26 2. Fishing and rubber plantation 26 3. Fishing and labor 2 4. Fishing and trade 2 5. Rubber plantation 16 6. Labor only 26 7. Trade only 2 Table 17. Fishing contribution to total income of fisher household in Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy (1999)

Level of fishing contribution % < 50 % - About 50 % 6 > 50 % 75 About 100 % 19 Fishers are mainly satisfied with fishing as their primary occupation, with all of the fishers replying that they intend to continue fishing for the rest of their lives. None stated an intention to change their occupation. Market Characteristics Ban Bang Chan. Based on the household survey, 78% of the catch (50-100 %) were sold in the community market with the remaining 22% used for food consumption and as bait for cage culture. The fish price variation depended on the supply of different species in the market, nevertheless the range of price variation was generally narrow. The catches were mostly sold directly as fresh fish to two fish dealers in the community, who then sell their fish to commercial traders in the towns, particularly in Suratthani province. Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy. About 65% of the catch (40-90%) were sold in the community market with the remaining 35% used for food consumption and as bait for cage culture. In the former most of the catch was sold to 5 local fish dealers in the community who then sell their fish to two fish dealers from the town. At


present, under the guidance and support of the CBFM project, fisher communities bring their catch to the central community market, the fish is then sold by bidding. There are 10 bidding stations, which open at a time for two days, with the price of fish increasing about 15% at each bid. Community Institutional and Organization Arrangements Attitudes of fishers toward collective action, responsibility for fishery management and decisionmaking Ban Bang Chan. The question on the responsibility of fishery management lies between the government and fishing community. All fishers replied that the government and fishing community should be jontly responsible for fishery management, but in different degrees. The majority (about 64%) replied the government and fishing community should be equally responsibe, 22% argued that the government have most responsibility, with the remaining 14% in favor of fishers having the most responsibility. Besides on the responsibility for fishery management, all fishers replied that the rules on fish harvesting must be changed due to “inappropriate rules” at present, but the majority of fishers (about 81%) nevertheless disagree that rules breaking is sometimes acceptable. In terms of decisionmaking on fishery management, all respondents agree that the fishers should be involved in the decision-making process pertaining to fish management (Table 18). Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy. About 94% of fishers replied that the government and fishing community should be jointly responsible for fishery management, of which the majority (about 63%) replied that the government and fishing community should both share equal responsibility, with the remaining 19% and 12% arguing that fisher communities and government have most responsibility respectively. However, about 6% of fishers stated that both fishing community and government are not responsible. For some, the rules on fish harvesting must be changed as several rules at present are deemed "inappropriate," especially on fish harvesting. However, the majority of fishers (about 64%) disagreed that rules breaking is sometimes acceptable, despite the remaining 36% agreeing otherwise. In terms of decisionmaking on fishery management, all fishers agreed that the fishers/fishing community should be involved in the decision-making process pertaining to fishery management (Table 18). Outcome of Community-based Fisheries Co-management in Phang-Nga Bay Introduction In order to demonstrate the outcome or acheivement of the CBFM project, the measurement of fisher perception was made by comparing the performance indicators between three timeperiods, i.e., before the start of the CBFM project (pre-project, 1995), present time, i.e., 1999 and five-years extrapolation from the present, i.e., 2004. The measurement of fisher perception was based on “a visual, self-anchoring, ladder-like scale” which appears in a form of a ladder diagram. The ladder diagram is composed of 10 steps, where the first step on the ladder describes the worst possible situation . As the step goes higher, the situation gets better, with highest step (10) describing the best possible situation (Katon et al. 1997). Table 18. Attitudes of fishers toward rules and decisionmaking

Type of attitudes Ban Bang Chan (%)

Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy (%)

