community - based paralegals: a paractitioner's guide...foreword in countries across the globe,...

Community - based Paralegals: A Paractitioner's Guide

Copyright © 2010 Open Society Foundations. All rights reserved.

English Version Published by Burmese Version Published by

Open Society Institute U Kyaw Myint Law Firm and Namati

224 West 57th Street Yangon, Myanmar

New York, NY 10019 USA

www.opensocietyfoundations.org

For more information contact

ÜU Kyaw Myint Ü Laura Goodwin ÜZaza Namoradze

Advocate ProgramManager Director,BudapestOffice

U Kyaw Myint Law Firm Namati Open Society Justice Initiative

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

For more information and resources on community-based paralegal programs, please visit www.namati.org and join the

Global Legal Empowerment Network at www.namati.org/join.

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17.10.2013

Foreword

In countries across the globe, community-based paralegals act as a frontline of justice service providers. Because they live in the communities

they serve, such paralegals can combine their legal knowledge and practical skills with an intimate understanding of local context and customs.

As grassroots advocatesthey are uniquely placed to resolve justice problems and empower their communities to use the law.

As Myanmaremergesfrom decades of military rule, the country faces enormous challenges across all sectors. The Government is reforming exist-

ing laws and enacting new legislation at an unprecedented pace. With these changes comes space for people to exercise their rights andhold

institutions accountable. Community-based paralegals – whether part of civil society or a national legal aid system – can help make the law

matter in the daily lives of Myanmar’s 60 million people.

This practitioner’s guide, designed for paralegal managers and supervisors, provides advice on conceptualizing, designing, and implementing

effective community-based paralegal programs. The guide includes case studies, examples, and sample tools, such as case handling forms, drawn

from a variety of paralegal efforts in other countries.

With the publication of a Burmese language version, Namati hopes to make this resource accessible to the growing number of legal empower-

ment practitioners in Myanmar.

Our gratitude extends to the Open Society Justice Initiative for encouraging translation of this publication, U KyawMyint Law Firm for

invaluable support in the translation process, and all those in Myanmar who are using innovative strategies to make justice a reality for all.

Laura Goodwin, Program Manager, Namati: Innovations in Legal Empowerment, October 2013

Namati is dedicated to putting the law in people’s hands. We strive to build a just world, in which every one of us can take part in the deci-

sions– and demand accountability from the institutions– that affect our lives. Namati was founded in 2011 and is the leading international

organization dedicated to legal empowerment.

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Laura Goodwin

Program Manager

Namati: Innovations in Legal Empowerment

October 2013

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a&;om;jyKpkay;onfhtwGuf Vivek Maru tm;vnf; aus;Zl;wif&SdNyD; David McQuoid- Mason

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vkyfief;wGif ueOD;atmifjrifrItawGUtBuHKukd &&Sdonf[k xifjrif,lqygu oifhtaejzifh

,if;tpDtpOfukd rnfokd YrnfykH qufvufaqmif&Guf&rnfenf;? taxmuftul

jyK&rnfenf;/ xkdYjyif rnfokdYrnfykHwkd;csJU&rnfenf;/ þtcef;onftopftqef; jzpfaom

pdefac:rIrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;Ekdif&efESifh xGufay:vmonfh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ukd vufqkyf

vufukdif&&Sda&;twGuf tpDtpOfukd tuJjzwfjcif;? wjznf;jznf; wkd;wufatmif

aqmif&Gufjcif;? trsKd;om;uGef,uf wnfaqmufjcif;? tpDtpOfukd wpfpwpfp wkd;jr§ifh

taumiftxnfazmfjcif;qkdif&m tcsufrsm;ukd vTrf;NcHKazmfjyxm;onf/

tcef;(8)aemufwGif aemufqufwJGrsm;ESifh &nfñTef;pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; pm&if;rsm;ukd

azmfjy xm;onf/ ,if;wkdYwGif avhusihfoifMum;a&; tpDtpOfrsm;? vlpm&if; awmif;ac:onfh

ykHpHrsm;? tar&duefa&SUaersm;toif;\ ]] Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;\ ynma&;qkdif&m tpD

tpOfrsm;ukd oabmwlcGifhjyK&eftwGuf vrf;ñTefcsufrsm;}} pmapmifuJhokdYaom aemufwkd;owif;

tcsuftvufqkdif&m t&if;tjrpfrsm;tygt0if oif\tpDtpOftwGuf aemufwkd; t&if;

tjrpfrsm;ukd jznhfqnf;ay;&ef &nf&G,fonf/ þvrf;ñTefpmapmifukd wpfckvkH;taejzifh vTrf;NcHK

azmfjy&vQif aemufqufwJGrsm;ESifh &nfñTef;ukd;um;pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; pm&if;qkdif&m &nfrSef;

csufonf þacgif;pOftwGuf aemufqkH;ta&;ygonfh pum;&yftjzpf azmfjyvkdjcif; r[kwfbJ

Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;tm; w&m;rQwrIqkdif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm;ay;&ef tokH;jyK&mwGif

rsm;jym;vSonfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;xJwGif t&if;tjrpfwpfcktjzpf azmfjy&ef twGufomjzpfonf/


tcef;(1)

vlxk tajccH Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;ukd rdwfqufjcif;

yg0ifonfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;

1-1 vlxktajccH Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;\ tpDtpOfrlvtp

1-2 Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;\ tcef;u@rsm;

1-3 Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;tm; tokH;jyKjcif;\ xl;jcm;aom tusKd;w&m;rsm;

1-4 Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfrsm;twGuf tzGJUtpnf;qkdif&m taqmufttkHrsm; (Institutional homes)

oef;axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom vlwkdYonf w&m;rQwrIukd &&Sd&ef tcuftcJrsm;ESifh

awGUBuHKaeMu&onf/ urÇmwpf0Srf;&Sd vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif vlwkdYonf aexkdifa&;? rdom;pk?

a<u;jrD? &mZ0wfrI? ypönf;ESifh,if;wkdY\ oufawmifhoufomaexkdifrIukd xdckdufonfh tjcm;

taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh qufpyfaom Oya'a&;&m jyóemrsm;twGuf ½kef;uefvIyf&Sm;aeMu

&onf/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;? yx0Dtaetxm;t& txD;usefjzpfaeMuolrsm; okdYr[kwf

tjcm; enf; tm;enf;olrsm;onf ,if;wkdY\ w&m;rQwrIqkdif&m jyóemrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;&mwGif

tcgtm;avsmfpGm taxmuftyHhr&&SdMuacs/ ,if;wkdYonf wpfbufowf cJGjcm;onfhOya'rsm;

atmufwGif 'ku©a0'em cHpm;&onfrsm; &SdEkdifonf odkYr[kwf xkdolwkdYtm; tumtuG,f

ay;rnfh pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;ukd twif;tMuyfvkdufemap&ef Oya'aMumif;t& enf;vrf;rsm; uif;rJh

onfvnf;&SdEkdifonf/


vlxktajccH Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfrsm;onf Oya'pepfukd vufvSrf;

rrDEkdifonfh vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ukd ,if;wkdY\ w&m;rQwjcif;qkdif&m jyóemrsm;tm; ajz&Sif;&ef

taxmuftulay;Ekdifonf/ txl;ojzifh y#dyu©vGefumv okdYr[kwf zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;wGif?

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a&SUaersm;onf w&m;rQwrI 0efaqmifrIay;&eftwGuf awmif;cHrIrsm;ukd tcgtm;avsmfpGm

jznfhqnf;ay;Ek difjcif; r&S dacs/ vltrsm; usef;rma&;vkdtyfrIukd jznfhqnf; ay;&ef?

w&m;0ifaq;0g;qkdif&m oufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKolrsm; pGrf;aqmifjcif;iSm rwwfEkdifrIukd

wkefYjyefonfhtaejzifh aus;vufvlxk usef;rma&;0efxrf;rsm; trsm;tjym;cefYtyfonfh

enf;wl Oya'a&;&m 0efaqmifrIrsm;ukd aqmifMunf;ay;&mwGif ]]vlxktajccH Oya'

taxmuftuljyKrsm;}} (2) onf xl;jcm;onfh ajymif;vJcsufwpf&yfukd ukd,fpm;jyKolrsm;

jzpfMuonf/

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wm0efukd vkyfukdifaqmif&Guf&aomfvnf; ,if;wkdYonf atmufygtcsufrsm; tygt0if

xl;jcm;onfh tcGifhtvrf; trsm;tjym;ukd &&SdMuonf/

(2) þpmapmif\udpö&yfrsm;tvdk YiSm ]] vlxktajccHOya'taxmuftuljyKrsm; }} qdkonfh pum;&yfwGif

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf enf;vrf;wus oifwef;ay;xm;olrsm;jzpf MuNyD; w&m;rQwrIqd ki f&m

0efaqmifrIrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;&ef Oya'aMumif;t&ESifh Oya'aMumif;r[kwfonfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk toHk;jyKonfh

Oya'taxmuftuljyKwpfOD;OD;udk &nfñTef;&ef toHk;jyKonf/ xdkolonf oltvkyfvkyfudkifonfh vlUtodkif;t0dkif;

xJwGif aexdkifNyD; ,if;ESifhpyfvsOf;í euf½dIif;onfhA[kokw&dSol jzpfNyD;vQif a&SUaewpfOD;OD;xHrS enf;ynmqdkif&m

taxmuftyHhudk &&dSEd kifNyD; a,bk,sBuD;MuyfrIudkvnf; cH,l&&dSoljzpfonf/ þpmapmifwGif toHk;jyKonfh

]] twdkaumuftoHk;tEIef;jzpfonfh Oya'taxmuftuljyKol}} onf vlxktajccHOya'taxmuftuljyK wpfOD;udk

&nfñTef;jcif;jzpfonf/


vlxktajccH Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf ,if;wkdYtm; iSm;&rf;onfh trIonfrsm;

omru vlUtzGJUtpnf; wpf&yfvkH;\ w&m;rQwrIqkdif&m vkdtyfcsufrsm;ay:wGif tm½kH

pl;pkdufaqmuf&GufEkdifonf/

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ykdrkdvsifjrefpGm jyóemrsm;ukd tcgtm;avsmfpGm aqmif&GufEkdifonf/

0ifcGifhpnf;rsOf;rsm;rSm edrfhygonf/ a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;xuf Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;ukd

avhusifhNyD; wm0efcsxm;&mrSm ykdrkdvG,fulum p&dwfpuvnf; ykdNyD;enf;onf/

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOfygu ukefusp&dwfenf;onf/

vlxk tajccH Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf a&SUaea&SU&yfwpfOD;xuf ,if;wkdY

0efaqmifrI ay;onfhvlUtzGJUtpnf;ukd od&Sdonfxuf ykdrkdod&Sdonfhtjyif ,if;wkdY\

vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukdvnf; tcgtm;avsmfpGm ykdrkdem;vnfEkdifpGrf;&Sdonf/

a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;onf trIonfrsm;u aiGaMu;wwfEkdifonfhtay:wGiftajccHí

trIudpörsm;ukd vufcH aomfvnf; Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;tm; vlUtokdif;t0kdif;\

BuD;rm;onfhvkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd ukd,fpm;jyK aqmif&GufEk dif&ef tpkd;&r[kwfonfh

tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfu aiGaMu;axmufyHhcsD;jr§ifhEkdifonf/

þtcef;onf Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfrsm;\rlvtpukd vTrf;NcHKokH;oyf

xm;onfhtjyif? vlxk tajccHOya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf trIonfrsm;xH vufvSrf;rD

a&muf&SdNyD; 0efaqmifrIay;&mwGif? ulnDaqmif&Gufay;Ekdifonfh oD;jcm;tcef;u@rsm;ukd

azmfjyxm;onf/ þtcef;onf vlxktajccH Oya' taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOftwGuf

xGufay:vmonfh trsKd;rsKd;aom tzGJUtpnf;ykHpHrsm;ukdvnf; azmfjyxm;onf/ tpDtpOf


topfwpf&yfukd taxmuftuljyK&eftwGuf tzGJUtpnf;qkdif&m tpDtrHrsm; trsm;tjym;yif

&Sdonf/ ,if;wkdYwGif tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? Oya'ynm ykdYcsonfhausmif;rsm;ESifh

yk*¾vdu okdYr[kwf trsm;u aiGaMu;axmufyHhonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm; yg0ifonf/

vlxktajccHOya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;\ vkyfief;wm0efukd w&m;rQwrIESifh w&m;rQ

wrIukd vufvSrf;rDa&;rlabmiftwGif;wGif tajcjyKxm;onf/ ,if;okdY tajcjyK&jcif;rSm vlxk

tajccHOya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;\ tpDtpOfrsm;onf-

tEÅ&m,fukd umuG,fEkdifpGrf;r&Sdaom vltrsm;\ jznfhqnf;ay;jcif; r&Sdao;onfh

vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd taumiftxnfazmfa&;twGuf vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufjcif;?

us,fus,fjyefYjyefY jzpfay:aeonfh w&m;rQwrI uif;rJhjcif;rsm; odkYr[kwf vYltcGifhta&;

csKd;azmufrIrsm;ukd a&mifjyef[yfonfh Oya'ESifhrnDñGwfrIrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf

todtrSwfjyKjcif;ESifh BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfjcif;?

vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh vlUtzGJUtpnf;qkdif&m tzGJU0ifrsm;onf ,if;wkdY\ tzGJU0ifrsm;ukd

em;vnfEkdifpGrf;&Sd&efESifh aqmif&GufEkdifpGrf;&Sd&ef? t&nftcsif;? t&nftaoG;rsm;ukd

wkd;wufatmif aqmif&Gufay;jcif;?

ay:vpDa&;&mESifh Oya'a&;&m ajymif;vJjyKjyifjcif;wkYdwGif vkdtyfovkd OD;aqmifrI&,lí

vlrItokdif; t0kdif;rsm;twGif; tqkdygtcsufrsm;tm; xkwfazmfwifjyjcif;rsm;udk

wkd;jr§ifhaqmif&Gufjcif;/


1-1 vlxk tajccH Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfrsm;\ rlvtp

ab;z,fcHxm;&onfh vlxkrsm;u ,if;wkdY\ tajctae wkd;wufa&;tjyif xm0&

wnfNrJaeonfh jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh zGHYNzdK;wkd;wufa&;ukd aphaqmf&ef Oya'rSm r&Sdrjzpfonfh

ud&d,mwpfcktjzpf &Ijrifí ,if;wkdY\ awmif;qkdcsufukd wkefYjyefonfhtaejzifh vlxk tajccH

Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfrsm; ay:xGef;vmjcif;jzpfonf/ okdY&mwGif ,if;wkd YrSm

aiGa&;aMu;a&;? yx0Dtaetxm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIa&;&m twm;tqD;rsm;aMumifh a&SUaea&SU&yf

rsm;ESifh w&m;0if w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfwkdUukd vufvSrf;rrSDEkdifMuacs/

Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;ukd tokH;jyKjcif;onf t*Fvef? tar&duef jynfaxmifpkESifh

e,fomvefEkdifiHwkd YuJhokd Yaom EkdifiHrsm;wGif ueOD; jzpfxGef;vmcJhNyD;? ,if;EkdifiHrsm;wGif

4if;wkdYtm; a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;\ vufaxmufrsm;tjzpf tokH;jyKMuonf/ vlxktajccHOya'

taxmuftuljyKrsm;uJhokdYyif a&SUaevufaxmufrsm;onf Oya'tBuHay;rsm;tjzpf vkyfukdif

aqmif&GufMuaomfvnf; w&m;½Hk;wGif trIvkdufygaqmif&Guf&ef vkdifpifay;xm;jcif; r&Sdacs/

Oyrmtm;jzifh e,fomvefEkdifiHwGif 2003 ckESpf ]]Oya'taxmuftuljyKpepf}} jyKjyifajymif;vJ

a&;tjzpf tpkd;&u taxmuftuljyKxm;onfh ]]Oya'taxmuftuljyK bkwftzGJUrsm;}} u

aiGaMu;axmufyhHxm;onfh ]]Oya'0efaqmifrIXmersm;}}ukd wnfaxmifcJhMuonf/ ,if;Xme

rsm;wGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;ESifhtwl Oya'jzifh axmufulrIukd

jznfhqnf;ay;&ef twlwuG tvkyfvkyfMuonf/aiGaMu;ukefus&ef rvkdbJ trIonfrsm;onf

taxGaxGowif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd &&SdEkdifonf? Oya' jyóemwpf&yftay: ajz&Sif;csufukd

&&SdEkdifonf/ Oya'a&;&ma&G;cs,frIrsm;twGuf owif;tcsuftvuf &&SdEkdifonf/ xkdYtjyif

a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm; odkYr[kwf tjcm;aom0efaqmifrIrsm;okdY vJGajymif;ay;rI rsm;ukd cHpm;&&SdEkdifonf/


tvm;wl Oya'taxmuftuljyK ykHpHwpf&yfonf ykdvefEkdifiHwGif wnf&SdNyD; ]]EkdifiHom;

tBuHay;a&;AsL½kd}}\ uGef,ufrSwpfqifh txufygtwkdif; &&SdEkdifonf/ þtBuHjyKaqG;aEG;rI

ay;onfh uGef,ufonf t"dutm;jzifh taysmfxrf;0efxrf;rsm;jzifh vkyfief; aqmif&Gufaomfvnf;

tpkd;&at*sifpDrsm; jzpfMuonfh vlrIa&;ay:vpD0efBuD;Xme ESifh ]]ykdvef vlrI 0efxrf;AsL½kd}}wkdY\

yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIukd &&Sdonf/ tjcm;aom txl;aumif;rGefonfh pHerlemjy Oya' taxmuf

tuljyK at*sifpDrsm;rSm ,lEkdufwufudrf;'if; ESifh tar&duefEkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf; &SdMuonf/

awmiftmz&duEkdifiHESifh zdvpfykdifuJhokdYaomEkdifiHrsm;wGif w&m;rQwrIukd vufvSrf;rDa&;

twGuf wpfckvkH;ukd vTrf;NcHKaponfhtjrifjzifh Oya'taxmuftuljyK pDrHcsufrsm;ukd vlUtzGJU

tpnf;u armif;ESifonfhtm;ESihf vlUtcGifhta&;tajcjyK csOf;uyfrIwkdYjzifh yl;aygif;yg0ifaponf/

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vlxk\vkdtyfcsufrsm;ESifh vkyfukdifaqmif&GufrIrsm;tay:wGif ckdifrmpGm tajcjyKMuonf/okdYaomf

,if;wGif tpkd;&ay:vpDrsm;? Oya'rsm;ESifh trsm;jynfolqkdif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ukd jyKjyifajymif;vJ

Ekdif&eftwGufawmif;qkd&ef atmufajcvlxktqifh Oya'a&;&m vkdtyfcsufrsm;tay:

pnf;½Hk;vIyf&Sm;rnfh aemufxyftcGifhtvrf;onfvnf;yg&Sdonf/ ,if;csOf;uyfrIonfyifvQif

jyKjyif ajymif;vJa&;BudK;yrf;rIrsm;ukd od&Sdap&ef a'oqkdif&moGif;tm;pkukd vIHaqmf&müa'ovkd

tyfcsufrsm;ESifh pGrf;yum;rsm;tjyif ,if;wkdY\ xda&mufrIukd em;vnf&ef NrdKUjyvlrItzGJUtpnf;

tkyfpkrsm;ukd xl;jcm;onfh t&nftaoG; jznfhqnf;ay;onf/

vlUtcGif hta&; rlabmifrS &Ijrif&vQif w&m;rQwrI vufvSrf;rDa&;qkdonfrSm

(u) wpfOD;csif;pDESifh 4if;wdkY\vlYtzGJYtpnf;rsm;udk ,if;wkdY\tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí

ynmay;&efESifh today;&efvkdtyfjcif;? (c) þwpfOD;csif;pDESifh ,if;wkdY\vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf

vkyftm;cr&onfhtvkyform;-

rmvm0DEkdifiHwGif Oya' taxmuf

tuljyKwpfOD;\ atmifjrifrI

Zmwfvrf; wpfyk'f/

touf(18)ESpft&G,f&Sd qD'eD

Aef'gonf olaexkdifonhf rmvm0D

EkdifiH? rlvef*sD;t&yf&Sd ol\aetdrfrS

bwfpfum;jzifh wpfaeYwm c&D;uGm

a0;onfh rZlZkt&yfwGif ol\ yxr

qkH;tvkyftjzpf tdrfazmf tvkyfvkyf

&ef xGufcGmoGm;onf/ vkyfcaumif;

aumif;ay;rnf? aetdrfcef; ay;rnf?

auR;arG;rnf ponfh uwdu0wf

aMumifh olu olUrdom;pktm; axmuf

yhH&eftwGuf tdrfokd Y aiGykd YEk difrnf?

ynmoif&eftwGuf pkaqmif;Ek dif

rnf[k arQmfvifhcJ honf/ okd Yaomf

olUtm; wpfjym;wpfcsyfrQray;yg/

ckESpfvMumjrifh onfhtcg olu c½kdif


tqkdygtcGifhta&;rsm;udk awmif;qkdMu&eftwGuf pGrf;&nfzGH YNzdK;wkd;wuf&ef vdktyfjcif;?

(*) vlUtzGJU tpnf;wpfcktwGif; us,fus,fjyefYjyefY vlUtcGifhta&; csKd;azmufrIrsm;ukd

trIwpfckcsif; pDtvkduf ajz&Sif;jcif;tpm; a&&Snfr[mAsL[m ajz&Sif;jcif;jzifh jyóemukd

ajz&Sif;aqmif&Gufoifhjcif;wkdY jzpfMuonf/

vlxk tajccH Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf csOf;uyfykH trsm;tjym; teufrS wpfckjzpfNyD;?

,if;onf ,if;wkdYtvkyfvkyfukdifonfh vlxkMum;wGif aexkdifMuolrsm;jzpfí us,fjyefYonfh

vlUtcGifhta&;rlabmiftwGif; ,if;rl0g'rsm;ukd vufcHNyD; vufawGUusifhokH;Muonf/ xdkolwkdYonf

tcgtm;avsmfpGm aus;vufa'o odkYr[kwf ab;z,fcHxm;&onfh tokdif;t0kdif;rsm;wGif

tvkyfvkyfukdif&NyD;? w&m;0ifOya'pepf abmiftwGif; r[kwfbJ trIonf\jyóemrsm;ukd

ajz&Sif;&ef tm;vkH;vTrf;NcHKaom r[mAsL[mrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Guf&onf/ vlxk tajccH

Oya'taxmuftuljyK csOf;uyfrIonf ]]Oya'qkdif&m t&if;tjrpfrsm;jzihf csOf;uyfrI

ESifh qufpyfaeNyD;? ,if;onf vlUtokdif;t0kdif;abmiftwGif; Oya'a&;&m A[kokwESifh

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tpnf;rsm;tm; pGrf;&nfjr§ifhwifay;jcif;yif jzpfonf/

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ay;jcif;ESifhwifjyawmif;qkdjcif; ponfwkdYukd ud&d,mrsm;tjzpftokH;jyKMuonf/ jzpfay:

aeonfh tajctaewpf&yfay:wGif ,if;\cJGjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmcsufay:ü tajccHvsuf

tvkyform;qkdif&m w&m;½H k;wGif

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tjiif; yGm;rIukd ajz&Sif;ay;onfh *kPf

owif;ukd Mum;odxm;aomaMumifh

jzpfonf/ Oya' taxmuftuljyK

wpfOD;onf Aef'gESifhawGUNyD; 2000

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opft& ol\tcGif hta&;rsm;uk d

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or®mefpm wpfapmifukd ,laqmif

vmNyD; ol\tvkyf&SifxHokdY ay;ykdUcJh&m


Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf ,if;tajctaeESif h toifhawmfqkH;jzpfrnfh ukpm;rI

okd Yr[kwf owfrSwfxm;onfhukpm;rIrsm;ukd tokH;jyKMu&onf/ Oyrmtm;jzif h Oya'

taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf Oya'aMumif;t& trIwJGaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ESifh qufpyfonfh

pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; jyKpkjcif;ESif h pDrHcefYcJ GrIvkyfief;rsm;wGif taxmuftulay;Ekdifonf/

Oya'taxmuf tuljyKonf oufqkdifonfh Oya'rsm;? pDrHcefYcJGa&;qkdif&m vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;?

,if;wkd Y\ tcGif hta&;rsm;ESif h tjcm;aomat*sifpDrsm; okd Yr[kwf a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;\

0efaqmifrIrsm;ukd vufvSrf;rDa&;twGuf 4if;wkdYwGif&Sdonfh a&G;cs,fp&mrsm;ukd tjcm;aom

vlwpfOD;csif;pDESifh owif;tcsuftvufzvS,f&mwGif tcgtm;avsmfpGm yg0ifaqmif&Guf&onf/

a&SUaea&SU&yf rsm;onf 0efxrf;rsm;tjzpf yg0ifonfh tpDtpOfrsm;wGif w&m;wabmif pJGqkd&mü

wkduf½kduf yg0ifaqmif&GufEkdifonf/

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Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf jzefajzay;jcif;? n§dEIdif;aphpyfay;jcif; okdYr[kwf ckHorm"denf;jzihf

ajz&Sif;ay;jcif;txd aqmif&Guf&ef taxmuftulay;Ekdifonf/ vufawGUwGif Oya' taxmuf

tuljyKrsm;onf ]]tjcm;enf; tjiif;yGm;rIukd ajz&Sif;jcif;}} qkdif&m ykHpHtcsKdUukd tokH;jyKvsuf

trI ta&twGuf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;ay;aeMuonf/

w&m;½Hk;okdY wifjyjcif;r&SdbJ jyóem&yfrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;jcif;onf atmifjrifonfh&vm'f

rsm;ukd jznfhqnf;ay;Ekdif½kHru oufqkdifonfhyg0ifolrsm;tm; tcsdefESifht&if;tjrpfrsm; txkduf

tavsmuf oufomaponf/ þtcsufrSm a&SUaea&SU&yf tenf;i,frQom&SdNyD; EkdifiHawmfu

&efykHaiGjznfhwif;ay;onfh Oya'taxmuftuljyKat*sifpDrsm; r&SdaomzGUHNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;ü Oya'

taxmuftuljyK0efaqmifrIrsm;onf xl;xl;jcm;jcm;wefzkd;&SdvSonf/

tvkyf&Sifonf wkefYjyefNyD; txuf

azmfjyygXmewGif ñdSEIdif;aqG;aEG;&ef

a&mufvmcJhonf/ xkdYaemuf tvkyf

&Sifonf avQmhxm;onfh EIef;xm;jzifh

vkyfcaiGrsm;ukd jyefay;&ef oabm

wlnDcJhonf/

Source: United States Agency for

International Development, 2003.


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wkdYwGif ,if;okdYaqmif&GufEkdifonf/ Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf w&m;rQwrIudkvufvSrf;


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ajz&Sif;jcif;rsm; yg0ifonf/


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1-3 Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;ukd tokH;jyKjcif;\ txl;tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;

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uRrf;usifrIrsm;ukd tokH;jyKwwfonfh xyfaqmif;wefzkd;&Sdolrsm; jzpfMuonf/


1-3-1 Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf w&m;rQwrI jyóemrsm;ukd

ajz&Sif;&mwGif xda&mufrI &SdMuonf/

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jcif;onf p&dwfBuD;av;NyD; tcsdeftvGeftrif;ukefum xda&mufrI r&Sdjzpfwwfonfhtjyif

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w&m;0if w&m;pD&ifa&;u@onf Murf;wrf;cufxefNyD; p&dwfpu BuD;av;onfh tmPm

wnfapaom ,EÅ&m;jzpfonf/


tu,fí Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf jyóemwpf&yfukd ajz&Sif;Ekdifjcif;r&Sdygu

trItcif;ukd w&m;wabmifpJGqkd&eftwGuf a&SUaea&SU&yfwpfOD;pDokdY &nfñTef;ay;Ekdifonf/

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&Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;onf/

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aqmifMuOf;ay;Ek difonf/ vlxktajccH Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf txl;ojzif h

oufqkdif&mvlUtzGJUtpnf;ukd ynmay;jcif;jzifh pGrf;&nfrsm; jr§ifhwifay;Ekdifonf/ ,if;okdY

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rsm;ukd ay;aqmifEkdifpGrf;r&Sdonfh pepfwpf&yfatmufwGif Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf

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tuljyKrsm;udk oifwef;ay;jcif;? taxmuftyHhay;jcif;wdkY yg0ifonf/

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p&dwf oufomjcif;

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tvGefqif;&JEGrf;yg;onfhzcif -

qD&mvD,GefEkdifiHwGif

Timap for Justice Oya'

taxmuf tuljyKrsm; vkyfief;cGif

qD&mvD,GefEkdifiH Magburakaim

t&yfrSuav;okH;a,muf\ rdcifu

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wkdifMum;onfhtcg Oya' taxmuf

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zcifjzpfol =tmrwf'D+ xHokdY Timap

for Justice ½Hk;cef;odkY vm a&muf&ef

pma&;taMumif;Mum;onf/ pmoif

ausmif;wpfck\ 'kwd, ausmif;tkyf

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Timap Oya'taxmuftul jy K

wpfOD;\ nd§EIdif;ay;csuft& tmrwf'D

ESifhuav;rsm;\rdcifwkdY oabmwlnD


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taMumif;rSm Oya'

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BudKwifajz&Sif;Ekdif&ef taxmuftulay;onf/

(3) vlUtzGJUtpnf; tajccHOya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfrsm;ukd avhvmjcif;jzifh od&Sd&onfrSm ,if;wkdYonf

atmufyg enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh atmifjrifrI&&SdMuonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm trItcif;rsm;ukd ajz&Sif;Ekdifjcif;? qufpyfonfh

tpkd;&Xmersm;\ xda&mufaom vkyfief;vnfywfrIukd wkd;wufapjcif;? vlUtzGJUtpnf;&Sd trsm;jynfolwkdYtm;

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ukd,fwkdifukd,fusyg0ifvmapjcif; wkdY jzpfMuonf/ pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m xda&mufrIESifh ywfoufí ta&twGuf

avhvmcsufrsm;wGif ,if;tpDtpOfrsm;\ vlrIa&;tusKd;&S drIrsm;ukd tao;pdwfavhvm&OD;rnfjzpfonf/

,lEkdufwufudef;'if;EkdifiH&Sd Oya'0efaqmifrIrsm; okawoeXmeu jyKvkyfaom pyfqkdifonfh okawoejyKcsufukd

www.lsrc.org.uk wGif 0ifa&mufMunfh&IEkdifonf/

MuonfrSm olonf Timap okdY vpOf

pm;aomuf aexkdifp&dwfay;rnf/

,if;aiGukd rdcif jzpfolu vma&muf

,l&efjzpfonf/

Sources : Timap for Justice, 2007.


1-3-3 Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf Oya'0efaqmifrI t&nftaoG;ukd

wkd;wuf aumif;rGefonfh vlUtokdif;t0kdif;ESifh csdwfqufrIukd ay;pGrf;

Ekdifonf

Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf a'oEÅ& A[kokwrsm;wGif &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifrIaMumifh

w&m;0ifESifh"avhxkH;wrf;qkdif&m Oya'pepfrsm;tMum;wGif aqmif&Guf&onfhudpörsm;ü a&SUae

a&SU&yfrsm;xuf tcgtm;avsmfpGm ykdrkdpGrf;aqmifEkdifonf/ EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;wGif a&SUaea&SU&yf

rsm;tm; oifwef;ykdYcs&mwGif w&m;0ifOya'pepfukdomvQif ykdYcsay;NyD; a&SUaea&SU&yf rsm;onfvnf;

w&m;0ifw&m;½Hk;taqmufttkHrsm; wnf&Sd&mESifheD;uyfaom NrdKUjya'o rsm;wGifom taersm;

Muonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;onf aus;vuf a'orsm;wGifom touf0ifaeaom

"avhxkH;wrf;wkdYukd &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifrIr&Sdonfhtjyif em;vnfEkdifpGrf;vnf;r&SdMuay/ qif;&JNyD;

oD;jcm;&yfwnfaeonfh vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif w&m;0ifOya'ESifh tpkd;&qdkonfudk &if;ESD;

uRrf;0ifrI r&Sdonfhtjyif taMumif;jcif;&m wpf&yfay: rlwnfí tvJGokH;pm;jzpfrI okdYr[kwf

pnf;pepfusejcif;r&SdbJ tokH;jyKrI jzpfwef&mtajctae&Sdygonf/ qD&mvD,GefEkdifiH&Sd w&m;

rQwjcif;qkdif&m Oya'taxmuftuljyK tzGJUtpnf;jzpfonfh Timap for Justice \ 'g½kdufwm

jzpfol Vivek Maru u Timap \ Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf w&m;Oya'ESifh vlUtzGJU

tpnf;wdkYudk qufpyfwHwm;cif;ay;Edkif&ef enf;vrf;rsdK;pHkjzifh rnfodkYulnDcJhMuonfudk azmfjy

cJhonf/

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; w&m;0ifOya'ESifhtpkd;&wkdYu

vlxktwGuf tvkyfvkyfap&ef taxmuftulay;onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tpkd;&\


pkdufysKd;a&;qkdif&m taxmuftyhHrsm; ay;onfhtcg oufqkdif&mvlUtzGJUtpnf; taejzifh

,if;taMumif;jcif;&mukd rodao;onfhudpö&yfwGif Oya'taxmuftul jyKolonf

oufqkdif&m vlUtzGJUtpnf;&Sd vlxktm; tqkdygtaxmuftyHhukd avQmufxm;&ef ulnD

Edkifonf/

Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf tpkd;&0efxrf;rsm; vmbfpm;rIwGif today;azmfaqmif

jcif;ESifh pm&if;jyKpkxm;&Sdjcif;tygt0if vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGif; tvJGokH;pm;rIrsm;ukdppfaq;

Ekdiff&ef w&m;0ifOya'ESifh tpkd;&wkdYukd tokH;jyKEkdifonf/

Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf tpkd;&t&m&Sdrsm;taejzifh ,if;wkdYaqmif&Gufcsuftay:

wm0ef,lrI&Sdatmif vlUtzGJUtpnf;ukd tultnDay;Ekdifonf/ txl;ojzifh tpkd;&t&m&Sd

rsm;taejzifh ,if;wkdY\ vkyfief;wm0efrsm;ukd aqmif&Guf&ef ysufuGufonfhtcgjzpfap?

uwdu0wfrsm;ukd taumiftxnfazmf&ef ysufuGufonfhtcgjzpfap ,if;wkdYulnD

Ekdifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh qD&mvD,GefEkdifiHwGif trItcif;wpfckjzpfcJh&m Oya'taxmuf

tuljyKwpfOD;u tmPmtvJGokH;pm;vkyfonfh &Jt&m&Sdtm; w&m;pJGqkd&ef jcdrf;ajcmuf

cJh&m ,if;t&m&SdrS awmif;yefNyD; ,if;\tjyKtrlrSmvnf; ajymif;vJcJhonf/

awmiftmz&duEkdifiH&Sd Oya' taxmuftuljyKwpfOD;tqkdt& tBuHÓPfawmif;cHvkd

onfh yk*d¾Kvfrsm;taejzifh a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;? tpkd;&t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh tNrJwap jyóemrsm;ESifh

awGUBuHK&aMumif; ajymqkdonf/ atmufygwkdYrSm a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;ESifh tNrJwap awGUBuHK&onfh

jyóemtcsKdU jzpfMuonf/

,if;wkdYonf Oya'ESifhusifhxkH;rsm;ukd ½kd;&Sif;vG,fulonfhpum;jzifh &Sif;jyjcif;r&Sdjcif;?

,if;wkdYonf tcgtm;avsmfpGm oufqkdif&m tzGJUtpnf;\ tjcm;aom w&m;Oya'?


vlrIpD;yGm; odkYr[kwf EkdiffiHa&;jyóemrsm;ukd aqG;aEG;&ef pdwfr0ifpm;wwfMujcif;?

,if;wkdYonf NrdKUjyaevlrsm;? csrf;om<u,f0olrsm;ukdomvQif qufqH&ef pdwf0ifpm;NyD;

awmae qif;&Jom; rsm;ESifhqufqH&ef pdwfr0ifpm;jcif;?

,if;wkdYonf trIonfrsm;ESifh yk*¾dKvfa&;qufqHrI enf;yg;NyD; trIonfrsm;\ tokdif;

t0kdif;ukd em;vnfEkdifpGrf; r&Sdjcif;?

,if;wkdYonf trIonfESifh enf;vrf;wus aqG;aEG;wkdifyifjcif; r&SdbJ aqmif&Guf&rnfh

tcsufrsm;ukd rdrd bmom qkH;jzwfjcif;?

,if;wkdYonf trIrsm;ESifh ywfoufí aemufqkH;tajctaersm;ukd tjynfht0 ajymjyjcif;

r&Sdjcif;?