1. Fishers should involve decisionmaking or managing fisheries

- strongly agree 29 44

- agree 71 56

- neutral

- disagree

- strongly disagree

2. Rules on fish harvesting must be changed - strongly agree 44 7


- agree 56 64

- neutral - -

- disagree - 22

- strongly disagree - 7

3. Rules breaking in sometimes acceptable - strongly agree - 14

- agree 19 22

- neutral - -

- disagree 31 50

- strongly disagree 50 14

4. Distribution of fishery management Responsibilities between government

and fishing community

- government have all responsibility - -

- government have most responsibility 22 12

And fishers have less responsibility

- equal responsibility 64 63

- government have less responsibility 14 19

And fishers have most responsibility

- Both not responsible - 6

Performance Indicator of CBFM There were 19 performance indicators to measure outcome of the CBFM project in Phang-Nga Bay, where 13 indicators were used to measure outcomes related to equity, 2 indicators to measure outcomes related to efficiency and 4 indicators to measure outcomes with respect to sustainability (Table 19). Table 19. Performance indicators of Community-based Fisheries Co-management

Group of performance

indicators List of performance indicators

1. participation in community affairs in general 2. participation in community fishery management 3. influence over community affairs in general 4. influence over community fishery management 5. control over fishery resources 6. fair allocation of access rights to fishery resources 7. satisfaction of fishers with CBFM project 8. satisfaction of fishers with AR installation 9. satisfaction of fishers with management of marine reserve 10. satisfaction of fishers with mangrove management 11. benefits from the marine reserve 12. overall wellbeing of the household

Equity

13. household income


Efficiency 1. collective decisionmaking on policies/rule governing the use of

fishery resources 2. quickness of resolving community conflicts on fishery issues

1. overall wellbeing of fishery resources 2. community compliance with fishery-related rules 3. knowledge of fishery Sustainability

4. exchange of information on fishery management The mean values of each performance indicator were compared between the present and pre-project stages and the present with five years from the present, with their differences tested statistically using the t-test method.

Perceived Change in Perfermance Indicators Ban Bang Chan. All performance indicators were perceived to have changed positively between the present and pre-project status, by 16 indicators that respondents perceived to have changed highly significantly. That comprised all indicators (2 indicators) related to efficiency, 3 out of 4 indicators related to sustainability and 11 out of 13 indicators related to equity (Table 20). The results can be concluded that the fisheries management through CBFM has produced good outcomes overall such as increased satisfaction among fishers with regards to fishery arrangements, improvement of fishery resources and household income and reduced community conflicts on fishery issues. From the comparison of performance indicators between the present and five years from the present, all indicators were perceived to have changed negatively with highly significantly. The results conclude that fishers are predominantly convinced that the present CBFM would overall produce good outcomes in five years than the present time.


Table 20. Perceived changes in performance indicators for all respondents in Ban Bang Chan

Indicators T1 T2 T3 T2-T1 T2-T3 t (T2-T1) t (T2-T3)

Equity 1. participation in community affairs in general 2. participation in community fishery management 3. influence over community affairs in general 4. influence over community fishery management 5. control over fishery resources 6. fair allocation of access rights to fishery resources 7. satisfaction of fishers with CBFM project 8. satisfaction of fishers with AR installation 9. satisfaction of fishers with management of marine reserve 10. satisfaction of fishers with mangrove management 11. benefits from the marine reserve 12. overall wellbeing of the household 13. household income Efficiency 1. collective decisionmaking on policies/rule governing the use of fishery resources. 2. quickness of resolving community conflicts on fishery issues Sustainability 1. overall wellbeing of fishery resources 2. community compliance with fishery-related rules 3. knowledge of fishery 4. exchange of information on fishery management

4.93 5.86 3.86 4.14 3.86 4.29 4.57 4.71 4.93 6.00 6.14 4.64 4.36

3.79

4.00

6.36 4.07 3.79 3.57

7.07 7.43 6.14 6.64 6.86 6.86 8.07 8.57 8.49 8.71 7.36 5.71 5.57

6.21

6.00

5.57 7.57 7.36 6.93

8.86 9.00 7.93 8.21 9.14 8.07 9.57 9.86 9.43 9.93 8.86 8.07 7.36

8.29

8.36

7.29 9.14 9.14 8.36

2.14 1.57 2.29 2.50 3.00 2.57 3.50 3.86 3.50 2.71 1.21 1.07 1.21

2.43

2.00

-0.79 3.50 3.57 3.36

-1.79 -1.57 -1.79 -1.57 -2.28 -1.21 -1.50 -1.29 -0.94 -1.22 -1.50 -2.36 -1.79

-2.08

-2.36

-1.72 -1.57 -1.78 -1.43

3.22** 2.80** 3.35** 3.65** 3.97** 3.67** 7.71** 5.83** 6.02** 4.23**

2.14 1.85

2.46*

5.36**

3.02**

0.91 5.66** 6.47** 6.74**

-5.09** -3.91** -5.96** -6.27** -6.75** -3.08** -4.84** -3.23** -3.61** -2.88** -4.17** -5.21** -4.69**

-9.35**

-5.36**

-4.31** -5.79** -5.96** -2.80**

*p<0.05, **p<0.01 Notes: T1-Before CBFM project started (1995), T2-Present(1999), T3-Five years from the present(2004).


Ban Had Sai Pleug Hoy. All performence indicators were perceived to have changed positively between the present and pre-project level by 17 indicators that respondents perceived to have changed highly significantly. This comprised all indicators related to efficiency and sustainability, and 11 out of 13 indicators related to equity (Table 21). The results can be concluded that the fisheries management through the CBFM approach has produced good overall outcomes. From the comparison of indicators between the present and five years from the present, 18 indicators were perceived to have changed negatively while 2 indicators related to sustainability and 3 indicators related to equity were perceived to have changed highly significantly, 4 indicators related to equity, 1 indicator related to efficiency and 1 indicator related to sustainability were perceived to have changed significantly, with the remaining 8 indicators perceived to be insignificant. Apart from the 18 indicators perceived to have changed negatively as discussed earlier, one indicator “overall wellbeing of fishery resources” related to sustainability was perceived to have changed positively with insignificant proportions. The results concluded that fishers perceive that five years from the present CBFM has produced good overall outcomes, except that the overall wellbeing of fishery resources five years from the present is worse than the present as a result of increasing population of fishers and pollution from a nearby shrimp farm.


Table 21. Perceived changes in performance indicators for all respondants in Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy

Indicators T1 T2 T3 T2-T1 T2-T3 t (T2-T1) t (T2-T3)

Equity 1. participation in community affairs in general 2. participation in community fishery management 3. influence over community affairs in general 4. influence over community fishery management 5. control over fishery resources 6. fair allocation of access rights to fishery resources 7. satisfaction of fishers with CBFM project 8. satisfaction of fishers with AR installation 9. satisfaction of fishers with management of marine reserve 10. satisfaction of fishers with mangrove management 11. benefits from the marine reserve 12. overall wellbeing of the household 13. household income Efficiency 1. collective decisionmaking on policies/rule governing the use of fishery resources 2. quickness of resolving community conflicts on fishery issuesSustainability 1. overall wellbeing of fishery resources 2. community compliance with fishery-related rules 3. knowledge of fishery 4. exchange of information on fishery management

7.75 4.88 5.25 4.12 3.44 3.94 5.13 6.94 3.69 5.69 5.29 4.50 5.50

4.31

4.44

9.00 6.31 5.63 3.47

9.19 9.75 6.06 6.06 7.38 6.75 9.19 9.19 8.19 8.44 7.63 6.88 6.13

8.06

6.69

6.81 8.13 7.63 7.80

9.50

10.00 6.81 6.50 8.56 7.88 9.50 9.94 9.19 9.75 8.75 7.63 7.44

9.60

7.80

6.20 9.00 9.60 9.07

1.44 4.88 0.81 1.94 3.94 2.81 4.06 2.25 4.50 2.75 2.43 2.38 0.63

3.75

2.25

-2.19

1.81 4.00 4.33

-0.31 -0.25 -0.75 -0.44 -1.18 -1.13 -0.31 -0.75 -1.00 -1.31 -1.12 -0.75 -1.31

-1.54

-1.11

0.61 -0.87 -1.97 -1.27

2.35** 5.09**

0.99 2.66** 5.41** 3.65** 6.33** 2.98** 5.55** 3.69** 5.59** 4.41**

1.01

5.37**

2.55**

6.86** 2.56** 7.87** 7.44**

-1.43 -1.29 -1.57 -1.16

-2.37* -2.47*

-1.23 -2.24*

-1.63 -3.32** -2.70*

-1.63** -4.20**

-4.37

-2.84*

0.63

-3.42** -4.37** -2.74*

*p<0.05, **p<0.01 Note: T1-Before CBFM project stared (1995), T2-Present(1999), T3-Five years from the present (2004).