þtcuftcJrsm;ukd tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufaepOfwGif Oya'

taxmuftuljyKwpfOD;onf trIonfESifh a&SUae? vlUtzGJUtpnf;ESifh tpkd;&t&m&Sdrsm;tMum;

aumif;rGefonfh qufqHrI&&Sdatmif aqmifMuOf;ay;Ekdifonfhtjyif ,if;jyóem&yfrsm;ukd

ajz&Sif;&mwGif tultnDay;Ekdifonf/ azmfjyygjyóem&yfrsm;ukd ajz&Sif; ay;&eftwGuf Oya'

taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf atmufygvkyfief;wm0efrsm;ukd aqmif&Gufay;Ekdifonf/

udpö&yftay: aemufqkH;jzpfaeonfhtaetxm;ukd a&SUaersm;okdYr[kwf t&m&Sdrsm;xHokdY

od&Sdap&ef w,fvDzkef;jzifh ykHrSefqufoG,ftaMumif;Mum;Ekdifonf/

rnfolrQ em;vnfEkdifjcif;r&Sdonfh tcsuftvufrsm;ay:wGif &Sif;vif;csuf awmif;cH

Ekdifonf/

bmompum;qkdif&m tcuftcJ&Sdu bmomjyeftjzpf aqmuf&GufEkdifonf/

vkyfief;udpöwpf&yf NyD;pD;onftxd owif;tcsuftvufESifh pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; pkaqmif;jcif;?


trIonfrsm;ESifh oufaorsm;ukd qufoG,fjcif;? tpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;yjcif;ESifh

aemufqkH;tajctaersm;ukd jznfhqnf; ay;jcif;jzifh ulnDEkdifonf/

taMumif;jcif;&mwpf&yfay:wGif ajymif;vJrIrsm; odkYr[kwf wkd;wufjzpfxGef;vmrIrsm;ukd

a&SUaea&SU&yfokdYr[kwf t&m&Sdtm; pOfqufrjywf owif;ay;Ekdifonf/ okdYr[kwf

trsm;ESifhoufqkdifonhf udpö&yfjzpfygu oufqkdif&m vlUtzGJUtpnf;wGif tcsdeftcg

tavQmuf ajymif;vJaeonfh udpö&yfrsm;ukd ,if;wkdYtm; taMumif;Mum;Ekdifonf/

trIudpö&yfESifh ywfoufí a&SUaea&SU&yfujzpfap? tpkd;&t&m&Sdujzpfap ta&;BuD;onfh

aqmif&GufrIwpf&yf rjyKvkyfrD ,if;wkdYtaejzifh trIonf okdYr[kwfvlUtzGJUtpnf;\

ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh enf;vrf;wus aqG;aEG; orIjyK&ef ulnDjznfhqnf;ay;Ekdifonf/

a&SUaea&SU&yfwpfOD;onf trIonfxHrS uwdu0wf&rSomvQif aqmif&GufEkdifonf/

a&SUaea&SU&yftm; trItcif;wGif aiGaMu;rnfrQukefusrnfukd ar;jref;Ekdifonf/

tu,fí trIonfokdYr[kwf oufqkdif&m vlUtzGJUtpnf;rS aiGaMu;rwwfEkdifonfh

taetxm;wGif Oya'tultnD&&ef jzpfEkdifajc&Sd?r&Sd okdYr[kwf trItwGuf tjcm;enf;

aiGaMu;axmufyHhrI &Ekdifjcif; &Sd?r&Sdukd ar;jref;Ekdifonf/

a&SUaea&SU&yf okdYr[kwf oufqkdif&mt&m&Sdtm; Mum;0ifzsefajzjcif;ESifh n§dEIdif;aphpyfjcif;wkdY

tygt0if jyóem&yfwkdYtay: Oya'aMumif;r[kwfonfh enf;vrf;jzifh ajz&Sif;Ekdif&ef

wkdufwGef;Ekdifonf/

a&SUaea&SU&yftm; ,if;\½Hk;cef;tpm; oufqkdif&mvlUtzGJUtpnf;twGuf tqifajyonfh

ae&mwGif tpnf;ta0; okdYr[kwf aqG;aEG;&ef ar;jref;Ekdifonf/

a&SUaea&SU&yf okdYr[kwf t&m&Sdtm; Oya'okdYr[kwf twwfynmqkdif&m a0g[m&rsm;ukd


tokH;rjyK&efESihf ,if;tpm; trIonf em;vnfEkdifpGrf;&Sdonfh pum;vkH;a0g[m&jzifh

azmfjy&efwifjyEkdifonf/

1-4 Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfrsm;twGuf tzGJUtpnf;qkdif&m taqmuf

ttkH

w&m;rQwrIukd tajccHonfh Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfwpf&yfukd wnfqJ

oufqkdif&m vlxktajccHtzGJUtpnf;wGifjzpfap? tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;wGifjzpfap?

wuúokdvf wpfcktwGif;&Sd Oya' taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOf wnfaxmifxm;onfh ae&mwGif

jzpfap? pkaygif;í ae&mcsxm;Ekdifonf/ tjcm;enf;tm;jzifh vkH;0topftzGJUtpnf; wpf&yfukd

Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfwpf&yftwGuf wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfEkdifonf/ rnfonfhae&m

wGif ae&mcsxm;onf jzpfap? Oya' taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfwpf&yf atmifjrifzkdY&mtwGuf

qufoG,fa&;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI uGef,ufwpfck trSefwu,f vkdtyfonf/

1-4-1 wnfqJ okdYr[kwf topfwnfaxmifonfh vlxktajccHtzGJU

tpnf; odkYr[kwf tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;twGif;wGif ae&m

csxm;onfh Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;

Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfwpf&yfukd vlxktajccHtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf odkYr[kwf

tpkd;&r[kwfonfhtzGJUtpnf; okdYr[kwf tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;uGef,ufwpf&yfu


urf;vSrf;xm;NyD;jzpfonfh tpDtpOfrsm; wpfoDwpfwef;wGif wpfcktjzpf aygif;xnfhay;Ekdifonf/

tcsdKUEkdifiHrsm;wGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;ukd tvkyform;or*¾rsm;? EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;

ESifh a&SUaetoif;rsm;wGif yl;wJGxm;&SdMuonf/ vlUtcGifhta&;tkyfpkrsm;ESifh vlxktajccH

tkyfpkrsm;onf Oya'0efaqmifrI vkdtyfonfhvlxkESifh tcgtm;avsmfpGmywfoufMuonf/

wnfqJtzGJUtpnf;wpfckwGif Oya'taxmuftuljyK ueOD;vkyfief;wpf&yfukd aygif;xnhfjcif;

tm;jzihf ,if;tzGJUtpnf; vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufaeonfh vkyfief;rsm; ykdrkdeuf&Idif;vmNyD; us,fjyefY

vmrnfjzpfonf/

rmvm0DEkdifiHwGif ]]Oya'taxmuftuljyK tBuHay;0efaqmifrI}} tzGJUtpnf;onf

tusOf;om;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh zrf;qD;jcif;okdYr[kwf xdef;odrf;jcif;cH&onfh udpö&yfrsm; wGif

t"duaqmif&Gufonf/ tqkdygtzGJUtpnf;rS Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;ukdtpkd;& r[kwfonfh

tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif ae&mcsxm;ay;NyD; ,if;wkdYonf tusOf;om;rsm;tcGifhta&;twGuf

a[majym vIHUaqmfNyD; tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ trIonfrsm;ukd taxmuftul

ay;Muonf

uarÇm'D;,m;EkdifiHwGif (ab;buftñTef;ukd Munfhyg) vlxk tajccH Oya'taxmuftuljyK

tpDtpOfukd ueOD;wGif ]]crm'Drkdua&pDtoif;tzGJU}} twGif;wGif pwifaqmif&Gufonf/

,if;tzGJUonf tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfjzpfNyD; aus;&Gmrsm;wGif ]]tBuHay;

wnfqJtpkd;& r[kwfonfh

tzGJU tpnf;\ vkyfief;ukd ckdifrmatmif

jyKvkyfjcif;? crm 'Drkdua&pD tzGJU

tpnf;? ==Pannasastra++ wuúokdvfESifh

==Open Society Justice Initiative++

crm 'Drkdua&pDtzJGUtpnf;onf

==EkdifiHom; tBuHay;rsm;++[kac:onfh

vlUtcGif hta&; wuf<upGmaqmif

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tBuHay;rsm;ukd ausmif;q&m?q&mr

rsm;ESifh pmoifausmif; ñTefMum;

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Oya' axmufulrI

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þvkyfief;tpDtpOfjzifh avhusifhoifMum;ay;onfh tBuHay;rsm;onf ,if;wkd Y\

aus;&Gmrsm;wGif wjcm;aom vlxk tajccH wuf<uvIyf&Sm;olrsm;ukd avhusifhoifMum;ay;&ef

arQmfvifhNyD; aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf/ þtpDtpOft& pDrHudef; t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd tpkd;&

r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf wnfaxmif&efxuf ypönf;ud&d,mrsm;wkd;wufa&;ESifh avhusifh

oifMum;ay;a&;wkdYukd pl;pkdufvkyfaqmifonf/ uarÇm'D;,m; OyrmwGif tjynfjynfqkdif&m

tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf (þae&mwGif Open Society Justice Initiative) onf wuúokdvfwpfck&Sd

Oya'vufawGUavhusifh a&; XmewpfckESifh yl;aygif;vkyfaqmif&m ,if;tzGJUonf tpkd;&r[kwfonfh

tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh tpkd;&tzGJUtpnf;wkdYESifhyg tjyeftvSef yl;aygif;aqmif&GufMuonf/

þ csOf;uyfrIrsKd;onf topfpufpuf tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf wnfaxmifjcif;rsKd;xuf Oya'

taxmuftuljyKrsm;\ pGrf;&nfwkd;jrSifhvmap&ef vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGif; wnfqJOya'

taxmuftuljyK ykHpHzGJUpnf;ykHESifh yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifjcif; jzpfonf/

qD&mvD,GefEkdifiHwGif vlUtcGifhta&;twGuf ]]trsKd;om;zkd&rf}}[k ac:onfh vlUtcGifh

ta&;tkyfpkrsm; r[mrdwftzGJUonf 2004ckESpfwGif vlxk tajccH Oya'taxmuftuljyK

vkyfief;wpf&yfukd ueOD;pwifaqmif&Guf&eftwGuf ]] Open Society Justice Initiative}}ESifh

(4) uarÇm'D;,m;EkdifiH Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfukd tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfjzpfonfh ]]ta&SU

awmiftm&Sa'o e,fedrdwfrsm;ukd jzwfausmfonfhwHwm;rsm; (BABSEA)}} tzGJUtpnf;twGif;wGif avmavm

q,füxm;&Sdonf/ ,if;okdYxm;&Sd&jcif;rSm ]]vlUtzGJUtpnf;tm; pGrf;&nfjr§ifwifa&;ESifhOya'udk od&Sdem;vnfa&;

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yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJhonf/ ,if;ukd pwifpnf;½Hk;aqmif&GufcJhMuolrsm;u csufcsif;qkH;jzwf

cJhMuonfrSm Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfukd vGwfvyfonfh tzGJUtpnf; wpf&yftjzpf

toufoGif;NyD; w&m;rQwrItwGuf 0efaqmifrIrsm;ukd jznfhqnf;ay;jcif;ay:wGif tm½kHpkduf

aqmif&Gufjcif;onfomvQif vufawGUqefrnf[lí jzpfonf/ ,if;\ tusKd;quftaejzifh

Timap [kac:onfh tpkd;& r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfukd wnfaxmifcJhonf/ ,if;tzGJU

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Oya' taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOftopfwpf&yfukd wnfqJvlxk tajccHtzGJUtpnf;

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onf/ ,if;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGif; vuf&SdvkyfukdifaeMuNyD; trsm;tjym;rSm

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tpkd;&r[kwfonfh vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf tqkdyg tzGJUtpnf; xm0&&Sifoefa&;twGuf

taxmuftulay;onfh tvSL&Sif tokdif;t0kdif;ESifh qufoG,frI trsm;tjym; &SdEkdifonf/

tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf rdrdwkdY Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOftwGuf

vkdtyfonfh Oya'okdYr[kwf avhusifh oifMum; ay;jcif;uJhokdYaom e,fy,frsm;wGif uRrf;usifNyD;

jzpfaumif;jzpfaernf/

okdYaomf Oya' taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfwpf&yfukd wnfqJvlxk tajccH tzGJUtpnf;

okdYr[kwf tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;wpfckwGif yl;wJGxm;jcif;jzifh qkd;usKd;rsm;vnf;

&SdEdkifonf/ rdrdwkdUtaejzifh tqkdyg vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh tkyfpkrsm;onf vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ukd

Pannasastra University yDnmquf

x&ufwuúokdvf Oya' toif;ESifh

yl;aygif; aqmif&GufcJhonf/ ,if;okdY

yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh oifMum;

olrsm;vufpJGESifh ykdYcsolrsm; vufpJG

wkdYukdjyKpkNyD; EkdifiHom;tBuHay; (20)

ESifh wuf<upGmvkyfukdifolrsm; (40)

ausmfwkdYtm; avhusifhay;EkdifcJhonf/

Sources: Khmer Institute for

Democracy, 2004.


aqmif&Guf&mwGif ,if;wkdY\ukd,fykdifenf;vrf;jzifh aqmif&GufwwfMuonfukd awGUBuHKEkdifonf/

,if;wkdYonf wpfpkHwpfckukd wjcm;enf;vkyfukdif&ef vrf;zGifhay;rnf r[kwfbJ ajymif;vJ&ef

cufcJonfh usifhom;&NyD;aom usifhpOfrsm;ESifh tavhtxrsm; &SdEkdifonf/ xkdYjyif pDrHudef;ukd

xdef;csKyf&eftwGuf 0efxrf;tcsif;csif; tm;jydKifrIrsm; ay:aygufEkdifonf/

qD&mvD,GefEkdifiH&Sd Timap udpöwGif azmfjyNyD; jzpfonfhtwkdif; tpkd;&r[kwfonfhtzGJU

tpnf;topfrsm;ukd vlxktajccH Oya'taxmuftuljyKpDrHudef;wpf&yf pwifaqmif&Guf

&efudpötwGuf oD;oefY aqmif&Gufjcif; jzpfonf/ þpHerlem\ tusKd;wpf&yfrSm tpkd;&r[kwfonfh

tzGJUtpnf;\ acgif;aqmifrsm;onf pDrHudef; ykHpH'DZk dif;rStp 0efxrf;iSm;&rf;jcif;txd

toGifvu©Pmtm;vkH;ukd ykHpHoGif;wnfaxmifEkdifonf/ qkd;usKd;rSmrl tzGJUtpnf;topf wpf&yf

wnfaxmifjcif;onf tcsdef? BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrIESifh aiGaMu;t&if;tjrpf ykdrkdvkdtyfonf/

1-4-2 Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm; tpkd;&XmetwGif; tajcpkdufjcif;

tpkd;&XmewpfcktwGif;&Sd Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfrsm;onf tpkd;&r[kwfonfh

tzGJUtpnf; twGif;wGifom tajcpkdufjcif; rsm;jym;aomfvnf; ,if;wkdYukd tpkd;&Xmersm;wGif

wkduf½kdufwJGzufxm;Ekdifonf/ odkYr[kwf tpkd;&aiGaMu;pkdufxkwfrI oufoufjzifh axmufyhHxm;Ekdif

onf/ ,if;tcsufjzpfEkdif&efrSm EkdifiHawmftaejzihf Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf ,if;wkdYu

uwday;xm;onfh EkdifiHom;rsm;tm; Oya'tultnD 0efaqmifrIay;&mwGif tultnD

ay;aeonf[k todtrSwfjyK&rnf/ ta&;BuD;onfhtcsufrSm tpkd;&\urux jyKrIjzifh

wnfaxmifxm;onfh Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfwpf&yfonf wm0efcHrI vkyfxkH;

tpkd;&XmeESifh 'Drkdua&pD?

awmiftm z&duEkdifiH&Sd

vlUtzGJUtpnf;Oya'ESifh

aus;vufa'ozGHUNzdK;a&; A[kdXme

'gAifNrdKU&Sd vlUtzGJUtpnf;qkdfif&m

Oya'ESihf aus;vufa'ozGHUNzdK;a&;

Xmeonf 1989ckESpftwGif; wnf

axmifonfh Oya'taxmuftuljyK

tzGJtpnf;wpf&yf jzpfNyD; ,if;tzGJU

tpnf;onf KwaZulu-NatalESif h

ta&SUbuf udwf e,fajrwkd YwGif

aexkdifMuonfh aus;vufae awmif

tmz&duEkdifiHom; wpfoef;cefYukd

0efaqmifrIay;onf/ ,if;tzGJUonf

Oya'taxmuftuljyK tBuHay;

a&;ESifh Oya'ynma&; wkdYtjyif aus;

vufa'ozGHUNzdK;a&;twGuftaxmuf

tulay;&ef oifwef;rsm;twGuf

ukd,fwkdif pOfqufrjywf tpDtpOf


vkyfenf;rsm;ukd aocsma&&m ap&efESifh Oya'taxmuftuljyK vkyfief;&yfukd BuD;Muyf&ef

wkdYtwGuf trsm;jynfolqkdif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS tzGJU0iftrsm;pkyg0ifaom vGwfvyfonfh

BuD;MuyfrI aumfrwDwpf&yf&Sd&rnf/ tBuHay;aumfrwDrsm;ukd wnfaxmifjcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;í

tus,fukd tcef;(3) ]]Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;\ tpDtpOfwpf&yfukd wnfaxmifjcif;}}

wGif zwf&IavhvmEkdifonf/

rGef*kdvD,m;EkdifiHwGif Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfwpf&yfukd wnfqJtpkd;&

tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfjzpfonfh w&m;a&;ESifhjynfxJa&;0efBuD;XmexJwGif xnfhoGif; xm;&Sdonf/

,if;wGif EkdifiH\jynfe,f (21)ck&Sd tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; rsm;½Hk;ESifh NrdKUawmf tlvefaA'gwkdYwGif

Oya'tBuHay;(30) ukd cefYtyfxm;&Sdonf/ ]]Open Society Forum- Mongolia}}u wifjyonfh

tpD&ifcHpmt&vlUtokdif; t0kdif; jyóem&yfrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf aus;vufaejynfolwkdYonf

Oya' 0efaqmifrI trsm;tjym;ukd vkdtyfaeNyD; Oya'ESifhqufpyfonfh ynmay;rIonfvnf;

vkdtyfaeaMumif; twnfjyKcJhonf/ txufygtzGJUtpnf;ESifh ]] Open Society Justice Forum }}

\ yHhykd;rIjzifhw&m;a&; Xmeonf 2006ckESpftwGif;u prf;oyfe,fajr (10)ckwkdYwGif ,if;wdkY\

tzGJUtpnf;abmiftwGif; Oya'taxmuftuljyK pDrHcsuftopfwpf&yfukd pwifaqmif&Guf&ef

oabmwlcJhonf/

0efBuD;Xmeonf Oya'tBuHay;rsm;\ wm0ef0wÅ&m;rsm;ukd ajymif;vJowfrSwfvkdufjcif;

jzifh ,if;wkdYtaejzifh ,if;wkdY\tcsdefxuf0ufukd tpkd;&t&m&Sdrsm;tm; tBuHay;jcif;ukd

qufvuf vkyfukdifNyD; usefxuf0ufukd vlxktm; wkduf½kduf0efaqmifrIay;Ekdifonf/ Oya'

tBuHay;rsm;onf ,cktcsdefwGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;tjzpf aqmif&GufaeMuNyD;

,if;wkdY\ vkyfief;ukd topf wnfaxmifxm;onfh Oya'axmufulrIXmersm;u pDrHcefYcJGonf/

rsm;ukd ukd,fwkdif wDxGifaqmif&GufcJh

onf/ ,if;Xmeonf awmiftmz&du

EkdifiH\ jzpfxGef;qJ 'Drkdua&pDwGif

ukd,fwkdifukd,fusyg0if&ef rdrdwkdY\

uRrf;usifrIjzifh aus;vufae jynfol

rsm;tm; taxmuftulay;&ef

arQmfvifhcsufxm;&Sdonf/ tqkdyg

Xmeonf trsm;jynfolwkdYtm; tod

ay;onfrSm Oya'onf ta&;ygonfh

ud&d,m jzpfaomfvnf; ,if;onf

wpfckwnf;aomud&d,m r[kwf

aMumif; azmfjya[majymNyD; rdrdukd,fukd

,kHMunfukd;pm;rI? pdwf"gwf ckdifrm

rIESifh aus;vufaejynfolrsm;twGif;

Oya'udpö&yfrsm;twGuf wm0ef&Sd

aMumif; todw&m; wkd;yGm;&&Sdatmif

aqmif&Gufay;onf/

tqkdyg tzGJUtpnf;onf "avh

xkH;wrf;Oya'ESihf rsKd;EG,fpk tmPm

ykdifrsm; tkyfcsKyfonfh aus;vufa'o


rGef*kdvD,m;pHerlem &Sdaevifhupm; tpkd;&u wkduf½kdufcefYxm;onfh Oya'taxmuftuljyK

rsm;&Sdaejcif;rSm wrlxl;jcm;onf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;taejzifh tpkd;&xHrS ypönf;rsm;

jzefYa0ay;jcif;tm;jzifh axmufcHrI &&Sdaejcif; rSm jzpf½kd;jzpfpOfjzpfonf/ awmiftmz&duwGifOya'

taxmuftuljyKwpfcsKdUrSm vlrsKd;pktBuD;tuJrsm;\ w&m;½kH;rsm;teD;tem;wGif &Sdaom

tpkd;&½kH;rsm;ü tajcpkdufxm;Muonf/ þuJhokdYaom tpDtpOfrsm;rSm vkyfief;aqmif&GufrI ukefus

p&dwfukd avsmhenf;aponfomru ½kH;taqmuftOD;okdYvma&mufMuaom trIonfrsm;ukd

Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;u ykdrkdívG,fvifhwul awGUqkHEkdifonf/ [efa*&DEkdifiHwGif Roma

Oya' taxmuftuljyKoifwef; tpDtpOf 'kwd,tqifhwGif Oa&myor* zGJUpnf;ykH&efykHaiGrS

taxmuftyhH&&SdcJhonf / EkdifiHtcsKdYwGif jzpfEkdifonfrSm Oya'qkdfif&m0efaqmifrIrsm;twGuf

tpkd;&vsmxm;owfrSwfxm;onfh &efykHaiGrS Oya' taxmuftuljyKvkyfief;ukd axmufyhH&ef

tokH;jyKEkdifonf/

tpkd;&XmewpfckrSwqifh Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfwpf&yfukd aqmif&Guf&mü

,if;tpDtpOfESifh aiGaMu;axmufyHhjcif;wkdYtm; qufpyfay;onfh tusKd;wpf&yfukd &&Sdonf/

,if;okdYjzifh tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfrS aiGaMu;axmufyhHay;jcif;xuf ykdrdkí

qufvuf&SifoefEkdifonf/ tpkd;&ESifh eD;eD;uyfuyf aqmif&Gufjcif;\qkd;usKd;wpf&yfrSm

t&m&Sdrsm;onf tpDtpOf\ vkyfief;&yftay: xdef;csKyf&ef BudK;pm;vmEkdifonf okdYr[kwf

taESmifht,Suf ay;Ekdifonf/ Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf tpkd;&\]]vkyfjcif;}}okdYr[kwf

]]rvkyfjcif;}}rS ay:aygufvmonfh jyóem&yfrsm;ukd tcgtm;avsmfpGm ajz&Sif;Mu&onf/

tu,fí Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfwpf&yfukd tpkd;&ESifh eD;uyfpGm yl;wGJxm;&Sdygu

tqkdygjyóem&yfrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;&ef ykdrkdcufcJonf/ xkdYjyif tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;wGif tpkd;&ESifh

vlUtzGJUtpnf; (30) ausmfwGif

vkyfukdif aqmif&Gufaeonf/ rsKd;EG,fpk

tmPmykdifrsm;wGif rsKd;EG,fpk tBuD;

tuJrsm;? rsKd;EG,fpk pDrHcefYcJGolrsm;ESifh

tcaMu;aiGray;onfh rsK d;EG,fpk

aumifpD0ifrsm; yg0ifMuonf/ rsKd;EG,fpk

tmPmykdifrsm;tm; enf;vrf;wus

avhusif hoifMum;ay;jcif; r&S dbJ

,if;wkdYonf ,if;wkdY\ vlUtzGYJtpnf;

rsm;qkdif&m ykdrkd&IyfaxG;onfh udpö&yf

rsm;ukd pDrHcefYcJGMu&NyD; tcgtm;avsmfpGm

==taemufwkdif; Oya'++ESif h "avh

xkH;wrf;rsm;tMum; y#dyu©rsm;ukd

awGUBuHKMu&onf/ tqkdygXme&S d

Oya'rsm;onf ==zsefajzay;jcif;

uRrf;usifrI++ (MediationSkills)tm;

avhusifhoifMum;ay;jcif;jzifh tqkdyg

tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;&mwGif

taxmuf tulay;EkdifMuonf/

txufy gXmeonf Oya'


yl;aygif;vkyfukdifonf okdYr[kwf tpkd;&twGuf vkyfukdifonf[k xifjrif,lqjcif;cH&ygu

trsm;jynfolonf rdrdtay: r,kHrMunfjzpfEkdifonf/ tu,fí Oya'taxmuftuljyK

tpDtpOfwpf&yfonf tpkd;&Xmewpfck ESifh yl;wJGxm;&SdvQif rdrd\vGwfvyfrIukd tumtuG,f

jyKonfh pepfwpf&yfwnfaxmifxm;&ef r&SdrjzpfvkdtyfNyD; rdrd\*kPfodu©mukd Ekd;Mum;pGm

xdef;odrf;xm;&Sd&rnf/ xkdokdYjzifh rdrdonf vGwfvyfpGm vkyfief;aqmif&Gufonf[k todtrSwf

jyKjcif;cH&rnf/

1-4-3 Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfrsm;twGuf Oya'vufawGU

avhusifha&; ½Hk; wkdYukd yl;aygif; wnfaxmifjcif;

Oya'ausmif;rsm;onf Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfrsm;ukd vufawGU vkyfaqmif

&mwGif Oya'r[mXmeukd tcgtm;avsmfpGm tokH;jyKNyD; tcsK dUudpö&yfrsm;wGif Oya'

ausmif;om;rsm;tm; BuD;Muyfaqmif&Gufay;onf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh Oya'ausmif;rsm;onf

vkyfief;vnfywfaeNyD;? aeom;usNyD;aom vufawGUOya'a&;&m ynma&; tpDtpOfrsm;rS

wqifh Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfrsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufay;Muonf/

vufawGUOya'a&;&m ynma&;onf oifMum;ykdYcsay;onfhpepfESifh Oya'ausmif;om;

rsm;u pmoifausmif;wGif;ESif h jyifywkd YwGifaqmif&Gufonfh vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ukd

&nfñTef;onf/ þoifMum;ykdUcsonfh enf;pepfonf ausmif;om;ukd tajcjyKNyD; tjyeftvSef

wkefYjyefonfh pepfjzpfonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm Oya'ausmif;om;rsm;onf trIrsm;ukd pmtkyfxJrS

taxmuftuljyK aumfrwDrsm;

wnfaxmifxm;&SdNyD;onfh vlUtzGY J

tpnf;rsm;rS Oya'taxmuftuljyK

tBuHay;rsm;tm; oifwef;ykdYcsay;

onf/ twdwfumvu ,if;Xme

onf jyif;jyif;xefxef oifMum;

&onfh (3) voifwef; tpDtpOf

wpf&yfukdaqmif&GufcJhzl;&m ,if;wGif

vufa&G;pif Oya' taxmuftul

jyKrsm;tm; tBuHay;½kH;rsm;ukd vkyfief;

vnfywfaqmif&Guf&ef oifMum;

yk d Yc say;cJ honf/ oifwef;umv

NyD;qkH;NyD;aemuf ,if;wdkYtm; Natal-

Durban wuúokdvf (,ck KwaZulu-

Natal wuúokdvf) Oya' r[mXmerS

Oya'taxmuf tuljyK 'Dyvkdrm

vufrSwf csD;jr§ifhay;onf/

,if;tzGJUtpnf; pwifay:ayguf

onfrSpí tqkdygXmeonf trI

tcif;aygif; aomif;aygif;rsm;pGmudk


zwf&Ijcif;jzifh oif,ljcif;? wu,fhtrIonfrsm;tm; Oya'0efaqmifrIay;jcif;? tpkd;&r[kwfonfh

tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif oif,lavhvmjcif;ESifh tv,fwef;tqifh pmoifausmif;rsm;ESifh owfrSwf

xm;onfh tkyfpkrsm;ukd Oya'ESifhqufpyfonfh ynmay;jcif;wkdY yg0ifonf/ vufawGU Oya'a&;&m

ynma&;onf vlrIa&;qkdif&m w&m;rQwrIabmiftwGif;wGif vkyfukdifaqmif&Guf&rnfh

vufawGUA[kokwESifh uRrf;usifrIrsm;ukd tav;teufxm; oifMum;ykd Ycsonf/ Oya'

0efaqmifrI vufawGUavhusifha&;Xme\ oD;jcm; vu©Pmwpf&yfrSm qif;&Jolrsm;ESifhtcGifh

ta&;rJhonhf trIonfrsm;\ vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd jznfhqnf;ay;&efjzpfonhftwGuf ,if; Oya

'vufawGUavhusifha&;Xmersm;onf Oya' taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfwpf&yfukd taxmuf

tyHhay;&ef tvGefoifhawmfonfh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufolrsm; jzpfMuonf/

1989 ckESpfwGif awmiftmz&duEkdifiHü Natal- Durban wuúokdvf (5) rS Oya'r[mXme

tBuD;tuJ David McQuoid-Mason ESifh tar&duef{nfhOya'ygarmu© Carole Baekey wdkYonf aus;vufa'orsm;wGif Oya' 0efaqmifrIay;&eftwGuf tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJU

tpnf;wpf&yfukd wnfaxmifcJhMuonf/ þtpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;jzpfaom ]]vlUtzJGU

tpnf; Oya'A[kdXme}} (Community Law Centre) (,ck Community Law and Rural

Development Centre) onf aus;vufa'orsm;wGif a&SUajy;vlUtzJGUtpnf; Oya'A[kdXme

pDrHudef; (5) Xmeukd pDpOfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ ,if;A[kdXmersm;ukd rsKd;EG,fpktmPmykdifrsm;\

½Hk;rsm;wGif zGifhvSpfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ A[kdXmewpfckpDwGif Oya'taxmuftuljyK(2)OD;ukd

cefYxm;ay;NyD; ,if;wkdYonf wuúokdvf&Sd ]] Community Law Centre}} ½Hk;wGif Xmeqkdif&m0efxrf;

(5) Natal-Durban wuúodkvfudk ,if;tm; Durban-Westville ESifh 2004 ckESpfwGif yl;aygif;NyD; KwaZulu-Natal

wuúodkvf[k ac:wGifygonf/

ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;ay;cJhNyD; aus;vufae

jynfolrsm;twGuf wpfE Sp fvQif

jynfwGif;okH; ==&ef;++ aiG oef;aygif;

rsm;pGm jyefvnf&&Sdatmif aqmif&Guf

ay;cJhNyD;jzpfonf/ tqkdyg Xmeonf

ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; vlUtzGJUtpnf; Oya'

ynm tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yJG trsm;

tjym;ukd wufa&mufcJhNyD; tpkd;&

tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief; aqmif&Gufcsuf

rsm;\ wm0efcHrIukd tuJjzwf&ef

apmifhMunfhay;onfhtjyif a'owGif;

wpfckvkH;wGif qE´´rJay;ol ynmay;

a&;ukdvnf; jznfhqnf; aqmif&Guf

ay;onf/

Sources : McQuoid-Mason 2006.


rsm;rSwqifh ueOD;oifwef;ESifh BuD;MuyfrIrsm;ukd &&SdcJhMuonf/ tqkdyg½Hk;ukd ]]Oya' vufawGU

avhusifha&;Xme}} Legal Clinic ESifh omrefjynfolrsm;\ aeYpOfokH; Oya'tpDtpOfrsm;]]Street

Law Program}} wkdYu taxmuftulay;NyD; ,if;wGif Oya'ausmif;om;rsm;? ausmif;q&mrsm;

ESifh vlUtzGJUtpnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd txufausmif;rsm;? tusOf;axmifrsm;ESifh vlUtzGJU

tpnf;qkdif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif Oya'ynmtajccHtpDtpOfrsm;ukd xrf;aqmif&ef

avhusifhay;onf/

awmiftmz&duEkdifiHwGif Oya'ausmif;\yg0ifrIonf tpDtpOftxajrmuf atmifjrifa&;

twGuf taxmuftulay;cJhonf/ ,if;odkY yl;aygif;xm;jcif;onf cufcJonfh pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;

owfrSwfxm;onhf tpDtpOfrsm; atmifjrifap&ef taxmuftulay;cJ honfhtjyif

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;twGuf Oya'ausmif;\ taxmuftyHhukd &&Sd&ef vrf;aMumif;

ay;cJhonf/ McQuoid-Masonu ,if;qufqHa&;onf Oya'ausmif; ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;

tm; tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u bkwftzGJUwGif ae&mcsxm;cH&jcif;? wuúokdvf

Oya'vufawGUavhusifha&; XmeokdY vma&mufolrsm;tm; Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOf

taMumif;ukd today;taMumif;Mum;jcif;ESifh tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf; ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;?

Oya'r[mXmeokdY vma&muf&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ukd &&Sdjcif;ponfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;ukd

jznfhqnf;ay;Ekdifonf[k xkwfazmfajymMum;cJhonf/ McQuoid-Masonu ]]tajccHtm;jzifh

cifAsm;u NGOukd Oya'ausmif;\ tpdwftykdif;wpf&yftjzpf ae&mcsxm;ay;csifw,f/

'g[molvnf;Ekdif? ukd,fvnf;EkdifqkdwJh taetxm;rsKd;yJjzpfw,f}}[k ajymMum;cJhonf/

McQuoid-Masonu qufvufajymMum;onfrSm awmiftmz&duEkdifiH&Sd Oya'ausmif;rsm;onf

Oya'taxmuftuljyK tBuHay;½k H;rsm;twGuf Oya'ynm jznfhqnf;ay;jcif;ESih f

oifMum;ykdYcsay;onfh Oya'vufawGU

avhusifha&;XmerS Oya' taxmuf

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[efa*&DEkdifiHwGif Foundation

for Clinical Legal and Street Law

Programs.

== Foundation for Clinical Legal

and Street Law Programs++onf

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wnf&Sdonf/ ,if; wuúokdvfonf

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Oya'taxmuftuljyK½Hk;(10)ck txd taxmuftulay;&ef wm0ef&Sdonf/ (6)

[efa*&DEk difiHwGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKoifwef;tpDtpOfwpf&yfrSm Oya'

0efaqmifrIrsm;ESifh vlUtzGJUtpnf; ynma&;wkYdukd axmufyHhonfh ykdrdkus,fjyefYaom Oya'

vufawGUavhusifha&;Xme\ tpG,ftyGm;wpfckjzpfNyD; EkdifiHjcm;rS axmufyhHaiGrsm; vufcH&&Sdap&ef

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0efxrf;rsm;ESifh ypönf;t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd oD;jcm;axmufyHhaiGrsm;jzifh jznfhqnf;ay;onf/

wuúokdvf\ ykdrkdus,fjyefYonfh Oya'0efaqmifrItpDtpOfukd [efa*&DEkdifiHESifh Oa&mywkduf\

tjcm;a'orsm;wGif vlrsKd;cJGjcm;qufqHjcif; tBuD;tus,fcH&onfh Roma rsKd;EG,fpk Oya'

ausmif;om; trsm;tjym; wufa&mufqnf;yll;Muonf/ 'g½kdufwmKover onf Oya'

ausmif;½dS tqkdygazmifa';&Sif;twGif; Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOf topfwpf&yfukd zefwD;

wDxGifcJhonf/ ,if;tpDtpOfopfonf Roma rsKd;EG,fpk vlenf;pkukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh vufawGU

(6) awmiftmz&duEdkifiHwGif tqdkygtpDtpOftrsm;tjym;twGuf tvSL&SifwddkYu aiGaMu;xnfh0ifrIudk ]] Associa-

tion of Universal Legal Aid Institutions Trust }} u pDrHcefYcGJygonf/

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'g½k dufwm Koveru u txufyg

tzGJUtpnf;qkdif&m ueOD; aqmif&Guf

csufukd Street Law oifMum; ykdYcsa&;


wuf<upGm aqmif&GufMuolrsm;tm; oifwef;ay;&ef &nf&G,fNyD; ,if;tpDtpOfukd azmifa';&Sif;rS

wqifh aqmif&Gufonf/ tpDtpOfukd 'g½kdufwmKover ukd,fwkdifaqmif&Gufaeonfh Street Law

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tBuD;qkH;aom Roma vlrItzGJUtpnf;jzpfonfh ]]Roma vlrItzGJUtpnf; azmifa';&Sif;}} ESifh

yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufonf/

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tygt0if Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfwpf&yftwGuf t&if;tjrpftrsm;tjym;ukd

jznfhqnf;ay;onf/ Oya'r[mXmeonf Oya'vufawGU avhusifha&;XmeESifh yl;aygif;vQuf

Oya'ausmif;rsm;wGif tokH;jyKavhjyKxr&Sdonfh tjyeftvSef qufoG,f aqmif&Gufaom

oifwef;enf;pepfrsm;ukd tokH;jyKMuonf/ þukd,fwkdifukd,fus yg0if&onfh enf;pepfrsm;onf

Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;tm; oifwef;ay;&mwGif vkdtyfvSNyD; ,if;wkdYtm; vlUtzGJUtpnf;

ynmay;vkyfief; aqmif&Guf&mwGif tqifoifhjzpfaponf/ Oya'ausmif;om;rsm;onf

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ygarmu©rsm;udk taxmuftulay;um Oya' taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfwpf&yfudk ulnD

jznfhqnf;ay;Ekdifonf/

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tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf Oya'vufawGUavhusifha&;Xmeukd uruxjyKonfh

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tjcm;tEkwf vu©Pm wpf&yfrSm wuúokdvfonf tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yftjzpf yl;aygif;

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jznfhqnf;ay;&ef vkdtyfonf/ þudpöwGif tEÅ&m,f&SdonfrSm tu,fí tqkdygtpDtpOfonf

wuúodkvftaejzifh a&SmifuGif; vkdonfh jyóem&yfukd vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufygu wuúokdvf

EkdifiHa&;wGif yg0ifywfoufoGm;Edkifonf/ wnfqJOya' vufawGUavhusifha&;Xme wpfcktwGif;

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aemifvmrnfh tcef;(3)wGif pl;prf;&SmazGwifjyxm;onf/

ay;cJhonf/

Roma vlUtokdif;t0kdif;twGif;

Oya' taxmuftuljyKoifwef;

tpDtpOfonf pkaygif;oifMum;onfh

pmoifcef;rsm;&Sd Oya' ausmif;om;

rsm; (Roma and non - Roma r[kwf

onfh ausmif;om;rsm;tygt0if) \

Oya' vufawGU avhusifha&; tawGU

tBuHK ESifh== Street Law ++ enf;pepfukd

tokH;jyKvQuf Oya'ESifh qufpyfonfh

ynma&;ukd Roma rsKd;EG,fpk q&m

rsm;tm; oifMum;ykdYcsay;onfh ouf

qk dif&mtpk d;& r[kwfonfh tzG J U

tpnf; ==azmifa';&Sif;++\ tpDtpOf

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Sources : Tibbitts 2005 a.


tcef;(2)

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pjrnfajymqkdjcif;ESifh oufqkdif&m vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGif;okdY a&muf&Sdavhvmjcif;jzifh rdrdonf

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tdrfwGif;tMurf;zufjcif;uJhokdYaom vlyk*¾KdvfwpfOD;csif;Mum; jzpfvmEkdifonfh w&m;rQwrI

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Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfwpf&yfukd pwifaqmif&Guf&ef pOf;pm;olonf

vlUtzGJUtpnf;wpfckwGif jznhfqnf;ay;Ekdifjcif; r&Sdonfh w&m;rQwrIqkdif&m jyóem&yfrsm;ukd

wduspGm owfrSwf&efESifh ,if;wkdYukd Oya'taxmuftuljyKwpfOD;u ajz&Siff;Ekdifjcif;&Sd&ef

tajctae qef;ppfcsufyef;wkdif &Sd&rnf/ ,if;ukd ]]uGufvyfudk cJGjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmjcif;}}

(gap analysis) [kac:qkdonf/ ,if;]]uGufvyfudk cJGjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmjcif;}}ukd tajccHí

rdrdtvkyfvkyfonfh vlOD;a&OD;pm;ay;owfrSwfjcif;? t"du Oya'jyóem&yfrsm;ukd BudKwif

wGufqjcif;ESifh rdrd\Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;tm; rnfokdYrnfykH avhusifhrnfukd r[mAsL[m

rsm; csrSwftwnfjyK&ef jzpfonf/

vlUtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf Oya'a&;&mvkdtyfcsufrsm;tay: okH;oyfjcif;ukd tpDtpOfukd

pwiftaumiftxnfazmfol odkYr[kwf pDrHcefYcJJGrItzGJUu oufqkdif&mvlUtzGJUtpnf; tzGJU

0ifrsm;ESifh acgif;aqmifwkdYESifh aqG;aEG;wkdifyifjcif;jzifh aqmif&GufEkdifonf/ vkdtyfcsufrsm;tm;

okH;oyfcsuf wpf&yfukd tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;jcif; enf;pepftrsm;tjym;wkdYjzifh tokH;jyK

Ekdif&m ,if;wkdYwGif atmufygtcsufrsm; yg0ifMuonf/

wkduf½kdufMunfh&Iavhvmjcif;?

ar;cGef;rsm; ar;jref;jcif;?

t"duae&mwGif &Sdolrsm; okdYr[kwf wwfuRrf;onfhtodynm&Sdolrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;

wkdifyifjcif;?

oufqkdif&mpmtkyfpmwrf;ukd okH;oyfjcif;?

onf/ xkdYjyif 4if;wkdYonf vlUtcGifh

ta&;vkyfief;wGif yg0ifvkyfukdif

aeonfh a&SUaetoif;rsm;ESifh tpkd;&

r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhvnf;

pnf;a0; aqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/ acgif;

aqmifrsm;taejzif h a'oqkdif&m

tmPmykdifrsm;tm; vlUtzGJUtpnf;

0ifrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;yJGrsm;? ==aetdrft

a&mufoGm;a&mufavhvmjcif;rsm;++

(homevisits) jyKvkyfEkdifa&;twGuf

pDpOfaqmif&Gufay;&ef arwÅm&yfcH

jcif;jzifh oufqkdif&mvlUtzGJUtpnf;

0ifrsm;ESif h wkduf½kdufpum;ajymqkd

EkdifcJhMuonf/ tpDtpOfpwifaqmif

&Gufolrsm;taejzifh tpkd;&t&m&Sd

rsm;ESifh vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;u azmfjy

onfh jyóem&yf trdsK;tpm;wkdYwGif

wlnDrIrsm;pGm&SdaMumif; qef;ppfawGU&Sd

&onf/


awGUqkHar;jref;jcif;rsm;?

tm½kHpkdufonfh tkyfpkrsm;(focusgroups)?

rdrd\enf;pepfrsm;ukd a&G;cs,f&mwGif rdrdtaejzifh vufawGUtusqkH; enf;ynmrsm;

ESifh pdwfcsNyD; rSefuefrI&Sdonhf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd jznfhqnf;ay;&ef jzpfEkdifajc&Sd

onfh enf;ynmrsm;ukd pOf;pm;&ef vkdtyfrnf/ tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;onfh tajccHtusqkH;

enf;vrf;rsm;teuf wpfckrSm oufqkdif&m vlUtzGJUtpnf;0ifrsm;ESifh wkduf½kduf qufoG,fjcif; ESifh

pum;tjyeftvSefajymqkdjcif; jzpfonf/ þenf;pepfonf rdrd\tpDtpOfESifh vlUtzGJUtpnf;Mum;

xda&mufaom yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIwpf&yf&&Sd&ef tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfonf/ tu,fí rdrdwGif

rdrdukd,fwkdif tcsuftvufpkaqmif;&ef vkHavmufonfh vltiftm;r&Sdygu? rdrdtaejzifh

a'ocH tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm; okdYr[kwf Oya'ausmif;om;rsm; (Oyrmtm;jzifh

a&SUaeynm oifMum;aeolrsm;) wkdYtm; rdrdukd ulnDyHhykd;&ef tultnD&,lEkdifonf/

owif;tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;jcif;\ tvG,fulqkH;enf;vrf;rsm;teuf wpfckrSm

vltrsm;ESifh awGUqkH ar;jref;&efjzpfNyD; rdrdtaejzifh ,if;udpö&yfukd wpfOD;csif; awGUqkHar;jref;jcif;?

tm½kHpkdufonfhtkyfpkESifh awGUqkHar;jref;jcif;? okdYr[kwf tjcm;olwpfOD;rSwqifh ar;cGef;rsm;

ar;jref;í pDrHcefYcJGjcif;wkdYjzifh aqmif&GufEkdifonf/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd vlUtzGJUtpnf;

qkdif&m tpnf;ta0;rsm;okdYr[kwf tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; usif;yjyKvkyfNyD; &,lpkaqmif;Ekdifonf/

vltrsm;tjym;ESifh jyKvkyfonfh awGUqkHar;jref;jcif;rsm;onf ar;jref;pkaqmif;jcif;? owif;

tcsuftvufpdwfcs&rI &S d ? r&S duk d oufaoxlEk difayonf/ pk Hprf;ppfaq;jcif;jyKonfh

þvkyfief;pOfukd tokH;jyKjcif;jzifh vltrsm;awGUBuHKaeonfh jyóem&yfrsm; oJvGefpukd

od&SdvmEkdifNyD; Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfwpf&yfu ,if;wkdYtm; ay;pGrf;Ekdifonfh

Moldova EkdifiH aus;vufae

jynfol rsm;\ vkdtyfcsufrsm;

avhvmqef; ppfjcif; okH;oyfcsuf

armfvfwkdbmEkdifiH&Sd aus;vuf

aejynfolrsm;\ tajccH Oya'

a&;&m vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd okH;oyfcsuf

wpf&yf a&;qJGEkdif&eftwGuf aus;&Gm

aygif; (11) &GmrS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tm;

awGUqkHar;jref;cJhonf/ ,if;awGUqkH

ar;jref;rIjyKvkyf&mwGif ar;cGef;rsm;

ykHpH ESpfckukd tokH;jyKcJhonf/ wpfckrSm

omrefjynfolrsm;twGuf jzpfNyD;

aemufwpfckrSm trsm;jynfolwkdY\

Oya'aMumif;t& vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd

odEk di fpGrf;onfh Nrd K Uawmf0efrsm;?

ausmif;q&mrsm;? &Jt&m&S d rsm;?

tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\

acgif;aqmifrsm;? bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;?

vlrIa&; 0efaqmifrI ay;olrsm;?


jzpfEkdifajc &Sdaom ajz&Sif;csufukdvnf; od&SdvmEkdifonf/rdrdtwGuf owif;tcsuftvuf

t&if;tjrpfrsm;jzpfonfhtjyif ,if;umvtwGif; wkd;wufrIavhvmcsufrsm;ukd aemifjyKvkyfrnfh

oifwef;rsm;wGif tokH;csEkdifonf/ xkdYtjyif aemufykdif;rdrd\tpDtpOfü ,cifu cJGjcm;owfrSwf

xm;onfh jyóemrsm;ukd ukdifwG,f&ef rdrd\ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm; wwfEkdifcJhygu rdrdtae

jzifh vlrsm;ESihfawGUqkHaqG;aEG;&ef tvkdYiSm tvm;wlpkHprf; ppfaq;rIrsm;ukd aqmif&GufEkdifonf/

rdrdtaejzifh vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd qef;ppfcsufrsm;aqmif&Guf&ef ]]Oya'vufawGUavhusifha&;

½Hk;}} (LegalClinics)&Sd Oya'ausmif;om;rsm;ukd tokH;jyKEkdifNyD; ,if;wkdY\ awGU&Sdcsufrsm;

ay:wGif tpD&ifcHpmrsm;a&;om;&ef jyifqifEkdifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh zdvpfykdifEkdifiH&Sd ]]Oya'

vufawGUavhusifha&;½Hk;}} wpf½Hk;wGif&Sdaom Oya'ausmif;om;rsm;onf qif;&JrGJawonfh

aus;vufvlUtzGJUtpnf;wpfckwGif ,if;wkdY\prf;oyfumvtwGif; ,if;vlUtzGJUtpnf;\

vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd okH;oyfcsuf wpf&yfjyKcJhonf/

rdrdtaejzifh tpDtpOfwpf&yf taumiftxnfazmfa&;twGuf oufqkdif&m owif;

tcsuftvufrsm;ukd tpkd;&rSwfwrf;rsm; okdYr[kwf pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;wGif &SmazGEkdifonf/

EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;wGif &&Sdonfh pm&if;tif;rsm;onf w&m;rQwrIukd vufvSrf;rDa&;twGuf

tusKH;0ifonfh jyóem&yfrsm;\ trSefwu,ft0dkif;t0ef;ukd azmfxkwfod&Sd&ef jynfhpkH

vkHavmufrI r&Sdyg/ okdYaomf vlOD;a&pkpkaygif;ukd rSwfwrf;wifjcif;? vufvSrf;rDonfh a&SUae

a&SU&yfrsm; ta&twGuf? w&m;½Hk;awmfa&SUarSmufwGif trIwpfckukd Mum;emjcif;rjyKrD

ukefvGefonfh tcsdefumvtwkdif;twmESifh tvm;wludpö&yfrsm;ukd qef;ppfjcif;jzifh oufqkdif&m

vlUtzGJUtpnf; tzGJU0ifrsm;\ Oya'a&;&m vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd oG,f0kdufonfh taxmuftxm;

awGU&SdEkdifayonf/

q&m0efrsm; tygt0if vlUtzG JU

tpnf; acgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf

jzpfonf/ ,if;awGUqkH aqG;aEG;rI

ar;cGef;rsm;ukd a&SUaersm; yg0ifonfh

tkyfpkwpfckrS pwifjyKpkNyD; vlrIa&;

ynm&Sifrsm;u jyefvnfqef;ppfum

awGUqkHaqG;aEG;yJGrsm;wGif tokH;jyK&ef

jyKjyifNyD; vufawGUwGif prf;oyf

taumiftxnfazmfcJhonf/ vkdtyf

csufrsm; qef;ppfcsufukd omref

jynfol (136) OD;ESifh vlUtzJGUtpnf;

acgif;aqmif (47) OD;wkdYtm; awGUqkH

ar;jref;csufrsm;tay: tajccHí

jyKvkyfcJhjcif; jzpfonf/

awGUqkHaqG;aEG;yJGar;cGef;rsm;ukd

atmufazmf jyyg owif;tcsuf

tvufrsm;&&Sd&ef ykHpHxkwf a&;qJG

xm;jcif;jzpfonf/


]]pepfwus a&;qJGxm;onfh okawoejyK avhvmjcif;rsm;}}onf Oya' taxmuftul

jyKrItwGuf vkdtyfcsufukd twnfjyKay;Ekdifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh pHowfrSwfxm;onfh

ar;cGef;vTm ppfwrf;rsm;ukd jypfrIqkdif&mtrIrsm;\ tqifhqifhaomppfaq;rIrsm;ukd Oya'

qkdif&m ukd,fpm;jyKEkdifcJ hjcif; &Sd?r&Sdtjyif rawmfrw&m;qufqHrIrsm; &Sd?r&Sdponfwkd Yukd

tusOf;om;rsm;tm; ar;jref;xm;onfh usyef;aumuf,lxm;aom ppfwrf;jzif h pDpOf

xm;&rnf/ ,if;avhvmrIwGif jypfrIqkdif&mtrIrsm;\ tqifhqifhaomppfaq;rIrsm;wGif

Oya'qkdif&m ukkd,fpm;jyKcJhjcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;í wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tMum; uJGjym;rIrsm;ukdyg

cJGjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmjcif;vnf; yg0ifEk difonf/ tu,fí rdrdtaejzifh rdrdtpDtpOf\

tusdK;oufa&mufrI okH;oyfcsufwpf&yfukd aqmif&Guf&ef BudKwifpOf;pm;xm;ygu ,if;vlUtzGJU

tpnf;\ tajccHusonfh owif;tcsuftvufukd &,lpkaqmif;xm;oifhonf/ tu,fí

rdrdwGif vkHavmufonfh tiftm;&Sdygu rdrdtaejzifh &vm'frsm;ukd EIdif;,SOf&ef tvkdYiSm rdrd\

Oya' taxmufultjyKtoif;tzGJU vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufjcif; r&Sdonfh vlUtzGJUtpnf;ESifh

tajccHusaom tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh qufvufjzpfay:vmonfh tcsuftvufwkdUukd od&Sd

Ekdif&efpm&if; aumuf,lpkaqmif;oifhonf/

Moldova EkdifiHwGif vkdtyfcsufrsm; okH;oyfcsufwpf&yfukd trsm;jynfolay: qef;ppfonfh

okH;oyfcsufESifh aus;&Gm(11)&GmwGif a'oqkdif&m tmPmykdifrsm;u jyKvkyfonfh qef;ppfcsuf wkdYjzifh

aqmif&GufcJhonf/ okawoejyKcsufukd Soros Foundation-Moldova u aqmif&GufcJhNyD;,if;

tzGJUu Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfwpf&yfukd ueOD; pwiftaumiftxnf azmfcJhonf/

� trsm;jynfol &ifqkdifae&onfh

Oya'a&;&m tajctaersm;ESifh

Oya'a&;&m jyóemrsm;

� trsm;jynfolwkdYtm; ,if;wkdY\

Oya' yóem&yfrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;

&efBudK;yrf;onfh enf;vrf;rsm;

� &&Sdonfh tusKd;qufrsm;tay:

auseyfrI&Sd?r&Sd

� jyóemwpf&yfukd ajz&Sif;í r&

Ekdifonfh udpörsKd;wGif ,if; tajc

taeonf trSefwu,f wnf&Sd

aecJhvQif ,if;okd Y ajz&Sif;í

r&onfh taMumif;&if;rsm;

� Oya'a&;&mtajctaersm;ukd

ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf csOf;uyf&m

wGif taumif;qkH; enf;vrf;[k

xifjrifonfh xifjrifcsufrsm;


2-2 tm;enf;aom vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh ,if;wkYd\ vkdtyfcsufrsm;

wpfcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;wGif vlOD;a&tawmfrsm;onfh tpdwftykdif;onf tEÅ&m,fukd umuG,f

EkdifpGrf; r&Sdolrsm; (tm;enf;olrsm;)[k owfrSwfEkdif&m ,if;\ t"dyÜm,frSm xkdolwkdYtaejzifh

vlrIa&;ESifh Oya'a&;&m0efaqmifrIrsm; jznfhqnf;ay;jcif;rS tusKd;aus;Zl;&&SdEkdifonf qkdonfh

t"dyÜm,fyif jzpfonf/ ,if;uJhokdY rsm;jym;vSonfh vkdtyfcsufrsm;ESifh &ifqkdifBuHKawGUae&onfh

tcg rdrdtaejzifh rnfonfhvkdtyfcsufrsm;onf ta&;wmudk;vkdtyfaeonfqkdonfh tcsufukd

OD;pm;ay;tpDtpOf a&;qJGowfrSwfEkdifonf/

EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;wGifrl tcGifhta&; qkH;½HI;aeMuoltrsm;tjym;rSm NrdKUjyaeqif;&Jom;

rsm;ESifh aus;vufaeqif;&Jom;rsm; jzpfMuonfhtjyif wpfcsdKUrSm ypfy,fjcif; odkYr[kwf

cJGjcm;qufqHjcif; cHaeMu&onfh vlenf;pktkyfpk0ifrsm; jzpfMuonf/ ,if;tkyfpkrsm;onf tNrJ

wapvkdvkd NrdKUjy qkdif&m Oya'jyóem&yfrsm;twGuf a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm; &&Sd&ef tcuftcJ&SdMu

onfhtjyif tBuD;rm;qkH;aom jyóem&yfrsm;rSm aea&;xkdifa&;? tvkyftukdif? rdom;pk

a&;&m udpörsm;? vlrIzlvkHa&;? vlrIzlvkHa&;tusKd;cHpm;cGifhrsm;ESifh vlaerIudpö&yfwkdY jzpfonf/

,if;wkdYtaejzifh tqkdygudpö&yfrsm;twGuf &&SdEkdifonfh Oya'a&;&m ukpm;rIrsm;ukd od&Sdem;vnf

jcif; r&SdMuay/ ,if;tkyfpk\ tzJGU0ifrsm;onf tcgtm;avsmfpGm &JwyfzGJU0ifrsm;\cufxef

Murf;MuKwfrIESifh tjcm;vlUtcGifhta&;qkdif&m csKd;azmufrIrsm;ukd awGUBuHKMu&onf/ ,if;tkyfpkwkdY

ukd ulnD&ef rdrdtaejzifh rdrd\ Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfonf tpkd;&ESifhoD;jcm;uif;vGwf

pGmxm;&Sd&ef vkdtyfrI &Sd? r&Sdukd tqkH;tjzwfay;&rnf/ (tus,fukd tcef;(3) ]] Oya'

taxmuftuljyKrsm;\ tpDtpOfwpf&yfukdwnfaxmifjcif;}} wGif avhvmzwf½IEkdifonf/)

� ar;jref;jcif;cH&ol\ ukd,fa&;

tcsuftvuf Oyrmtm;jzifh

yk*¾dKvfa&;qkdif&m tcsuftvuf

rsm;? aexkdif&ma'o

Sources : Open Society Institute-

Moldova(2005).


qif;&JrGJawrIonf w&m;rQwrItwGuf &nfpl;xm;onfh Oya'taxmuftuljyK

tpDtpOfrsm; aqmif&Gufay;rnfh vlUtzGJUtpnf;\ wpfurÇmvkH;qkdif&m oGifjyifvu©Pm&Sdonhf

tcsuftvufwpf&yfjzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;wGif a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;ukd

vufvSrf;rD&ef cufcJonfh tajctaersKd;trsm;tjym;yif &Sdaeonf/ ,if;wkdYwGif a&SUaea&SU&yf

0efaqmifrIp&dwf? a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm; &Sm;yg;onfhtajctaeESifh qif;&Jonfh vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;

ESifhyl;aygif;vkyfukdifvkdonfh a&SUaea&SU&yf &Sm;yg;jcif;wkdY jzpfMuonf/ qufoG,fa&; jyóem&yf

rsm;wGif bmompum;? e,fajr a'oa0;vHjcif;ESifh enf;ynmzGHYNzdK;rI r&Sdjcif;wkdY yg0ifonf/

]]vkdtyfcsufrsm;tay: qef;ppfcsuf}}wpf&yfonf ckcHEkdifpGrf; r&Sdaom vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;\

Oya'a&;&mvkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd xkwfazmfay;onfhtjyif ,if;vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm; &ifqkdifae&onfh

ta&;tBuD;qkH; jyóem&yfrsm;ukdvnf; xkwfazmfay;vdrfhrnf/ wcsKdUaom udpö&yfrsm;wGif

oD;oefY vlrIa&; jyóemtjzpf xifjrif&onfhudpö&yf (Oyrmtm;jzifh usef;rma&; apmifha&SmufrI

ukd vufvSrf;rrDjcif;)onf vrf;aMumif;opfwpf&yf\ tpdwftykdif; (Oyrmtm;jzifh usef;rma&;

apmifha&SmufrI tcGifhta&;) jzpfvmEkdifonf/ tjcm;aomudpö&yfrsm;wGif Oya'a&;&mjyóem

(Oyrmtm;jzifh tdrfwGif;rw&m;jyKrI) wpf&yftjzpf oabmxm;onfh udpö&yf wpf&yfukd

tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? &J? a'oqkdif&mtpkd;&? ynma&;? vlUtzGJUtpnf;\ zdtm;? rD'D,m

okdYr[kwf tjcm;w&m;½Hk; jyifyaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;jzifh ajz&Sif;ay;Ekdifonf/

vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd qef;ppfcsufwpf&yfonf ]]jyóemajz&Sif;a&;qkdif&m csOf;uyf

aqmif&GufykHrsm;}} problem-solving approaches ukd jy|mef;owfrSwfjcif;jzifh rdrdtm; ulnDEkdifonf/

jyóem&yfrsm;tm; ajz&Sif;a&;qkdif&m csOf;uyfaqmif&GufrIrsm;qkd&mü tkyfcsKyfa&;&m? Oya'a&;&m

tBuHÓPfay;jcif;? ynma&;&m tp&SdonfwkdY yg0ifonf/ ,if;csOf;uyfaqmif&Gufonfh

vufvSrf;rD&ef enf;vrf;rsm;

&SmazG ay;jcif;

[efa*&DEkdifiHwGif Eorvos Lorand

wuúokdvfrSm Oya'axmufulrI tpD

tpOfwpf&yfjzifh EkdifiHtwGif; orkdif;

pOftqufquf cJGjcm;qufqHjcif;

cH&onfh rsKd;EG,fpkwpfck jzpfaom

Roma vlrsK d;rsm;\ Oya'a&;&m

vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;&ef aqmif

&GufcJhonf/ ,if;wkdY\ tajctaeESifh

oufqkdifonfh udpö&yfrsm;wGif

atmufyg tcsufrsm; yg0ifaeonf/

� Oya' taxmuftulay;onfh

½H k;rsm;rS e,fajrtaetxm;

tvSrf;uGma0;jcif;ESifh vrf;yef;

qufoG,fa&; cufcJrI?

� pDrHcefYcJ GrIqkdif&m vkyfxkH;vkyf

enf;rsm;twGuf avQmufvTm

rsm;wifoGif;&ef twm;tqD;


enf;vrf;rsm;ukd rdrd\ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;u tokH;cs&ef toifhtaetxm;&Sdaeoifhonf/

tu,fí rdrd\okH;oyfcsufonf pepfwus jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf vkdtyfonf[k

azmfjyaeygu rdrd\ Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfwGif trsm;jynfolpdwf0ifpm;onfh

trItcif;rsm; okdYr[kwf ,if;\vkyfief;wGif r[mAsL[majrmuf w&m;pJGqkdcsuf (Strategic

litigation)wkdY yg0ifoifh onf/ þpOf;pm;awG;awmcsufrsm;wGif owfrSwfonfh vlUtzGJUtpnf;?

t"du jyóem &yfrsm;ESifh csOf;uyfykHcsOf;uyfenf;wkdY tusKH;0ifoufqkdifojzifh ,if;wkdYonfrdrd\

Oya' taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOf\ owfrSwfxm;onfh toGifvu©Pm&yfrsm;yif

jzpfMuvdrfhrnf/

tcsdKUaom Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfrsm;onf oD;oefYudpö&yfwpfckwGif tm½kHpkduf

aqmif&Gufonfrsm; &Sdonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tdrfwGif;tMurf;zufjcif;ESifh rdom;pkjyóem&yfrsm;

jzpfonf/ odkYaomf trsm;pk vlxktajccHtpDtpOfrsm;onf jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ef vG,fulonf/

,if;udpö&yfwGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm; vufcHxm;onfhjyóem&yfrsm;ESifh ,if;jyóem&yf

rsm;ukd ajz&Sif;&mwGif tokH;jyKonfh r[mAsL[mtrsKd;tpm;wkdY yg0ifMuonf/ jyóem&yfrsm;

acgif;pOfESifh jyóemajz&Sif;jcif;csOf;uyfrIrsm; us,fjyefYrsm;ajrSmifvmonfESifhtrQ pGrf;aqmif&nf

jrifhrm;atmif avhusifhxm;onfh Oya'taxmuftuljyK trsm;tjym; vkdtyfvmrnfjzpfonf/

2-3 Oya'a&;&mESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;&m ywf0ef;usif

tm;vkH;vTrf;NcHKonfh vkdtyfcsufrsm;tm; qef;ppfcsufwpf&yf\ tpdwftykdif;wpf&yfrSm

ywf0ef;usif qkdif&m qef;ppfcsufjzpfNyD; ,if;ukd tpDtpOfukd aqmif&Gufrnfha'o&Sd Oya'a&;&m

jzpfaeonfh pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;

a&;om;jyKpk&ef trsm;tjym;

vkdtyfaerI?

� Roma vlrsKd;rsm;tMum; ,if;

wkdY\ ukd,fa&;ukd,fwm udpö&yf

rsm;ukd Roma vlrsKd;r[kwfol

rsm;ESif htwl aqmuf&Guf&ef

0efav;rI?

� tm;vkH;vTrf;NcHKonfh Oya'a&;

&mtodynm? tqifhtwef;

edrfhusaerI?

txufyg Oya'taxmuftuljyK

tpDtpOfukd a&;qJGonfhtcg txuf

ygtcsuftvufrsm;ukd xnhfoGif;

pOf;pm;cJhMuonf/


ywf0ef;usif\ xl;jcm;onfh toGifvu©Pmrsm;ukd ykdif;jcm;owfrSwf&ef aqmif&GufoifhNyD;

,if;onf rdrdu wm0efay;rnfh Oya't axmuftuljyKrsm;\ tcef;u@tay: vTrf;rkd;rI

&Sdvmvdrfhrnf/ ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m qef;ppfavhvmcsufjyK&mü atmufygtcsufrsm;ukd

ppfaq;oifhonf/

Oya'jzihf axmufuljcif;twGuf wnfqJrlabmif?

a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;ESifh Oya'a&;&m axmufulrI&&SdEkdifrI?

w&m;0ifw&m;pD&ifa&;pepf\ vkyfief;aqmif&GufrItajctae?

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;ukd vufcH&ef Oya'tokdif;t0kdif;\ oabmxm;qE´?

w&m;0ifOya'pepfESifh "avhxkH;wrf; Oya'pepfrsm;wnf&Sdjcif;?

tBuHay;jcif;okdYr[kwf zsefajzay;jcif;wkdYuJhokdYaom Oya'ESifhroufqkdifonfh tjcm;

enf;vrf;rsm;?

Oya'taxmuftuljyKvkyfief;twGuf Oya'rlabmif

2-3-1 Oya'a&;&mtaxmuftultwGuf Oya'rlabmif

rdrdtaejzifh rdrdEkdifiHtwGif;wGif Oya'a&;&mtaxmuftuljyKrI\ oabmobm0ukd

qef;ppfavhvmoifhonf/ ,if;wkdYwGif rjzpfrae Oya'a&;&mukd,fpm;jyKrI vkdtyfonfhjypfrIrsm;

(Oyrmtm;jzifh BuD;av;aom jypfrIrsm; yg0ifonfh &mZ0wfrIcif;rsm;)ESifh tcrJhrvJGraoG

Oya't& ukd,fpm;jyKrI cHpm;cGifh&SdolwkdYrSm rnfolrnf0grsm;jzpfMuonf/ (Oyrm t&G,fra&muf

ao;olrsm;? pdwfa0'emcHpm;&olrsm;ESifh tvGeftrif; qif;&JrGJawolrsm;) yg0ifMuonf/

uarÇm'D;,m; EkdifiH\ vkdtyfcsufrsm;

twGuf okH;oyfcsufwpf&yfrS

awGU&Sd csufrsm; -

uarÇm'D;,m;EkdifiH\ vkdtyfcsuf

rsm;twGuf ok H ;oyfcsufrsm;uk d

jyKpk&mwGif vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;twGif;

vkyfukdif aqmif&GufaeMuonfh tpkd;&

r[kwfaom tzG J Utpnf;rsm;ESif h

tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;ajymqkdcsuf

rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ ar;jref;

olrsm;u tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJU

tpnf;rsm;\ 0efxrf;rsm;taejzifh

oufqkdif&m vlUtzGJUtpnf;ay:wGif

awGU&Sd &aom jyóem&yfrsm;? Oya'

taxmuftuljyK rsm;taejzifh ,if;

jyóem&yfrsm;uk d rnfok d Yrnfyk H

ajz&Sif;rnfESifh ,if;okdYaom tpDtpOf

wpf&yf jzpfay:vm&ef vkdtyfonfh

oifwef;trsK d;tpm;ESif h tokH;jyK


Oya'a&;&m taxmuftuljyKrItwGuf trsKd;rsKd;aompepfykHpHrsm;&Sdonf/ a&SUae

a&SU&yfrsm;onf &mxl;tavsmuf cefUtyfonfh twkdifyifcHrsm;tjzpf aqmif&GufEkdifonf/

a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;ukd Oya'a&;&m 0efaqmifrIay;&ef pmcsKyfcsKyfqkdcefYtyfEkdifonf okdYr[kwf

trsm;jynfolqkdif&m umuG,fckcHolrsm;tjzpf vkyfief;wm0efay;Ekdifonf/ a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;onf

Oya'taxmuftuljyKXmersm;ü tvkyfvkyfukdifEk difonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;

jznfhqnf;aqmif&Gufay;onfh Oya'a&;&m0efaqmifrIrsm;onf ,if;ESif houfqkdifonfh

tjcm;0efaqmifrIrsm;ukd tpm;xkd; jznhfqnf;ay;Ek difMuonf/ &mZ0wfrIcif;rsm;wGif

Oya'taxmufftuljyKrsm;onf vkyfief;pOf\ Oya' uGef,ufabmiftwGif; rlcif;rsm;ukd

a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;xHokdY &nfñTef;ay;Ekdifonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf Oyrmtm;jzifh

tvkyform;a&;&m jyóemrsm;ESifh vlrIumuG,fapmifha&Smufa&; Oya'wkdY tusKH;0ifonfh

w&m;rrIcif;rsm;wGif wkduf½kdufyg0if aqmif&GufEkdifonf/ EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;wGif Oya'

taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf pDrHcefYcJGrIqkdif&m ckH½Hk;rsm;wGif obmywdtjzpf aqmif&Gufonfh

t&m&Sdrsm;\ oabmwlcGifhjyKcsufjzifh ukd,fpm;jyKwm0ef ay;xm;onfrsm; &Sdonf/

2-3-2 a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm; ESifh Oya' taxmuftul &&SdEkdifrI

tu,fí rdrdtaejzifh rdrdEkdifiHwGif Oya'axmufulrI&&Sd&ef tcGifhtvrf;enf;yg;

aMumif;od&Sdxm;NyD;jzpfaomfvnf; þokdY vufvSrf;rDrI r&Sdjcif;udpö&yfukd pmjzifha&;om;jyKpk&ef

twGuf BudK;pm;&ef ta&;BuD;onf/ a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm; jznfhwif;ay;jcif;ESifh ae&mcsxm;

ay;jcif;wkdYukd qkH;jzwfjcif;jyKvkyf&ef rdrdtaejzifh trsKd;rsKd;aom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? at*sifpDrsm;ESifh

&rnfht&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd ar;jref;

cJhMuonf/ þvkdtyfcsufrsm;twGuf

okH;oyfcsufrsm;udk tajcjyKvsuf

,if;tpDtpOf\ acgif;aqmifykdif;

onf oufqkdif&m Oya'taxmuf

tuljyKrsm; vkyfukdifaqmif&Guf&ef

jyóem&yfrsm; (6)ckrS (10)ckxd

owfrSwfjy|mef;ay;cJhNyD; ,if;tpD

tpOftwGuf tBuHÓPfay;&efESifh

taMumif;jcif;&mrsm;ukd okH;oyf&ef

wkdYtwGuf tBuHay;aumfrwD wpf

&yfukd zG JUpnf;ay;cJ honf/ == The

Khmer Institute for Democracy++u

tqdkygvk dtyfcsuf fuk d atmufyg

twkdif; azmfjyxm;onf/ ==trsm;

jynfolwkdY\ aeYw'l0b0wGif &ifqkdif

awGUBuHKae&onfh t"duESifh txl;

ta&;BuD;onfh jyóem&yfrsm;rSm

ajr,mESifhaetdrf tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;?

vdifyk dif;qk dif&m vufa&mufrI


tquftoG,fjyK&rnf/ þuGef,ufwnfaqmufjcif;onf tem*wf taxmuftul

ay;vmrnfh a&SUaea&SU&yf uGef,uftwGuf tajccHvkyfief;jzpfvdrfhrnf/ xkdYjyif xkduGef,uf

wnfaqmufjcif;onf Oya'taxmuf tuljyKtpDtpOf\ oabmobm0ukd Oya'ynm&yfjzifh

oufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKolrsm;u qefYusifwkefYjyefrnfukd avsmhenf;apEkdifonf/

Oyrmtm;jzifh awmiftmz&duEkdifiHwGif a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;ukd trsm;olig vufvSrf;rDonfh

tajccHtcsuftvufrsm; xm;&Sdonfhae&mwkdYü jynfe,fwkdif;tvkdufESifh NrdKUtvdkuf pm&if;jyKpk

xm;&Sdonf/ þokdYtm;jzifh trsm;jynfoltwGuf &&SdEkdifonfh a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm; ta&twGufukd

qkH;jzwf&ef jzpfEkdifonfomru Oya' taxmuftuljyKvkyfief;ukd axmufula&;twGuf

a&SUaersm; uGef,uf\ tpdwftykdif;wpf&yfjzpfvm&ef ,if;wkdYtm; zdwfMum;Ekdifonf/

tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;wGif Oya'taxmuftuljyK 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;ukd tpkd;&u Oya'

aMumif;t& owfrSwfay;xm;onf/ okdYaomf ,if;0efaqmifrIrsm;ukd tvGefYtvGef enf;yg;pGm

urf;vSrf;rI&SdNyD; rjynfhrpkH taumiftxnfazmfMuonf okdYr[kwf tokH;jyKoifhoavmuf

rjyKMuacs/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf EkdifiHom;rsm;taejzifh ,if;wkdY wnf&Sd&mae&m odkYr[kwf

qufpyfukefusonfh tzkd;tcwkdYaMumifh ,if;wkdYwnf&Sdonfukd rod&SdMuacs okdYr[kwf vufvSrf;

rrSDMuacs/ Oya'aMumif;t& taxmuftuljyKrnfh Oya'jy|mef;xm;onfh EkdifiHwpfEkdifiH

vQif rdrd\ tajctaeqkdif&m avhvmqef;ppfcsufu vkdtyfrIESifh jznhfqnf;ay;rI tMum;

jzpfay:aeonfh uGufvyfrsm;ukd ppfaq;&rnfjzpfNyD; ,if;uGufvyfrsm;ukd jznfhqnf;ay;&ef

twGuf Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;\ tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ukdvnf; pl;prf;&SmazG&rnf/

rdrdtaejzifh rdrd\tpDtpOfwGif a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm; yl;aygif;yg0if&ef r[mAsL[mwpf&yfukd

a&;qJG&ef vkdtyfonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf w&m;wabmif

(Sexualassault)? vifr,m; uGm&Sif;

jcif; ? tdrfwGif;tMurf;zufjcif; ?

pmcsKyf pmwrf;rsm;ukd azmufzsufjcif;

ESif htoa&zsufjcif;wkd Y jzpfMuNyD;

,if;rIcif;rsm;ukd tcgtm;avsmfpGm

a'oqkdif&m ppf? &JESifh NrdKUjytmPm

ykdifrsm; yg0if usL;vGefMuonf/

uarÇm' D;,m; jynfolwk d Y\ 60

&mckdifEIef;ausmfrSm qif;&JNyD; pmay

=rwwf Muonf htwGuf txuf

azmfjyyg jyóemrsm;ukd rnfokdYrnfykH

&ifqkdifajz &Sif;&rnfukdvnf; rod&Sd

Muay/ ,if; wkdYteuf trsm;pkrSm

&GmolBuD; okdYr[kwf vlUtzGJUtpnf;

tBuD;tuJwkd YxHrS tultnD&&ef

awmif;cHavh &SdMuonf/ okdYaomf

yuwd tajctaewGif ,if;wkdifwef;

c sufr sm;uk d pO f ;pm;&e ftwGuf

tcgcyfodrf; vmbfay;&ef vkdtyf

aeonf/ tcs d K UaomtrItcif;


pJGqkdEkdifjcif; r&SdaomaMumifh jzpfonf/xkdYjyif rdrdtaejzifh rdrd\ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;ukd

jzpfEkdifajc&Sdaom qefYusifrItm; wkefYjyef&eftvkdYiSm rdrda&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;toif;\ yl;aygif;

yg0ifrI wnfaxmifxm;&ef vkdtyfonf/

pro bono (y½kdbkdEkd)qkdonfh pum;&yf\ t"dyÜm,frSm trsm;jynfolqkdif&m 0efaqmifrI

tjzpf tcaMu;aiGr,lbJ taysmfxrf;aqmif&Gufonfh Oya'a&;&m okdYr[kwf tjcm;oufarG;0rf;

ausmif;tvkyfukd qkdvkdonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh uifnmEkdifiHwGif a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;onf ,if; wdkY\

vkdifpifrsm;ukd oufwrf;wkd;jr§ifh&eftwGuf taysmfxrf;0efaqmifrIrsm;ay;&ef trSef wu,f

vkdtyfonf/ taysmfxrf;vufawGUaqmif&GufrIrsm;ESifh taxmuftulay;onfh a&SUaersm;

toif;wkdYu rdrd\ Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfwGif vkdtyfonfh a&SUaersm;xHokdY vufvSrf;

rDa&;udk &&Sd&ef taxmuftuljzpfvdrfhrnf/

rGeff*kdvD,m;EkdifiH obm0ywf0ef;usif okH;oyfcsufwGif t"duNrdKUESifh jynfe,fwkdif;wdkYü

a&SUaetoif;? toif;0ifrsm;&SdaeaMumif; azmfjyaeonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOf

wpf&yfwGif ,if;\tBuHay;aumfrwDwkdif;ü a&SUaetoif;0if yg0ifonf/ þodkYjzifh Oya'

axmufulrIukd &&Sdonfhtjyif Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;ESifh a&SUaersm;tMum; &efbuf

qufqHa&; jzpfay:vmrIukd wm;qD;Ekdifonf/

awmiftmz&duEkdifiHwGif ]]avSum;xpfpepf}} zefwD;ay;xm;jcif;jzifh Oya'taxmuftul

jyKrsm; Oya'pepftwGif;okdY 0ifa&mufvmEkdiffNyD; Oya'taxmuftuljyK vkyfief;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh

Oya'bJGY&&SdEkdifonf/ þt,ltqukd vufrcHonfh a&SYaea&SU&yfrsm;u ]]avSum;xpfpepf}}onf

avSum;\ atmufqkH;tqifhwGif tNrJwap &Sdaernfh Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm; yg0ifonfh

Oya'ynmESifh oufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKonfh vkyfief;tjzpfokdY a&S;&I oGm;EkdifaMumif; pkd;&drfMuonf/

rsm;ukd w&m;½Hk;rsm;u ajz&Sif;aomf

vnf; epfemolrsm;rSm oufqkdif&m

vlUtzGJUtpnf;tmPmykdif tqifh

xufausmfvGefí vkdufygaqmif&Guf&ef

aiGaMu;jynhfpkHrI r&SdMuacs/ ,if;wkdY

taejzifh ,if;wkdY\ trItcif;rsm;ukd

&GmolBuD;okdYr[kwf vlUtzGJUtpnf;

tBuD;tuJwk d Yu ajz&Sif;ay;&ef

okdYr[kwf ausat;ay;&ef aqmif&Guf

ay;apvk d Muonf/ tEÅ&m,fuk d

umuG,fEkdifpGrf;r&Sd olrsm;rSm trsKd;

orD;rsm; jzpfMuNyD; ,if;wkdYonf ½kduf

ykwfjcif;? vdifykdif;qkdif&m tMudrfMudrf

'ku©ay;jcif;ESifh wcgw&H owfjzwf

cH&jcif;rsm; &SdaeMuonf/

Sources : Khmer Institue for

Democracy, 2004.


þpkd;&drfylyefrIrsm;ukd z,f&Sm;NyD;jzpfonfhtjyif ]]awmiftmz&duEkdifiH t&nftcsif; owfrSwfa&;

tmPmykdiftzGJU}}u Oya'taxmuftuljyK 'Dyvkdrm&&Sdxm;olrsm;tm; Oya'bJGU&&Sdap&ef

aqmif&Gufay;xm;NyD; jzpfonf/

2-3-3 w&m;0ifESifh w&m;0ifr[kwfaom w&m;rQwrIpepfrsm;\

vkyfief;vnfywf aqmif&GufrI

jyóem&yfrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;&efBudK;pm;&mwGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm; tokH;jyKEkdifonfh

enf;vrf;ESpfoG,f&Sd&m wpfenf;rSm w&m;0if Oya'enf;vrf;rsm;jzpfNyD; aemufwpfenf;rSm

vlUtzGJUtpnf; pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;wGif tajccHxm;onfh w&m;0ifenf;vrf;rusonfh enf;vrf;

jzpfonf/ w&m;0ifenf;vrf;rsm;onf jyóem&yfrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf Oya'ESifh w&m;½Hk;

rsm;ukd tokH;jyKMuonf/ tu,fítrIwpfckukd w&m;½Hk;awmfokdY vsifjrefpGm wifydkUygu trsm;

jynfoltwGuf tcsdefrD &vm'frsm; tcgtm;avsmfpGm &&Sdrnf/ tjcm;wpfbufwGif w&m;½Hk;rsm;

onf tvkyfwm0efrsm; ydaejcif;? aES;auG;jcif;? vmbfay;vmbf,lrIrsm;ESifh jynfhESufaeaMumif;

rdrdod&SdvmEkdifonf/ þtajctaeu Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;tm; Oya'aMumif;t&

r[kwfaom okdYr[kwf w&m;0ifenf;vrf;r[kwfaom enf;pepfrsm;jzifh vlUtzGJUtpnf;\ jyóem

&yfrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;&ef ykdrkdqJGaqmifrI &Sdvmonf/ rdrdtajctaeukd qef;ppfavhvmcsufwGifa'ocH

vlrsKd;pktBuD;tuJrsm;ESifh tjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;u aqmif&Gufonfh "avhxkH;wrf; Oya'rsm;

tygt0if w&m;0if Oya'pepf tokH;jyKjcif;tay: okH;oyfcsufESifh w&m;rQwrItay: ½kd;&m

tpOftvmt& csOf;uyfenf;rsm;ukd xnfhoGif;azmfjyay;&ef vkdtyfonf/

qD&mvD,GefEkdifiH\ Oya'pepf

trsm; tjym; usifhokH;jcif;ukd

okH;oyfcsuf

qD&mvD,GefEkdifiHwGif t*Fvdyf

½k d;&mOya'ay:wGif tajccHonfh

w&m;0ifOya'pepfESifh w&m; rQwrI

twGuf ½kd;&mtpOftvmcsOf;uyfrI

rsm;ay:wGif tajccHonfh =="avhxkH;

wrf;pepf++wkdY twlwuG wnf&Sdonf/

w&m;0ifpepfonf EkdifiH\NrdKUawmf

wGif av;av;eufeuf tajcpkduf

xm;&Sdonf/ EkdifiH\ vufawGUvkyf

ukdifaeonfh a&SUaea&SU&yf pkpka ygif;

(100) rQom &Sdonfhteuf NrdKUawmf

z&D;awmif;wGif a&SUaea&SU&yf (90)

aexkdifMuonf/ w&m;vTwfawmf

w&m;olBuD; (12) OD;&Sdonfh teuf

z&D;awmif;wGif (10)OD;½Hk; xkdifNyD; (2)

OD;rSm jynfe,frsm;wGif½H k;xk dif Mu

onf/ qD&mvD,GefEkdifiHom;trsm;pkrSm


Oyrmtm;jzifh qD&mvD,GefEkdifiHwGif w&m;rQwrItwGuf ½kd;&mtpOftvmcsOf;uyfykHrsm;

wGif tajccHonfh ]]"avhxkH;wrf;}}w&m;½Hk;rsm;ESihf jAdwdoQpepfay:wGif tajccHonfh t*Fvdyf½kd;&m

w&m;½Hk;rsm;ukd a'oEÅ&tqifhwGif twlwJGxm;onf/ rmvm0DEkdifiHwGif ao;i,faom

&mZ0wfrIrsm;ukd w&m;0if w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfrS aus;vufa'ovlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif

zGifhvSpfxm;&Sdonfh ½kd;&mtpOftvmw&m;½Hk;rsm;okdY Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;u vTJajymif;

ay;Muonf/

EkdifiHwpfEkdifiH&Sd "avhxkH;wrf; Oya'\tajctaeESifh Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;vkyfief;

wGif ,if;\qufpyfrIukd pkHprf;ppfaq;&ef vkdtyfrnf/ "avhxkH;wrf;Oya'onf aus;&Gmae

jynfolrsm;ESifh qufpyfrIjzpfpOfrsm;ukd avhvm&ef vG,fulonf/ taMumif;rSm ,if;wkdYukd vufvSrf;

rDaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ "avhxkH;wrf; Oya'rsm;onf vlUtcGifhta&;rl0g'rsm;ESifh y#dyu©

jzpfEkdifonf? okdYr[kwf oifhawmfavsmfuefrI r&SdbJ tokH;jyKonfvnf; &SdEkdifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh

awmiftmz&duEkdifiHwGif "avhxkH;wrf; Oya'jy|mef;csufrsm;onf w&m;½Hk;rsm;u vufcHusifhokH;

aeonfh trsKd;orD;rsm; tarGqufcHcGifhukd todtrSwfrjyKaomaMumifh ,if;tcsufonf

zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'\ ]]wlnDrIqkdif&m jy|mef;csufrsm;}} ukd csKd;azmuf&ma&mufonf/

rdrd\vlUtzGJUtpnf;wGif vuf&SdtokH;jyKaeonfh w&m;rQwrIpepfrsm;ukd rdrd\

okH;oyfcsufESifh Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;u ,if;wkdY\vkyfief;wGif tokH;jyKEkdifzG,f&Sdonfh

tjcm;enf;ajz&Sif;csufrsm;onf oifwef;rsm;? t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd ykdif;jcm;owfrSwfay;&mwGif

ta&;BuD;onfh tcsufrsm; jzpfMuNyD; rdrd\ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm; vkdtyfrnfhtcsufrsm;ukd

taxmuftuljzpfapvdrfhrnf/

,if;wkd Y\ Oya'ESifh w&m;rQwrI

jyóem&yfrsm;\ trsm;pkukd "avh

xkH;wrf;pepfay:wGif tm;ukd;Muonf/

ok d Yaomfvnf; tpk d;&? tvSL&Sif

rsm;ESif htpk d;& r[kwfonfh tzG JU

tpnf;rsm;\ Oya'ESihf zGHUNzdK;a&;

qkdif&m Mum;0ifaqmif&Gufay;rIrsm;

onf w&m;0iftzGJUtpnf; rsm;ay:

wGifomvQif oD;oefYpl;pkdufaqmif&Guf

Muonf/

vlUtzGJUtpnf;\ vkdtyfcsuf

rsm;ESifh vlrIOya'a&;&m &Iaxmifh wkdYrS

okH;oyfvsuf== Timap for Justice++

'g½kdufwmrsm;u Oya' taxmuf

tuljyKtpDtpOfukd "avhxkH;wrf;ESifh

w&m;0ifpepfrsm;Mum; ykdif;jcm; xm;

onfhae&mwGifcGívkyfudkif aqmif

&Gufonf/ Oya' taxmuftuljyK

rsm;onf rIcif;wpf&yf\ vkdtyfcsuf

rsm;ay:wGif rlwnfí tzGJUtpnf;

ESpf&yfvkH;ukd tokH;jyKNyD; ,if;pepf


2-3-4 jyóemrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;&ef w&m;pD&ifa&;enf;vrf;r[kwfonfh

tjcm;enf;rsm;

w&m;pD&ifa&;enf;vrf;r[kwfonfh enf;vrf;rsm;wGif trIwpfckcsif;ay:wGif tajccH

vsuf tBuHjyKjcif;? n§dEIdif;aphpyfjcif;? zsefajzay;jcif;? vlUtzGJUtpnf;ukd pkpnf;jcif;? rD'D,mukd

tokH;jyKjcif;? tpkd;&tquftoG,frsm;xHokdY wkduf½kdufwifjyjcif;ESifh pDrHcefYcJGa&;&m vkyfxkH;

vkyfenf;rsm; yg0ifMuonf/ vlUtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfvkH; tusKH;0ifoufqkdifonfhumv &SnfMum

aom ajz&Sif;csufrsm;wGif trsm;jynfolwkd Ytm; ynmay;jcif;? okd Yr[kwf trsm;jynfol

0efaqmifrI vkyfief;ukd vufvSrf;rDrI ykdrkdaumif;rGefap&ef wifjyawmif;qkdjcif; vlxkvIyf&Sm;

rIrsm; okdYr[kwf &mZ0wfrIcif;tao;tzJGrsm;ukd jypfrItrsKd;tpm;rS z,f&Sm;jcif;wkdY yg0ifMu

onf/ ynmay;a&;qkdif&m vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ukd vlUtzGJUtpnf;tzGJU0ifrsm;ukd OD;wnf

aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfaomff vnf; NrdKUjy0efxrf;rsm;? vlrsKd;acgif;aqmifrsm;? &JwyfzGJU0ifrsm;ESifh

a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;ukdvnf; OD;wnfaqmif&Gufay;Ekdifonf/ þykHpHukd awmiftmz&duEkdifiHESifh

rGef*kdvD,m;EkdifiHwkdYwGif tokH;jyKMuonf/

rdrd\ vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd okH;oyfcsufwGif w&m;½Hk;okdY wifydkUjcif;rSty tjcm;enf;jzifh

jyóem&yfrsm;tm; ajz&Sif;jcif;wdkYukd vlUtzGJUtpnf;tzGJU0ifrsm;u rnfokdYrnfykHaqmif&Guf

onfukd pl;prf;&SmazGoifhonf/ jyóem&yfrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;onfhenf;pepfrsm; okdYr[kwfwnfqJ

tjcm;enf; pepfwkdYESifh qufpyfonfh owif;tcsuftvufonf Oya' taxmuftuljyK

tpDtpOfwpf&yfukd a&;qJG&eftwGufta&;BuD;onf/

ESpf&yfvkH;ukd jyKjyifajymif;vJ&efESifh

wkd;wufaumif;rGefap&ef BudK;yrf;

Muonf/ þqkH;jzwfcsufonf ueOD;

Oya'taxmuftuljyK oifwef;

twGuf trSefwu,f taxmuftul

jzpfapaomfvnf; Oya' taxmuf

tuljyKrsm; ,if;wkdY\vkyfief; t0kduf

t0ef;wGif rnfokdYrnfykH xda&muf

atmif aqmif&GufEkdifrnfqkdonfh

tcsufESifhpepfESpfcktMum; aqmif

&Guf&rnfh enf;vrf;rsm;onf vufawGU

e,fy,fwGif Oya'taxmuf tul

jyKrsm; ESifh 'g½kdufwmrsm;u vufawGU

prf;oyf aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh omvQif

xGufay: vmygvdrfhrnf/

Sources : Author correspondence

with Vivek Maru,

September 2007.