Correlation Analyses of Performance Indicators and Some Selected Variables Correlation between performance indicators and household and individual social variables The household and individual social variables of the fishers selected for interpretation are age, number of years of education, household size and number of years living in the community. Ban Bang Chan. Table 22 shows that the age of fishers mostly have a negative correlation with the perceived changes in performance indicators, particularly shown highly significant with the perceived changes in fisher satisfaction regarding AR installation. The number of years of education is mostly positive correlation with the perceived changes in performance indicators, and particularly shown highly significant correlated with the perceived changes in fisher satisfaction with AR installation and overall wellbeing of fishery resources. The household size and number of years living in the community are both positively and negatively correlated with the perceived changes in performance indicators, but nonsignificantly except the number of years living in the community, with positive correlation and highly significant with fair allocation of access rights to fishery resources.


Table 22. Correlation between performance indicators and household and individual social variable Ban Bang Chan Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy Indicators

A B C D A B C D 1. participation in community affairs in general 2. participation in community fishery management 3. influence over community affairs in general 4. influence over community fishery management 5. control over fishery resources 6. fair allocation of access rights to fishery resources 7. satisfaction of fishers with CBFM project 8. satisfaction of fishers with AR installation 9. satisfaction of fishers with management of marine reserve 10. satisfaction of fishers with mangrove management 11. benefits from the marine reserve 12. overall wellbeing of the household 13. household income 14. collective decisionmaking on policies/rule governing the use of fishery resources 15. quickness of resolving community conflicts on fishery issues 16. overall wellbeing of fishery resources 17. community compliance with fishery-related rules 18. knowledge of fishery 19. exchange of information on fishery management

-0.1743 0.1203 -0.2508 -0.4574 -0.1462 -0.1693 -0.2779 -0.5493**-0.1051 0.1416 -0.1090 0.0160 0.0938 -0.2270 -0.0414 -0.4292 0.0652 -0.1796 0.0532

0.2618 -0.0908 0.3818 0.4438 0.2302 -0.0139 0.3369 0.6539** 0.0868 -0.0475 0.0800 0.0284 -0.1377 0.0916 0.1022 0.5335** 0.0820 0.1797 -0.0122

-0.3469 -0.3649 -0.0887 -0.4395 -0.4296 0.4320 0.1082 -0.2119 0.0000 -0.0335 0.0463 0.2139 0.0000 -0.0507 0.1980 -0.1996 -0.2046 -0.4431 0.1898

0.0210 -0.2952 0.1234 -0.2382 -0.3001 0.7268** 0.2167 0.0714 -0.5172 -0.0950 -0.0983 0.2785 0.0111 -0.2511 0.1177 0.0437 -0.0745 -0.2348 0.0192

-0.0087 0.1005 -0.0962 0.0611 0.2260 0.0858 0.2272 0.2601 0.2625 0.3116 0.3748 -0.1916 0.2493 0.3304 0.5916**-0.4376 0.1511 -0.0071 0.0146

0.1265 -0.2422 0.2332 0.0738 -0.1519 -0.0575 -0.2840 -0.1291 -0.2164 -0.3362 -0.3159 0.3487 -0.2501 -0.2078 -0.5843** 0.4555 -0.0932 -0.1593 -0.1291

-0.2172 -0.0994 -0.6731** -0.4783 0.0675 -0.0376 -0.5607* -0.4962 -0.0360 -0.0161 -0.2383 0.4620 -0.2119 0.1904 -0.2029 0.3985 -0.1690 -0.3487 -0.0254

-0.0915 0.4515 -0.0643 0.0740 0.0889 0.1806 -0.0470 0.0848 0.0215 0.1382 0.1656 -0.2040 -0.2009 0.0566 0.2151 -0.4153 0.0486 -0.0357 -0.4074

* p< 0.05, ** p< 0.01 Notes: A – age(year), B – year of education, C – household size, D – year of living in the community.


In summary, it can be interpreted that the fishers who are younger and the fishers who have higher education are highly satisfied with AR installation and believe that the AR can provide significant benefits in terms of abundance of fishery resources more than older fishers as well as those with lower education. Fishers who have higher education also have more ability to improve the overall wellbeing of fishery resources than the fishers who have lower education. Additionally the fishers who have lived longer in the community believe that the allocation of access rights to fishery resources at present is fair, compared to fishers who have lived fewer years in the community. Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy. Table 22 shows the age of fishers mostly correlate positively with the perceived changed in performance indicators, particularly shown highly significant with the perceived change in the speed of resolving community conflicts on fishery issues. The number of years spent in education mostly correlate negatively with the perceived changes in performance indicators, particularly shown highly significant with the perceived changes in the speed of resolving community conflicts on fishery issues. The household size mostly correlate negatively with the perceived changes in performance indicators, particularly shown significant and highly significant with the perceived changes in satisfaction with the CBFM project and influence over community affairs in general respectively. The number of years lived in the community shows both positive and negative correlation with the perceived changes in performance indicators, nevertheless insignificant. In summary, it can be interpreted that both the older fishers and fishers with lower education perceive the resolution of community conflicts on fishery issues more quickly than the younger ones with higher education. Fishers from larger households are less influential over community affairs in general and less satisfied with the CBFM project, as opposed to fishers with smaller household members. Correlation between performance indicators and occupational variables The occupational variables of the fishers selected for the interpretation are number of years in fishing occupation and percentage of income from fishing, with the results are shown in Table 23. Ban Bang Chan. The number of years in fishing mostly shows a positive correlation with the perceived changes in performance indicators, particularly shown highly significant and significant regarding the satisfaction of fishers with the CBFM project, overall wellbeing of fishery resources and the speed of conflict resolution on fishery issues respectively. This is because the percentage of income obtained from fishing mostly show a positive correlation with the performance indicators, particularly shown significant with collective decisionmaking on policies or rules governing the use of fishery resources. Table 23. Correlation between performance indicators and occupational variables


Ban Bang Chan Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy Indicator

A B A B 1. participation in community affairs in general 2. participation in community fishery management 3. influence over community affairs in general 4. influence over community fishery management 5. control over fishery resources 6. fair allocation of access rights to fishery resources 7. satisfaction of fishers with CBFM project 8. satisfaction of fishers with AR installation 9. satisfaction of fishers with management of marine reserve 10. satisfaction of fishers with mangrove management 11. benefits from the marine reserve 12. overall wellbeing of the household 13. household income 14. collective decisionmaking on policies/rule governing the use of fishery resources 15. quickness of resolving community conflicts on fishery issues 16. overall wellbeing of fishery resources 17. community compliance with fishery-related rules 18. knowledge of fishery 19. exchange of information on fishery management

0.2284 0.3040 0.3424 0.3611

-0.2583 0.1818 0.7445** 0.4518 -0.3368 -0.1972

0.2358 0.2869 0.1556 0.4917

0.6441*

0.7141** 0.1022

0.2136 0.3399

-0.2216 0.4532

-0.2833 0.2159 0.1871 0.0314 0.2074

-0.1692 0.3267 0.0000 -0.0493 -0.2989 -0.2332

0.6474*

0.1976 0.0000 0.0653 0.1698 0.4409

0.2228 0.1871

-0.1618 0.0123 0.0882

-0.2778 0.3816 0.3045 0.2879 0.3562 0.3344

-0.4395 0.1442 0.3950

0.5217 -0.3961 0.0364 -0.0142 0.2982

-0.1649 0.1187 -0.0722 -0.0109 -0.2533 -0.0748 0.1237 -0.2281 0.2253 0.1843 0.1402 -0.0449 0.3672 0.1949

0.3039 -0.2958 -0.1705 0.0757 0.4957

* p< 0.05, **p <0.01 Notes: A – No. of years in fishing, B - % of fishing income. In summary, this can be interpreted that the fishers who have more experience with fishery perceives more satisfaction with the CBFM project, more abilities to improves the overall wellbeing of fishery resources and more speed in resolving community conflicts on fishery issues than fishers with less experience with fisheries. Additionally, the fishers who have a higher percentage of income from fisheries has a higher peceived chance on collective decisionmaking on policies or rules governing the use of fishery resources than those with lower income. Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy. The number of years and the percentage of income from fishing shows both positive and negative correlations with the perceived changes in performance indicators, only not significant. In summary, these correlating values confirm that the perceived changes of performance indicators are not related to the number of years spent in fishing or the percentage of income from fishing. Correlation between performance indicators and fishery resources-related variables The fishery resources-related variables selected for the interpretation compare past status quo of fishery resources 15 years ago and the present situation, with the results shown in Table 24.