2-3-5 Oya'taxmuftuljyKvkyfief;twGuf Oya'rlabmif

omreftm;jzifh Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;u w&m;rrIcif;rsm;wGif aqmif&Gufay;Ekdifonfh

vkyfaqmifcsuf trsm;tjym;yif&Sdonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKwpfOD;onf Oya'qkdif&m

owif;tcsuftvufESifh &nfñTef;ay;onfh 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;? vlUtzGJUtpnf;tm;

Oya'ynmay;jcif;? vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;csif;pDtwGuf tBuHjyKjcif;ESifh tBuHÓPfay;jcif;tjyif

zsefajzay;onfh 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;ukd aqmif&Gufay;Ekdifonf/ ,if;0efaqmifrIvkyfief;

rsm;wGif w&m;½Hk;rsm;ü ukd,fpm;jyKvkdufygaqmif&Gufjcif;? trsm;jynfol pdwf0ifpm;onfh

trItcif;udpörsm;wGif vkdufygaqmif&Gufjcif;? Oya'a&;&mESifh t,lcHw&m;½Hk;wGif avQmufvJ

wifjyjcif;rsm; yg0ifonf/ Oa&mywkduftv,fESifh ta&SUykdif;EkdifiHrsm;wGif Oya'taxmuf

tuljyKrsm;onf w&m;rrIcif;rsm;twGuf w&m;½Hk;okdY oGm;a&mufEkdifMuonf/ taMumif;rSm

þa&G;cs,frIukd omrefjynfolrsm;tm; ay;xm;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ okdYaomf þtajctaersm;t&

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;u ,if;wkdYonf a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm; r[kwfaMumif;ESifh ,if;wkdYtaejzifh

þ0efaqmifrI vkyfief;twGuf aiGaMu;&,ljcif;r&SdaMumif; &Sif;vif;azmfjyay;&ef vkdtyfonf/

(tpDtpOfwpfckpDuk d jy|mef;aqmif &Guf&ef twGuf Oya' taxmuftuljyKwd k Y\

usifh0wfqkdif&m OyrmtwGuf tcef;(3)wGif zwf&I&ef)

zdvpfykdifEkdifiHwGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf ]]v,f,maNrjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;

XmeESifh tvkyform; ESifh tvkyfcefYxm;a&;Xme}}wkdYu pDrHcefYcJGonfh w&m;½Hk;r[kwfonfh

ckH½Hk;rsm;wGif ,if;wkdY\ oufqkdif&m v,form;rsm; okdYr[kwf tvkyform;or*¾0ifrsm;ukd

ukd,fpm;jyKEkdifMuonf/ þenf;vrf;onf v,form;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;ukd ukd,fpm;jyK&ef

twGuf p&dwfpu toufomqkH;enf;vrf; jzpfonf/ tu,fícufcJeufeJaomjyóem&yfrsm;

uarÇm'D;,m;EkdifiHtpkd;& r[kwfonfh

tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf jzpfonfh Khmer

Institute of Democracy ESifh

yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufjcif;

uarÇm'D;,m; Ek difiHwGif

Pannasastra wuúok dvf Oya'

ynmay; tpDtpOfukd wnfaxmifol

Bruce Lasky onf qif;&J rJGawonfh

uarÇm'D;,m; jynfolrsm;ukd taxmuf

tulay;&ef Oya'taxmuftuljyK

tpDtpOfwpf&yfukd tpkd;& r[kwf

onfhtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESif h yl;aygif;

zG J Upnf;&ef ueOD;wGif BudK;pm;cJ h

aomfvnf; tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef

tjiif;yGm;Muojzifh ratmifjrifcJhacs/

xkdtcg Lasky onf Oya' taxmuf

tuljyKtpDtpOfwpf&yf\ vkyfief;

rsm;ukd aqmif&Gufaeaom tpkd;&

r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfukd

&SmazG&m == Khmer Institute of


ay:aygufvmygu Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;taejzifh ,if;wkdYtm; avhusifhoifMum;ay;onfh

xkdYjyif ,if;wkdYESifh qufoG,faqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonfh Oya'tkyfpka&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;xHokdY ar;cGef;

rsm;ar;&ef odkYr[kwf ukd,fpm;jyKaqmif&Gufay;&ef vTJajymif;ay;Ekdifonf/

tcgtm;avsmfpGm a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;u Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf ,if;wkd Y\

trIonfrsm;ukd ac:aqmifoGm; vdrfhrnf[k awG;awmylyifMuonf/ þylyefrIrSm rSm;,Gif;onf/

taMumif;rSm Oya'taxmuf tuljyKrsm;onf a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm; rodao;onfh trItcif;rsm;ukd

vufawGUwGif a&SUaersm;xHokd Y vTJajymif;ay;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ tcsKdUEk difiHrsm;wGif

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf wpfpkH wpf&maomtajctaersm;atmufwGif w&m;½Hk;awmfokdY

wufa&mufcGifh&Sdonf/ Oyrm tm;jzifh tmrcHavQmufvTm wifoGif;onfh udpö&yfrsm;wGif

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;u aqmif&Gufay;Ek difonf/ tcsK dUaoma&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;u

þudpö&yfwGif jyóemvkyfEkdifonf/ txl;ojzihf ,if;wkdYtwGuf tvkyf&Sm;yg;onfh NrdKUi,frsm;wGif

ay:aygufEkdifonf/ trIonf rsm;onf a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;xuf Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;ukd

a&G;cs,fvmEkdifonf/ tb,f aMumifhqkdaomf Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf rdrdwkdY\

vlUtzGJUtpnf;rS aygufzGm;vmolrsm; jzpfMuojzifh ykdrkdpdwf0ifwpm; ,if;wkdYukd ukd,fpm;jyKrnf?

ykdrkd ½kd;om;rI&Sdrnf[k ,kHMunfMu aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ aemufqkH;wGif tajzxkwf&vQif

a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm; ylyifrIjzpfaom trIonfrsm; qkH;½IH;rnfqkdaom tcsufonf tcsdKUaom

tajctaersm;wGif rSefuefNyD; wjcm;aomtajctaersm;wGif rSm;,Gif;onf/ okdYaomf Oya'

taxmuftuljyKrsm;ESifh a&SUaea&SU&yfwkdY\ ,SOfjydKifrIjyóemrSm tay:,HaMumrQomjzpfNyD;

Oya' taxmuftuljyKwkdY\ tultnDukd vufcH&,lMuolrsm;teuf trsm;pkrSm yxrtcsuf

taejzifh a&SUaea&SU&yftcaMu;aiG rwwfEkdifolrsm; jzpfMuonf/

Democracy++ukd awGU&SdcJhonf/ 1993

ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifonfh tqkdyg

tzGJUtpnf;onf aumif;jrwfonhf

*kPfowif;ausmfMum;aom tajc

ckdifNrJpGm wnfaxmifxm;onfh tpkd;&

r[kwfaom tzGJUtpnf;jzpfonf/

,if;wdkY\EkdifiHom; tBuHay;yk*¾dKvf

rsm;onf tcsdKUaom vlU tzGJUtpnf;

rsm;wGif Oya'taxmuftul tBuH

ÓPfay;jcif;ESifh tvm;o@efwlonfh

vkyfief;rsm;ukd aqmif&Gufay;ae Mu

onf/ ,if;tzGJUtpnf;ukd ==EkdifiHa&;++

tzGJUtpnf;tjzpf ½Ijrifjcif; r&SdMu

ojzifh Lasky \wuúokdvftaejzifh

xkdtzGJUtpnf;ESifhyl;aygif; aqmif&Guf

&efrjzpfEkdifcJhay/

olonf ,if;e,fy,f&Sd 0efxrf;

rsm;tm; Oya' taxmuf tuljyK

qdkif&m uRrf;usifrIrsm; oifMum; ykdYcs

ay;jcif;tay: ,if;\xdyfykdif; acgif;

aqmifrsm;u rnfokd Y ,lqrnfukd


2-4 tpDtpOfwpf&yfwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf vlom;ESifh ypönf;t&if;tjrpfrsm;

vlxktajccH Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfwpf&yfudk jy|mef;aqmif&Guf&ef

rdrdtaejzifh rdrd&nfpl;xm;onfh vlUtzGJUtpnf;xJwGif vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonfh tzGJU

tpnf;rsm;ukd eD;eD;uyfuyf avhvmqef;ppfNyD; ,if;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u aqmif&Gufay;ae

onfhOya'? usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrI? tBuHjyKjcif;ESifh ynmay;jcif; odk Yr[kwf wifjy

awmif;qkdonfh 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;ukd pOf;pm;a0zef&rnf/ rdrdtaejzif h wnfqJ

tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfonf txufyg0efaqmifrIrsm;teuf wcsdKUukd aqmif&Gufay;aeaMumif;

awGU&SdEkdifaomfvnf; ,if;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf Oya'ykdif;qkdif&m aqmif&Gufay;rI r&SdaMumif;

awGU&S daumif;awGU&S dvdrf hrnf/ rdrdtaejzif h wnfqJtpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;\

vkyfief;rsm;xuf ausmfvGefaeonfh Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfwpf&yf ukd pwifaqmif&Guf

&ef pOf;pm;Ekdifonf/ ,if;r[mAsL[mrSm uarÇm'D;,m;EkdiffiHwGif AsL[majrmufaqmif&Gufcsufjzpf

onf/ (ab;buftnGef;ukd Munfhyg)

EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;wGif ,if;tcsufukd em;vnfod&Sdjcif;r&SdbJ vlxktajccH Oya'

taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfrsm; taumiftxnfazmfaeMuonf/ vlxk tajcjyK ae&yfa'o

rsm;wGif tajcpkdufonfh ]]jynfolUtBuHay;t&m&Sdrsm;}}odkYr[kwf AsL½kdrsm;onf ,if;wkdYu

vlUtzJGUtpnf;tzGJU0ifrsm;tm; Oya'tBuHÓPfay;onfh ynmay;vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Guf

ay;ygu trSefpifppfqkdaomf Oya' taxmuftuljyKvkyfief; wm0efwpf&yfukd xrf;aqmifae

jcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh trsKd;orD;a&;&mESifhtdrfwGif; tMurf;zufrIwkdYtay:oD;oefY

aqmif&Gufaeonfh tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf oufqkdif&m vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGif;

od&SdEk dif&ef ,if;tzGJUtpnf;okd Y

csOf;uyfí ar;jref;cJhonf/ Lasky

onf Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpD

tpOfqkdif&m tawG;tjrifay:wGif

wkefYjyefajymMum;&eftwGuf ,if;wkdY

tm; ueOD;qJGaqmifrIrsm; jznfhqnf;

ay;cJhonf/ Oyrm tm;jzifh þtopf

jzpfonfh vkyfief; twGuf OD;aqmifrI

ay;aeonfh tpkd;&r[kwfaom tzGJU

tpnf;onf yg0ifvkyfukdif aqmif&Guf

Ekdifajc&Sd? r&Sdukd awmif;qkdjcif;r&SdbJ

,if;0efxrf;rsm;tm; oifwef;ay;NyD;

t&if;tjrpf ypönf;rsm; axmufyHh

ay;&ef uwdu0wfay;onf/

==Khmer Institute of Democracy++

tjzpf yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&Guf&ef

qE´jyKcJhonf/

Source : Author correspondence

with Burce Lasky, October 2007.


Oya' taxmuftuljyK pGrf;aqmifrIukd aqmif&Gufay;EkdifpGrf; &Sdonf/ tu,fí rdrd\tajctae

ukdavhvmqef;ppfcsufwGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKvkyfief;ukd vkyfaqmifvsuf&Sdonfh tzGJU

tpnf;rsm;taMumif;ukd xnfhoGif;yg&Sdygu rdrdtaejzifh rdrda&;qJGxm;onfh tpDtpOfukdtjcm;

aomvkyfief;rsm;ESifh rnfokdYrnfykH yl;aygif;rnf okdYr[kwf jznfhpGufaqmif&Gufrnf qkdonfh tcsuf

ukd pOf;pm;&ef vkdtyfvmonf/ xkdYjyif Oya' axmufulrI trsKd;tpm; tawGUtBuHK&Sdonfhrdrd

EkdifiH&Sd tjcm;aomtzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf rdrd\tpDtpOfukd a&;qJG&mwGif tvGeftrif; taxmuf

tul jzpfvmEkdifonf? okdYr[kwf rdrd\ &nfñTef;wifykdY&onfh uGef,uf\ tpdwftykdif; jzpfvm

Ekdifonf/

rdrd\okH;oyfcsufu Oya'a&;&m0efaqmifrIay;Ekdifonfukd xkwfazmfEkdifonf/ okdYaomf

tqkdyg tpkd;&r[kwf onfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm; odkYr[kwf ]]Oya'vufawGUavhusifha&;½Hk;rsm;}}

onf NrdKUjy{&d,mrsm;wGifom wnf&S daeMuNyD; aus;vuf{&d,mrsm;wGif ,if;okd Yaom

taxmuftultwGuf rrDSrurf;onfrsm; trsm;tjym; &SdaeMuonf/ xkdYjyif tqkdygOya'

0efaqmifrIvkyfief;Xmersm;onf zsefajzay;jcif; okd Yr[kwf ynmay;jcif;wkd YuJhokd Yaom

vlUtzGJUtpnf;\ vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;&ef tjcm;jzpfEkdifajcr[mAsL[mrsm; ukd

vspfvsL½INyD; a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;ay:wGif tm;ukd;tm;xm;jyKaom w&m;0if Oya'a&;&m enf;vrf;

wpfckukdomvQif tokH;jyKEkdifayonf/ tqkdygtajctaersKd;wGif Oya'taxmuftuljyK

tpDtpOf wpf&yfonf trsm;jynfolqkdif&m w&m;rQwa&; jyóem&yfrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;&ef

ta&;BuD;onfh jznfhqnf;ay;rIwpf&yfukd jyKvkyfEkdifonf/

rdrdtaejzifh rGef*kdvD,m;EkdifiHwGif wnf&SdaeouJhokd Y tpkd;&XmewpfckwGif vlxk

tajccHOya' taxmuftuljyKvkyfief;ESif h qufpyfonfhwm0efrsm;tygt0if wm0ef

Oya' taxmuftuljyK

oifwef;ukd

== Roma vlrItcGifhta&;rsm;++ ESifh

aygif;ul; ay;jcif;

== ELTE++ udpö&yf wpfck -

Aladar Horuath onf Roma

Civil Rights Foundation \ 'g½kduf

wmESifh Roma vlrItcGifhta&; vIyf

&Sm;rIwGif acgif;aqmifwpfOD;vnf;

jzpfonf/ Roma vlrItcGif hta&;

vIyf&Sm;rI\ &nfrSef;csufwpf&yfrSm

,if;wkdY\ wifjyawmif;qkdjcif;ESifh

vIyf&Sm;rIvkyfief;uk d aqmif&Guf

&mwGif ,if;wkdYtm; taxmuftul

ay;rnfh Oya'todynmukd a'ocH

Roma vlUtzGJUtpnf;xJwGif zGHUNzdK;

wkd;wufvmap&ef jzpfonf/ tqkdjyK

xm;onfh Oya'taxmuftuljyK

oifwef;tpDtpOfonf þtrsKd;om;


0wÅ&m;rsm;ukd aqmif&Guf&ef 0efxrf;tzGJUtpnf;&SdEkdifonf/ xkdYjyif ,if;tpkd;&tzGJUtpnf;wGif

þpGrf;aqmif&nfukd wkd;jr§ifh&ef EkdifiHa&; todpdwf"gwfonfvnf; &Sdaeonf/ rdrd\ t"du

taumiftxnfazmfonfh yl;aygif;yg0ifolrSm xkdtajctaersKd;wGif tpkd;&tzGJUtpnf;

jzpfEkdifonf/

rdrd\tajctaeukd avhvmokH;oyfcsufonf Oya'taxmuftuljyKvkyfief;udk

aqmif&Guf&eftwGuf ykdrkdus,fjyefYonfh ½IaxmifhrSavhvmokH;oyf&ef vkdtyfonf/ ppfNyD;

acwf qD&mvD,GefEkdifiHuJhokdY atmifjrifrIr&Sdaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;jzifh wnfaqmufxm; onfh

EkdifiHrsm; odkYr[kwf tzGJUtpnf;wGif vmbfay;vmbf,ljcif;ESifh ta&;udpö wpfpkHwpf&m tay:

*½kwpkduf aqmif&GufrIr&SdonfhEkdifiHrsm;wGif vlUtzGJUtpnf; jyóem&yfrsm;ukd pDrHcefYcJGa&;ESifh

Oya'aMumif;t& qef;ppfavhvm&ef rvkdtyfay/ 0efaqmifrIrsm;ESif hw&m; rQwrIukd

aqmif&Gufay;onf[kqkdonfh tpkd;&Xmersm;twGif; vkyfief;uRrf;usifrI r&Sdjcif;? vmbfay;

vmbf,ljcif;ESifh pdwf0ifwpm;aqmif&Gufay;rI uif;rJhjcif;onf w&m;0if vrf;aMumif;rS

wqifh vkyfukdifaqmif&Guf&ef jzpfEkdifajcr&Sdonfh twm;tqD;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ þodkYaom

tajctaersKd;wGif vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGuf ynmay;jcif;ESifh zsefajzay;jcif; wnf;[laom Oya'

taxmuftuljyKwkdY\ ud&d,mrsm;onf txl;yif wefzkd;&SdEkdifonf/

2-5 tvm;tvm&Sdonfh Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;

awmiftmz&duEkdifiHwGif vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd pdppfokH;oyfcsufwpf&yfonf avmavmq,f

tvkyfvufrJhjzpfaeonfh ausmif;q&mrsm;tygt0if ynmwwfolrsm; tpkta0;ukd owfrSwf

r[mAsL[mESifh vkdufzufnDaxG&Sdonf/

Horuath onf a'oqkdif&m ESif h

jynfe,ftqifh a&G;aumuf wif

ajr§mufxm;jcif; cH&aom Roma

ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m ukd,fpm;

vS,frsm; OD;a& (4800)ukd t"du

tkyfpktjzpf½Ijrifonf/ okdYaomf xkdol

wkdYrSm ol\tjrifwGif Roma vlrsKd;

rsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd wkd;jr§ifh

taumiftxnfazmf&ef jzpfEkdifajc

r&Sd[k okH;oyfonf/ xkdolwkdYrSm ,if;

wdkY\vuf&Sdtqifh twef;jzifh aysmf

arGUaeolrsm; jzpfMuNyD; Roma vlrsKd;

rsm; qif;&JrGJawrI qufvuf jzpfay:

aejcif;ESifh cJGjcm;qufqHjcif; jzpfap

onf h tajccHvk dtyfcsufrsm;uk d

ajymif;vJEkdifpGrf; &Sdrnfr[kwf[k okH;

oyfcJhonf/ þtajctaeukd ajymif;

jyefvSef&ef ta&;BuD;NyD; ,if; ukd,f

pm;vS,frsm;taejzihf ==jynfolvlxk


jy|mef;jcif;jzifh Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm; jzpfvmEkdifonfhyk*¾dKvfrsm; &&SdEdkifrI taetxm;ukd

avhvmqef;ppfxm;onf/ tvkyftukdif&Sm;yg;rI jrifhrm;NyD; ynmwwfrsm; tvkyftukdif

r&&SdonfhEkdifiHrsm;wGif jzpfvmEkdifajc&Sdonfh Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf tqifoifh

t0kdif;t0ef;wGif wnf&Sdaeonf/ tpDtpOftrsm;tjym;wkdYwGif tcsdefykdif;0efxrf;rsm;ukdom

tokH;jyKMuojzifh ,if;wkdY\ vlUtzGJUtpnf;xJwGif tjcm;aomvkyfief;rsm;ü tvkyfvkyfukdifaeMu

olrsm;tm; vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufvmap&ef qJGaqmifEkdifonf/ þokdYjzifh ta&;BuD;onfh tquf

toG,frsm;ESifh tawGUtBuHKrsm;ukd &&SdvmEkdifonf/ okdYaomf tcsdefykdif;0efxrf;rsm; odkYr[kwf

taysmfxrf;yk*¾dKvfrsm;onf rdrd\ Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOftwGuf rdrdarQmfrSef; onfh

&nfrSef;csufukd jznfhqnf;aqmif&GufEkdifpGrf;&Sdrnf [kwf?r[kwfukd tqkH;tjzwf ay;&vdrfhrnf/

tu,fí rdrdonf wnfqJtpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;? Oya'ynmoifausmif;

odkYr[kwf tpkd;&Xme wpfckckrS0efxrf;rsm;ESifh vkyfukdifaqmif&Guf&ygu rdrdtaejzifh ,if;wkdY\

vuf&SdpGrf;&nfESifhuRrf;usifrI? ,if;wkdYtm; wkd;wufatmif aqmif&Guf&efvkdonfh ynm&yfe,fy,f

rsm;ukd qkH;jzwf&ef vkdtyfvdrfhrnf/ xkdYjyif rdrdtaejzifh ,if;0efxrf;rsm;wGif atmifjrifonfh

Oya'taxmuftuljyKwpfOD; jzpfajrmufvmap&ef vkdtyf onfh tjcm;aompGrf;&nfrsm;

&Sd?r&Sdukd qef;ppfoifhonf/ tqkdygpGrf;&nfrsm;taMumif;ukd tcef;(3)]] Oya' taxmuftuljyK

tpDtpOfwpf&yfukd wnfaxmifjcif;}}wGif wifjyaqG;aEG;xm;onf/

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;twGuf avQmhwGuf&efrjzpfEkdifonfh t&nftcsif;wpf&yfrSm

rdrd\ vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGuf aumif;rGefonfh jznfhqnf;rIay;rnfqkdonfh &nf&G,fcsuf&Sdjcif;yif

jzpfonf/ vlUtcGifhta&;abmiftwGif; xda&mufpGm pGrf;aqmifEkdifonfh Oya' taxmuf

tuljyKrsm;onf ,if;wkdYvkyfukdifaeonfh vlxktwGif; pGrf;&nfjynfh0 vma&;ukd wpkdufrwfrwf

tusK d ;p D;y Gm;++ (public interest)

twGuf ukd,fpm;jyKa&;ukd em;vnf

oabmaygufap&ef jyKvkyfa&;rSm

ta&;BuD;onf/ Roma Civil Rights

Foundation wGif ,if;\ atmufü

trsK d ;om;a&;qk di f&m uGe f,uf

&SdaeNyD; jzpfojzifh ykdrkdus,fjyefYonfh

trsKd;om;a&; vIyf&Sm;rIukd jznfhqnf;

ay;rnfh Oya'taxmuf tuljyK

oifwef;twGuf tqifoifhtae

txm;jzifh tcGifhtvrf; wpf&yf&Sdae

onf/ vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm; wpfckpD

twGif; Oya' taxmuftuljyK

oifwef;onf vlenf;pk ukd,fpm;

vS,frsm;tm; taxmuftul ay;Ekdif

ojzifh ,if;ukd,fpm; vS,frsm;onf

,if;wkdY\ vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;&ef

0efaqmifrIrsm; okdYr[kwf tmPmykdif

rsm;tm; wifjyawmif;qkd EkdifpGrf;

& S donf h t&nftcsi f ; wk d ;wuf


aqmif&Guf&ef vkdtyfonf/ þodkYwpkdufrwfrwfaqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh aemufqkH;wGif Oya'

taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf Oya'taxmuftuljyK½Hk;jyifyokdY a&muf&SdoGm;NyD; trsm;jynfol

ynma&;ESifh wifjyawmif;qkdjcif; e,fy,fxJokdY 0ifa&mufoGm;apEkdifonf/ [efa*&DEkdifiH\

OyrmwpfckwGif (ab;buftñTef;ukd Munfhyg) azmfjyxm;onfrSm Oya'taxmuftuljyK

tpDtpOfwpf&yfukd EkdifiHwpfEkdifiH&Sd vspfvsL½Ijcif;cH&onfh vltkyfpkwpfpktwGuf vlUtcGifhta&;

vIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yfukd taxmuftuljzpfap&ef &nf&G,fa&;qJJGxm;onf/

vmonfh tjyif ,if;wkdYukd r&&Sdjcif;?

rvkHavmufjcif; okdYr[kwf ckdifvkHrI

r&S d jcif; ay:aygufvmonfhtcg

trSefwu,f awmif;qkdwwfatmif

aqmif&Gufay;Ekdifonf/ aemufqkH;

wGif Horuath rS Roma vlrsKd;rsm;

twGuf cJGjcm;qufqHcH&jcif;? qif;&J

rJGawjcif; vkH;0yaysmufap&ef (to

eliminate discrimination and

poverty)tqkdyg vlenf;pk ukd,fpm;

vS,frsm;onf ay:vpDtopf csrSwf

a&; awmif;qkd&mwGif us,fjyefYvm

onfh uGef,uftwGif; trSef wu,f

wuf<uvIyf&Sm;olrsm; (gen- uins

activists) tjzpf yg0ifvmap&ef

arQmfvifhcsufxm;cJhonf/

Source : Tibbitts, 2005.


tcef;(3)

Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfwpf&yfukd wnfaxmifjcif;

yg0ifonhftaMumif;t&mrsm;

3-1 rdrd\ Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfukd pOf;pm;ykHazmfjcif;

3-2 XmewGif; acgif;aqmifrIukd wnfaxmifjcif;ESifh BuD;Muyfjcif;

3-3 a'oqkdif&mtmPmykdifrsm;? vlUtzGJUtpnf;wkdYESifh qufqHa&;wnfaqmufjcif;

3-4 Oya'ynmjzifh oufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKolrsm;ESifh qufqHa&;wkd;wufatmif

aqmif&Gufjcif;

3-5 Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;tm; pkaqmif;jcif;ESifh iSm;&rf;jcif;

3-6 rSDjirf;p&m pmMunfhwkduf(resource library)wpf&yf wnfaxmifjcif;

3-7 pDrHcefYcJGa&;qkdif&m vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm; owfrSwfjy|mef;jcif;

3-8 bwf*sufa&;&m

3-9 jyefvnftokH;jyKEkdifonhf t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd &SmazGjcif;

tu,fí rdrd\vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd avhvmokH;oyfcsufrsm;t& Oya' taxmuftuljyK

tpDtpOfwpf&yfonf vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGuf tusKd;jzpfxGef;aprnf[k ñTefjyaeygu rdrdonf


Oya' taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfwpf&yf wnfaxmif&ef vkyfief;ukd pwifaqmif&GufEkdifonf/

vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd qef;ppfavhvmcsufonf rdrd\tpDtpOftwGuf jzpfEk difajc&S donfh

&nfrSef;aom vlUtzGJUtpnf;? ,if;wkdY\vkdtyfcsufrsm;ESifh jzpfEkdifajc&Sdonfh wnfae&mwkdYESifh

pyfqkdifaom t"duowif;tcsuftvufrsm;? rdrdESifhvkyfief; aqmif&GufEkdifonfh yk*¾dKvfESifh

tzGJUtpnf; rsm; qkdif&m tcsuftvufwkdYukd jznfhqnf;ay;vdrfhrnf/ xkdYaemuf rdrdonf tqkdyg

tpDtpOfukd taumiftxnfazmf&eftwGuf pDrHcsufwpf&yf a&;qJG&ef vkdtyfvmrnfjzpfonf/

,if;ukd ]]vkyfief; tpDtpOf}}[kac:onf/

rdrd\vkyfief;tpDtpOfwGif oufqkdif&mtzGJU\ vkdtyfcsufwkdYukd &Sif;vif;azmfjyay;&rnfh

tjyif rdrd\tqkdjyK aomwkefYjyefrIwkdYukd &Sif;vif;pGmazmfjy&rnf/ tpDtpOfukd pwifaqmif&Guf&ef

twGuf jzpfEkdifajc&Sdonfh aiGaMu;axmufyHholrsm;ESifh axmufulrnhfolrsm;ukdvnf; azmfjyay;oifh

onf/ rdrd\tpDtpOfwGif ,if;tpDtpOf\ pDrHcefYcJGrItzGJUtwGuf vkyfief;aqmif&Gufjcif;qkdif&m

BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrI\ pwifaqmif&Guf&rnfh vkyfief;rsm;ukdvnf; azmfjy&rnfhtjyif ,if;wkdYESifh

yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&rnfh tajctaersm;ukdvnf; azmfjyay;oifhonf/

3-1 rdrd\ Oya'axmufulrItpDtpOftwGuf pOf;pm;ykHazmfjcif;

3-1-1 &nf&G,fcsufukd azmfjyjcif;

rdrd\vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd qef;ppfcsufonf rdrdtaejzifh 0efaqmifrIay;&ef &nf&G,fonfh

vlUtzGJUtpnf; tzGJU0ifrsm;ukd vrf;ñTefrIay;&rnhftjyif rdrd\tpDtpOfjzihf ajz&Sif;&rnfh

vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukdvnf; azmfjyyg&Sd&rnf/ &nf&G,fcsufukd azmfjy&mwGif rdrd\ &nfrSef;csufrsm;?

awmiftmz&duEkdifiH\ vlUtzGJUtpnf;

qkdif&mOya'ESifh aus;vufa'ozGHUNzdK;

a&;Xme\ &nf&G,fcsufukd

xkwfazmf aMunmjcif;-

ed'gef;

vlUtzGJUtpnf;qkdif&m Oya'ESifh

aus;vuf a'ozGHUNzdK;a&;Xmeukd

Natal-Durban wuúokdvf&Sd Oya'

r[mXmewGif wJGzufvsuf vGwfvyf

onfh tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;

tjzpf 1989 ckESpfwGif wnfaxmif

cJ honf/ ,if;tzG J Uonf Eastern

Cape a'owGif 0efaqmifrIrsm;ukd

aqmif&Gufay;onf/

&nfrSef;csufESifh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;

tzGJU\ &nfrSef;csufrsm;rSm

wuf<uonfh vlUtcGifhta&;qkdif&m

,Ofaus;rIESif h 'Drk dua&pDwkd;wuf

jzpfay:a&;twGuf jznfhqnf;ay;&ef

ESifhtm;vkH;twGuf w&m;rQwrI &&Sd


rdrd&nf&G,fonfh tusKd;cHpm;cGifh &&Sdrnfholrsm;ESifh rdrdrSaqmif&Gufay;rnfh 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;

trsKd;rsKd;wkdYukd a,bk,sazmfjyay;&ef vkdtyfonf/ rdrd\ &nf&G,fcsufukd azmfjyjcif;wpf&yfonf

opfvGif wuf<urI&Sdae&rnfjzpfNyD; rdrdtpDtpOf\ t"duyef;wkdifrsm;ukd &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyay;&ef

vkdtyfonf/

w&m;rQwa&;qkdif&m 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&ef &nf&G,fonfh Oya'

taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfrsm;onf vlUtzGJUtpnf;qkdif&mjyóem&yfrsm;ukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;

&mwGif csrSwfxm;onfhykHpHt& aysmhajymif;rI&Sd&ef vkdtyfonf/ Oya' taxmuftuljyK

rsm;onf omreftm;jzifh ynmay;jcif;ESifh tjcm;enf;tjiif;yGm;rIajz&Sif;jcif;wkdYukd usifhokH;&rnf

jzpfNyD; w&m;pD&ifa&;pepftwGif;&Sd w&m;0ifESifh w&m;0ifr[kwfonfh tjcm;aom tmPmykdif

wkdYESifhvnf; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufMu&onf/ vlxktajccH Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf tzGJU

tpnf; tzGJU0ifrsm;tm; ,if;wkdY\ tcGifhta&;rsm;udk avQmufvJwifjy awmif;qkd EkdifpGrf;&Sd&ef

t&nftaoG;jynfh0vma&;wGuf ynma&;qkdif&m enf;pepfrsm;ukdvnf; tokH;jyKMuonf/ ,if;

tcsufukd xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonf/ vlUtzGJUtpnf;tm; ynmay;jcif; onf owif;tcsuf

tvufukd jzefYjzL;ay;jcif; oufoufr[kwfbJ ynma&;jzifh vlrIa&;vIyf&Sm;rItwGuf ay:vGif

xif&Sm;aponfh tpDtpOfwpf&yfukd wifjyay;oifhonf/ þaqmif&GufrIrsm;ESifh &nf&G,fcsuf

rsm;ukd ]]vkyfief;vrf;ñTefxkwfjyefcsuf}}wGif azmfjyay;oifhonf/

rdrd\&nf&G,fcsufukd azmfjyjcif;tay: tpDtpOfopfwpf&yf\ yxrESpfrsm;wGif

jyefvnfokH;oyfoifhonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf ueOD;tawGUtBuHKrsm;ESifh ajymif;vJjzpfay:ae

onfh vlUtzGJUtpnf; vkdtyfcsufrsm;onf rdrd\vkyfief;twGuf rdrdtm; ykdrkdeuf½Idif;pGm em;vnf

Ekdifatmif aqmifusOf;ay;vdrfhrnf/

ap&ef? tpkd;&u aus;vufae

awmiftmz&du EkdifiHom;rsm;tay:

wm0efcHrI&Sd&efESifh Oya'aMumif;t&

wkefYjyefaqmif&Gufay;&ef wkdYtjyif

aus;vufae awmiftmz&du

EkdifiHom;rsm;u ,if;tcGifhta&;ukd

vkdufemaqmif&GufrI&S da&;twGuf

aqmif&GufEkdifpGrf;&Sd&ef? awmiftmz&du

EkdifiHom;rsm;tm; ynm oifMum;ay;

onfh q&mrsm;? topftqef;wDxGif

olrsm; (innovators) ESifh trsm;jynfol

qkdif&mrl0g'ukd vufawGUtoufoGif;

ay;olrsm;tjzpfokdY a&muf&Sdvmap&ef

vlUtcGi f hta&;uk d tajccHaom

,Ofaus;rIukd wkd;jr§ifhaqmif&Guf&efESifh

aus;vuf a'ovlUtzG J Utpnf;

rsm;wGif vlrIa&;? Oya'a&;ESifhpD;yGm;

a&;? ukd,fykdifzlvkH rI&Sda&; (economic

self- reliance) wk d Yud k OD;pm;ay;

aqmif&Guf&efwkdY jzpfMuonf/


3-1-2 yx0Da'o e,fy,f owfrSwfjcif;

rdrdonf Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfwpf&yfukd wnfaqmufygu e,fajra'o

tykdif;tjcm;ukd ykdif;jcm;owfrSwf&rnf/ rnfonfhtpDtpOfrqkd wpfEkdifiHvkH;ukd vTrf;NcHKNyD;

BudK;yrf;aqmif&Guf&ef pwifaqmif&GufEkdifjcif; r&Sdyg/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh tpDtpOfonfaus;vuf

a'o rsm;uJhodkY tvGeftrif; 0efaqmifrIay;jcif;uif;rJhonfh {&d,ma'orsm;ukd tm½kHpl;pkduf

aqmif&GufpNrJ jzpfonf/ rdrdtaejzifh rdrd0efaqmifrIay;&ef &nf&G,fonfh vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ukd

owfowfrSwfrSwf ykdif;jcm;azmfjy&ef vkdtyfrnfhtjyif enf;vrf;wus 0efxrf;rsm; iSm;&rf;jcif;?

taysmfxrf; 0efxrf;rsm;pkaqmif;jcif; tpDtpOfonfvnf; vkdtyfonf/ tu,fí rdrdonf

vuf&Sdvkyfief; aqmif&Gufaeonfh tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;rSwqifh aqmif&Gufrnfqkdygu

,if;wkdYonf oufqdkif&mvlUtzGJUtpnf; tokdif;t0kdif;wGif a&muf&SdaeNyD; jzpf&vdrfhrnf/

wnfqJtpDtpOfaumif;wpf&yf jzpfajrmuf&ef Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf pepfus

onfh oifwef;ESifh taxmuftul&&efvkdonf/ þtcsufrSm pdefac:rIwpf&yfjzpfonf/ taMumif;

rSm tpDtpOfukd pwifaqmif&Gufjcif; jzpfNyD; vufawGUvkyfief;ukd taumiftxnfazmfcgp

tajctae &SdaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ tawGUtBuHK&Sdonfh 'g½kdufwmrsm;u tBuHay;MuonfrSm

tpDtpOfopfrsm;ukd yx0Da'ousOf;ajrmif;onfh {&d,mwGif Oya'taxmuftuljyK ta&

twGuf tenf;i,frQESifh pwifoifhNyD; tpDtpOf0efxrf;rsm; tawGUtBuHK &vmonfhtcg

tpDtpOfukd wkd;csJUoifhonf[k qkdonf/

&nf&G,fonfhtkyfpkrsm;

� tpkd;&t&m&Sdrsm;

� vlrsKd;pktmPmykdifrsm;

� aus;vufa'ovlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;

� Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;


3-1-3 tzGJUtpnf; tajcpkdufrnhfae&m

rdrd\ Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOf wpf&yftwGuf tzGJUtpnf; tajcpkdufrnfh

ae&mudk BudKqkH;jzwfonfhtcg rdrdtaejzifh wnfaxmifNyD; tzGJUtpnf;rSwqifh aqmif&Gufrnf

okdYr[kwf vkH;0topfjzpfonfh tzGJUtpnf;jzifh aqmif&Gufrnfqkdonfh tajccHqkH;jzwfcsuf

csrSwf&efukd &ifqdkif&rnf/

tu,fí rdrdtaejzifh tzGJUtpnf;topfwpf&yfukd pwifrnfqkdvQif ta&;BuD;onfh

jyóem trsm;tjym;ukd pOf;pm;&rnf/ ,if;wkdYwGif Oya'u cGifhjyKonfhtzGJUtpnf; trsKd;

tpm;rsm; txl;ojzifh tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ Oya'aMumif;t& &yfwnfrIwGif

rdrdEkdifiH\ Oya'rsm;ESifh tzGJUtpnf;ukd xdef;csKyfxm;onfh oifhavsmfaom wnfaqmufykH

ponfwkdY yg0ifonf/ tzGJUtpnf;\ zGJUpnf;ykHpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh pnf;rsOf; Oya'rsm; onf

rdrdvkyfief; &nfrSef;csufwpf&yfukd wnfaxmif&eftwGuf vkdtyfrnfjzpfonfhtjyif toif;

tzGJU\ &nfrSef;csuf? Oya'aMumif;t& trnf? ykdifqkdifrI? tcGifhtmPm? wnfaqmufykHESifh

tkyfcsKyfykH pnf;rsOf;rsm;ukdvnf; owfrSwfay;&rnf/

rdrdrS tvkyftauR;jyK&ef pDrHonfhvlrsm;pktwGuf vufvSrf;rD&ef wnfaqmufrnfh½Hk;rsm;

onf trsm;olwum ajcvQifavQmufjcif;jzifh a&muf&SdEkdifonhfae&m odkYr[kwf trsm;jynfol

okH; ykdYaqmifa&; ae&mteD;tem;wGif&Sd&ef vkdtyfonf/ awmiftmz&duEkdifiHwGif pDrHudef;

wpf&yfü rsKd;EG,fpkw&m;½Hk;rsm; &Sdonfhae&mteD;wGif Oya' taxmuftuljyK½Hk;rsm;ukd wnf

axmifxm;onf/ qD&mvD,GefEkdifiHwGif oufqkdif&mtkyfpkrsm;onf a0;vHonfhae&mrsm;okdY

a&muf&Sd&ef a&TUajymif;oGm;vmEkdifonhf Oya'taxmuftuljyKtzGJUrsm;ukd tokH;jyKMuonf/

vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;

okawoe

tzGJUtpnf;taejzifh vlUtcGifh

ta&;rsm;tm;vkH;ESif h 'Drk dua&pD

a&;&m udpö&yfrsm;ESifh qufpyfonfh

okawoevkyfief;? txl;ojzif h

aus;vufaevlU tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\

vkdtyfcsufrsm; zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&;ESifh

usm;rcJGjcm;jcif;qkdif&m todw&m;

wkdYudk okawoejyKonf/

ynmay;jcif;ESif h avhusif hoifMum;

ay;jcif;

pGrf;aqmif&nfwkd;jr§ifha&;? avh

usifhoifMum;ay;jcif;ESifh taxmuf

tul jy K tpDtpOfr sm;qk di f&m

aumfrwDrSwqifh tzGJUtpnf;onf

aus;vufae vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;

taejzifh ,if;wkdY\ ukd,fykdifOya'

axmufulrI½Hk;rsm;udk pDrHcefYcJGjcif;ESifh

tpDtpOfrsm;&&S da&; aqmif&Guf


3-2 XmewGif; OD;aqmiftzGJUukd wnfaxmifjcif;ESifh BuD;Muyfjcif;

3-2-1 pDrHcefYcJGa&;tzGJUi,f

Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfwpf&yfukd pwif&efzGJUpnf;onfhtzGJUi,fukd ]]tpD

tpOfukd armif;ESifolrsm;}} [k rSwf,l&rnf/ xkdolwkdYonf tpDtpOfukd od&Sdem;vnfNyD;

atmifjrifatmif aqmif&Gufolrsm; jzpfonfhtjyif tajctaeukd avhvmqef;ppfcsuf jyKvkyfol

rsm; vnf; jzpfMuonf/ rdrd\ pDrHcsufwkd;wufvmonfESifhtrQ tqkdygtzGJUonf tzGJUtpnf;\

aeYpOfvkyfief;wm0efrsm;ukd wm0efausatmif aqmif&GufEkdif&efESifh uRrf;uRrf;usifusif

taumiftxnfazmfEdkif&ef tqkdygtzGJUukd pDrHcefYcJGa&;tzGJUtjzpfokdY zefwD;ay;&ef vkdtyfonf/

udpö&yftrsm;tjym;wGif þpDrHcefYcJGa&;tzGJUonf tpDtpOf\ ueOD;tqifhrsm;wGif wpfOD;wnf;

aom tpDtpOf'g½kdufwmwpfOD;jzifh zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifxm;wwfMuonf/ tpDtpOf 'g½kdufwm

onf atmufygvkyfief;rsm;udkd wm0ef,l aqmif&Guf&onf/

tpDtpOf\ &nfrSef;csufrsm;ukd owfrSwfjcif;?

wnfqJtzGJUtpnf;twGif; tpDtpOfukd wnfaxmifjcif;okdYr[kwf topfwpfckukd

zefwD; wnfaxmifjcif;?

tvSL&Sifrsm;ESifh jzpfEdkifajc&Sdonfh tvSL&Sifrsm;tygt0if tjcm;olrsm;odkY tpDtpOfukd

wifjyjcif;?

tpDtpOf\ aiGa&;aMu;a&;vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd qkH;jzwfjcif;ESifh bwf*sufukd pDrHcefYcJGjcif;?

oifwef;q&mrsm;ukd qJGaqmifjcif;ESifh a&G;cs,fjcif;?

Oya'taxmuftuljyKoifwef;rsm;udk BuD;Muyfaqmif&Gufjcif;?

wwfvmjcif;ESifh tpkd;&\ay:vpD

a&;&m ueOD;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ESifh

vkyfief;pOfrsm;ukd vufvSrf;rSDvm

ap&ef wkdYukd arQmfrSef;csufxm;&Sdonf/

aus; vufae vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf

,if;wkdY\ Oya'a&;&mESifh vlUtcGifh

ta&;csKd;azmufrIrsm;udk wkefYjyef&ef

pOfqufrjywf wnf&Sdaeonfh vlU

tzGJUtpnf;u pDrHcefYcJGaom t&if;

tjrpfukd&&Sdvmonf/ xkdYjyif ,if;

aus;vufae vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;

taejzifh ay:vpDa&;&ma&;qJGa&;

vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif yg0ifvm&efESifh

,if;wkdY\ zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&;qkdif&m

vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd awmif;qkdwwf&ef?

tpkd;&u tpkd;&ESifhtjcm;0ef aqmif

rIrsm;ukd jznfhqnf;aqmif&Gufay;jcif;

tay: trsm;oligod&Sdatmif aqmif

&Gufjcif;ESifh oifwef; ay;jcif;rsm;udk

tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yJGrsm; yHko@efjzifh

jyKvkyfonf/ tzG J Utpnf;onf

awmiftmz&duEkdifiHzGJUpnf;ykH tajccH


vkyfief;xda&mufrI&Sd&ef? uRrf;usifpGm vnfywf&efESifh oifhavsmfrQwrI&Sd&eftwGuf

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;ukd avhvmokH;oyfjcif;?

vlUtzGJUtpnf;wGif yg0ifywfoufolrsm;ESifh tjcm;olrsm;Mum;wGif qufoG,f aqmif&Guf

rIxm;&Sdjcif;?

ay:aygufvmonfh vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd owfrSwfjcif;ESifh wkefYjyefjcif;?

tpDtpOfwpfckvkH;ay:wGif tuJjzwfjcif;?

3-2-2 tBuHay;aumfrwD

tpDtpOfwpf&yfukd pwif&ef oifhavsmfonfhtcsdefESifh pGrf;yum;vkdtyfonf/ rdrd\

ueOD;tpDtpOf aqmif&Gufolrsm;txJrS tcsKdUonf tpDtpOfukd pwifaqmif&Guf&efESifh

tvkyftukdif&&Sd&ef pdwf0ifwpm;&SdwwfMuonf/ vkyfief;pOfwGif aemufwpfvSrf;qkwfNyD;

tBuHay;&efom vkdvm;onfh tjcm;yg0ifaqmif&Gufolrsm;ukd rdrdtpDtpOf\ tBuHay;aumfrwD

topftwGuf tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf pOf;pm;oifhonf/

tBuHay;aumfrwDrsm;onf Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfrsm;twGuf ta&;BuD;

onfh enf;ynmtaxmuftulrsm;ESifh vkyfief;&yftay: vTrf;NcHKokH;oyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;

ay;Muonf/ rdrdtaejzifh tpDtpOftwGuf wpfckwnf;aomtBuHay;aumfrwDukd zGJUpnf;xm;

&SdEkdifonf? okdYr[kwf ½Hk;wpf½Hk;pDtwGuf aumfrwDrsm;wnfaxmifEkdifonf? okdYr[kwf ½Hk;

trsm;tjym; wnfaxmifEkdifonf/ rdrdrSm tpDtpOftwGuf rnfokdYaoma&G;cs,frIudk jyKvkyf

onfjzpfap tBuHay;aumfrwDtzGJU0ifrsm;wGif vkyfief;trsm;tjym;udk aqmif&Guf&mü

Oya'ESifh vlUtcGifhta&; qkdif&m

jy|mef;csufwkdYtwGuf? owif;tcsuf

tvufESif h avhusifhoifMum;jcif;

wkd YtwGuf aus;vufae vlUtzGJU

tpnf;rsm;u xkwfazmfwifjyonfh

vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd jynfhrDa&;twGuf

&nfrSef;onfh taMumif; jcif;&mrsKd;pkH

ygaom vlUtcGif hta&; today;

tpDtpOfrsm;ukd taumiftxnfazmf

aqmif& Gufay;onf/ tzG J Uonf

vlUtzGJUtpnf;tqifh tvkyf½Hk aqG;

aEG;yJGrsm; usif;yjyKvkyf wwfvm

apa&;twGuf vlUtzG J Utpnf;

tajccH oifwef; yk d Ycsolrsm;tm;

oifwef;ay;jcif;ESifh pmtkyf pmwrf;

rsm;jzefYa0ay;onf/

wifjyajymqkdjcif;ESifh

owif;tcsuf tvuf

tzGJUtaejzifh oifwef;ykdYcsolrsm;

twGuf oifwef;vufpJGrsm;ukd jyKpk


rdrdtm; taxmuftulay;Ekdifonfh uJGjym;jcm;em;onfh vltrsm;tjym; yg0ifvmvdrfhrnf/

qD&mvD,GefEkdifiHwGif tpDtpOfrsm;ukd taumiftxnfazmfa&;twGuf ½kd;&mtpOftvm

acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;? touft&G,fBuD;&ifholrsm;ESifh vli,frsm;tygt0if

EkdifiHa&; taoG;ta&mifenf;onfhtkyfpkrsm;rS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/

]]vTrf;NcHK½Ijrifjcif;}}onf tBuHay;aumfrwDtwGuf ta&;BuD;onfh vkyfief;wm0efwpf&yf

jzpfonf/ vTrf;NcHKokH;oyfcsufukd jznfhqnf;ay;jcif;jzif h aumfrwDwpf&yfonf Oya'

taxmuftuljyKrsm;u vkyfief;ukd enf;vrf;wus aqmif&GufaeNyD; a'oqkdif&mvlxk\

vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd xda&mufpGm jznfhqnf;ay;Ekdif&ef aocsmatmif aqmif&Guf ay;Ekdifonf/

tpDtpOfxda&mufrI &Sdap&eftwGuf tpkd;&ESihfuif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;aeolrsm;ESifh jy|mef;NyD;aom

vkyfxkH; vkyfenf;rsm;ukd vkdufemap&ef jyKvkyfolrsm;u tpDtpOftm; BuD;Muyfonfukd

jyo&ef tpDtpOf'g½kdufwmonf tBuHay;aumfrwDrsm;wGif tokH;jyKjcif;jzifh tpDtpOf\

aumif;rGefonfh vlxktjrifukd jrSifhwifEkdifonf/ rdrd\Oya' taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOf

wGif w&m;0ifwkdifMum;csufrsm;ESifh rdrd\vkyfief;ay:wGif vlxktajccH jyefvnf okH;oyfwifjy

csufrsm;ukd vufcHokH;oyf&ef rdrd\tBuHay;aumfrwDtm; cGifhjyK&eftwGuf ,EÅ&m;rsm;ukd

wnfaxmifxm;oifhonf/

tu,fí rdrd\ Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfonf wpfrsK d;rsK d;aom tpkd;&

taxmuftulukd vufcH&&Sdygu xda&mufNyD; pGrf;&nfxufjrufonfh tBuHay;aumfrwDwpf&yf

zGJUpnf;wnfaxmif&ef txl;ojzifh ta&;BuD;onf/ rGef*dkvD,m;EkdifiHrSmuJhokdY tpkd;&t&m&Sdrsm;u

pDrHcefYcJGonfh Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfrsm;twGuf vlUtzGJUtpnf; qkdif&m tBuHay;

aumfrwDrsm;onf Oya'taxmuftuljyK0efaqmifrIrsm;udk EkdifiHom;rsm;u BuD;MuyfEkdifa&;ukd

xkwfa0NyD; vlUtzGJYtpnf;rsm;tm;

Oya' tBuHÓPfESifh taxmuftul

wkdUukd aqmif&Gufay;onfhtjyif vlU

tcGifhta&;ESifh 'Drk dua&pDqkdif&m

pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;uk d jznfhqnf;

ay;onf/

Sources: Community Law and

Rural Development Centre

website : http://www.nadcao.org.

za/index.php? option=com_conte

nt&task=view&id=6&ltemid=39.


xdef;odrf;xm;&Sd&ef ta&;BuD;vSonf/ ,if;aumfrwDrsm;onf rdrd\tpDtpOf vGwfvyfpGm

vkyfief;vnfywf&efESifh trIonf rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufukdrQ rsufESmomay;rI rjzpfap&ef

tultnDay;rnf jzpfonf/

tBuHay;aumfrwD(rsm;)\ tjcm;aomt"duwm0efwpf&yfrSm vkyfief;ukd qufvuf

aqmif&Guf&ef cGifhjyKay;jcif;jzifh rdrdtpDtpOf\ tokH;0ifrIukd wkd;wufapEkdifonfhtjyif enf;

ynmESifh EkdifiHa&;axmufulrIukdvnf; jznfhqnf; ay;Ekdifonf/ *½kwpkdufa&G;cs,fxm;onfh

tBuHay;aumfrwDwpf&yfonf uRrf;usifolrsm;ESihf taMumif;jcif;&mrsm;ay:wGif okH;oyfEdkifNyD;

tpkd;&r[kwfonfhtzGJUtpnf;? Oya'a&;&mESif h tpkd;&ykdif;u@rsm;wGif ta&;ygonfh

yk*¾dKvfrsm;okdYxd aygufa&mufEkdifonfrsm;ukd jznfhqnf; ay;Ekdifonf/ Eotvos Lorand wuúokdvf&Sd

[efa*&DEkdifiH Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfonf Roma vlrsKd; ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ]]Open

University }}rS q&mrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;? ygvDrefrS Roma vlrsKd;tzGJU0ifrsm;? vlUtcGifhta&;

wuf<uvIyf&Sm;olrsm;? Eotvos Lorand wuúokdvf\ ]] Street Law Program}} rS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;? the

Open Society Justice Initiative? the Open Society Institute’s Roma Participation ProgramESifh the

European Roma Rights Ceter wkdYrS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tygt0if [efa*&DEkdifiH Roma vlenf;pk\

av;pm;avmufonfh tzGJU0ifrsm; yg0ifaom tBuHay;aumfrwDudk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifcJhonf/

,if;tBuHay;aumfrwD\ t"du vkyfief;wm0efrsm;rSm atmufygwkdYjzpfMuonf/

Oya'taxmuftuljyKoifwef;twGuf av;pm;tyfonfh Roma rsKd;EG,fpkyk*¾dKvfrsm;ukd

a&G;cs,fa&;twGuf pHEIef;rsm;ukd owfrSwfjy|mef;&ef?

Oya'taxmuftuljyKoifwef;om;rsm; (pkpkaygif;OD;a& 30)ukd a&G;cs,f&ef?

EkdifiHom;rsm;ukd ulnD&mwGif pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;tjzpf tokH;jyK&ef Oya'taxmuftuljyK


rsm;twGuf Oya' aemufcHtcsuftvufrsm;ukd jyKpk&mwGif yg0if&ef?

EkdifiHom;rsm;u wkduf½kduftokH;jyKEdkifrnfjzpfonfh Oya'a&;&mynmay; pmtkyf

pmapmifrsm; jyKpka&;om;&mwGif axmuful&ef/

aumfrwDwpf&yfpDtwGuf n§dEIdif;aqmif&GufolwpfOD;ukd cefYxm;wm0efay;oifhNyD; ,if;

aumfrwDonf xif&Sm;ay:vGifonfh acgif;pOfi,frsm; owfrSwfvsuf ykHrSeftpnf;ta0;rsm;ukd

usif;yoifhonf/ aumfrwD\tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf qufvufyg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;onf tpD tpOf\

vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ukd tzGJU0ifrsm;u oduRrf;&if;ESD;vmapEkdifonf/ tBuHay;aumfrwD

rsm;wGif wpfpkHwpf&maom tajymif;tvJrsm;jyKvkyfay;jcif;jzifh pDrHudef;twGuf wkd;wuf

atmifjrifrI &&SdvmEkdifonf/

tpDtpOf\ acgif;aqmifrIwGif yg0ifaqmif&GufonfhOD;a& rsm;jym;vmonfESifhtrQ rdrd

taejzifh qkH;jzwfcsuf rsm;ukd rnfokdYrnfykHvkyfaqmifonf qkdonfhtcsufukd &Sif;vif;azmfjy&ef

vkdtyfvmrnf/ tpDtpOf\ pdwful;pdwfoef;tqifhwGif aqmif&Guf&onfh vkyfief;onf

omreftm;jzifh ykHpHrusbJ &SdEkdifonf/ okdYaomf tpDtpOf wkd;wufvmonfESifhtrQ rdrdtaejzifh

tpDtpOf0efxrf;rsm;ESifh tBuHay;aumfrwDwkdYtwGuf qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfonfh vkyfief;pOfukd

&Sif;vif;azmfjy&ef vkdtyfvmEdkifonf/


3-3 a'oqkdif&m tmPmykdifrsm;? vlUtzGJUtpnf;wkdYESifh qufqHa&;

wnfaqmufjcif;

3-3-1 tpkd;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh a'oqkdif&mtmPmykdifrsm;

w&m;0if Oya'pepfwpf&yftwGif; Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf w&m;olBuD;rsm;?

w&m;½Hk;rsm;ESifh &JwyfzGJU0ifrsm;ESifh vkyfukdifaqmif&GufMu&onf/ þtmPmykdifrsm;onf

touftEÅ&m,fvkHNcHKrI? vkHNcHKa&;? &Jvkyfief;aqmif&GufcsufESifh tjcm;aomtpkd;&aqmif&Guf

csufrsm;ukd aqmif&Guf&ef wm0ef&Sdonf/ twdwfumvu Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf

jyóem&yftrsm;tjym; BuHKawGUcJhzl;onf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf a&SUaea&SU&yf rsm;ESifh

EkdifiH0efxrf;t&m&SduJhokdYaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;onf ]]Oya'taxmuftuljyK qkdwmbmvJ? okdYr[kwf

Oya' taxmuftuljyKwpfOD; bmvkyfovJ}}ukd em;rvnfMuacs/ Oyrmtm;jzifh yifpifqkdif&m

t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh &JwyfzGJU0ifwkdYonf Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;ay:wGif qefYusifbuf tjrif

&SdMuonf/ taMumif;rSm ,if;wkdYtaejzifh Oya' taxmuftuljyKwpfOD;wGif ar;cGef;rsm;

ar;Ekdifonfh tcGifhta&;&Sdonf[k r,lqaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ Oya' pepfwpf&yfwGif Oya'

taxmuftuljyKrsm;ukd todtrSwfjyK&ef tcsdefumv MumjrifhEkdifonf/ xkdYjyif ,if;umv

Mum;wGif þuJhokdYaom qefYusifbuf&SdrIu ,if;wkdY\ vkyfief;ukd ykdrkdcufcJapEkdifonf/

qefYusifrIESihf em;vnfrIvJGjcif;ukd avsmhenf;ap&ef rdrdonf Oya' taxmuftuljyK

tpDtpOfwpf&yfukd csrSwfaqmif&Gufonfhtcg tpkd;&? a'oqkdif&mtmPmykdifwkdYESifh qufoG,frI

wnfaxmif&ef vkdtyfEk difonf/ tedrf hqkH;tqifhwGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf

trIonfrsm; &&SdEkdifonhf tpkd;&0efaqmifrI uGef,ufESifh &if;ESD; uRrf;0if&ef vkdtyfonfhtjyif


,if;½Hk;rsm; wpfckpDtwGuf ]]qufoG,fa&;yk*¾dKvfrsm;}} xm;&Sday;&efvnf; vkdtyfonf/

tcsKdUaom udpö&yfrsm;wGif ,if;½Hk;rsm;u w&m;0ifjyKvkyfxm;onfh qufqHa&; okdYr[kwf

oabmwlnDcsuft& rdrd\ Oya' taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfwpf&yfukd cGifhjyKcsufay;Ekdifonf/

rmvm0DEkdifiHwGif ]]Oya'taxmuftuljyK tBuHay;0efaqmifrIvkyfief;}}ukd jyify

tvSL&Sifrsm;u axmufyHhaomfvnf; tusOf;axmifrsm;wGif tvkyfvkyf&ef tmrcHavQmufvTm

wifoGif;&ef? jypf'Pfukd t,lcH avQmufxm;jcif;rsm;ESifh trItcif;rsm;ukd tpkd;&a&SUaersm;ESifh

n§dEIdif;&efwkdYtwGuf tpkd;&u cGifhjyKxm;onf/ tBuHay;0efaqmifrIvkyfief;onf w&m;½Hk;rsm;ESifh

tpkd;&a&SUaewkdYESifhtwl aqmif&GufMu&NyD; w&m;½Hk;rsm;ESifh &mZ0wfrIcif;w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfrS

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rsm;ESifh rnfokdYrnfykH vkyfukdif aqmif&Gufoifhonfukd xyfqifhtao;pdwf wifjyxm;onf/

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3-4 Oya'ynmjzifh oufarG;0rf;aMumif;jyKolrsm;ESifh qufqHa&; wkd;wuf

atmif aqmif&Gufjcif;

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&onf/ ]]r[mAsL[majrmuf w&m;pJGqkdjcif;}}acgif;pOfukd tcef;(7)wGif ykdrkdjynhfpkHpGm &Sif;vif;

wifjyxm;onf/


pepfwus avhusifhysKd;axmifxm;jcif; r&Sdonhf Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf

taumif;xuf tqkd; jzpfxGef;apEkdifonf/ ,if;aMumifh rdrdtpDtpOf\ Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;

onf Oya'a&;&m vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;wGif pepfusonfh avhusifhoifMum;rI &&Sdoifhonf/

Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf qufvufyHhykd;jcif;ESifh BuD;MuyfrIukd cH,ljcif; &Sdoifhonf/

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jznfhqnf;ay;Ekdifonf qkdonfh ylyifrIrsm;vnf; &SdMuonf/


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w&m;0ifr[kwfonfh tcef;u@wGif tokH;csykHcsenf;?

oD;oefY Oya'ykdif;qkdif&m u@rsm;wGif eufeufeJeJ em;vnfonfh todynmA[kokw?

rdrdwkdY yg0ifvkyfukdifaeonfh vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;qkdif&m A[kokw?

wifjyawmif;qkdjcif; r[mAsL[mrsm;qkdif&m A[kokw/

3-5-2 avQmufxm;olrsm;tm; pkaqmif;jcif;

Oya'taxmuftuljyK &mxl;rsm;ukd aMunm&eftwGuf yGifhvif;aompkaqmif;jcif;ESifh

EIwfjzifhajymqkdjcif; wkd Yonf trsm;okH;onfh enf;vrf;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ rdrd\tBuHay;

aumfrwD odk Yr[kwf vlUtzGJUtpnf;\ tzGJU0ifrsm;u tBuHÓPfay;Ekdifonf/ okd Yaomf

yGifhvif;onfh pkaqmif;rIu EkdifiHa&;bufvkdufrI&Sdonf[k pGyfpJGcsufrsm;ukd a&Smif&Sm;Ekdifonf/

qD&mvD,Gef EkdifiHwGif Vivek Maru onf vlrsKd;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;\ taxmuftulukd

yg0ifonfhenf;vrf;jzifh Oya'

taxmuf tuljyKrsm; a&G;cs,fjcif;

ELTE udpö [efa*&DEkdifiH

Oya'taxmuftuljyK oifwef;

tpDtpOf\ prf;oyftqifhukd 2004

ckESpf tukefcefYwGif pwifcJhMu onf/

,if;oifwef;ukd EkdifiHESpfckwGif tajc

jyKí oifwef;om; (30)OD;wufa&muf

cJhMuonf/ blwmywf (Budapest)

yg0ifonfh Pest rSm txl;NrdKUjyqef

onfhae&mjzpfonf/ tjcm; wpfae

&mrSm EkdifiHwGiftqif;&JqkH; c½kdif

wpfckjzpfNyD; tvkyfvufrJh? qif;&J

rJGawrIjrifhrm;um [efa*&DwGif ½kdrm

vlrsK d ;trsm;qk H;aexk di f&m a'o

jzpfonfh Borsod- Abaúj- Zemplén

jzpfonf/

oifwef;tpDtpOfwGif oifwef;

om;rsm;ukd trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;


&&Sd&eftwGuf vkdtyf csufrsm;tay: okH;oyfcsuftqifhumvtwGif; ,if;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh

awGUqkHcJhonf/ vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;twGif;rS Oya'taxmuftuljyK0efxrf;rsm; pkaqmif;&ef

tcsdefusa&mufvmonfhtcg vlrsKd;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf a'oqkdif&m tpkd;&r[kwfonfh

tzG J Utpnf;rsm;onf þowif;tcsuftvufuk d jzef Y jzL;ay;&ef ulnDc J h Muonf/

avQmufxm;olrsm;onf tv,fwef; ynma&;tqifh yÍörwef;atmif jzpf&rnfhtjyif

vlUtzGJUtpnf;qkdif&m vkyfief; rsm;wGif tawGUtBuHK&Sdjcif;ESifh ,if;wkdY\ vlUtzGJUtpnf;wGif

vltrsm;av;pm;onfh tzGJU0ifrsm;jzpf&ef vkdtyfonf/ avQmufxm;csufukd ppfaq;&mwGif

pmjzihfa&;om;ajzqkd&onfh pmar;yJGyg0ifNyD; ,if;okdYjzifh avQmufxm;olrsm;onf aumif;rGefpGm

a&;om;wwfNyD; cJGjcrf;pdwfjzmpGm pOf;pm;wwfonfqkdonfhtcsufwkdYukd aocsmap&ef jzpfonf/

qD&mvD,GefEdkifiHwGif olwkdY&ifqkdifawGUBuHK&onfh jyóemwpf&yfrSm t&nftcsif;jynfh0onfh

trsKd;orD;rsm;ukd pkaqmif;jcif; jzpfonf/ aemufqkH;a&G;cs,fonfh Oya'taxmuftuljyK(13)

OD; teuf av;OD;omvQif trsKd;orD;rsm; jzpfMuNyD; Maruu pkaqmif;&mwGif vlUtzGJUtpnf;

wnfaqmufykHrSwqifh aqmif&Gufonfh taMumif;wpf&yf yg0ifrI wpfpdwfwpfa'oaMumifh

,if;okdYpkaqmif;Ekdifjcif;jzpfonf[k qkdonf/

3-5-3 0efxrf;rsm;tm; a&G;cs,fjcif;

uRrf;usifrI&SdNyD; opömapmifhodum oufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;tjzpf aqmif&GufEkdifrnfh

0efxrf;rsm;ukd iSm;&rf;&&Sdjcif;onf Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfwpf&yftaejzifh ,if;

\yef;wkdifrsm;ukd &&SdEkdif&ef 'g½kdufwmwpfOD; okdYr[kwf pDrHcefYcJGrItzGJUu aqmif&GufEdkifonhf

OD;a& tnDtrQcJ Gxm;jyD; tvkyf

tzJGUrS a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ tvkyf

tzJGUwGif Romaversitas foun-dation,

Roma Parliamentarians, vlUtcGifh

ta&; NGO tzJGUrsm;jzpfonfh Euro-

pean Roma Rights Centre, Open

Society Justice Initiative ESifh Open

Society Insitute Roma Initiatives

tpDtpOfrS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0if

Muonf/ tvkyftzJGUrS tkyfpkonf

½dkrmvlrsKd; oifwef; om;rsm; a&G;cs,f

a&;rlrsm;? tao;pdwfa&;qJ G&ef

wm0ef&Sdonf/ ,if;rl rsm;wGif ½dkrm

vlUtzJGUtpnf;wGif vkyfukdifaexkdif

jcif;? ynma&;wGif (8)wef; atmifjrif

NyD;jzpfjcif;? vlUtzJGUtpnf;tqifhü

ykHpHtoGif wpfrsKd;rsKd;jzifh vIyf&Sm;rIwGif

yg0ifcJhjcif; ponfwkdYyg0ifonf/

tvkyftzGJUrSm pDrHudef;toHk;

jyKjcif; pOfqufrjywf oGif;tm;pk


ta&;tBuD;qkH; udpö&yfrsm;teuf wpfcktygt0if jzpfonf/ rdrdtaejzifh w&m;rQwNyD;

xda&mufonfh iSm;&rf;jcif;qk dif&m vkyfxk H;vkyfenf;rsm;uk d jyKpkxm;&S d&efvk dtyfum

tcsdKUudpö&yfrsm;wGif tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf\ vuf&Sd0efxrf;rsm;taejzihf Oya'taxmuftuljyK

rsm;tjzpf yg0ifvkyfukdifEkdifa&; jyifqifxm;Mu&ef rdrdtaejzifh 0efxrf;a&G;cs,fjcif;ESifh

avhusifhoifMum;a&;twGuf &Sif;vif;jrifomonfh vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm; &Sd&rnf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh

rdrd\tpDtpOfwGif pmaywwfajrmufonfh okdYr[kwf EkdifiH\ oD;oefYa'owpfckrS vlUtzGJU

tpnf;wGif wuf<upGm vIyf&Sm;Muolrsm; yg0if&ef vkdtyfrnfjzpfonf/ rdrdtaejzifh rnfonfhpHcsdef

pHñTef;ukd tokH;jyKonfjzpfap ,if;tcsufrsm;ukd xif&Sm;ay:vGifNyD; xifomjrifom&Sdap&ef

jyKvkyfoifhonfhtjyif pOfqufrjywf vkdufemusifhokH;oifhonf/ ,if;pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;ukd tcsdefykdif;

0efxrf;rsm;odkYr[kwf taysmfxrf;0efxrf;wkdYukd a&G;cs,f&mwGifvnf; tokH;jyKoifhonf/

oifhawmfonhf Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;ukd a&G;cs,fjcif;onf vlUtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf

twGif; rdrd\tpDtpOf atmifjrifrItwGuf tajccHusonf/ atmifjrifonfh Oya' taxmuf

tuljyKrsm;ukd tzGJUtpnf;u vufcHrnf jzpfNyD; ,if;wkdYtm; tmPmvuf&Sdjzpfolrsm; twGuf

aqmif&Gufaeolrsm;jzpfaMumif; ,lqMurnfr[kwfay/ wenf;tm;jzifh tcsKdUtajctaersm;wGif

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;ukd ]]zdESdyfcsKyfcs,folrsm;\ rdwfaqG}}tjzpf ½IjrifoGm;Ekdifonf/

uarÇm ='D;,m; EkdifiHwGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKtzGJUrsm;ukd vlUtzGJUtpnf; wpfckpDtwGuf

pDpOfaqmif&Gufay;NyD; Oya'taxmuftuljyKwpfOD;onf oufqkdif&mvlUtzGJUtpnf;\ tzGJU0if

rsm;ESifh trSefwu,f atmufajctqifhvkyfief;rsm;ukd tjcm;olrsm;u aqmif&Gufonfhtcg

oufqkdif&m tmPmykdifrsm;ESihf (jy,k*foabm &Sdonfjzpfap) eD;uyfpGm vkyfukdif&efvkdtyfonfukd

*½kjyK&rnf/ qD&mvD,GefEdkifiH&Sd Oya'taxmuftuljyKtoif;rsm;wGif ,if;vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGif;

rsm;udk tmrcHjcif;ESif h ½d krmyg0if

ywfoufolrsm;\ ydkifqdkifrI ponfh

tqHk;tjzwfcsrSwfa&; jzpfpOfwGif

yg0ifcGifherlemyHkpHwpfckjzpfonf/

Source:Tibbitts(2005a)


BuD;jyif;vmonfh yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;ukd tcgtm;avsmfpGm xnhfoGif;zGJUpnf;NyD; ,if;wkdYonf xkd tcsuf

aMumifhyifvQif a'oqkdif&m ywf0ef;usifESifh eD;eD;uyfuyf tuRrf;w0if &SdMu onf/ okdYaomf

tjcm;udpö&yfrsm;ü oufqkdif&m vlUtzGJUtpnf;\ jyifyrSjzpfaom Oya' taxmuftuljyK

rsm;onf a'oqkdif&m jyóem&yfrsm;ukd bufrvkdufonfhtjrifjzifh ½IjrifokH;oyf&ef ykdí

jzpfEkdifajc&Sdonf/ awmiftmz&duEkdifiHwGif vlUtzGJUtpnf;\ aus;vufa'ozGHNzdK; a&;Xme \

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;ukd oufqkdif&ma'owGif aexkdifolrsm;\ tBuHay; aumfrwDu

a&G;cs,fNyD; ,if;Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf tBuHay;aumfrwDrsm;ukdwm0ef,lMu&onf/

wcgw&H tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf; okdYr[kwf tpdk;&\ uGif;qif;aqmif&Gufonfh

tvkyform;rsm;onf taumif;qkH;aom Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm; jzpfvmEkdifNyD; txl;

ojzifh vlUtzJJG Ytpnf;ukd pnf;½Hk;jcif;? trsm;jynfolqkdif&m usef;rma&;? rdom;pk pDrHcsuf?

tao;pm;acs;aiG ESih f v,f,mpkdufysK d;a&;qkdif&m txGufwkd;a&;uJhokd Yaom Oya'ESif h

roufqkdifonfhtpDtpOfrsm; ay:wGif tm½kHpl;pkdufaqmif&GufwwfMuonf/ ,if;yk*¾dKvf

wpfOD;csif;pDwGif tvGeftokH;0ifonfh t&nftaoG;rsm; &SdwwfMuonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh

uGif;qif;aqmif&Gufonfh tvkyform;rsm;ukd acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh Oya' taxmuftul

jyKolrsm;tjzpf ,if;wkdYvkyfukdifonfh vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGif;wGif oduRrf;rIESifh ,kHMunfrI

&&SdNyD;om; jzpfEkdifonf/

,if;wkdY\vuf&Sdtvkyfu ,if;wkdYESifh oufqkdifonfhvlxktm; &IyfaxG;onfhtaMumif;t&m

rsm;udk &Sif;vif;vG,fulatmif rnfokdYrnfykH oifMum;ay;&rnfukd od&SdNyD;jzpfonfh tjyif?

,if;wkdYukd rnfokdYrnfykH xda&mufpGm qufqH&rnfukdvnf; od&Sdem;vnfNyD; jzpfEkdifonf/


Oya'taxmuftuljyK vkyfief;wm0efrsm;ukd wlnDaomtzGJUtpnf;rsm;u tjcm;trsdK;

tpm; vlUtzGJYtpnf; 0efaqmifrIrsm;jzifh jznfhqnf; taumiftxnfazmfvQif uGif;qif;

aqmif&Gufonfhtvkyform;rsm;\ Oya'taxmuftuljyK vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ukd

,if;wkdY\ tjcm;vkyfief;aqmif&GufrIe,fy,frsm;ay: wGif tajccHí aqmif&GufEkdifonf/

okdYaomf uGif;qif;aqmif&Gufonfh tvkyform;rsm;\ ykHrSefvkyfief; aqmif&Gufcsuf

rsm;ukd Oya'taxmuftuljyK 0efaqmifrIESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvkdufonfhtcg &IyfaxG;onfh

tajctaersm; ay:aygufvmjcif;rsm;vnf; &SdEk difonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh vlUtzGJUtpnf;

acgif;aqmifwpfOD;tm; tao;pm;aiGacs;vkyfief;wGif ,if;\yg0ifrIukd vufcHEkdifaomfvnf;

tdrfwGif;qufqHa&;wkdYuJhodkYaom tjcm;ykdíxdcdkufvG,faom udpö&yfrsm;wGif Oya' taxmuf

tuljyKtjzpf aqmif&GufEkdifrnf r[kwfay/ rdrdtaejzifh uGif;qif; aqmif&Gufonfh tvkyf

orm;rsm;u aqmif&Gufay;aeaom tjcm;aomwefzkd;&Sdonfh 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;rS

qJJGaqmif,loGm;jcif; rjzpfap&efvnf; *½kjyK&rnf/ tav;teuf jyKoifhonfh udpö&yfrsm;rSm

,if;0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;ukd ykdrkdaumif;rGefap&eftwGuf zefwD;wnfaqmuf&efjzpfNyD; ,if;wkdYukd

tm;enf;ap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;rjyKoifhay/

3-5-4 Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;\ Mum;aea&;

wcsdKUEdkifiHrsm;wGif tajctaersm;t& Oya'taxmuftuljyKwkdYonf vGwfvyfrI&Sdonf

okdYr[kwf EkdifiHa&;t& Mum;aeonf[k xifomjrifom&Sd&ef cufcJrIrsm;&Sdonf/ okdYaomf Oya'

taxmuftuljyK wpfOD;ukd oD;oefYEkdifiHa&;tmPmykdiftzGJUtpnf;twGuf aqmif&GufaeaMumif;

Oya' taxmuftul jyKrsm;twGuf

erlemtjzpfa&;qJGxm;onfh

ukd,f usifhw&m;qkdif&m usifh0wfESifh

ouf arG;0rf;ausmif;ynmqkdif&mwm0ef

� Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;

taejzifh ,if;wkd Y\vkyfief;ukd

uRrf;usifpGmvkyfukdifEkdif&ef tNrJ

wap enf;vrf;wus avhusifh

ysKd;axmifxm;&rnf/

� Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf

yk*¾dKvfa&;qkdif&m tqifh jrifhrm;

rIESifh oufarG;0rf;ausmif; ynm

qkdif&m ½kd;om;rIudk tNrJwrf;

xdef;odrf;xm;&rnf/


onf oufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm

qkdif&m vkyfukdifaqmif&GufrI

wGif pHcsdefpHñTef;wpf&yfukd tNrJ

wap xdef;odrf;xm;&rnf/


xifjrif,lqap&ef rjzpfoifhay/ tu,fíxkdokdY tquftoG,f&Sdonf[k xifjrif,lqjcif;

cH&ygu rdrd\0efaqmifrI\ wnfMunf&ifhusufrIESifh bufrvkdufrIwkdYukd taESmifht,Suf

jzpfapEdkifonf/

awmiftmz&duEkdifiHwGif ]]vlrsKd;a&;cJGjcm;rI}}ukd usifhokH;pOfumvtwGif; ½kd;&mrsKd;EG,fpk

tmPmykdifrsm;onf vlrsKd;a&;cJGjcm;rItmPmykdifrsm;ESifh wenf;wvrf;tm;jzifh yl;aygif;

aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKvIyf&Sm;rI pwifvmonfhtcg ,if;wkdYonf

African National Congress [kac:onfh awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtopfwpf&yfESihf yl;aygif;

aqmif&GufcJhonf/ þEkdifiHa&;qufqHrIonf aumif;rGefonfh tpDtrHwpf&yf r[kwfay/

tb,faMumifhqkdaomf ,if;okd Yyl;aygif;jcif;jzifh ESdrfhcsqufqHvmap&ef a&S;&IcJhNyD; tcsdKU

udpö&yfrsm;wGif EkdifiH\ yxrqkH;aom a&G;aumufyJGumvtwGif; Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;tm;

tEÅ&m,fjzpfapcJhonf/ [efa*&DEkdifiHwGif Roma Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;ukd BudKwif

jyifqif&mwGif pdefac:rItopfwpf&yfay:aygufcJ honf/ Roma vlrsK d;r[kwfolrsm;\

vufwGif;wGif cJGjcm;qufqHrIukd ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm cHpm;cJh&olrsm; jzpfMuNyD;vQif þOya'

taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf Roma vlrsKd;jyóem&yfrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;onhftcg bufvkdufrIr&Sd&ef

cufcJaMumif; ueOD;wGifawGU&onfhtjyif Roma vlrsKd;r[kwfonfh trIonfrsm;ukd 0efaqmifrI

ay;&ef qefYusifcJhMuonf/

rdrd\Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf EkdifiHa&;Mum;aerIESifh w&m;rQwrI&Sdap&ef

]]vkdufemusifhokH;&efusifh0wf}}wpf&yfukd jyKpkNyD; usifhokH;ap&rnf/ þvkdufemusifhokH;&rnfh

usihf0wfonf 0efaqmifrIay;jcif;? vufaqmifrsm; ay;jcif;ESifh Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;

&ifqkdif&rnhf ukd,fusifhw&m;qkdif&m apmifhodvkdufemrIwkdYESifh qufpyfaom ]]vkdufemusifhokH;&ef

usifh0wfrsm;}} wGif yl;aygif;jznhfqnf;ay;&rnf/

� Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf

qif;&JrG Jawolrsm;ukd Oya'

0efaqmifrIay;&mü wkd;wuf

aumif;rGefvmap&ef Oya'

axmuful0efaqmifrI jznfhqnf;

ay;olrsm;ESifh Oya'ynmjzifh

oufarG;0rf;ausmif; jyKolwkdYESifh

yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufoifhonf/

�


qD&mvD,GefEkdifiHwGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;taejzifh rdrdukd,frdrd rnfokdYrdwfquf

rnf? trIonfrsm;xHrS vufaqmifrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í rnfokdYaqmif&Gufrnf? trIonfrsm;u

ay;onfhaiGaMu;ESifh vQKdU0Sufcsufxm;&Sdjcif; wkdYtwGuf tao;pdwfñTefMum;csufrsm; xm;&Sdonf/

þpmapmifrS aumufEkwfcsufrsm;ukd aemufqufwJG (1)wGif awGU&SdEkdifonf/

3-5-5 0efxrf;a&;&may:vpDrsm;

0efxrf;opfrsm;onf tpDtpOf\ &nfrSef;csufwGif tvkyftukdif? tcGifhtvrf;qkdif&mwkdYESifh

pyfvsOf;í &Sif;vif;ajymqkdcsufrsm;ukd &&Sdoifhonf/ oabmw&m;a&;&mt& rdrdtaejzihf

pnf;urf;rvkdufemrIjzihf ta&;,lEkdifjcif; okdYr[kwf csufcsif; tvkyfrS&yfpJjcif;wkdY jzpfay:

vmEkdifonfh vufoifhrcHaom tjyKtrlrsm;\ t"dyÜm,fowfrSwfcsufrsm; tygt0if 0efxrf;

vufpJGpmtkyfwGif ay:vpDa&;&mrsm;ESifh vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;ukd azmfjy xm;&Sd&rnfjzpfonf/

tu,fí Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfwpf&yfukd jyKvkyfonfh tzGJUtpnf;(rsm;)wGif

0efxrf;rsm;vufpJGpmtkyf &SdaeNyD;jzpfygu ,if;pmtkyfwGif topfjzpfonfh Oya'taxmuf

tuljyK vkyfief; aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ukd xnhfoGif;azmfjyay;&ef aqmif&Guf oifhonf/

wpfOD;csif;wm0efay;rIrsm;ay:wGif wkef Y jyefrIrsm;&&S d&ef vkdtyfcsufrsm;tjyif

BuD;Muyfolrsm;taejzihf rdrdBuD;Muyfonfh0efxrf;rsm;ESif h yk HrSefpDpOfxm;&Sdonfh vkyfief;

aqmif&Gufcsuftay: tuJjzwfjcif;tpnf;ta0;rsm;ukd usif;yjyKvkyf&ef BudK;pm;oifhonf/

(vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsufqkdif&m tuJjzwfcsufrsm;\ tao;pdwfukd tcef;(7)wGif zwf½I&ef)

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf

rdrdtrIonfrsm; odkYr[kwf tjcm;

olrsm;u owif;tcsuftvuf

wpf&yftay:xkwfazmf ajymMum;

cGifh&&ef oabmwlnDrIr&Sdrcsif;

,if;wkd Y\ trIonfrsm; (odk Y)

tjcm;olrsm;xJrS &&SdonfhvQKdU

0Sufowif; tcsuftvufukd

vQKdU0Suftjzpf tNrJwapxm;&Sd

ay;&rnf/

� Oya' taxmuf tuljyKrsm;u

rdrdwkdYonf Oya'taxmuftul

jyKrsm;jzpfNyD; a&SUaersm; r[kwf

aMumif;&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jzpf&ef

ajymqkdaqmif&Gufoifhonf/


onf Oya'ynmjzifh oufarG;

0rf;ausmif; jyKolrsm;twGuf

Oya'jzif h oD;oef Y owfrSwf

ay;xm;onh f tvkyfrsm;uk d


3-6 rSDjirf;p&m pmMunfhwkdufwpfck wnfaxmifjcif;

rdrdtaejzihf tpDtpOfukd taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfap&ef

taxmuftulay;rnfh pmMunfhwkdufwpfck jzpfay:vmatmif BudK;yrf;oifhonf/ atmufyg

tcsuftvufrsm;onf rSDjirf;p&m pmMunhfwkduf wpfck wnfaxmifa&;twGuf ta&;BuD;onf/

Oya'taxmuftuljyKESifh^okdYr[kwf Oya'a&;&m vufawGUavhusifha&; ynmay;

tpDtpOfwpf&yf pwif&ef twGuf vufpJGpmapmifrsm;?

toif;tzGJU zGJUpnf;jcif;ESifh tpDtpOfqkdif&m pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;?

oifwef;wGif ykdYcsrnfh bmom&yfrsm;ESifh oifMum;avhvm&rnfh pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;?