Table 24. Correlation between performance indicators and fishery resources-related variables

Ban Bang Chan Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy Indicator

A B A B 1. participation in community affairs in general 2. participation in community fishery management 3. influence over community affairs in general 4. influence over community fishery management 5. control over fishery resources 6. fair allocation of access rights to fishery resources 7. satisfaction of fishers with CBFM project 8. satisfaction of fishers with AR installation 9. satisfaction of fishers with management of marine reserve 10. satisfaction of fishers with mangrove management 11. benefits from the marine reserve 12. overall wellbeing of the household 13. household income 14. collective decisionmaking on policies/rule governing the use of

fishery resources 15. quickness of resolving community conflicts on fishery issues 16. overall wellbeing of fishery resources 17. community compliance with fishery-related rules 18. knowledge of fishery 19. exchange of information on fishery management

0.2348 -0.2138 -0.2247 -0.1400 -0.3727 -0.8427 -0.9129 -0.1925 -0.3727 -0.4658 -0.0855 -0.7532 -0.1863 0.2440

-0.6730 0.0000 0.7866 -0.0962 -0.3581

0.4753 -0.0944

0.4407 0.3829 0.0856 0.3821 0.0356 0.4356 0.0056 0.2436 0.4523 0.2711 0.2401 0.3426

-0.0475

0.4422 0.0729 0.2137 0.0378

0.0455 0.1491 0.3008 0.3963

-0.0289 0.0563

-0.0203 -0.1048

0.1698 0.0484 0.1554 0.0338

-0.2618 0.0816

-0.0103 -0.3850 -0.1014 -0.0317 0.0231

-0.2056 0.0449 0.2461 0.0041 0.0611 0.3568 -0.2261 -0.1327 -0.1722 -0.1217 -0.1781 0.3160 -0.0338 -0.4281

-0.2893 0.1283 0.0510 0.1625 -0.4438

* p< 0.05, ** p> 0.01 Notes: A – Past abundance of fishery resources 15 year ago, B – Present situation of fishery resources. Ban Bang Chan. The past abundance of fishery resources 15 years ago mostly show a negative correlation with the perceived changes in performance indicators, only nonsignificant. The present situation of fishery resources mostly show a positive correlation with the perception changes in performance indicators, only nonsignificant. In summary, these correlation values confirm that past abundance of fishery resources 15 years ago vis-a-vis the current fishery resources situation are not correlated with the perceived changes of performance indicators. Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy. The past abundance of fishery resources 15 years ago and the current fishery resources situation show both positive and negative correlations with the perception changes in performance indicators, only not significant. In summary, these correlate values confirm that two variables as discussed earlier do not correlate with the perceived changes in performance indicators Correlation between performance indicator and household assets and facilities variable Ban Bang Chan. The household assets and facilities show both positive and negative correlations with perceived changes in the perfermance indicators, only not significant (Table 25). In summary, these correlation values confirm those variable is not in correlation with the perceived changes of the said performance indicators. Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy. The household assets and facilities show mostly correlate negatively with the perceived changes in performance indicators, only not significant (Table 25). In summary, these correlate values confirm that the variable is not in correlation with the perceived changes of the said performance indicators.