Oya'taxmuftuljyK vkyfief;e,fy,fESifh pyfqkdifonfh Oya'a&;&mESifh pDrHcefYcJGa&;&m

usihf0wfrsm;?

oufqkdif&m EkdifiH a'owkdYESifh pyfvsOf;onfh vlrIa&;odyÜHbmom&yfESifh rEkóaA'qkdif&m

pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;

pmMunf hwk dufwGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;tm; oifwef;ay;a&;twGuf

ueOD; pwifonfhvkyfief;tjzpf tokH;jyKEk difrnfh oif½kd;ñTef;wrf; pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;?

vlUtzGJUtpnf;ynma&;ESif h vlxkukd ynmay;a&;vkyfief; aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;twGuf

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;u tokH;jyKEdkifonhf pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;ukdvnf; xm;&Sdoifhonf/

þvrf;ñTefpmapmif jzpfay:a&;twGuf aqG;aEG;csufrsm;qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;ukd

xm;&S doifhNyD; ,if;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd &nfñTef;udk;um;pm&if;wGif azmfjyxm;onf/

tqkdyg uk d;um;csufrsm;teuf trsm;tjym;ukd tifwmeufwGif tcrJ h&&S dEk difonf/

xkd Y jyif rdrdonf Oya'taxmuftuljyKtzG JUrsm;ok d Y pma&;taMumif;Mum;onfhtcg

vkyfukdifjcif;jzifh tcGifhtmPm

ykdifrsm;u cGifhjyKcsufay;xm;jcif;

r&Sdaom Oya'qkdif&m vufawGU

vkyfief;wpf&yf&yfukd rjyKoifhyg/


onf tusK d ;p D ;y Gm; qk di f&m

vkyfief;rsm;\ y#dyu©ukd tNrJwap

a&Smif&Sm;oifhonfhtjyif ,if;

wkd Yuk d rdrd\trIonfrsm;ESif h

tvkyf&SifwkdYtm; &Sif;vif;ajym

Mum;xm;oifhonf/

� Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf

trIonf jzpfol\ vlrsKd;EG,fpk

jzpfrI? vlrsKd;pkjzpfrI? EkdifiHa&; ,kH

Munfcsuf okdYr[kwf tjcm;tcsuf

rsm;ay:wGif tajcrcHbJ trI

onfrsm;tm;vkH;ukd wlnDonfh

0efaqmifrIay;oifhonf/


,if;wkYdtaejzifh rdrdrSjyKpka&;om;xm;onhf pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk &&SdvkdaMumif; awGU&Sd&rnf/

oabmw&m;a&;&mt& tpDtpOfqkdif&m 0efxrf;rsm; odk Yr[kwf Oya'ynmtwGuf

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;tjzpf avhusihfay;rnhf yk*¾dKvfrsm;onf Oya' tbd"gefrsm;xm;&Sdonfh

Oya'ynmoifausmif;? pmMunfhwkduf? Oya'tbd"gef? EkdifiHwpfEkdifiH\ usihf0wfrsm;ESifh

topfjy|mef;onfh Oya'rsm;ESif h usifh0wfrsm;ukd a&;om;azmfjyxm;onfh *sme,frsm;

odkYr[kwf pmapmifrsm; xm;&Sdonfh jyifypmMunhfwkdufwpfckokdY oGm;a&mufavhvmEkdifjcif;

&Sd&rnf/ ,if;pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;teuf tcsdKUukd tDvufxa&mepfenf;vrf;jzifh okawoe

pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;tjzpf vufvSrf;rD &&SdEkdifonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfwGif

,if;pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;ukd vufvSrf;rDEkdif&eftwGuf pmMunfhwkdufxm;&Sda&;ukd pDpOfay;&ef

vkdtyfonf/

3-7 pDrHcefYcJGa&; vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;ukd owfrSwfjy|mef;jcif;

3-7-1 trIwJGukd pDrHcefYcJGonfh pepf

rdrd\ Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfwGif pnf;pepfwusvufcHjcif;? rSwfwrf;xm;&Sdí

odrf;qnf;xm;jcif;? vTJajymif;ay;jcif;rsm;ESifh owif;ykdYjcif;wkdYtwGuf vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;

vkdtyfonf/ trIonfrsm;teuf trsm;tjym; onf rdrd\½Hk;rsm;okdY c&D;a0;rS vma&mufMujcif;

jzpfí trIonfrsm;\zkdifwJGrsm;onf jynfhpk HNyD; vufvSrf;rD&ef vkdtyfonf/ zkdifrsm;ukd

odrf;qnf;&mwGif pHcsdefpHñTef;ESifhtnD xm;&Sdjcif;jzifh trIwJGzkdifrsm;ukd pepfwusESifh vG,fvifh

wul ukdifwG,fEkdifonf/

Source : Adapted from the

American National Federation of

Paralegal Associations Inc.

(NFPA)ModelCodeofEthics

and Professional Responsibility

by Professor David McQuiod-

Mason, University of KwaZulu-

Natal, South Africa, June 2005.


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vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;ESifh pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; jyKpkxm;&Sd&ef vkdtyfvmEkdifonf/

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bwf*sufrsm;? aiGa&;aMu;a&;qkdif&m tpD&ifcHpmrsm;? pmay;pm,lpm&if;rsm;? vpmpm&if;?


0efxrf;rsm;ESifh pmapmifrsm;rS jzwfawmufrSwfwrf; wifxm;jcif;rsm;ESifh pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;

yg0ifMuonf/

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XmewGif;zkdifpepftm; &Sif;vif;azmfjy&ef tokH;jyKEkdifonf/ tusKd;tjrwf&,ljcif;r&Sdaom

pDrHcefYcJGrIynmqkdif&m aemufwkd;owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd Free Management Library (www.

managementhelp.org) tGefvkdif;t&if;tjrpfrsm;wGif &SmazGawGU&SdEkdifonf/

3-7-3 aiGa&;aMu;a&;qkdif&m vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;

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tem*wfjzpfEkdifajc aiG&&Sdrlavsmhyg;rnfukd nTefjyaomvrf;aMumif;ukd txl;ojzifh apmifhMunfh

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3-8 bwf*sufa&;&m

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tokH;p&dwftrsKd;tpm;rsm;ü atmufygwkdY yg0ifMuonf/


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tygt0if) twGufvnf; aiGaMu;axmufyHhNyD; a&;xm;onfh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;ukd wnf;jzwf

&eftwGuf aiGaMu;jznhfwif;ay;ygonf/ od&dSoifhonfh tcsufwpf&yfrSm tjynfjynfqkdif&m

uRrf;usifolrsm;ukd tokH;jyKjcif;wGif pmayukd bmomjyefjcif;ESifh pum;jyeffp&dwfrsm; yg0ifaeNyD;


,if;tcaMu;aiGonf twkdifyifcHtcaMu;aiGrsm;tjyif tjcm;p&dwfrsm;tjzpf rdrd\bwf*suf

xJwGif xnfhoGif;oifhonf/

tu,fí rdrdtaejzifh rdrd\ Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfwpf&yfonf ]]r[mAsL[m

ajrmuf w&m;pJGqkdjcif;}}ukd aqmif&Guf&ef BudKwifwGufqxm;ygu ,if;udpöukd bwf*sufwGifxnfh

oGif;a&;qJGoifhonf/ ,if;uJhokdY w&m;wabmifpJGqkdrIonf BuD;rm;us,fjyefYonfh avhvmppfaq;

rIrsm;ESifh Oya'a&;&mvkyfief;rsm; yg0ifywfoufaeojzihf tawmftoifh p&dwfpuBuD;rm;onf/

Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfwpf&yfwGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufonfh 0efxrf;rsm;tm;vkH;u

tpDtpOfukd xda&mufpGm vnfywfEdkif&eftwGuf bwf*sufukd od&Sdem;vnfoifhonf/ rdrd

taejzifh ]]tm;vkH;yg0ifonfh bwf*suf a&;qJGusifhokH;jcif;}}ukd pOf;pm;oifhonf/ ,if;pepfrSm pDrH

cefYcJGrIykHpHtrsKd;tpm;wpf&yfjzpfNyD; vkyfief;taumif txnfazmf&ef wm0ef&Sdonfh 0efxrf;rsm;

ESifh eD;uyfpGm yl;aygif;aqmif&GufNyD; ñTefMum;csufrsm;ukd a&;qJGjy|mef;xm;onf/ twlwuG

yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh trSefwu,f&Sdrnfh cefYrSef;wGufcsufrIrsm;ukd &&SdapNyD; pdwf"gwf

jrifhrm;apum bwf*suf&nfrSef;csufrsm;ukd vkdufavsmnDaxG jzpfaponf/

0efxrf;rsm;tm;vkH;u tokH;p&dwfrsm;ukd jyefvnfpDppf&mwGif yg0ifEkdifaomfvnf; wpfOD;

wpfa,muftm; tm;vkH;vTrf;NcHKonfh bwf*sufukd vTrf;NcHKokH;oyf&ef wm0efay;xm;oifhonf/

tu,fí rdrdtpDtpOfukd wkd;csJUvQif jzpfap? rdrdtpDtpOfonf aiGa&;aMu;a&;ESifh bwf*sufXme

&Sdonfh ykdíBuD;rm;aomtzGJUtpnf;\ tpdwftykdif; wpf&yftjzpf yg0ifaevQif ,if;udpö&yfukd

oD;oefYaqmif&Gufrnfh 0efxrf;wpfOD; cefYxm;aqmif&Guf&ef vkdtyfonf/


3-9 topfjyefvnf&&Sdrnfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd &SmazGjcif;

3-9-1 r[mAsL[majrmuftpDtpOfESifh aiGaMu;pkaqmif;&&Sd&ef enf;AsL[mrsm;

atmifjrifpGm aiGaMu;&&Sd&eftwGuf ta&;BuD;qkH; r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfonfh tpdwftykdif;wpf&yf

rSm tzGJUtpnf;twGuf tajccHaumif;rGefonfh pepfwus ]]pmjzifha&;om;xm;aom r[mAsL[m

ajrmuftpDtpOfwpf&yf &Sda&;}}yif jzpfygawmhonf/ tu,fí rdrdtaejzifh rdrdtpDtpOf\

vuf&Sdt&nftcsif;rsm;ukd *½kwpkduf wefzkd;jzwf wGufcsufEkdifvQif? jznfhqnf;ay;Ekdifjcif;r&Sdao;

onfh trsm;jynfolvkdtyfcsufrsm;twGuf rdrd\ pGrf;aqmif&nfukd wGufcsufEkdifvQifESifh ,if;

vkdtyfcsuf rsm;ukd atmifjrifatmif ajz&Sif;Ekdifrnfh enf;vrf;rsm;ukd owfrSwfEkdifvQif rdrdtae

jzifh ,if;BudK;yrf;rIwGif yl;aygif;yg0if&ef ckdifrmonfh taMumif;jycsufudk tvSL&Sifrsm;tm; azmfjy

ay;&rnf/ trSefw&m;? tvSL&Sifrsm;? ,kHMunfpdwfcsrIESifh vkyfief;tay: wm0ef,lrIwkdYonf

tzGJU tpnf;wpf&yf aiGaMu; pkaqmif; &&SdrItwGuf Oya'taxmuftuljyK tzJGUtpnf;wpf&yf

okdYr[kwf tpDtpOfwpf&yftaejzifh tzGJU0iftm;vkH; wuf<upGm yl;aygif;yg0ifrI vkdtyfonf/

aiGaMu;pkaqmif;&&SdrItwGuf enf;pepftrsm;tjym;&SdNyD; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;taejzihf

,if;vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrI rsm;teuf enf;vrf;wpfoG,f okdYr[kwf ,if;xufydkonfh enf;AsL[m

rsm;ukd usifhokH;aqmif&GufMuonf/ aiGaMu;taxmuftyHh&&Sda&;ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; &&Sd&ef

tcsdef umvESifh BudK;yrf;rIrsm; tawmftoifhukefvGefrnfjzpf&m rdrdukdifwG,fusifhokH;rnfh

&efykHaiG &&Sda&;twGuf enf;vrf;rsm;ukd OD;pm;ay;tpDtpOftjzpf owfrSwfxm;oifhonf/ &efykH

aiG ESifh t&if; tjrpfrsm; &&Sda&;twGuf jzpfEdkifajcenf;vrf;rsm;wGif atmufygwkdY yg0ifMuonf/


� tvSL&SiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;xHokd Y aiGaMu;axmufyH h&ef tqkdjyKcsufrsm; okd Yr[kwf

avQmufvTmrsm; wifoGif;jcif;?

tvSL&Sifrsm; okdYr[kwf tjcm;tkyfpkrsm;xHrS aiGaMu;r[kwfonfh axmufyhHrIrsm;

(ypönf;ypö,rsm;? ½Hk;cef;) &&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufjcif;?

tpkd;&taxmuftyHh &&Sd&eftwGuf arwÅm&yfcHjcif;ESifh avQmufxm;wifjyjcif;?

taysmfxrf;0efxrf;rsm;ukd tokH;jyKjcif;?

tjcm;tkyfpkrsm;ESifh wJGzufaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ukd wkd;jr§ifhjcif;okdYr[kwf rdrd\pDrHcsufukd

axmufyHhEkdifonhf tzGJU0ifjzpfa&; tajccHtkwfjrpfwpf&yfukd wnfaxmifjcif;?

tjrwftpGef; &&Sdaponfh vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ukd taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufjcif;?

wpfoD;yk*¾v wpfOD;csif;pDrS aiGaMu;xnfhoGif;yg0if&ef pnf;½Hk;aqmfMojcif;ESifh Oya'

0efaqmifrItwGuf tcaMu;aiGrsm; awmif;cHjcif;?

txufazmfjyyg enf;AsL[mrsm;teuf rdrdwkdY\pDrHcsufrsm;twGuf t&if;tjrpfrsm; &&Sd

ap&ef toif;tzGJUrsm;taejzifh a,bk,stm;jzifh tcgtm;avsmfpGm okH;onfhenf;vrf;rsm;rSm

jyifytvSL&Sifrsm;? aiGaMu;r[kwfonfh xnhf0ifrIrsm;ESifh tpkd;&\ taxmuftyHhawmif;cHjcif;wkdY

jzpfMuonf/

3-9-2 jyifytvSL&Sifrsm;

Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfrsm;ukd rsm;aomtm;jzifh jyifytvSL&Sifrsm;taxmuf

tyHhjzifh pwifaqmif&GufMu&onf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyK pDrHcsufwpf&yftwGuf jyifytzJGU

tpnf; wpf&yf \ taxmuftyHh ukd &&SdEkdifaomfvnf; ,if;taxmuftyhHonf nDrQrIr&Sdacs/


U.K. Department for International Development? the Ford Foundation ? the Open Society Institute? the InternationalCommissionofJurists(SwedishSection)theMottFoundation ESifh the World Bank wkdYuJhokdYaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfrsm;ukd

taxmuftulay;onfh orkdif;tpOftvm&Sdonf/ odkYaomf a,bk,stm;jzifh ,if;taxmuf

tuljyKrIrSm ,m,DtpDtpOfjzpfNyD; oufqkdif&mEkdifiHwpfckwnf;ukd owfrSwfxm;jcif;jzpfum

wcgw&H ]]tkyfcsKyfrI}}ESifh ]]vlrIzGHUNzdK;a&;}}tpDtpOfrsm;atmufwGif axmufyHhjcif; jzpfonf/

tcsdKUaom tvSL&Sifrsm;xHokdY a&muf&SdEdkifonfh enf;vrf;wpf&yfrSm Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;\

w&m;rQwrIqkdif&m 0efaqmifrIrSm rnfrQxda&mufrI&SdaMumif;ESifh xl;jcm;onfh aemufwkd;wefzkd;rsm;

vnf; &SdaMumif; ,if;wkdYtm; jyoEkdifjcif;yif jzpfonf/

3-9-3 aiGaMu;r[kwfonfh xnhf0ifrIrsm;

tu,fí Oya'taxmuftuljyKwpf&yfukd Oya'vufawGUavhusifha&;Xme\

taxmuftyYHtjzpf pwifaqmif&GufvQif ,if;wkdYonf aiGaMu;taxmuftyhHr[kwfonfh

½Hk;cef;rsm; (aiGaMu;jzihf a&wGufowfrSwfEkdifonf) axmufyHh&ef urf;vSrf;Ekdifonf/ jyify

aiGaMu;axmufyhHrIukd Oya'ausmif;u ueOD; taxmuftyHhay;aeonfh tpDtpOfwGif

jznfhpGuf aqmif&Gufay;Ekdifonf/ þtqifhwGif tqkdjyKcsufwpf&yfü yg0ifywfoufonfh

Oya'ausmif;q&m?q&mrrsm;\ t&nftcsif;ukd ñTefjyEkdifNyD; Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;tm;

avhusihfoifMum;Ekdifrnfh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ukdvnf; azmfjyEkdifonf/ þtajccHaiGaMu;okdYr[kwf

tjcm;xnhf0ifrItrsKd;tpm;onf aiGaMu;xnhf0ifjcif;r[kwfaomfvnf; rdrdtpDtpOf\


tokH;0ifwefzkd;&SdrIukd ,kHMunfukd;pm;rI&&SdapNyD; tjcm;tvSLaiGrsm;&&Sda&;twGuf vrf;aMumif;

ay;onf/ a&SUaetoif;rsm;onf tqkdygxnhf0ifrIrsm;twGuf tjcm;aom t&if;tjrpf

wpfckjzpfonf/

3-9-4 tpkd;&taxmuftyHh

Oya' taxmuftuljyK 0efaqmifrIrsm;ESif h pyfvsOf;í EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;wGif

tpkd;&taejzihf ,if;0efaqmifrI rsm;twGuf aiGaMu;ay;&ef wm0ef,lrIr&Sdonfhtjyif

w&m;0if Oya'pepftwGif;okdY xnfhoGif;jcif;vnf; r&Sday/ tpkd;&rsm;taejzifh Oya'

taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfrsm;ukd w&m;0iftzGJUtpnf;tjzpf jynfhjynfh00 w&m;0ifjzpf&ef

aqmif&GufrI r&Sdao;aomfvnf; ,if;wkdYtaejzihf aiGaMu;xnhf0if&efESifh taxmuftyHhay;&ef

&nf&G,fcsufrsm; &SdaeMuonf/ ,if;okdYtpkd;&\ yg0ifywfoufrIESifh axmufyHhrIwkdYonf

Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfrsm; &SifoefBuD;xGm;&eftwGuf ta&;BuD;onf/ rdrd\

Oya' taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfwpf&yfukd pwif taumiftxnfazmfjcif;onf tpkd;&rS

aiGaMu;axmufyHh&ef ykdrkdvG,fulapNyD; ,if;\,kHMunf ukd;pm;rIudk ykdrkdjzpfxGef;aponf/

tu,fírdrdonf rdrdEdkifiH\tpkd;&taejzihf EkdifiHom;rsm;ukd tultnDay;rnf(tcrJh

Oya'a&;&m taxmuftulay;jcif;uJhokd Yaom) ukd pmjzifha&;om;vsuf uwdu0wf

jyKxm;aMumif; od&Sdem;vnfygu rdrdtaejzihf EkdifiHawmf\ aiGaMu;axmufyHhrI &&Sd&ef

tcGifhtvrf;aumif;rsm; &SdEkdifonf/ xkdYjyif rdrd\tpDtpOfu tpkd;&taejzifh ,if;\

tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh ,if;uaqmif&Gufay;&rnfh tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm;ukd


jznhfqnf;aqmif&Guf&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfapaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifazmfjyEkdifvQif

tpkd;&\ aiGaMu;axmufyHhrI&&Sdap&ef ykdrkdvG,fulrnf/ [efa*&DEkdifiHuJhokdY tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;wGif

vlrIa&;toif;tzGJU0ifrsm;onf tcGeftaumufowfrSwfa&; pepfwpf&yfjzifh tpkd;&\

taxmuftyHhukd &&Sdonf/

rGef*kdvD;,m;EdkifiH Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfukd ]]w&m;pD&ifa&;ESifh jynfxJa&;

0efBuD;Xme}}\taxmuftyHh jzifh pwifaqmif&GufcJhonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf tpkd;&u

Oya'tBuHay;rsm;onf txufyg0efBuD;Xme\ wm0ef0wÅ&m;twGif; usa&mufonfh vkyfief;

aqmifwmrsm;ukd aqmif&Gufay;rnf[k uwdu0wfjyKcJhaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ [efa*&DEkdifiHwGif

ELTE Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfwpf&yfonf ]]tcGifhtvrf; wef;wlnDrQa&; 0efBuD;Xme}}

ESifh a'oqkdif&mtvkyform;½Hk;rsm;wGif vkyfukdif&ef Roma vlrsKd; Oya' taxmuftuljyK

oifwef;qif;rsm;tm; iSm;&rf;&ef aqG;aEG;rIrsm; qufvufaqmif&Gufaeonf/ tpkd;&\

taxmuftyHhokdYr[kwf wJGzufaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ukd tNrJwap rvkdtyfaomfvnf; Oya'

taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOf refae*smrsm;taejzifh tpDtpOf a&&SnfwnfwHckdifNrJa&;ukd

pOf;pm;&mwGif tpkd;&\ taxmuftyHhudpö&yfukd OD;aESmufxJwGif tNrJwapxm;&Sdoifhonf/

tpkd;&taxmuftyHh&,ljcif;rS ay:aygufvmonfh tBuD;rm;qkH;aom tEÅ&m,frsm;teuf

wpfckrSm rdrdtpDtpOf\ oD;jcm;uif;vGwfpGm &yfwnfrItm; pGefYvTwfEkdifajc&Sdonfh tae

txm;yif jzpfonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyK vkyfief;wpf&yfonf tpkd;&\wm0efcHrI

qufvuf&Sdaeap&ef yg0ifywfoufaeNyD; ,if;ta&;ygonfh &yfwnfrI rdrdwGif qkH;½HI;roGm;Ekdifyg/

wcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;wGif rdrd\trIonfrsm;ESifh rdrdyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufaeonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u

rdrdonf tpkd;&ESif h yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIukd ]]tusKd;pD;yGm;y#dyu©jzpfrI}}wpf&yftjzpf


&IjrifokH;oyfEdkifNyD; rdrdtaejzifh rdrd\tkyfpk onf tpkd;&ESifh r[mrdwfzGJUxm;onfh odkYr[kwf

yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufonfh tzGJUtpnf;tjzpf &Ijrifjcif; r&Sdap&ef vkdvm;aumif;vkdvm;vdrfhrnf/

tu,fí rdrd\tkyfpkonf tpkd;&\taxmuftyHhukd &,lxm;vQif vGwfvyfrIESifh wm0efcHrI

ESpf&yfpvkH;twGuf tpDtrH,EÅ&m; &Sd&rnf/ rdrd\tBuHay;aumfrwD(rsm;)onf þudpöESifh

pyfvsOf;í ta&;BuD;onfh vkyfief;wm0efukd xrf;aqmifEkdifonf/

3-9-5 0efaqmifrItcaMu;aiGrsm;

rdrdtaejzifh Oya'taxmuftuljyK 0efaqmifrIrsm;twGuf tcaMu;aiG&,ljcif;jzifh

rdrdtpDtpOftwGuf ukefusp&dwfukd umrdapaomfvnf; ,if;odkYaiGaMu;&,ljcif;ukd txll;

*½kwpkduf pOf;pm;oifhonf/ Oya' taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfrsm; trsm;tjym;onf

0efaqmifrIrsm; tm;vkH;ukd tcrJhaqmif&Gufay;onfh oabmw&m;ay:wGif tajccHxm;Muonf/

odkYaomf Oya' taxmuftuljyK 'g½kdufwmrsm;u Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfukd

wnfaxmifNyD;onfESifhcsufcsif; tajctaewpfpkHwpf&matmufwGif oifhawmfonfh tcaMu;aiG

rsm; awmif;cH&ef jzpfEkdifajc &Sdonf[k ,kHMunfxm;Muonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh rdrd\tpDtpOft&

trIonfrsm;tm;vkH;ESif h tcrJhueOD; aqG;aEG;wkdifyifrIrsm; jznfhqnf;ay;aomfvnf;

ykdrkdeuf&Idif;onfh taxmuftyHhay;&ef &Sdygu tavQmhtwif;pepfjzifh trIonfrsm;xHrS

aiGaMu;xnfh0ifrI awmif;cHEkdifonf/ trsm;olig pdwf0ifpm;onfhtrItcif;rsm; odkYr[kwf r[m

AsL[majrmuf w&m;wabmif pJGqkdrIrsm;wGif tqkdygw&m;wabmifpJGqkdrIrS tusKd;tjrwf&&Sdrnfh

vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm; okdY r[kwf tkyfpkrsm;xHrS aiGaMu;xnfh0ifrIrsm; awmif;cH&ef pOf;pm;Edkifonf/


tu,fí rdrdonf tcaMu;aiGrsm;awmif;cH&ef pOf;pm;ygu xyfrHaqmif&Gufay;&ef

vkdtyfonfh vkyfief;yrmPvkdtyfrnfjzpfaom ukefusrnfht&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd pkHprf;ppfaq;oifhNyD;

r dr d&&S dE k di fonf h tvSLaiGrsm;E Si f h aiGaMu;r[kwfonf h taxmuftyH hrsm;uk dvnf;

wGufcsufxm;&rnf/ rdrdtaejzihf trIonfrsm;twGuf rnfrQaomaiGaMu; yrmPonf

oifhavsmfrI&Sd rnfqkdonfhtcsufESifh trIonfrsm;ESifh vlUtzGJUtpnf;wkYdu ,if;wkdYay;acs&rnfh

tcaMu;aiGrsm;ay:wGif rnfokdY½IjrifEkdifonfqkdonfh tcsufwkdYrSm ta&;BuD;onf/ rdrd taejzihf

rnfolonf Oya'0efaqmifrIrsm;twGuf tcaMu;aiGrsm;awmif;cHEkdifonf qkdonfhtcsufESifh

pyfvsOf;í Oya'wpfpHkwpf&mudk csdK;azmufrIr&Sdap&ef *&kjyK&rnf/


tcef; (4)

pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;jyKpkjcif;


4-1 rdrd\ y&dowfrsm;udk ydkif;jcm;owfrSwfjcif;

4-2 pmtkyfpmapmifrsm; tBuHay;tzJGU zGJYpnf;jcif;

4-3 t&if;tjrpfrsm; pkaqmif;jcif;

4-4 oifMum;a&;pmtkyfpmapmifrsm; qkH;jzwfa&G;cs,fjcif;

4-5 pma&;ol(pmjyK)rsm;&&Sdatmif pkjcif;

4-6 t,ltqoabmxm;ESifh vdk&if;tcsKyf jyKpkjcif;

4-7 pmtkyfpmapmifrsm; jyKpka&;aqG;aEG;yJGrsm; pDpOfjcif;

4-8 pmtkyfpmapmifrsm; jyKpkjcif;udk apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;? 0dkif;0ef;ulnDjcif;ESifh

okH;oyfjcif;

4-9 Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm; avhusifh&mwGif pmtkyfpmapmifrsm; tokH;jyKjcif;

4-10 pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;udk vufawGUuGif;qif;prf;oyftokH;jyKjcif;

4-11 pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;udk tNyD;owfjcif;


þtcef;wGif ]]Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOf}}\ tpdwftydkif;wpfcktjzpf

vdktyfaom pmtkyfpmapmifrsm; jyKpkjcif;udk a,bk,stm;jzifh a&;om; azmfjyxm;onf/

Oya'taxmuftuljyKtwGuf vufpJGpmtkyf? avhusifha&; vrf;ñTefpmapmif? oifwef;om;

pmapmifponfwdkYonf ]]tpDtpOf}} twGuf vdktyfNyD; vlxkynmay; tpDtpOfwGifvnf;t

okH;jyKEdkifrnfjzpfonf/

pmtkyfpmapmifrsm; jyKpkjcif;vkyfief;pOfwGif qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;pGmudk csrSwf&ef vdktyfrnf

jzpfNyD;? rdrdarQmfrSef;aom Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;\ tcef;u@? 4if;wdkY\ aemufcHA[kokw

ESifh uRrf;usifrIrsm;tay:rlwnfum a&;om;jyKpk&rnfjzpfonf/ ,if;odkYcsrSwf&rnfh qkH;jzwf

csufrsm;udk ESpfumvtvdkuf pOf;pm;um þtcef;wGif wifjyxm;onf/ odkYaomf rdrdudk,fydkif

tpDtpOft& tqifheHygwfpOfESifh tao;pdwfrsm;udk jyefvnfa&;qJG&ef vdktyfEdkifygonf/

Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfopfwpfckudk xkH;pHtm;jzifh avhusifha&;ESifh vufpJG

pmapmifrsm;jzifh pwifrnfjzpfNyD;? tpDtpOfudk oif\ taumiftxnfazmfrIESifh yg0ifaom

0efxrf;rsm; tawGUtBuHK&vmonfESifhtrQ tqdkyg avhusifha&;ESifh vufpJGpmapmifrsm;udk ydkrdk

wdk;wufaumif;rGefap&ef qufvufaqmif&Guf&rnf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;twGufpmtkyf

pmapmifjyKpk&mwGif tjynfhpkHqkH;ESifh qDavsmfqkH;jzpfatmif tpDtpOf tpuwnf;u rdrdtae

jzifh taumif;qkH;vkyfaqmifoifhonf/ odkYaomf tpDtpOfoufwrf;&ifhvmonfh tcsdefwGif

tqdkyg pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqif&ef arQmfvifhxm;&rnf/


4-1 rdrd\ y&dowfrsm;udk ydkif;jcm;owfrSwfjcif;

rdrdtaejzifhtpDtpOfwpf&yftwGuf oifwef;ESifh taxmuftuljyK pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;udk

pOf; pm;&ouJhodkY? tajccHvltpktzJGUokH;ckudkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfonf/

yxry&dowfonf rdrd\Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;jzpfonf/ tqdkyg taxmuf

tuljyKrsm; yg0ifywfoufapvdkaom tcef;u@twdkif;twmESifh 4if;wdkY tuRrf;w0if&Sd&ef

vdktyfonfh Oya'a&;&me,fy,f ponfrsm;udk rdrdrS BudKwifpOf;pm;xm;oifhonf/Oya'

taxmuftuljyKrsm;\ tcef;u@rsm;ESif h 4if;wdk Y\vdktyfcsufrsm;onf tpdk;& ESif h

vlrIa&;0efaqmifrIpepfrsm; rnfodkYvnfywfaerIrSonf owfrSwfaomOya' e,fy,f? vlxk

ynmay;a&;ESifh wdk;wufrI? trIvufcH&mwGif uRrf;usifrI? ½kH;tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh axmufcH tm;ay;rI

txd yg0ifvdrfhrnf jzpfonf/NcHKikHrd&ef taMumif;t&mrsm;pGm&Sdojzifh vdktyforQtm;vkH;udk

BudKwifarQmfrSef;Edkif&ef rjzpfEdkifay/ odkYjzpf&m t&if;tjrpfwdk;wufrIESifh rdrd\ Oya'taxmuftul

jyKoifwef;wdkYonf aqmif&GufqJvkyfief;pOf wpfcktjzpf ½Ijrifoifhygonf/

rdrdtpDtpOftwGuf cefYxm;onfh Oya'taxmuftuljyK vlopfrsm;udk pHerlemjy?

pGrf;aqmif&nfjrifh Oya'taxmuftuljyKwpfOD;\ taetxm;ESifh ,SOfxdk;Munfh&ef vdktyf

rnfjzpfonf/ rdrdarQmfvifhxm;aom uGm[rIrsm;tay: rlwnfí vdktyfaom Oya'a&;&m?

jynfolUeDwd ponfrsm; oif,lEdkifap&efESifh awGUqkHar;jref;jcif;? pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;jyifqifjcif;?

Mum;0ifzsefajzjcif;? vlxkynma&;ESifh tm;ay;rI ponfrsm; ydkrdkuRrf;usifvmap&ef rdrdtaejzifh

tajctaersm;udk azmfaqmifay;&ef vdktyfrnfjzpfonf/

rdrdtwGuf 'kwd,y&dowfonf? rdrd\ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;u jyKvkyfrnfh


aqG;aEG;yJGrsm; tygt0if vlxkodvmatmif vkyfaqmifrIrsm; jyKvkyfrnfha'o&Sd vlUtzJGU tpnf;

rsm;yifjzpfonf/ rdrdvufwJGvkyfaqmif&ef&nf&G,faom vlUtzJGU tpnf;ESifh 4if;wdkY\ ta&;

wmudk;vdktyfcsufrsm;udk od&Sdatmif OD;pGm tuJjzwfjcif;udk aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfonf/ Oya'

taxmuftuljyKvkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmif&efESifh vlxkynmay;a&;? zHGUNzdK;a&;ESifh axmufcHrIrsm;

twGufyg tokH;jyKEdkif&ef pmtkyfpmapmif rsm;udk jyKpk&ef vdktyfonf/ ,if;odkY jyKpkxm;onfh

vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk uJGjym;aom vdktyfcsuf tqifhtvdkuf xyfrHí rGrf;rH&ef vdktyfrnf

jzpfonf/

aemufqkH;ta&;BuD;aom y&dowfonf rdrd\ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;ESifhvufwJG

vkyfaqmifrnfh oifwef;q&mrsm;jzpfonf/ &nfrSef;xm;aom vlUtzJGUtpnf;rSoifwef;q&mrsm;

odkYr[kwf Oya' taxmuftuljyK e,fy,frS uRrf;usifq&mrsm;udk tokH;jyK&mwGif avhusifha&;

tokH;taqmifypönf;rsm;onf pHerlemjy tpDtpOf wGif xl;cRefaom Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;

arG;xkwfay;Edkifa&; twGuf taxmuftul jzpf &rnf/ oifwef;om;rsm; wkHYjyefrI&Sdapaom?

odkYr[kwf yg0ifapaom oifMum;enf;rsm; udk tokH;jyKjcif;tm;jzifh pdwfvIyf&Sm;aponfomru

oifwef;om;rsm;\ uRrf;usifrIrsm;udk od&SdEd kifjcif;ESif h ydkrd kwdk;wufatmif xda&mufpGm

ulnDEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ rdrdjyKpkonfh oifwef;q&m vufpJGpmapmifwGif oifMum;enf;rsm;?

oifwef;om;rsm; wkHYjyefrI&Sdap rnfh aqG;aEG;yJGrsm; jyKvkyf&efponfwdkYudk tao;pdwf xnfhoGif;

a&;om;jyKpkoifhonf/

oifwef;om;rsm;\ vlrIa&;aemufcHrsm;udk em;vnfrIESif h ywfoufonfh rdrd\

tm½kHcHpm; EdkifrIESifh uRrf;usifrIonf xda&mufrI&SdNyD;? tokH;wnhfonfh pmtkyfpmapmifrsm; jyKpk

&mwGif ta&;ygrnfjzpfonf/ rdrd\ pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;onf trsKd;rsKd;aom vltpktzJGUrsm;


vdktyfcsufESifh txl;udkufnDap&ef atmufygar;cGef;rsm;u aqmif&Guf&rnfhenf;vrf;udk

a&G;xkwfay;Edkifrnf jzpfygonf/

pmzwfEdkifonfhpGrf;&nf

oifwef;om;rsm;\ pmwwfajrmufrIESifh ynma&;tqifh b,favmuf&SdovJ/

avhusifha&; pmapmifrsm;wGif a&;xm;onfh bmompum;onf ½IyfaxG;rI

tajctae&Sdygovm;/

zwf½Irnfhpmudk,fonf rnfrQ &Snfvsm;oenf;/

tcsuftvufrsm;udk &Sif;jy&ef odkYr[kwf owif;tcsuftvuftydkrsm;udk

rdwfqufay;&ef tjcm;aom oifMum;a&; taxmuftulrsm; vdktyfEdkifovm; (Oyrm-

qJGxm;aomykHrsm;? "mwfykHrsm;? udk,fwdkifpkaqmif;xm;onfh taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh owif;pm

jzwfydkif;rsm;)

pma&;EdkifonfhpGrf;&nf

oifwef;om;rsm;\ pma&;EdkifpGrf;rnfrQ&SdovJ/

pma&;jcif; avhusifhcef;tokH;jyKygu trsm;qkH;a&;om;Edkifonfh pmt&Snfudk

b,favmuf owfrSwfxm;ovJ/

aemufcHA[kokw b,favmuf&SdovJ/


oifwef;om;onf rnfonfhaemufcH A[kokwudk ,laqmifvmovJ/

rnfonfhtajccHt,ltqrsm;ESifh t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;udk rdwfqufay;&ef

odkYr[kwf &Sif;jy&efvdkygovJ/

oifwef;om;rsm; odNyD;taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh 4if;wdkY\ awG;awmrIrsm;udk od&Sd

Edkif&ef tBudKavhusifhcef;rsm; jyifqifxm;ygovm;/

tokH;tEIef;rsm;twGuf cufqpftbd"mef &Sdoifhovm;/

aemufcHpdwfaeoabmxm;

oif,lrIumvtwGif; oifwef;om;rsm;wGif w&m;ao rSwf,lxm;aompdwful;rsm;?

pdwfaeoabmxm;rsm; odkYr[kwf rvdkrkef;xm;jcif;rsm; ponfwdkYygvmEdkifovm;/

rnfonfhem;vnfrIvJGrSm;jcif;rsm; jzpfEdkifovJ? ,if;uJhodkYrjzpfatmif oifrnfodkY

umuG,frnfenf;/

tcsKdUaom xl;jcm;onfh oifwef;om;rsm;twGuf *½kwpdkuf odkYr[kwf oD;oefY

odrfarGUpGm udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&rnfh taMumif;tcsufrsm;&Sdovm;/

oif,lrIumvtwGif; ay:aygufEdkifaom tvGefpdwfvIyf&Sm;zG,f&m taMumif;

udpörsm;udk ajz&Sif;Edkif&ef oifwef;om;rsm;udk rnfuJhodkY jyifqif ay;Edkifrnfenf;/

oabmxm;trsK d;rsK d;wifjyvmonfh vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ud k aqmif&Guf

ay;Edkifygrnfvm;/


oifwef;om;rsm;udk pdwf"mwfoGif;ay;jcif;

oifwef;om;rsm;twGuf toufqdkifqkH;ESifh pdwft0ifpm;qkH; rnfonfh taMumif;

udpörsm;&SdygovJ/

tqdkygtaMumif;udpörsm;udk OD;pGmajz&Sif;Edkifygovm;? NyD;vQif Oya'ESifh vlUtcGifh

ta&;qdkif&m acgif;pOfrsm;udk ajymavh&Sdovm;/

oifcef;pmygtaMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh wdkuf½dkufywfoufaom oifwef;om;rsm;\

udk,fawGU tawGUtBuHKrsm;ESifh udk,fa&;pdwf0ifpm;rIrsm;udk odatmifenf;vrf;rsm;udk

oif&SmazGEdkifyg ovm;/

oif,lrIywf0ef;usif

oifwef;om;rsm;onf yxrOD;pGm ynmoif,ljcif;ykHpHodkY a&mufaeonfhtwGuf

b,fvdkcHpm; &rnfenf;/

oifwef;om;rsm;onf pdwf"mwfwuf<uaeovm; odkYr[kwf pdwf"mwfusaeovm;?

aqG;aEG;yJGykHpHonf oifwef;om; rsm;twGuf tEIwfoabmteuf t"dyÜm,f

aqmifaeovm;/

oifhoifwef;om;tkyfpku oabmtusqkH;jzpfonfh oif,lrI ywf0ef;usifudk oif

rnfuJhodkY zefwD;rnfenf;/

tjyeftvSef wHkYjyefaom

oifMum; enf;rsm; -

Oya'qdkif&m vrf;ñTefrS

erlemtcef; (enf;ynm)?

rGef*dk;vD,m; EdkifiH

Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;udk

avhusifhoifMum;ay;&mwGif oifjy

enf;yHkpHtrsKd;rsK d;ESif h avhusifhcef;

rsm;udk toHk;jyKEdkifonf/

� jyif;jyif;xefxef acgif;csif;½dkuf

tajz&Smenf;

� tqifhowfrSwfaom avhusifh

cef;rsm;

� tpktzGJUi,faqG;aEG;yGJrsm;

� vlwpfOD;? odk Yr[kwf wpfpk\

umvwpfcktwGif; wdk;wufrIudk

avhvmjcif;rsm;

� jzpfpOfESifh avsmfnDatmif o½kyf

aqmifapjcif;rsm;


Edk;Mum;wuf<uaom oifMum;enf;rsm;

tjyeftvSefwkHYjyefrI oifMum;enf;tokH;jyKjcif;udk oifwef;q&mrsm;ESifh oifwef;

om;rsm;u oufawmifhoufom&Sdonf[k cHpm;Murnfvm;/

tokH;jyKonfh oifjyenf;\ oabmxm;rsm;udk yGifhvif;pGm&Sif;vif;jy&efvdktyf

rnfvm;/

enf;ynmudk rnfuJhodkYtaumiftxnfazmfrnfqdkonfh jynfhpkHpGm&Sif;vif;azmfjy

xm;aom ñTefMum;csufrsm; oifcef;pmrsm;wGif yg0ifygovm;? wpfcsdefwnf;wGif

ynmoifMum;ay;ol(q&m)tm; udkk,fydkif qkH;jzwfydkifcGifh tcsKdUay;xm;&rnf/

oifwef;q&monf pmoifcef;wGif; vkyfydkifcGifhudk wef;om;rsm;ESifh wef;wlcJGa0&ef

qE´&Sdrnf[k arQmfvifhjcif;onf vufawGUusygovm;? ,kHMunfrIudk rQa0xm;

ygovm;/

4-2 pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;tBuHay;tzGJY zGJYpnf;jcif;

A[kokwjynfhpkHNyD; rdrd\ tpDtpOfudk ulnD&ef uwdjyKxm;olrsm;xHrS tBuHÓPfrsm;

&&Sdjcif;onf rdrdtpDtpOf xda&mufatmifjrifjcif;twGuf tm;aumif;aomtcsufwpfck jzpf

onf/ tawGUtBuHK&Sdaom a'ocHoifwef;q&mrsm;? vlxkynmay; odkYr[kwf Oya'0efaqmif

rIudk aqmif&Gufay;aeaom tpdk;& r[kwfonfh tzJGUtpnf; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;?a&SUaersm;?

Oya'aMumif;t& vufawGUaqmif&GufaeykHrsm;? Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfrsm;

� tar; - tajz

� o½kyfouefzefwD;jcif;rsm;

� pum;&nfvkyGJrsm;

� upm;enf;rsm;

� pdwful;oufouf jzpfaom

jyóemrsm;

� aqG;aEG;&ef wifjycsufrsm;

� o@mefvkyfw&m;cGifrsm;

� tuefYtowfrJhaphaqmfrIrsm;

� oabmxm; ppfwrf; erlem

aumuf,ljcif;rsm;

� wufa&mufol\ aqG;aEG;wifjy

csufrsm;

� wzufzufrS &yfwnfjcif;

� vsifjrefpGmpOf;pm;wHkYjyefjcif;

� wefzdk;xm;rIrsm;udk &Sif;vif;

zGifhqdkjcif;

� ig;jywdkuf - ig;arG;uef

� wpfckESifhwpfck qufupm;&aom

ÓPfprf;½kyfquf upm;enf;


wnfaxmif&mwGif tawGUtBuHK&Sdaom jynfwGif;jynfyynm&Sifrsm; yg0ifaom pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;

tBuHay;tzJGUonf rdrd\pmtkyfpmapmifrsm; jyKpkjcif;vkyfief;pOftwGuf ta&;ygrnfjzpfonf/

tu,fírdrd\ tpDtpOfonf vlxkynmay;a&;tay:txl; tm;pdkufaqmif&GufvdkNyD;?

tpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,fyg0ifjcif;u vkyfief;ydkrdk aumif;rGefaprnf[k ,kHMunfygu tBuHay;tzJGUwGif

ynma&;t&m&Sdrsm;vnf; yg0ifEdkifonf/ Oya' taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfwpfckvkH;twGuf

zJGUxm;aom tBuHay;tzJGUonf yif pmtkyfpmapmifrsm; tBuHay;tzJGUESifhxyfwl jzpfEdkifouJhodkY

tpDtpOftBuHay;tzJGUESifh rywfoufbJ tjcm;tzJGUi,ftjzpfvnf; jzpfEdkifonf/

ueOD;oabmxm;ESifh acgif;pOfrsm;\ tESpfcsKyfrsm;udk rSwfcsufay;Edkifol? pmtkyf

pmapmifrsm; jyKpkonfhtcgwGif ykHazmfay;Edkifolrsm; tBuHay;tzJGUwGif yg0ifoifhonf/Oya'

ESifh Oya'aMumif; t,ltqESifh ywfoufaom ñTefMum;csufpmapmifrsm;udk a&SUaersm;

odkYr[kwf Oya'uRrf;usifolrsm;\ a0zefokH;oyf csuf&,loifhonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyK

oifwef; twGuf oifMum;&ef enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh bmom&yf acgif;pOfrsm;? tvm;wlyif

vlxkynmay;vkyfief;aqmif&Guf&ef enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh oufqdkifonfh pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;udk

a'ocHtpdk;& r[kwfaom tzJGU? oifwef;q&mrsm;? ynma&;uRrf;usifolrsm;xH a0zefokH;oyfcsuf

&,loifhonf/ jynfyrS Oya'taxmuftuljyK oifwef;q&mrsm;ESif h pmtkyfpmapmif

jyKpkolrsm;u erlemavhusifha&;pmapmifrsm;? vufpJGpmapmif?t,ltq oabmxm;? tESpfcsKyf

owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh pmtkyfpmapmifjyKpkjcif;qdkif&m a,bk,stBuHay;csufrsm; ay;Edkifrnfjzpf

onf/ jyefvnfokH;oyfjcif;vkyfief;pOfonf tvGeftcsdefukefaomtvkyfjzpfojzifh tcsdefay;Edkif

aom tzJGU0ifrsm;udkom tBuHay;tzJGUwGif xm;&Sd&efrSm ta&;BuD;aomtcsufjzpfonf/

uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiHwGif vdktyfcsuf tuJjzwfjcif;vkyfief;pOf\ tpdwftydkif;tjzpf?

� wpfa,mufcsif;oifMum;jcif;

� rsufjrifoifjyenf; taxmuf

tulypönf;rsm;

� uRrf;usifolrsm;udk toHk;jyKjcif;

Source : Open Society Forum-

Mongolia(2006a),draftmanual.


tpDtpOfwpfckvkH; tBuHay;tzJGU\ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzJGU0ifrsm;onf 4if;wdkYvlUtzJGUtpnf;wGif

ay:aygufvmEdkifonfh Oya'aMumif;qdkif&m jyóemtcsuftvufrsm;udk azmfxkwfcJhMuonf/

tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzJGUtpnf;onf vlxk\jyóemrsm;udk vlxkynmay;a&;enf;vrf;ESifh

oifwef;rsm;jzifh ulnDajz&Sif;&ef atmufygtao;pdwfenf;vrf;rsm;udk csrSwfcJhonf-

aus;vufaejynfolrsm;u ,if;wdkY\ tcGifhta&;rsm;udk awmif;qdkydkifcGifh&Sdonfh

Oya'rsm;?

tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;\ tjyKtrlESifh oufqdkifonfhOya'rsm;/

w&m;½kH;pepf rnfodkYvkyfaqmifNyD;? rnfodkYvufvrf;rDSEdkifonf/

w&m;½kH;csdef;aeYwGif rnfodkYvkyfaqmif&rnf/

[efa*&DEdkifiHwGif Roma Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOf tBuHay;tzJGUonf Oya'

taxmuftuljyK oifwef;twGuf oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;udk atmufygacgif;pOfrsm;twdkif;

a&;qJGcJhonf/

cJGjcm;qufqHjcif;cH&olrsm; (vlrsKd;a&;cJGjcm;qufqHjcif;cH&rl tygt0if)twGuf

Oya' aMumif;qdkif&m tumtuG,frsm; ESifh 0efaqmifay;rIrsm;? txl;jyKu@

rsm;rSm- tvkyf tudkifcefYxm;jcif;? tdrf&mu@? usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrI?

ynma&;? vlrIa&;0efaqmifrIrsm;odkY 0ifa&mufcGifh? vlrIa&;axmufyHhrI? vltrsm;

qkdif&mae&mxdkifcif;rsm;odkY 0ifa&mufcGifh (Oyrm-pm;aomufqdkifESifhyef;jcHrsm;)

jynfwGif;ESifhEdkifiHwumOya'rsm;? vkHavmufaom tdrf&m&ydkifcGifhqdkif&mpHEIef;rsm;

(twif; t"r®ESifxkwfcH&aomudpö&yfrsm;tygt0if)ESifh xdkodkYcH&olrsm;twGuf

0efaqmifay;rIrsm;/


uav;oli,frsm;udk uav;oli,fa*[mrsm;wGifxm;jcif; odkYr[kwf tpdk;&\

tjcm;aom apmifha&SmufrIatmufwGifxm;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí uav;xdef;odrf;

apmifha&SmufcGifh tjiif;yGm;rI tpdk;&ESifhjzpfcJhvQif rdbrsm;\ &ydkifcGifhrsm;/

&JrS xdef;odrf;cH&ol (odkYr[kwf) oHo,&Sdjcif;cH&ol (odkYr[kwf)jypfrItwGuf

pGyfpJGcH&olrsm;\ &ydkifcGifhrsm;/

usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrIpepfwGif vlem\ &ydkifcGifhrsm; (cJGjcm;qufqHjcif;jzpfEdkifonfh

tajc taersm;tygt0if)

0efxrf;rsm;\ &ydkifcGifhESifh pdwfESifhudk,fcE¨mroefpGrf;aom0efxrf;rsm;twGuf

Oya'aMumif;qdkif&m tumtuG,frsm;/

ausmif;om;rsm;\ &ydkifcGifhESifh tajccHOya't& ynmoifMum;cGifhudk taumif

txnfazmf&ef enf;vrf;rsm;/

qif;&Jom;rsm;twGuf vlrItcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh vlrIa&;0efaqmifrIrsm;/

vlxk0efaqmifrIrsm;ESifh trsm;jynfolESifh oufqdkifaomae&mrsm;odkY vufvSrf;

rSDEdkifonfh EdkifiHom;&ydkifcGifhrsm;/

4-3 t&if;tjrpfrsm;pkaqmif;jcif;

pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;\ zJGUpnf;ykHtqiftjyif? taMumif;t&mESifh oifMum;enf;qdkif&m

csOf;uyfykHrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í rdrdpdwful;pOf;pm;Edkif&ef tjcm;tpDtpOfrsm;ESifhtzJGU tpnf;rsm;\

pHjyKt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk avhvmokH;oyf&efvdktyfonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKqdkif&mpmtkyf

yg0ifonfhZ,m; -

Oya'taxmuftuljyK

ynma&; twGuf vufpGJpmtkyf

trsdK;orD; tcGifhta&;rsm; tay:

tm½kH pl;pdkufjcif;? uifnmEdkifiH

� uifnmEdkifiHwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;\

tqifhtwef;

� Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;ESifh

Oya'taxmuftuljyK 0g'

� uifnmEdkifiH\ Oya'pepf

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ESifh qufcHydkifcGifhESifh tarGquf

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vdyfpmrsm; yg&SdonfhtavQmufqufoG,fNyD; pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;&&SdEdkif&ef pkHprf;Edkifonf/

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t&if;tjrpfjzpfonf/ tqdkyg vrf;ñTefpmtkyfpmapmifrsm;udk rdrd pmtkyfjyKpkolrsm;odk Y

t&if;tjrpfrsm;tjzpf ay;Edkifonf/

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pmtkyfpmapmifrsm; &SmazG&if;? rdrd\pmtkyf pmapmiftBuHay;tzJGU0ifrsm;? oifwef;q&mrsm;?

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Source:Konditi(1999)


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andTrainingUnit(2004)and

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pmapmifrsm;udk vufawGUtokH;jyKprf;oyfNyD;aemuf a0zeftBuHjyKcsufrsm;t& pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;

tvkyfjzpfaMumif; tcsuftvufrsm;udk od&S dEd kifonf/ (pmykd'f-4-10 wGif Munfh&ef)/

þtqifhwGif aqG;aEG;yJGjyKvkyfjcif;onf jyifqifcsuf tao;tzJGYrsm; jyKvkyf&efomjzpfaomfvnf;

tapmydkif;u jyKpkcJhaom pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;wGif usefcJhaom taMumif;t&mrsm;? tcsuftvuf

rsm;udk jyefvnfxnfhoGif;Edkifojzifh wefzdk;&Sdaom aqG;aEG;yJGjzpfEdkifayonf/

yxraqG;aEG;yJGuJhodkY 'kwd,aqG;aEG;yJGwGifvnf; &Sif;vif;aomvkyfief;wm0efrsm; ESifh

tcsdefZ,m; &Sdoifhonf/ owif;tcsuftvuftopfrsm; odkYr[kwf pmtkyfpmapmiftopfrsm;

ta&;wmudk;jyKpk&ef vdktyfygu yxrOD;pGm a&;om;&ef OD;pm;ay;NyD; Oya'taxmuftuljy

Krsm;xHrlMurf;rsm;udk csufjcif;jzefYa0&ygrnf/ Oya'taMumif;t&mopfuJhodkY pmydk'fopfrsm;udk

jyefvnfokH;oyf&mwGif uRrf;usifyk*¾dKvfrsm; yg0if&ef vdktyfrnfjzpfonf/


4-8 pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;jyKpkjcif;udk apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;? 0dkif;0ef;ulnDjcif;

ESifh okH;oyfjcif;

pmtkyfpmapmifrsm; jyKpkjcif;vkyfief;pOfonf a,bk,stm;jzifh 4 vrS 6 vxd Mumwwf

onf/ ,if;vkyfief;pOfwGif ueOD;rlMurf;a&;om;jcif;? 0dkif;0ef;ulnDjcif;? wdk;wufrIudk

apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;ESifh ueOD; jyifqifjcif;rsm; yg0ifonf/ NyD;jynfhpkHaom rlMurf;wpfckjyKpk&ef

tjcm;enf;vrf;rSm pmydk'fodkYr[kwf acgif;pOftcsKdUudk tm½kHpl;pdkufa&;om;um Oya' taxmuf

tuljyKoifwef;wGif prf;oyfokH;pJGNyD;? vlUtzJGU tpnf;twGif; rprf;oyfrD rlMurf;udktNyD;owf&rnf/

rdrd\vkyfief;tpDtpOf? t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifhpmjyKrsm; &EdkifrIESifh udkufnDrnfh pDrHcsufwpfckudk

a&;om;jyKpkxm;&ef vdktyfrnfjzpfonf/

rGef*dkvD;,m;EdkifiHOya' taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfwGif pmtkyfpmapmifrsm; jyKpk&ef

us,fjyefYaom tcsdefZ,m;ukd tokH;jyKxm;onf-

rdrd\pmjyKrsm; vkyfief;pwifonfhtcg erlemrsm;? Oya'qdkif&mt&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh

4if;wdk Y\ tcef;u@ &Sif;vif;csufrsm; vdktyfrnfjzpfonf/ pDrHcefYcJ GrItzJGU odk Yr[kwf

pmjyKacgif;aqmif odkYr[kwf acgif;aqmift,f'Dwm(pmwnf;)onf pmjyKrsm;ESifh teD;uyfqufpyf

vkyfudkifaejcif;tm;jzifh jyóemrsm;udk od&SdEdkifNyD; apmpD;pGm ajz&Sif;Edkifonfh tcsufonf

ta&;BuD;ayonf/ xda&mufaom pmjyKtzJGUrsm;onf rdrd\ pDrHudef;wpfckvkH;twGuf

ta&;BuD;aom tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfonf/ ]]rdrdudk,fwdkifu tqkH;tjzwfumvwpfcka&mufae

onfhwdkif pmjyKrsm;udk aysmf&Tifatmifxm;yg}}[k Oya'taxmuftuljyKvkyfief;'g½dkufwm

wpfOD;u rSwfcsufjyKzl;onf/ odkYaomf tcsKdUaom tajcaersm;wGif pmjyKrsm;u owfrSwfxm;onfh

Oya' taxmuftuljyKtwGuf

jy|mef;pmtkyf jyKpkjcif;tcsdefZ,m;

rGef*dkvD,m;EdkifiH

tqifh (1) pmtkyfpmapmifrsm; jyKpk

a&;aqG;aEG;yJG (1)

tcsdefumv - 5 &uf

tqifh (2) oifwe f ;om;vufp J G

pmapmif

- tMurf;vsmxm;csuf

&vm'fESif htydkif;u@

rsm;

- avhusifhcef;rsm;

- oabmxm;ESif h vuf

awGUtqifhrsm;

oifwef;q&m vufpJGpmapmif

- avhusif hcef; tm;vkH;

twGuf ykHpHjyKpkjcif;

tcsdefumv- &ufowå ywf (2) ywf


tcsdeftwdkif;a&;om;jyKpkjcif; rvkyfEdkifygu vlpm;vJvS,faqmif&Guf&onfrsm; &SdEdkifayonf/

ueOD;pmtkyfpmapmifrlMurf;rsm;udk pmjyKacgif;aqmif odkYr[kwfacgif;aqmif t,f'Dwm

odkYr[kwf pDrHcefYcJGrItzJGUwdkYrS twnfjyKNyD;ygu pmtkyfpmapmifrsm; tBuHay;tzJGU0if rsm;xH

wifjyEdkifonf/ tqdkygtBuHay;tzJGUwGif a&S;uazmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; Oya'aMumif;uRrf;usifol

rsm; yg0ifoifhonf/ xdkYjyif ,if;tzJGU0ifrsm;onf rdrdavhusifhynmay;rnfh vlUtzJGUtpnf;rsm;ESifh

&if;ESD;uRrf;0ifolrsm;jzpfoifhonf/ rdrd\pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;udk jyifyy&dowftm; okH;oyfcdkif;

rnfqdkygu okH;oyf&rnfh tqifhtwef;ESifh owfrSwfxm;aom uefYowfcsdeftwGif; rSwfcsufrsm;

ay;ydkY&rnfudk aocsmapoifhonf/

&&Sdaom okH;oyfcsuf^rSwfcsufrsm;tay:rlwnfí tqdkygpmtkyfpmapmifrsm;udk

Oya'taxmuftuljyK oifwef;wGifvufawGUtokH;rjyKrD aemufqkH;jyifqifjznfhpGufrIrsm;

jyKvkyfEdkifonf/ rdrdvkyfief; aqmif&Gufaeaom vlrIywf0ef;usif\ ,Ofaus;rItay:rlwnfí

pmjyKrsm;taejzifh 4if;wdk YjyKpkonfh pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;tay: a0zefcsufrsm; vufcHNyD;

jyifqifcsufrsm; pdwfvdkvm;pGmjyifqif&efrdrdu ulnDay;&ef vdktyfayonf/

4-9 Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm; avhusifh&mwGif pmtkyfpmapmifrsm; tokH;jyKjcif;

pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;jyKpkjcif; vkyfief;tqifh NyD;ajrmufonfhtcgwGif tokH;jyK&ef

tqifhoifhjzpfaeNyDjzpfonf/ tcef;(5)wGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;udk ueOD; avhusifh

oifhMum;ykH tao;pdwfudk azmfjyxm;onf/ rdrd\ yxrOD;qkH;aom oifwef;onf ]]oifwef;

q&mrsm;udk avhusifhoifwef;ay;jcif;}}jzpfEdkifonf/ ,if;oifwef;wGif vlxktajccH Oya'

tqifh (3) pmtkyfpmapmifrlMurf;

yxr okH;ykH wpfykHudk

acgif;qmift,f'DwmxH

wifjy&ef

tcsdefumv wpfv

tqifh(4) pmtkyfpmapmif rlMurf;

'kwd, okH;ykH wpfykHudk

acgif;aqmift,f'Dwm

xHwifjy&ef? wifjyxm;

csufrsm;tay: acgif;

aqmif t,f' Dwm\

ueOD; rSwfcsufrsm;

tcsdefumv wpfv

tqifh (5) rlMurf; aemufqkH; okH;ykH

wpfykH wifjy&ef

tcsdefumv wpfv

tqifh (6) acgif;aqmift,f'DwmrS

wifjycsufrsm;udktao;

pdwfokH;oyfjcif;

tcsdefumv wpfvrS ESpfv


taxmuftuljyKoifwef;rsm;udk OD;aqmifzGifhvSpfrnfh Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm; twGuf

ykHpHazmfxm;onf/ tqdkygoifwef;udk pDrHudef;'g½dkufwmu pmtkyfpmapmifjyKpkolrsm;\

tultnDudk &,lum vlUtzJGUtpnf;twGif; vIyf&Sm;aqmif&Gufrnfh Oya' taxmuftuljyK

oifwef;udk taumiftxnfazmfEdkifonf/

rdrd\ oifwef;tpDtpOfudk taumiftxnfazmfonfhtcsdefwGif oifMum;rI taxmuf

tul pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;ESifh ywfoufí w&m;0if odkYr[kwf w&m;r0iftBuHjyKa0zefcsuf

rsm;udk&,l&ef ta&;BuD;onf/

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;twGufueOD; tpDtpOfudk uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiHwGif pwifpOf

oifwef; om;rsm;xHrS tBuHÓPfa0zefcsufrsm;&,l&ef tcsdefudk aeYpOfowfrSwfxm;onf/

uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiHwGif tokH;jyKcJhaom tBuHjyKar;cGef;vTm erlempm&if;udk aemufqufwJG

(4)wGif azmfjyxm;onf/

oifwef;q&mvufpJGpmapmiftay: ueOD;a0zefcsufrsm;&&Sd&ef tokH;jyKEdkifonfh

atmufyg ar;cGef;tESpfcsKyfrsm;udk oifpOf;pm;Edkif&ef azmfjyvdkufonf-

- acgif;pOfonf vlxk\ b0ESifhudkufnDrI&Sdovm;?

- þvIyf&Sm;rIonf acgif;pOfESifhudkufnDrI&Sdovm;?

- þvIyf&Sm;rIonf vlxkESifhxdawGUrI&Sdovm;?

- vdktyfaom jyóemrsm;udk uREkfyfwdkYajz&Sif;Edkifovm;?

- acgif;pOfESifhoif,lrItajctaetMum; aumif;aom tcsKd;usrI &Sdygovm;/

wpfcgwpf&Hoifwef;om;rsm;taejzifh a0zefcsuf? rSwfcsufrsm;ay;&ef wGefYqkwfaejcif;

odkYr[kwf tawGUtBuHKr&Sdjcif;rsm;udk awGUBuHKEdkifygonf/ ,if;tajctaewGif xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;

tqifh (7) pmtkyfpmapmifjyKpkjcif;

aqG;aEG;yJG (2)

tcsdefumv 5 &uf

tqifh (8) vufpJ Gpmapmifrsm;udk

jyefvnf jyifqifjcif;

tcsdefumv ESpfv rS okH;v

tqifh (9) Oya'taxmuftuljyK

oifwef; (1)

vufpJGpmapmifrsm;tay:

a0zefcsufrsm;&,l&ef

tcsdefumv 5 &uf

tqifh (10) pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;udk

Oya'taxmuftuljyK

rsm;u uGif;qif;okH;pJGjcif;?

vufpJG

pmapmifrsm; tay:

a0zefcsufrsm; &,l&ef

tcsdefumv okH;v


rQa0Edkifatmif vG,fulaom enf;vrf;rsm;udk rdrd&SmazG&ef vdktyfygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh

trnfrazmfjybJ a0zefcsuf rSwfcsufawmif;cHenf;? odkYr[kwf EIwfjzifha0zefcsufrSwfcsufay;

apjcif;/

a0zefcsuf rSwfcsufrsm;&onfESifh rdrd\ pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;udk aocsmpGm jyifqif

&ygrnf/ rdrdtaejzifh vltiftm;? aiGtiftm;ESifh pdwf"mwfa&;&m t&if;tjrpfrsm; rsm;pGm

&if;ESD;NyD;onfh tcsdefxuf pOD;ydkif;umvwGifjyifqifrIrsm; vkyfjcif;u rdrdtwGuf ydkrdkvG,ful

Edkifonf/ &&Sdaoma0zefcsufrSwfcsufrsm;udk rdrd\pmjyKrsm;ESifhawGUqkHNyD;okH;oyfyg/ rdrd

a&G;cs,faom acgif;pOfrsm;tvdkuf? tokH;jyKaom oifMum;enf;rsm;? oifcef;pm\ ykHpHESifh

tqiftjyifwdkY\ tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;udk aqG;aEG;yg/ Oyrmtm;jzifhoifwef;q&mwpfa,muf

taejzifh oifcef;pmwpfckudk wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh oifMum;Edkif&ef? xyfrHvdktyfaom &Sif;vif;

csufrsm;xnfhoGif;&ef? aqG;aEG;yJGrsm; acsmarGUatmifpDpOfjcif;? odkYr[kwf oifMum;enf; qdkif&m

tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm; oifwef;q&m vufpJ GwGif jznfhpGufjcif;rsm; jyKvkyf&ef

oifhroifhESifh wifjyxm;onfh udpö&yfrsm;udkydkrdk&Sif;vif;pGm a&;om;&efvdk? rvdkwdkYudk pOf;pm;&efwdkY

jzpfonf/

rdrd\pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqif&ef tcsdefZ,m;udk pmjyKrsm;ESifh twljyKpk

Edkifonf/ jyefvnfjyifqifrIrsm; aqmif&GufNyD;aomtcsdefwGif uGif;qif;aqmif&Gufaom

tpDtpOfrsm;ü vufpJGpmapmifrsm; tokH;jyKrI rnfrQtqifajyonfqdkonfh tcsufonf

ta&;BuD;aom okH;oyfcsuftqifh jzpfonf/ þtqifhwGif pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;udk ykHESdyfjcif;?

jzefYcsdjcif; rjyKvkyfoifhyg/Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;taejzifh rdwåLpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;jzifhom

tokH;jyKoifhonf/ tokH;jyKrnfhpmtkyfpmapmifrsm;udk oifwef;tpDtpOfwGif prf;oyfokH;pJGNyD;?

jyifqifrIrsm; jyKvkyfNyD;rSom ykHESdyfjzefYcsd&ef pOfpm;oifhonf/

tqifh (11)

Oya'taxmuftuljyK

oifwef; (2)

vufp J G pmapmi fr sm ;

tay:a0zefcsufrsm;

&,l&ef

tqifh (12) vufpJG pmapmifrsm;

tNyD;owf jyKpkjcif;ESifh ykHESdyfjcif;

Source : Jigmeddash, personal

correspondence with

the author.

October 17, 2007


4-10 pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;udk vufawGUuGif;qif;prf;oyftokH;jyKjcif;

uGif;qif;prf;oyfjcif; odkYr[kwf a&SUajy;prf;oyfjcif;ponfh a0g[m&rsm;onf pmtkyf

pmapmifrsm;udk rdrd\tpDtpOfwGif rdrd\ taxmuftuljyKrsm; vlUtzJGUtpnf;twGif;

vkyfief;aqmif&Guf&mwGif tokH;jyKjcif;udk &nfñTef;onf/ rdrd\Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;tm;

ueOD;oifwef;umvwGif ar;jref;cJhaom tBuHjyKcsuf a0zefcsufqdkif&m ar;cGef;rsm;twdkif;

uGif;qif;prf;oyfjcif;umvwGifvnf; ar;jref;&rnfjzpfonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;u

vlUtzJGUtpnf;twGif; aqmif&GufcJhonfh vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í owif;tcsuftvufrsm;

udkvnf; ar;jref;NyD; a0zefcsuf? tBuHjyKcsufrsm;&,l&rnf/

,if;odkYar;jref;&mwGif atmufygar;cGef;rsm;yg0ifoifhygonf-

jynfhpkHrI

- vufpJGpmapmifwGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKvkyfief;twGuf vdktyfaom acgif;pOf

rsm;ESifh uRrf;usifrIrsm; tm;vkH;yg&Sdygovm;?

- jynfhpkHaom tao;pdwfrsm;yg&Sdygovm;?

- xyfjznfh&efvdkaom tcsufrsm;&Sdygovm;?

wdusrI

- a&;om;xm;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; rSefuefrI &Sdygovm;/

tokH;0ifrI

- wifjyxm;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tqifoifhtokH;jyKEdkifNyDvm;/

a0zeftBuHjyKcsuf &,l&ef ar;cGef;rsm;wGifus,fjyefYaomar;cGef;rsm; ygEdkifouJhodkY rdrd\


tpDtpOfESifh twdtusoufqdkifonfh ar;cGef;rsm;vnf; yg0ifEdkifonf/ rdrdtaejzifh Oya'

taxmuftuljyKrsm;ESifh wdkuf½dkuf awGUqkHjcif;? vkyfief;cGifodkY oGm;a&mufvnfywfjcif;

odkYr[kwf tjcm;aomqufoG,frI enf;vrf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKí Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;xHrS

a0zeftBuHjyKcsufrsm; &,l&ef pepfwpfckudk azmfaqmifxm;&efvdktyfonf/

vkyfief;aqmif&GufrI tapmydkif;vtenf;i,ftwGif; awGUqkHpnf;a0;jcif;onf

avhusifha&;ESifh tultnDrsm;udk xyfrHjyKvkyfEdkifjcif;ESifh uGif;qif;prf;oyfjcif;rS &&Sdonfh

&vm'frsm;udk okH;oyfEdkifjcif;wdkYudk jyKvkyf&ef tajctaeaumif;jzpfayonf/ rdrd\ Oya'

taxmuftuljyKrsm;xHrS &&Sdonfh tBuHÓPf? a0zefcsufrsm;onf pmtkyfpmapmif rsm;jyKpkjcif;

'kwd,aqG;aEG;yJGtwGuf tm½kHpdkuf&eftcsufjzpfEdkifonf/ (4-7 tydk'fudkMunfhyg)

4-11 pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;udk tNyD;owfjcif;

rdrd\jyifqif jznfhpGufjcif;rsm;udk tajccHum aemufqkH;tNyD;owf pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;udk

jyifqifxm;oifhonf/ ,if;pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;udk rdrd\tBuHay;tzJGU\ okH;oyfcsufESifh

aemufqkH;twnfjyKcsuf &,loifhonf/

rdrdtaejzifh ½kyfykHrsm;odkYr[kwf umwGef;ykHrsm;udk tokH;jyKrnfqdkygu OD;wnfxm;aom

vlrI0ef;usif\ ,Ofaus;rIESifh tqifajyjcif;? qDavsmfjcif;&Sd&rnf/ awmiftmz&duEdkifiHESifh

uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiH&Sd Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfrsm;twGuf tNyD;owfpmapmifrsm;wGif

tokH;rjyKrD? OD;wnfxm;aom vlUtzJGUtpnf;rS tzJGU0ifrsm;u umwGef;ykHrsm;udk pdppfokH;oyfrI

jyKvkyfonf/


rdrd\pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;udk ykHESdyf&efESifh jzefYcsd&efudpörsm;ESifhywfoufí tcsdefESifh aiGrsm;

rokH;rD *½kwpdkufpOf;pm;oifhonf/ rdrd\ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf vlUtzJGUtpnf;

rsm;wGif vkyfief;rsm; qufvufvkyfudkifaeonfhtavsmuf rdrd\pmtkyfpmapmifyg taMumif;

t&mrsm;tay: vlUtzJGUtpnf;\ topfvdktifrsm;ESifh xnfhoGif;csufrsm;u vTrf;rdk;rnf

jzpfygonf/ odkYjzpf&m pmtkyfpmapmifyg taMumif;t&mrsm;udk tcgtm;avsmfpGmajymif;vJ

csufrsm;ESifh jyifqifcsufrsm; jyKvkyf&ef vdktyfaumif;vdktyfrnfjzpfonf/ rdrd\ tpDtpOfudk

vkyfaqmif&mwGifESpfaygif; tawmfMumtxd aiGukefaMu;usenf;NyD;vG,fulpGm jyifqifEdkifaom

rdwåLrsm;? pm&Gufrsm;udk tokH;jyKjcif;onf taumif;qkH;tajctae jzpfonf[k rdrdqkH;jzwfEdkifonf/

rdrd\ tpDtpOftwGuf jyifyaiGaMu;taxmuftyHhrsm; &&SdEdkifygu rdrd\ vufpJGpmapmif

rsm;udk ykHESdyf&ef vdktyfvmrnfjzpfonf/ ykHESdyf&eftwGuf ta&mif? puúLtrsKd;tpm;? rsufESmzkH;

tEkynmESifh tjcm;jyóemrsm;udk qkH;jzwf&rnf/ rdrdtzJGUtpnf;wGif pmtkyfpmapmif xkwfvkyf

jcif;udk tuRrf;0ifolrsm; r&Sdygu jyifyrS 'DZdkifemESifh ykHEdSyfolrsm;udk tokH;jyKoifhonf/rdrdtae

jzifh erlemESifhukefusp&dwf wGufcsufrIrsm;udk 'DZdkifemESifh ykHESdyfolESpfOD;pDxHrS &,lNyD;rSom

qkH;jzwfcsuf csrSwfoifhonf/


tcef; (5)

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;udk

avhusifhoifMum;ay;jcif;


5-1 Oya'taxmuftuljyKwdkYtm; avhusifhoifMum;a&;twGuf ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;

5-2 avhusifhoifMum;a&;wGif yg0ifonfh taMumif;jcif;&mrsm;

5-3 avhusifhoifMum;a&; enf;vrf;rsm;

5-4 avhusifhoifMum;jcif;ESifh oif,l&mwGif pdefac:rIrsm;

5-5 oifwef;q&mrsm;

5-6 avhusifhoifMum;a&;twGuf tao;pdwfpDrHcefYcJGrIqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;udk avhusifhoifMum;ay;a&; vkyfief;tqifhqifhESifh

tpDtpOftrsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk þtcef;wGif azmfjyxm;onf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyK ywf0ef;usifESifh

tom;usatmif ueOD; vkyfaqmifjcif;rStp? Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm; vlUtzJGUtpnf;twGif;

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qdkaomf Oya'aMumif;jzifh ajz&Sif;cJhaom w&m;repfemrIrSm tenf;i,fom &Sdaom

aMumifhjzpfonf/ ayghqrIESifhywfoufaom Oya'orsm;ESifh &mZ0wfrIqdkif&m wm0ef

ruif;rIESifhywfoufaom vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;onf Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;u

Mum;0ifjzefajza&; aqmif&Guf&mwGif tokH;0ifaom vrf;ñTefcsufrsm;jzpfEdkifaMumif;

oifwef;om;rsm;u cH,lxm;onf/}}

tar&duefEdkifiHwGif tpjyKcJhaom Street Law \ oifjyenf;ykHpHwGif atmufazmfjyyg

tcsufrsm;yg0ifonfh Oya'ESifhoufqdkifaom oifcef;pmrsm;yg0ifNyD; urÇmtESHY oifwef;q&mrsm;

vufudkiftokH;jyKaeayonf -

Oya'\ jy|mef;csufudk aqG;aEG;jcif;?

Oya'wpfckudk bmhaMumifh jy|mef;&onf? rnfuJhodkYvufawGUtokH;cstaumift

xnfazmfonf ponfhoufqdkifaom rl0g'udpörsm;udk avhvmqef;ppfjcif;?

wefzdk;xm;rIrsm;qdkif&m y#dyu©rsm;udk rdwfqufay;jcif;? jyóemtrsm;pkwGif

tjrifwpfck xufru&SdaeEdkifaMumif; Oyrmay;&Sif;jyjcif;?

tjyeftvSefwkHYjyefoifMum;enf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKjcif;?

tajctaewpf&yf&yfudk rnfodkYudkifwG,faqmif&Gufonfqdkonfh vufawGUusaom

tBuHÓPfrsm; &Sif;vif;ydkYcsjcif;?

tcef;u@wGifyg0ifaqmif&GufrIESifhtjcm; tjyeftvSef oifMum;enf;rsm;tjyif? oif

wef;wGiftajccHowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk od&SdapEdkifonfh oifMum;ydkYcsrIonf oifMum;rI

avsmfaMu;ay;&ef awmif;qd k&m

nd§EIdif;rIrsm; jyKvkyfcJhojzifh ta':

jzpfolu a':vm 300 ay;&efoabm

wlnDcJ honf/ wljzpfolonf ,if;

a':vm 300 udkvufcHum wpf[uf

wmus,faomajrudk 0,f,lcJhonf/

Source : Tibbitts 2005b.


yHkpHudk vTrf;rdk;rIr&Sdygu rdepf 20 cefY oifMum;ydkYcsrIonf oifwef;om;rsm;twGufrsm;pGm

qDavsmfrI&Sdonfhtjyif oifwef;om;rsm;taejzifh avhvmqef;ppf&efESifh &&Sdonfhynm A[kokw

rsm;udk toHk;cs&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm;&Sdonf/

oifwef;om;rsm;taejzifh t"dutcsuftvufrsm;udk rnfrQrSwfom;Edkifonf qdkonfh

tcsufESifh oifwef;q&mrsm;\ ydkYcscsufrsm;udk rnfrQcH,lEdkifonfqdkonfrsm;udk od&SdEdkif&ef

qD&mvD,GefEdkifiH oifwef;wGifa&;ajzpmar;yJGrsm;usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonf/ aemufqufwJG (8)wGif

erlemcufqpfar;cGef;rsm; yg&Sdonf/ Timap Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOf wnfaxmifol

Vivek Maru u oifwef;om;rsm;onf a&;ajzpmar;yJGrsm;ESifh trSm;trSefcufqpfar;cGef;rsm;udk

tav;teufxm;MuaMumif;ESifh ,if;pmar;yJGrsm;onf 4if;wdkY\ A[kokwydkifqdkifrIudk tm;ay;

aMumif; ajymMum;onf/

5-4 avhusifhoifMum;jcif;ESifh oif,l&mwGif pdefac:rIrsm;

ueOD;oifwef;tjyif rGrf;rHoifwef;rsm;rS wqifh aemufxyftquf toG,f&&Sdvmonfh

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;ESifh uGif;qif;NyD; BuD;Muyfaqmif&Gufonfh vkyfief;rsm;onf tpDtpOf

umvtwGif; pOfqufrjywfoif,lrIudk jzpfay:aprnfjzpfonf/ ay:aygufvmaom pdefac:rI

rsm;udkod&Sdjcif;ESifh ajz&Sif;jcif;rsm;rSwpfqifh oif,ljcif;udk jzpfay:aponf/


5-4-1 vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGif; tjyeftvSefwHkYjyefaomenf;vrf;rsm;udk toHk;jyKjcif;

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGif; oifwef;rsm;jyKvkyfMuonfh

tavsmuf 4if;wdkYudk tjyeftvSefwHkYjyefaomoifjyenf;rsm; vTJajymif;ay;a&;onf pdefac:rI

wpf&yfyifjzpfonf/ udk,fwdkifyg0ifapaom oifMum;enf;rsm;udk tawGUtBuHK r&Sdolrsm;tzdkY

þenf;vrf;rsm;udk jynfolvlxk tMum; toHk;jyK&eftqifrajy[k cHpm;&Edkifonf/ ]]tjyif;

txef}} oif,ljcif;onf oifcef;pmydkYcsjcif;rsm;jzpfonf[k Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm; pdwfwGif

xifjrifEdkifonf/ rdrd\Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;taejzifh jynfolvlxktm; oifcef;pm

ydkYcsjcif;ESifh pum;ajymjcif;rsm;onf ynmay;a&;r[kwfqdkaom tcsufudk vufcH&ef cufcJrnf

jzpfEdkifonf/

tjyeftvSefwkHYjyefoifMum;enf;onftpDtpOftwGuf wefzdk;&Sdaom rQa0rIwpfck

jzpfaMumif; ueOD; oifwef;jyKvkyfpOfwGif tav;teufxm; oifMum;ay;&ef ta&;BuD;vSayonf/

udk,fwdkifyg0ifapaom oifMum;enf;ñTefMum;csufrsm;u Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm; Oya'udk

em;vnfapNyD;? vlUtzJGUtpnf;twGif; vG,fulpGmqufoG,faqmif&GufrIudk jzpfay:apEdkifaMumif;

tpDtpOf'g½dkufwmrsm;u &Sif;vif; ajymMum;oifhonf/ ,if;uJhodkYtjyeftvSefwkHYjyefaom

oifMum;enf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKjcif;onf tjyeftvSef pum;ajymjcif;\ wefzdk;udk todtrSwf

jyKjcif;ESif h oifwef;om;ESif h oifwef;q&mtMum; yl;wJG oif,ljcif;wdk Yudk wNydKifwnf;

jzpfay:aponf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;taejzifh tjyeftvSefwkHYjyefaom oifMum;enf;

rsm;udk vufcHNyD;? vlUtzJGUtpnf;twGif; 4if;wdkY\tvkyfwm0efrSm oif,lxm;aom tawGU

tBuHKrsm;udk rQa0ay;jcif;vkyfief;jzpfaMumif; em;vnfoabmayguf&ef vdktyfonf/


5-4-2 vlUtzJGUtpnf; jyóemrsm;ESifh tuJqyfrIrsm;udk em;vnfoabm

aygufjcif;

jynfolvlxktaejzifh vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmr&Sdaom tajctaersm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rI"avh

xkH;pHrsm;udk Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;vkyfief;vkyfaqmif&mwGif tpOfawGUBuHK&rnfjzpfonf/

[efa*&DEdkifiHwGif Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf tvGeftrif; cJGjcm;qufqHjcif;cH&aom

Roma tkyfpktzJGU0ifrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ,Ofaus;rItawmfrsm;rsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf

tm;enf;olrsm;jzpfNyD; "avhxkH;wrf;ESifh Oya'a&;&mrsm;wGif cJGjcm;qufqHjcif;cH&avh &Sdygonf/

tqdkygtajctaersm;twGuf tajzrSef&&Sda&;rSm a&wdkr[kwfbJ a&&Snfudpö&yfjzpfonf/

rdrd\ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;taejzifh 4if;wdkY\ trIonfrsm;\ *kPfodu©mESifh

tcGifhta&;rsm; csKd;azmufcH&onfrsm;udk em;vnfNyD; El;nHhodrfarGUonfudkvnf; od&Sd&ef aocsm

apjcif;jzifh wpfpdwfwpfydkif;aom &vm'fudkjzpfay:Edkifonf/ vlUtzJGUtpnf;twGif; jyóem

rsm;udk erlemajz&Sif;ykHrsm;tm; oifwef; om;rsm;udk oifwef;umvwGif oifMum;ay;Edkifonf/

usm;^r omwlnDrQr&Sdjcif;uJhodkY a'o,Ofaus;rI? euf½Idif;pGm tjrpfwG,faeaom tpOftvmESifh

,kHMunfrIpepfrsm;&Sdonfh ae&mwGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf vlUtzJGUtpnf;tzJGU0if

wpfOD;csif;ESifh awGUqkHvkyfaqmifjcif; odkYr[kwf oifwef;ay;&onfh tajc taersm;wGif tqdkyg

tpOftvmrsm;udk ]]oabmw&m;ESifh vufawGUwdkufqdkifppfaq;jcif;}} jyKvkyfNyD;? ,if; tpOf

tvmrsm;onf vlUtzJGUtpnf;twGif; wcsKdUaomtzJGU0ifrsm;udk *kPfi,fapaMumif; tjyef

tvSef ajymqdkjcif;udkvrf;zGifhay;&rnf/ trsKd;om;trsKd;orD;jzpfrIqdkif&m cJGjcm;rIESifhywfoufonfh

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;twGuf txl;oifwef;udk zdvpfydkifEd kifiHwGif jyKvkyfcJhonf/


vrf;ñTefcsufrsm;udk aemufqufwJG (9)wGif Munfhyg/

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;ud k,fwd ki f tvGeftrif;cJ G jcm;qufqHjcif;cH&aom

tpOftvmrsm;udk tawGUtBuHK&SdNyD;olrsm;jzpfEdkifonf/ [efa*&DEdkifiHOya'taxmuftuljyK

oifwef;q&mrsm;onf oifwef;om;rsm; (tm;vkH; Roma rsm;jzpfMuonf)onf 4if;wdkY\ tcGifh

ta&;rsm;ud k em;vnfr Ienf;yg;aMumif; tH h Mord Muonf/ oifwef;q&mwpfO D ;\

rSwfcsuft& -

]]NyD;cJhaom oifwef;rsm;teufwpfckwGif tvkyform;tcGifhta&;ESifh cJGjcm;qufqHjcif;

oifcef;pmudk ydkYcscJhonf/ atmufygudpöudk pOf;pm;awG;awm&ef uRefawmfwdkYu oifwef;om;rsm;

udk cdkif;cJhonf/

]]ukefpkHqdkiftao;wpfckwGif Roma trsKd;orD;wpfOD;udk okH;vMumta&mif;0efxrf;tjzpf

tvkyfcefYcJhonf/ ,if;umvwGif qdkifydkif&Sifu trsKd;orD;\ tvkyfvkyfykHudk tvGef

auseyfcJhonf/ wpfaeYwGif Roma trsKd;orD;onf yef;ykHrsm;ygaomacgif;pnf;yk0g

(Roma jzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;aomtrSwftom;) 0wfqifvmonf/olronf tvkyfodkY

acgif;pnf;yk0g0wfNyD; aeYpOfqufívmonf/ qdkif&Sifu olrudk Roma jzpfaMumif;

odojzifh aps;0,fvmolrsm; tHhtm;oifhapNyD; pdwftaESmifht,SufjzpfapEdkifaMumif;

ajymqdkum acgif;pnf;yk0gudkz,f&Sm;cdkif;onf/ olru ravQmhbJ acgif;pnf; yk0gqufNyD;

0wfqifvmojzifh tvkyfrSxkwfypfjcif;cH&onf/

oifwef;om;rsm;udkar;aomar;cGef;rSm -

qdkif&Sif\ tjyKtrIonf Oya'ESifhnDygovm;

tu,fí Oya'ESifhrnDvQif? ,if;tajctaersKd;wGif 0efxrf;taejzifh olr\


&ydkifcGifhrsm;twGuf bmvkyfoifhovJ[lí jzpfygonf/

oifwef;om;rsm;\ t,ltqESifh wkHYjyefcsufrSm uRefawmfwdkY tvGef tHhtm;oifhcJh&onf/

oifwef;om;rsm;onf Roma rsm;jzpfaomfvnf; tm;vkH;pkaygif; t,ltqrSm

qdkif&Sifonf trsKd;orD;udk acgif;pnf; z,f&Sm;&ef ajymcGifh&SdaMumif;? tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf

aps;0,folrsm;u Roma trsKd;orD;tvkyfvkyfaom qdkifwGif0,f&ef jiif;qdkrI? bufvdkuf

rIrsm;&SdEdkifaMumif; ajzMum;onf/ oifwef;om;rsm;\ t,ltqonf 4if;wdkYudk,fwdkif\

tawGUtBuHKrsm;t& ajzMum;jcif;jzpfNyD;? 4if;wdkY\ pdwfwGifpJGrSwfaerIudk trSeftwdkif;

jzpfapvdkaomjyif;jyonfhpdwf uRefawmfwdkYcHpm;&ygonf/ 4if;wdkYwGif rdrdBudKuf&mqkH;jzwf

vkyfydkifcGifh&Sdonf? 4if;wdkY\ ,Ofaus;rItxdrf;trSwf t0wftxnf 0wfqifcGifh &Sdonf

qdkonfhtcsufudk rod&SdMuay/ Oya'u 4if;wdkY\ &ydkifcGifhrsm;udk umuG,f&ef &nf&G,f

xm;aMumif;ESifh ,if;tcsufudkod&ef ta&;BuD;aMumif; 4if;wdk Y odjrifvmap&ef

&Sif;jy&onfrSm aeYwpf0ufyifukefcJhygonf}}/

Roma-Oya'taxmuftuljyKoifwef;tpDtpOfwGif Oya'rsm;udk oifMum;ay;½kHru?