Table 25. Correlation between performance indicators and household assets facilities

Indicator Ban Bang Chan Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy

1. participation in community affairs in general 2. participation in community fishery management 3. influence over community affairs in general 4. influence over community fishery management 5. control over fishery resources 6. fair allocation of access rights to fishery resources 7. satisfaction of fishers with CBFM project 8. satisfaction of fishers with AR installation 9. satisfaction of fishers with management of marine reserve 10. satisfaction of fishers with mangrove management 11. benefits from the marine reserve 12. overall wellbeing of the household 13. household income 14. collective decisionmaking on policies/rule governing the use of fishery resources 15. quickness of resolving community conflicts on fishery issues 16. overall wellbeing of fishery resources 17. community compliance with fishery-related rules 18. knowledge of fishery 19. exchange of information on fishery management

0.3532 -0.0659 0.1273 -0.2380 -0.0169 0.2892 -0.2696 0.0344 -0.4121 -0.2834 -0.1888 0.3620 0.3677 0.0091

0.3003 0.1838 -0.0222 -0.4319 -0.4392

-0.0689 -0.1850 -0.1955 -0.0961 0.2194 -0.1321 -0.4052 -0.0029 -0.2065 -0.1358 -0.3043 -0.0233 -0.3249 -0.0968

-0.2973 0.1593 0.0606 -0.3628 -0.2012

* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 Conditions for Successful CBFM in Phang-Nga Bay The analysis of perceived changes in performance indicators of CBFM case-study villages between pre-project (1995), present time (1999) and five years from the present (2004) is as discussed earlier. The results can be concluded that the fishery management through the CBFM approach has produced good overall outcomes in the present time than the pre-project, and fishers are predominantly convinced that the present CBFM would produce good overall outcomes in next five years than the present time. From those results, it should be noted that CBFM in both case-study villages of Phang-Nga Bay could reach success at a certain level. Based on the synthesis of the results and field observation, the key conditions for a successful CBFM in Phang-Nga Bay are classified into four groups: socioeconomic status of the community; active participation, cooperation and coordination of various stakeholders; collaboration, support and encouragement from outside agencies; and closely and continuously do follow-up and evaluation by responsible agencies.

Socioeconomic Status of the Community There are three socioeconomic conditions of both case-study villages which contribute greatly to the success of CBFM: community homogeneity, people’s dependence on fisheries and leadership capability. Community homogeneity. Based on the results from household survey and informal discussion, both villages are homogeneous in social and economic senses. Socially, almost all members of each community belong to the same ethnic group and religion. Economically, the economic status between households in each community is narrow variation; the majority can be considered as average and rich or slightly rich for Ban Bang Chan and Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy respectively. People’s dependence on fisheries. Both case-study villages, where the fisher households are the majority of households in the community, depend greatly on fishing as their livelihood, both as the main source of cash income and food for household consumption, particularly as the main source of protein in their daily diet. Moreover, all of the fishers confirmed that they intend to continue fishing for the rest of their lives.


Leadership capability. Leaders of both villages particularly the village headmen (Phu-Yai-Baan), subdistrict leader (Kam-Nan), subdistrict administrative organization (Or-Bor-Tor), Muslim religious leaders (Imam) and fisher leaders are knowledgeable persons especially in their experience on coastal fisheries and resources. They are active and influential among community members and work closely with other stakeholders/organizations to support CBFM in the communities. Active Participation, Cooperation and Coordination of Various Stakeholders

The active participation, cooperation and coordination in CBFM among resources users, resources managers, researchers and other stakeholders such as fishermen, communities, local branch of Thai Fisheries Association, local small-scale fishermen groups, fish dealers, NGOs, government agencies, etc., are observed to be very important for the success of CBFM approach in both case- study villages.

Collaboration, Support and Supervision from Outside Agencies Due to limited power and authority, confidence and budget, some communities lack knowledge to deal with problems associated with other communities or agencies which are not familiar with fishery. Collaboration, support and supervision from outside agencies are necessary for achievement of a better fishery management through CBFM approach. Government agencies. Government agencies have provided significant support to CBFM particularly DOF through AFDEC which is responsible for CBFM project. AFDEC is the leader that supports and supervises various aspects including financial support, educational and psychological support. Moreover, support from AFDEC is transparent in the form of allocation of related CBFM projects, especially activities under Sea Rehabilitation Project such as post-harvesting and marketing facilities, fishery credit lines, deployment of artificial reefs, substitution of destructive fishing gears, etc. Besides the DOF agency, the local government agencies such as the Governor of Phang-Nga province, Phang-Nga mangrove management office and Takuatoong subdistrict office, are also significant government agencies for a successful CBFM. Regional agencies. Particularly the Bay of Bengal Programme (BOBP/FAO) is the main regional agency that provided collaboration, support and supervision on CBFM implementation in terms of budget and technology support. Other stakeholders. Various stakeholders offered collaboration and support in terms of budget and materials to the project, such as the Phuket Fisheries Association and the Phuket Chamber of Commerce, etc.

Closely and Continuously do Follow-up and Evaluation by Responsible Agencies Close and continuous follow-up and evaluation of the CBFM implementation by AFDEC staff in both case-study villages of Phang-Nga Bay by means of bimonthly meetings of the representatives from the target villages to exchange their experiences and knowledge, is the main condition for the success of CBFM project.

The Process of CBFM in Phang-Nga Bay Implementation of CBFM in both case-study villages of Phang-Nga Bay has been conducted since 1996 step-by-step as follows: CBFM workshop The workshop on “CBFM in Phang-Nga Bay” was organized by the DOF of Thailand, in collaboration with BOBP/FAO at Phuket Province in 1996 with the participation of various stakeholders such as government agencies (DOF, universities), private sector, nongovernment organizations, fishers, village leaders, etc. The workshop aimed to build awareness and a common understanding among the key stakeholders who will be involved in CBFM project about the importance, benefits and constraints, roles and responsibilities and needs for flexibility under the CBFM project as well as to build a consensus among the key stakeholders on the objective issues for management and general approach for implementation of the project.


The results from CBFM workshop are the acceptance, commitment and consensus of key stakeholders and participants on the CBFM workplan components which included the problems, issues and objectives of management, roles and responsibilities for effective partnership in management and a general guideline for activities.

Case-study Villages Selection Base on the results from the CBFM workshop and also the knowledge and experience of DOF staff particularly AFDEC staff on the field of fisheries and resources studies in Phang-Nga Bay, Ban Bang Chan and Ban Haad Sai Pleug Hoy were suitable to be selected as the initial CBFM case-study villages in the Bay. Responsible Training Agency DOF staff particularly AFDEC staff who are responsible for CBFM implementation in the Bay have been trained in consensus-building, interdisciplinary team work, public participation, completion of case studies that identified issues for management, development of objectives, strategies for actions and solutions, and evaluating progress in integrated coastal management. Meeting and Election of Village Committee The meeting among responsible agencies particularly AFDEC staff and stakeholders in the case-study villages such as village leader, religious leader, fishermen, etc., has been organized to introduce background and the CBFM workplan components. After they realized and accepted the CBFM project, then the selection of villages committee commenced. Determination of Activities to be Conducted The problem faced and needs of villages were discussed and converted into activities to be implemented by the meeting among villages committee, fisher and other stakeholders. The fishery officers particularly AFDEC staffs who were responsible for the project served as advisors to the meeting. The activities implemented mostly emphasized on enhancing the capacity of the communities in fishery management, rehabilitation of fishery resources and ecosystem and improving socioeconomic conditions of local fishing communities. Follow-up and Evaluation Follow-up and evaluation of the implementation has been performed closely and regularly through meetings both formal and informal among village committees, fisherfolk, AFDEC staff, local district officials such as district leader, health official, police, etc., and the representative from Fisheries Association of Phuket and commercial-scale fishermen who operate in Phang-Nga Bay. The effective results and experiences of current activities are very useful for the village committees and AFDEC staffs to adjust and develop the process of implementation. Moreover, the results are important sources of information for the basic decisionmaking of this issue. For scientific studies, apart from previous results collected by AFDEC staff in Phang-Nga Bay, investigation and data collection particularly on fisheries and resources in case-study villages have been conducted regularly with cooperation of the fisherfolk. These activities automatically made the fisherfolk learn about how the resources status and their income change as well as to help them better understand how to manage fisheries and resources for sustainable utilization under the CBFM process.


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Development Center, Phuket. Thailand (in Thai). Boonragsa, V. 1989. The status of small otter-beam trawl fisheries, Phang-Nga Bay. Technical paper No. 5.

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