4if;wdkYwGif Oya'u tumtuG,fay;xm;aom tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh tajccHvlUtcGifhta&;rsm;&Sd

aMumif; Roma acgif;aqmifrsm; odjrifvmap&efudkyg tajccHusus tultnDay;jcif;rsm;jyKvkyf

cJh&ygonf/ Oya'taxmuf tuljyKrsm;ESifh 4if;wdkYESifh vufwJGvkyfudkifolrsm;\ vkyfydkifcGifh

tmPmrsm;&Sdjcif;onf rdrd\tpDtpOftwGuf t"du&nfrSef;csufESifh pdefac:rIyifjzpfayonf/


5-5 oifwef;q&mrsm;

ueOD;oifwef;ESifh aemufqufwJGaqG;aEG;yJGrsm;wGif rsKd;pkHaomoifwef;q&mrsm;udk

tokH;jyKEdkifonf/ oifwef;q&mrsm;ESifhwifjyolrsm;onf wifjyrnfh acgif;pOfESifhywfoufí

A[kokwjynfhpkHjcif;? vufawGU tokH;csjcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh tawGUtBuHK&Sdjcif;? Oya'taxmuf

tuljyK oifwef;om;rsm;ESifh tjyeftvSefwkefYjyefajymqdkrI&Sdjcif;ESifh udk,fwdkifyg0ifapaom

oifjyenf;udk uRrf;usifjcif;ponfhtcsufrsm;u ta&;BuD;onf/

oifwef;q&mtrsKd;tpm;rsm;ESifh pDpOfaqmif&GufoltrsKd;tpm;rsm;udk atmufwGif

erlemtjzpf azmfjyxm;onf-

Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOf'g½dkufwm?

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;ESifh vufwJGvkyfudkifrnfh Oya'uRrf;usifolrsm;?

zsefajza&;vkyfief; uRrf;usifolrsm;?

taMumif;t&macgif;pOf odkYr[kwf uRrf;usifrIvkyfief;pOf tawGUtBuHK&Sdaom

wuf<uvIyf&Sm;olrsm;ESifh tifef*sDtdk0efxrf;rsm;?

tpdk;&tzJGUtpnf;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;?

oifMum;a&;pmtkyfpmapmifrsm; jyKpk&mwGif yg0ifaompmjyKrsm;ESifh ulnDaom

tjcm;yk*¾dKvfrsm; (txufygtkyfpkrsm;wGif ryg0ifcJhygu)/

Oya'oifwef;ausmif;rsm;ESifh aygif;pnf;xm;aom Oya'taxmuftuljyK oifwef;

rsm;onf tjyeftvSef wkHYjyefaomoifMum;enf;rsm;udk q&m^q&mrrsm;ESifh xdawGUum

tawGUtBuHK&&SdapEdkifonf/ vlUtzJGUtpnf; ynmay;a&;wGif Oya' ausmif;om;rsm;


yg0ifapaom Oya'ynm&SiftpktzJGU (Oyrm - Street Law ykHpH Oya'ynm&SiftpktzJGU) rsm;onf

4if;wdkY\ tzJGU0ifrsm;ukd wwfajrmufuRrf;usifxm;onfh enf;vrf;rsm;? r[mAsL[mrsm;jzifh

rdwfquf&Sif;jyxm;oifhonf/ ,if;enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh r[mAsL[mrsm;onf Oya' taxmuftuljyK

oifwef;twGuf tajccHrsm;jzpfvmEdkifonf/ vlUtzJGUtpnf; ynmay;a&;wGif yg0if

ywfoufcJhaom tifef*sDtdkrsm;wGifvnf; tvm;wlenf;vrf;rsm; tokH;jyKjcif; tawGUtBuHK

&SdEdkifonf/ odkYaomfrdrdtaejzifh ,if;enf;vrf;rsm;onf oif,loludk,fwdkifyg0ifapaom

oifjyenf;rSef? rrSef odkYr[kwf oifwef;q&m A[dkjyKtcsuftvuf jzefYa0jcif;ykHpHjzpfaeonf

ponfrsm;udk avhvmpkHprf;&ef vdktyfrnfjzpfonf/

qD&mvD,GefEdkifiH Timap Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfwGif Vivek Maru ESifh 4if;\

vufaxmuf'g½dkufwmwdkYonf oifwef;q&macgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfNyD;? Oya'uRrf;usifolrsm;

a'oEÅ&tpdk;& tzJGUrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;? rD'D,mtokH;jyKykHudkoifjyonfh *sme,fvpfwpfOD;?

trsKd;om;trsKd;orD;jzpfrItay: tajccHaom tMurf;zufrIrsm;udk wifjyonfh tifef*sDtdkrS

udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;ponfwdkY yg0ifMuonf/ 9 &ufMumoifwef;tpDtpOfudk aemufqufwJG

(5)wGifMunfhyg/ jzpfEdkifvQifoif\ Oya'taxmuftul jyKrsm;udk trIonfrsm;ESifhvufwJG

vkyfaqmif&rnfht&yfa'orsm; (Oyrm-&Jpcef;rsm;)odk Y ac:oGm;jcif;jzifh vufawGUb0

tajctaersm;udk A[kokw&&SdapEdkifonf/

Oya'taxmuftuljyKoifwef; tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;a&;om;jyKpk

olrsm;udk ueOD;oifwef;q&mrsm;tjzpf tokH;jyKMuonf/ tcef;(4)wGif azmfjyxm;aom

pmjyKrsm; aqG;aEG;yJGrsm;u rdrdtpDtpOftwGuf oifwef;q&mrsm;&&Sda&;udk ulnDay;rnfjzpfonf/


rdrdtaejzifh oif½dk;pmtkyfpmapmiftcsKdU jyKpkNyD;onfhwdkif oifwef;q&m&SmazG&efcufcJonfh

tajctaersKd; awGUBuHK&vQif ]]oifwef;q&mrsm; udk oifwef;ay;jcif;}} aqG;aEG;yJGudk pDpOf&ef

pOf;pm;oifhonf/ tqdkygaqG;aEG;yJGwGif oif\tpDtpOfudk qufvuftusKd;jyKrnfh oifwef;

q&mrsm;? pmjyKrsm; odkYr[kwf Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifrnfh olrsm;

yg0if&efvdktyfonf/

[efa*&DEdkifiHoifwef;q&mrsm;udk oifwef;ay;jcif;udkRoma wuúodkvfausmif;om;^ol

12 OD;ESifh pwifNyD; &ufowåywf (9)ywfMum aqG;aEG;yJGrsm;udk 54 em&DjyKvkyfcJhonf/

,if;umvtwGif; Roma Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;udk avhusifhoifMum;&mwGif tokH;jyKrnfh

pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;udk jyKpkEdkifcJhonf/ ,if;oifwef; atmifjrifol (9)OD;udk bl'gyufpfwuúodkvf

Street Law Program rS tawGU tBuHK&ifhusufNyD;aom oifwef;q&mtkyfpkESifh a&SUaersm; (Roma

odkYr[kwftjcm;rsKd;EG,f)ESifh aygif;pyfapNyD; wpfESpfwm Oya'taxmuftuljyKoifwef;twGuf

vlom;t&if;tjrpfrsm; &&Sdaponf/

5-6 avhusifhoifMum;a&;twGuf tao;pdwfpDrHcefYcJGrIqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;

oifwef;rsm;jyKvkyf&mwGif xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh axmufyHhydk Yaqmifa&; tpDtrH

rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ rdrdESifhrdrd\ oifwef;q&mrsm;taejzifh ,cifu oifwef;ESifhywfoufonfh

tawGUtBuHKrsm;&SdcJhvQif Oya'taxmuftuljyKoifwef;twGuf axmufyHhydk Yaqmifa&;

pDrHzJ GUpnf;rItwGuf taumif;qkH;tcsuf tvufrsm;&&SdEd kifayonf/ oifwef;wpfckudk

pDpOf&mwGif tajz&Sm&rnfh pHjyKar;cGef;rsm;udk atmufwGif azmfjyxm;onf/ rdrd\tpDtpOfu


jyKpkonfh oifwef;q&mvufpJGwGif tqdkygar;cGef;rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;yJGrsm; pDpOfaqmif&Gufjcif;qdkif&m

tBuHay;csufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;jyKpkxm;oifhonf?

tpDtpOfwGif rnfonfh&nf&G,fcsuf? OD;wnfcsufrsm;xm;&SdygovJ?

rnfolawGyg0ifwufa&mufNyD;? wufa&mufolrnfrQ &Sdrnfenf;?

wufa&mufrnfholrsm;\ t&nftcsif;rsm;? xl;jcm;csufrsm; rnfodkY owfrSwf

xm;ygovJ?

wufa&mufolrsm;\ arQmfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh oufqdkifrIrsm; rnfodkY&SdygovJ?

tpDtpOf vIyf&Sm;rItwGuf rnfonfhae&mxdkifcif;ESifh oifhawmfrnfenf;?

tpDtpOftwGuf &ufaygif;rnfrQvdkrnfenf;?

oifwef;q&mrsm;udk qufoG,fNyD;NyDvm;? 4if;wdkYESifhpmcsKyfcsKyfqdkNyD;NyDvm;?

rnfonfhoif,lrItaxmuftulrsm;ESifh ypönf;rsm; vdktyfrnfenf;?

rnfonfhvufurf;pmapmifrsm;ESifh tdrfodkY,laqmifEdkifonfh pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;udk

jyifqif xm;rnfenf;?

o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;? ae&mxdkifcif;ESifh tpm;taomufponfwdkYtygt0if tjcm;

aomaxmufyHhydkYaqmifa&; tpDtpOfrsm; jyKvkyfxm;NyD;NyDvm;/

rnfonfhoifwef;twGuf rqdk? rdrdtaejzifh tao;pdwfrsm;udk *½kwpdkuf BudKwif

pOf;pm;&ef vdktyfonf/ tu,fírdrd\oifwef;om;rsm;onf tpdk;&ESifh oufqdkifolrsm;

jzpfcJhvQif oufqdkifaom t&m&Sdrsm;xHtaMumif;Mum;&efESifh oifwef;wufa&mufcGifhjyK&ef

cGifhjyKcsufawmif;cH&rnf/ rdrdtaejzifh Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;udk rdrd\0efxrf;tjzpf

iSm;&rf;cefYxm;ygu? oifwef;wufa&mufjcif;onf 4if;wdkY vkyfief;wpfpdwfwpfydkif;jzpfygrnf/


tu,fí oifwef;om;rsm;onf apwemh0efxrf;rsm;jzpfygu oifwef;wufa&mufjcif;twGuf

aiGaMu;ay;&ef pOf;pm;oifhonf/

rnfodkYyifjzpfap Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm; aqG;aEG;yJGwufa&muf&ef aiGaMu;ay;jcif;\

tusKd; tjypfudk pOf;pm;oifhonf/ aiGaMu;ay;jcif;jzifh oifwef;rsm;udk wufa&mufolrsm;

&S dvmEd kifNyD;? aiGaMu; vdktyfcsufaMumifh oifwef;wuf&ef t[efYtwm;r&S dEd kifaom

aumif;usKd;rsm; &&SdEdkifonf/ odkYaomf aiGaMu;ay;í oifwef;wufapjcif;tm;jzifh Oya'

taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf tem*wfwGif aiGaMu;&vdkrI arQmfrSef;csufrsm;&SdvmEdkifNyD;? tpDtpOf

tay: aiGaMu;t& rSDcdkrIponfh raumif;usKd;rsm;vnf; jzpfay:Edkifonf/ rdrdEdkifiHwGif

tvm;wljyóemrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifawGUBuHKzl;aom yk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;jcif;? tBuHÓPf

&,ljcif;rsm;jyKvkyfNyD;rSom qkH;jzwfcsufcsoifhonf/


tcef; (6)

w&m;a&;qdkif&mjyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;jcif;


6-1 w&m;a&;qdkif&mjyóemrsm; ajz&Sif;&eftajccH tqifhrsm;

6-2 rw&m;rIrsm;udkajz&Sif;&efenf;vrf;rsm;

6-3 enf;vrf;twwfynm pdefac:rIrsm;

rnfonfhOya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfjzpfap Oya't&tEdkif&jcif; (odkYr[kwf)

½HI;edrfhjcif;onf 4if;tpD tpOfrS wm0efcH&onfh jynfolvlxk\ w&m;a&;qdkif&mjyóemrsm;ESifh

pyfvsOf;aom cdkifrmNyD;vufawGUusonfh ajz&Sif;enf;rsm;rsm;&&SdEdkifrltay: rlwnfonf/

þtcef; (6) wGif jyóemajz&Sif;enf;rsm; taMumif;udkt"du a&;om;xm;onf/

6-1 w&m;a&;qdkif&m jyóemrsm; ajz&Sif;&eftajccH tqifhrsm;

Oya'taxmuftuljyKwpfOD;taejzifh jyóemwpfckudk ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf tajccH

ajcvSrf;tjzpf jyóemudk trnfwyfjcif;jzifh pwifNyD;? 4if;jyóemudkajz&Sif;rnfh enf;AsL[m


&Smjcif;ESifh taumiftxnf azmfjcif;odkY a&GUvsm;yHkudk;um;csyf(FlowChart) jzifh azmfjyxm;onf/

4if;um;csyfwGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf vlUtzJGUtpnf;udk

ynmay;jcif;? zsefajzay;jcif;?wifjyawmif;qdkjcif;? w&m;wabmifpJGqdkjcif; ponfh trsKd;rsKd;aom

enf;vrf;rsm;udktoHk;jyKMuonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKvkyfief;trsm;pkonf txufyg

aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk aygif;pyfaqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfonf/

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;ajz&Sif;&onfhjyóemrsm;rSmtrsKd;pHk&SdEdkifonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm

wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;ESifhoufqdkifonfhwdkifwef;rIrsm; (Oyrm-trsKd;orD;wpfOD;tm;ol\ cifyGef;

rS½dkufESufrIaMumifh tumtuG,f&,lvdkjcif;)rSpí ydkípkpnf;rI&Sdaom (odkYr[kwf) us,fjyefYaom

jyóemrsm; (Oyrm - &Gmwpf&Gm odkYr[kwfa'owpfcktwGif; us,fjyefYvsuf&SdonfhtdrfwGif;

tMurf; zufrIrsm;) txdrsKd;pHk&Sdonf/ Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf vlUtzGJUtpnf;

wpfcktwGif; aexdkifolrsm;tcsif;csif;ESifh rdom;pk0iftcsif;csif; jzpfyGm;onfhrw&m;rIrsm;udk

ajz&Sif;&onf/

xdkYjyif 4if;wdkYwm0ef,l&onfh vlUtzJGUtpnf;tzGJU0if tcsif;csif;ESifhyk*¾vdu ukrÜPDrsm;

ESifhEdkifiHawmftpdk;& ponfhtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhoufqdkifonfh rw&m;rIrsm;udkvnf; ajz&Sif;

ay;&onf/


w&m;a&;qdkif&mjyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;jcif;tqifhrsm;

ueOD; awGUqkHar;jref;jcif;

� trIonf\ xGufqdkcsuf&,ljcif;

� jyóemudk azmfxkwfjcif;

tcGifhta&;rsm;ESihfvkyfxkH;vkyfenf;

rsm;qdkif&m Oya'tcsuftvufrsm; &Sif;vif;

ajymjyjcif;

pkHprf;ppfaq;jcif;ESifh tcsuftvuf&SmazGjcif;jzifh

tajctaeudk ydkrdk

em;vnfvmjcif;

trIonftm; a&G;cs,fEdkifonfh enfvrf;rsm;

&Sif;jyNyD; ta&;,laqmif&GufrIwpfck yl;aygif;

azmfaqmif&ef

w&m;pJGqdkjcif;

wifjyawmif;qdkjcif;

yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;

tmPmydkiftzJGUtpnf;rsm;

ESifhcsdwfqufay;jcif;

tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh vkyfxkH;

vkyfenf;rsm; xyfrH

&Sif;jyjcif;

ueOD; a&G;cs,fEdkifonfh

tcsufrsm; trIonfudk

wifjy&ef

vlUtzJGUtpnf;udk

ynmay;jcif;

zsefajzay;jcif;

okawoevkyfief; okawoevkyfief;


6-2 rw&m;rIrsm;udkajz&Sif;&efenf;vrf;rsm;

Oya'taxmuftuljyKonf y#dyu©rsm;udk ajz&Sif;&efESifhw&m;rQwrI &Sdap&eftwGuf

aqmif&Guf&mwGif a,bk,stm;jzifhenf;vrf; 6 rsKd;udktoHk;jyKMuonf/ tmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;

rsm;ESifh csdwfqufay;jcif;? zsefajzay;jcif;? wifjyawmif;qdkjcif;? vlUtzJGUtpnf;udk ynmay;jcif;?

yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh w&m;wabmifpJGqdkjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/

6-2-1 tmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhcsdwfqufay;jcif;

tmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh csdwfqufay;jcif;qdkonfrSm trIonftm;&J? tpdk;&

0efBuD;Xme odkYr[kwf XmetBuD;tuJponfh tpdk;&qdkif&m tmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh

qufoG,frI&&Sda&;udk ulnDay; jcif;jzpfonf/ wpfcsKdUudpörsm;wGif trIonftm; oufqdkifonfh

tzGJUtpnf;odkY ñTefjyay;½Hkjzifh vHkavmufaomfvnf;? rsm;aomtm;jzifh wdkuf½dkufxdawGUqufqH&ef

vdktyfonf/ xdkuJhodkY tzGJUtpnf;rsm;taejzifh csOf;uyf&ef cufcJjcif;?odkYr[kwf tmPmtvGJ

oHk;pm;rIrsm;? vmbfay;vmbf,lrIrsm; &Sdaejcif;? udpö&yfrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf rudkifwG,fjcif;

ponfh tjzpftysufrsm; jzpfyGm;rI&Sdaeygu tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh csdwfquf&ef ulnDay;jcif;

onf txl;yifwefzdk;&SdvSonf/

Oya'taxmuftuljyKonf tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udk

od&Sdae& rnfjzpfNyD;? xufjrufaoma&SUaewpfOD;jzpf&rnfhtjyif nd§EIdif; aphpyfay;EdkifolwpfOD;vnf;

jzpf&rnf/ xda&mufrI&Sdaom Oya' taxmuftuljyK wpfOD;taejzifh &Jt&m&Sdrsm;? ausmif;q&mrsm;?

usef;rma&;0efxrf;rsm; odkYr[kwf tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;ponfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKolrsm;rS

atmifjrifaom Oya'

taxmuftuljyKZmwfvrf; -

rk'drf;usifhrItwGuf w&m;pGJqdk&ef

&JtzGJUtm;zdtm;ay;jcif; qD&mvD,Gef

Timap Oya' taxmuftuljyK

wpfOD;onf rk'drf;usifhrItwGuf wdkif

Mum;rI&&Sdonfhtcg? avmavm

vwfvwf vHkNcHKa&;ESifh usef;rma&;

jyóemrsm; &Sd?r&Sd yxrqHk; ajz&Sif;

ygonf/ trIonfrsm;onf aq;0g;

ukorIcH&ef vdktyfEdkifonhftjyif

rdrdtm; usK;ausmfxm;onfh ol\

&efrSvnf; umuG,fay;&ef vdktyf

Edkifonf/ xdkUaemuf Oya'taxmuf

tuljyKonf w&m;cHtm;pG Jcsuf

wifEdkifonfh tcGifhta&;tygt0if?

trIonf\ tcGifhta&;ESifh a&G;cs,f

EdkifrIrsm;udk &Sif;jyonf/

ordkif;aMumif;t&? qD&mvD,Gef;rS


4if;wdkY\wm0efrsm;udk Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;ESifh 4if;\trIonfrsm; auseyfavmufonf

txd ausyGefpGmxrf;aqmifrI&Sdap&ef aqmif&Gufay;&rnf jzpfonf/

6-2-2 zsefajzay;jcif;

zsefajzay;ay;jcif;vkyfief;onf y#dyu© odkYr[kwf oabmxm;rwdkufqdkifrIjzpfaeaom

tzGJU(2) cktMum; tajz&SmawGU&ef ulnDay;jcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;tjcif;t&mudk ulnDaphpyfaqG;aEG;

jcif;[kvnf; rSwf,lEdkifonf/ zsefajzay;jcif;\ tcsuftcsmrSm ]BudKwiftoday;xm;onfh

cGifhjyKrI} [lonfht,ltqyif jzpfonf zsefajzay;jcif; vkyfief;rpwifrDOya'taxmuftul

jyKrsm;onf yg0ifywfoufolrsm;tm; zsefajzay;jcif;vkyfief; oabmobm0udk em;vnf

oabmaygufatmif &Sif;jyay;&rnfjzpfNyD;? 4if;vkyfief;wGif yg0if&ef cGifhjyKcsuf awmif;cH&rnf

jzpfonf/

w&m;½Hk;wGif w&m;NydKifqdkifjcif;uJhodkYOya'aMumif;qdkif&m ajz&Sif;enf;rsm;ESifh,SOfvQif?

zsefajzay;jcif;onf aiGESifh tcsdefukef oufomNyD;? wpfzufESifhwpfzuf rajyrvnfjzpfaejcif;udk

vnf; avsmhenf;aponf/ zsefajzay;jcif;onf w&m;½Hk;a&mufjcif;xuf tzGJUtpnf;wpfcktwGif;

odkYr[kwf rdom;pkwpfcktwGif; ESpfOD;ESpfzufajyvnfap&ef taxmuftuljyKEdkifonf/

Oya'aMumif;ESifh tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKavmufonfh tjcm;jzpfEdkifaom enf;vrf;rsm;udk

od&Sdem;vnfonfh a&SUaersm;uJhodkYyif Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf trIonfrsm;&ifqdkif

ae&onfh rw&m;rIrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&mwGif wnfqJ Oya'pGrf;tm;jzifh jyefvnf&ifqdkifrnfhtpm;?

zsefajzay;enf;udk xda&mufpGm toHk;jyKEdkifatmif ulnDay;Edkifrnfjzpfonf/

odkYaomf zsefajzay;jcif;onf trIwdkif;twGuf tajzwpf&yf r[kwfay/ Oya'taxmuf

&Jt&m&Sdrsm;onf rk'drf;rI wdkifwef;rI

rsm;udk ayghayghwefwefyif oabm

xm;Mujcif;? odkYr[kwf 4if;wkdU&&Sdonfh

vmbfvmbrsm;tay: rlwnfNyD;

aqmif&GufMuonf/ rdrdwdkU\trI

onfrsm;tm; &JXmeodkY oGm;a&muf&ef

ñTef;qdkonfhtpm;? Timap Oya'

taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf rk'drf;usifh

cH&olrS wdkifMum;csufzGifhapNyD;? w&m;

cGifwpfckvkH;twGif; 4if;trIonf

twGufa&SUaevdkufay;onf/ Timap

Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf

&Jt&m&Sdrsm;\ r[kwfrrSef aqmif

&Gufonfh trIwGJrsm;udk &JrI ppfaq;

jcif;bkwftzGJUrS wpfqifh atmifjrif

pGmvkdufEkdifcJhjcif;aMumifh? &Jt&m&Sd

rsm;onf Timap ESifh ywfouf olrsm;

tm;vmbfay;&efawmif;c H jcif; ?

yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIr&Sdjcif; ponf

wdkUavsmhenf;Edkifonf/ tcsdefMum


tuljyKwpfOD;taejzifh zsefajzay;jcif;twGuf Oya'qdkif&m zGJUpnf;rIudk aocsmpGm em;vnfNyD;

&Sif;jyEdkif&ef vGefpGmta&;BuD;onf/ trIonfESpfOD;rS jzpfcsifaom qEESpfckMum;tv,ftvwf

wGif&Sdaom ajyNidrf;ausat;rIonf w&m;Oya'ESifh w&m;rQwrIvdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;rI

&SdcsifrS&Sdayvdrfhrnf/ tu,fí zsefajzay;jcif;onf BuD;rm;aomxdcdkufepfemaprI twGuf

ppfrSefaom ukorI rjzpfcJhvQif? Oya'taxmuf tuljyK taejzifh trIonftm; tjcm;aom

enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh ajz&Sif;&ef tultnDay;Edkifonf/

zsefajzay;rI oabmwlnDcsuf pmcsKyfwpfapmifa&;om;&mwGif xdkpmcsKyfudkvdkufemap&ef

rnfuJhodkYaqmif&Gufrnf qkdonfudk pOf;pm;zdkY vdktyfvdrfhrnf/ todoufaorsm;rSvufrSwfa&;xdk;

jcif;onf vlrIa&;t& vdkufematmif zdtm;ay;rnfht&mwpfck jzpfEdkifayonf/ rdom;pk ta&;

udpöqdkygu rdom;pkESpfckvHk;rS toufBuD;olrsm;u vufrSwfxdk;jcif;? Oya'taxmuftuljyK

rsm;onf oabmwlnDxm;rIudk vdkufemjcif; &Sd? r&SdodEkdif&eftwGuf w&m;NydKifrsm;tm; owfrSwf

xm;onfh umvrsm;twGif; a&Smiffwcifppfaq;&eftpDtpOfcsrSwfxm;oifhonf/ tpDtpOfudk

aqmif&Gufaeonfh 'g½dkufwm odkYr[kwf a&SUaetaejzifh 4if;oabmwlnDcsuftm; w&m;½Hk;rS

twnfjyKEdkif&ef rnfuJhodkYa&;qGJ&rnfqdkonfudk pOf;pm;&rnf/

Timap for Justice rS vdkufemaomzsefajzay;jcif; vkyfief;pOf (6) &yf

rdwfqufjcif;ESifh tajccH

pnf;rsOf;rsm; csrSwfjcif;

trIonfrsm;onf wpfOD;ESif hwpfOD; av;pm;pGm qufqHNyD;?

wpfa,mufu pum;ajymaepOf em;axmifay;&rnf/ vkdtyfrS

Mum;0if&rnf/

vmonfE Si f htrQ Timap Oya'

taxmuf tuljyKrsm;&S draecJh&if

awmif &Jrsm;rS rSefuefwduspGm

vkyfief;aqmif&Gufaernf jzpfonfh

tqifhtxd &Jrsm;udk ,HkMunf&rI

wdk;apa&;twGuf aqmif&GufoGm;&ef

&nfrSef;xm;onf/

Source:Maru,V.(2007b)


wpfOD;csif;pDZmwfvrf;rsm;

ajymjyjcif;

xdkZmwfvrf;rsm;onf &Snfvsm;NyD;? vufcHEd kifzG,f&S dEd kifrnf

r[kwfaomfvnf; xdkolajymaejcif;udk raESmif h,SufygESif h/

Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf Mum;jzwf pum;ajymjcif;?

uefUuGufjcif;wdkUudk wwfEdkifoa&GU enf;yg;atmif aqmif&Guf

&rnf/

Mum;0ifaphpyfolrS

Zmwfvrf; tusOf;csKyfESifh

Oya' tcsuftvufrsm;

axmufyHhjcif;

Oya'taxmuftuljyKonf ajymqdkcJhonfhtaMumif; t&mrsm;udk

aygif;csKyfay;NyD;? wpfzufpDrS awmif;qdkrIrsm;udk azmfxkwfay;onf/

xdkUaemuf oufqdkifaom Oya' qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh

Oya'qdkif&m uefYowfrIrsm;udk &Sif;jyay;onf/ (rsm;aomtm;jzifh

tcsuftvufrsm;udk &Sif;jyay;NyD;? Oya'udkawmh r&Sif;vif;yg)

jzpfEdkifacs&Sdaom ajz&Sif;

enf;rsm;

trIonfwpfOD;pDrS 4if;wdkY vdkcsifaomausat;rIudkajymonf/

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrS ESpfOD;ESpfzuf\tusKd;udkaygif;ul;

ay;Ekdifaom pkaygif;ajz&Sif;enf;ESifh tjcm;aom ajz&Sif;enf;rsm;

&SdaMumif; ajymjyonf/

ajz&Sif;enf;rsm;udk

aqG;aEG;jcif;

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Edkifrnfh ausat;rIudk &SmazG&ef aqG;aEG;rI jyKvkyfay;onf/

atmifjrifaom Oya'taxmuf

tuljyKZmwfvrf; -

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awmif;qdkjcif;

qD&mvD,GefEdkifiH awmifydkif;?

]]bdk}} c½dkif&Sd &Gm(3)&GmüwHwm; usKd;

aeaomaMumif h 4if;wd k Y&Gmrsm;rS

aomufa&tjzpf toHk;jyKaeonfh

prf;acsmif;udkum;rsm; jzwfoef;

armif;ae&aMumif; Timap Oya'

taxmuftuljyKrsm;odkY wifjycJh

onf/ &Gmol &Gmom;rsm;onf

wHwm;udk pkaygif;jyKjyif&ef pwif

aqmif&GufcJhaomfvnf;? 4if;aqmuf

vkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;onf vrf;udk

ydwfqdkYrdojzifh ukefwifum; orm;

rsm;rS qJqdk Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm;udk

tpOftNrJcH&onf/ pdwf0ifpm;

p&maumif;aomt&mrSm &Gmol


oabmwlnDrI &&Sdjcif; trIonfrsm;rS oabmwlnDrI &&SdcJhygu? Oya' taxmuftuljyKrS

oabmwlnDrI twdtusudk jyefvnftwnfjyKonf/ oabm

wlnDrItm; owfrSwfxm;onfh yHkpHtwdkif; vufa&;jzifha&;om;NyD;?

trIonf ESpfzufvHk;ESifh oufaorsm;tm; vufrSwfa&;xdk;

cdkif;onf/ 4if;wGif trIonfwpfOD;OD;zufrS oabmwlnDrI

csKd;azmufvQif rnfuJhodkYta&;,lrnf qdkonfudkyg xnfhoGif;

csKyfqdk&rnf/ xdkoabmwlnDrIpmcsKyfwpfpHktm; ½Hk;wGif rdwåLtjzpf

xm;&Sdonf/

6-2-3 wifjyawmif;qdkjcif;

wifjyawmif;qdkjcif; (odkYr[kwf) wuf<uonfh axmufulrIonf yHkpH trsKd;rsKd;&SdNyD;?

tjcm;aom Oya'taxmuftuljyKenf;vrf;tm;vHk;ESifh aygif;pyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ Oya'

taxmuftuljyKwpfOD;onf &Jpcef;wGif trIzGifh&ef 4if;\ trIonfudk tultnDay; jcif;jzifh

&Jrsm;udkaxmufcHtm;ay;jcif;jyKvkyfonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKwpfOD;onf tjiif;yGm;aeaom

w&m;qdkifESpfOD;tMum;wpfOD;udk ormorwfusaom zsefajzay;rIudk oabmwlnD&ef axmufcH

tm;ay;jcif; jyKvkyfonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyK wpfOD;onf vltzJGUtpnf;udk ynm

ay;jcif;jzifh vlUtzJGUtpnf;udkaxmufcHtm;ay;jcif; jyKvkyfonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyK

rsm;onf pmjzifhwifjyawmif;jcif;jyKovdk? vludk,fwdkifjzifhvnf; wifjyawmif;qdkjcif; jyKvkyfonf

&Gmom;rsm;onf tpdk;&tm; wHwm;

jyifqifay;zdkYawmif;qdk&ef twGuf

Timap tm; tultnD awmif;jcif;

r[kwfyg - tpdk;&rS rsufuG,fjyK

xm;aom aus;vuf a'orsm;wGif

xdkuJhodkY tmPmydkifrsm;rS tav;

ay;rnfqdkonfrSm olwdk YtwGuf

r,HkEd kifp&mtaMumif;t&m jzpf

aumif; jzpfaeygvdrfhrnf/ xdkuJhodkY

qJqdkMurf;wrf;rIrsm;onf &Gmol

&Gmom;rsm;udkt&Suf&apNyD;? pdwf

"mwfysufjym;aponfhtwGuf &yfwefY

ay;&ef qD,mvD,Gefum;orm;

tpnf; t½Hk;udk Timap rS pnf;½Hk;

ay;&ef awmif;qdkcJhjcif;jzpfonf/

Timap Oya' taxmuftuljyK

rsm;onf um;orm; tpnf;t½Hk;udk

qufoG,faqG;aEG;cJ honfhtjyif?

qD&mvD,Gef vrf;wHwm;tmPmydkif

rsm;ud kvnf; wHwm;jyifay;&ef


xda&mufaom wifjyawmif;qdkjcif;onf A[kokw? vufcHvmatmif qGJaqmifEdkifrIESifh

tjcm;aom vIyf&Sm;Ekdifonfh vrf;aMumif;rsm; aygif;pyf jcif;tay: rlwnfonf/ trIwpfckwGif

tpd k ;&Xme od k Yr[kwf tjcm;aomXmersm;\ tqif h jrif hta&;,lrIrs K d ; vd ktyfygu?

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf tpDtpOf'g½dkufwmrsm; odkYr[kwf Oya'taxmuftuljyK

acgif;aqmifrsm;\ ulnDrIudk awmif;cHEdkifonf/

6-2-4 vlUtzJGUtpnf;udkynmay;jcif;

vlUtzJGUtpnf;udkynmay;jcif; tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh vlUtzJGUtpnf;twGif; tjyeftvSef

aqG;aEG;jcif;wdk Yonf w&m;rQwrIqdkif&m jyóemrsm;taMumif; ydkrd kod&Sdap&ef? vltzJGU

tpnf;twGif; pOf;pm; csifhcsdef EdkifpGrf; arG;jrL&efESifh jynfolrsm;tm; 4if;wdkY\ acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh

aqG;aEG;nd§EIdif;Edkif&ef ae&may;a&;twGuf toHk;jyKygonf/ cdkifrmaom vlUtzJGUtpnf;

ynmay; tvkyf½HkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;jyKvkyf&mwGif t&nftcsif;jynfhrDaom a[majymolrsm;?

aphpyfaom okawoejyKxm;jcif;rsm;ESifh aumif;pGmpDpOfa&;qGJxm;aom oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;rsm;

ponfwdkYudk aocsmpGmjyifqifxm;rIrsm;&Sd&ef vdktyfonf/ oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;wGif wufwuf

<u<u&SdapNyD;? wHkYjyefrI&Sdapaom oifMum;enf;pepfrsm; xnfhoGif;xm;&rnf jzpfonf/ (tcef;

(5) - Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;tm; avhusifhay;jcif;udkMunhfyg) vlUtzJGUtpnf;udkynmay;jcif;

tpDtpOfrsm;onf ydkíus,fjyefYaom r[mAsL[mwGif yg0ifaeNyD;? ydkíBuD;rm;aom vIyf&Sm;rI

tpDtpOfESifh csdwfqufaerS txda&mufqHk;jzpfonf/

Oyrmtm;jzifh awmiftmz&duEkdifiHwGif vltzJGUtpnf; Oya'ESifh aus;vufzHGUNzdK;wdk;wuf

a&;pifwm CommunityLawandRuralDevelopmentCentre(CLRDC)onf yifpifvpm

atmifjrifpGm pnf;½Hk;Ed kifcJ honf/

Timap 'g½dkufwmrsm;onf z&D;

awmif;NrdKUrS tif*sifeD,mcsKyfESifh

pwifpum;ajymqdkcJ h&m xdkolrS

a,bk,s oabmwlnDcJhNyD;? aqmif

&Gufp&mrsm;udk ñTefMum;NyD;onfh

aemuf? Timap Oya' taxmuf

tuljyKrsm;onf ]]bdk}} c½dkiftwGif;&Sd

vrf;wHwm;tmPmydkifXmerS 0efxrf;

rsm;odkY qufoG,faqG;aEG;cJhonf/

qJa&; wdkif;xGmrIrsm; vsif jrefpGm

&yfwefUoGm;aomaMumif h &Gmol

&Gmom;rsm;onf tHhMobeef; jzpfcJh

&NyD;? 2006 ckESpf rdk;&moDrwdkifrD

wHwm;jyifqifrIrsm; NyD;pD; oGm;cJh

onf/ qD&mvD,GefEdkifiH aus;vuf

a'orsm;wGif BuHKawGUae&onf h

rw&m;rIrsm;pGmESifh ,SOfvsif? ao;

i,faomatmifjrifrI wpfck jzpfaomf

vnf;? þuJhodkYatmif jrifrIrsm;onf


ray;rI ESifhyifpifvpm&&SdrI avsmhenf;aejcif; jyóemtwGuf vlxktodjr§ifhwifrI pnf;½Hk;a&;

tpDtpOf jyKvkyfcJhonf/ vlUtzJGUtpnf;twGif;&Sd vltrsm;pkonf pmrwwfajrmufjcif;ESifh

*Pef;a&wGuf EdkifpGrf;r&SdaomaMumifh tvdrfcHae&NyD;? 4if;wdkY &&Sd&rnfh yifpifvpmxuf

avsmhenf;í&&Sdaejcif;wdkY jzpfaeonf/ CLRDC onf vlUtzJGUtpnf; tzJGU0ifrsm;&&Sdoifhonfh

yifpifaiG ta&twGufudk &&Sdjcif; &Sd?r&Sd od&Sdap&eftwGuf aiGpuúLwefzdk;rsm; rnfonfhyHk

&Sdonfudk jyoonfh ydkpwmrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/ vltrsm;onf 4if;wdkY &oifh&xdkufoavmuf

&&SdcJhjcif;r&Sdonfudk od&Sd&aomtcg? CLRDC odkY a&muf&SdvmMuonf/ Oya' taxmuftuljyK

rsm;onf r&&Sdao;aom yifpifaiGrsm;&&Sda&;twGuf trIwGJzGifhEkdif&ef wpfOD;csif;tqifh

0efaqmifrIrsm; ay;jcif;jzifh qufvufta&;,l aqmif&Gufonf/

awmiftmz&duESifh [efa*&DEdkifiH ESpfckvHk;wGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf qE´rJ

xnfh rnfholrsm;tm; 'Drdkua&pD pepftaMumif; oifMum;ay;cJhonf/ awmiftmz&du EkdifiHwGif

tajccHOya' ,EÅ&m;taMumif; oifMum;ay;onf/ [efa*&DEkdifiHwGif Oya'taxmuf

tuljyKrsm;onf Roma wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tm; a'owGif; tBuD;tuJtjzpf 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKif&ef

wGef;tm;ay;onf/

6-2-5 yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef pnf;½Hk;jcif;

yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;qdkonfrSm vlUtzJGUtpnf; tzGJU0ifrsm;rS w&m;rQwrIqdkif&m

jyóemwpf&yftm; ajz&Sif;&ef pkaygif;tajz&Smjcif;jzpfonf/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef pnf;½Hk;

&mwGif wnf&SdaeNyD;jzpfaom vlUtzJGUtpnf;qdkif&mtzGJUtpnf;rsm;jzifhtwl vkyfief;vkyfudkif

jcif;rSm ydkrdkaumif;rGefygvdrfhrnf/

jynfolrsm;tm;4if;wdk Y tpdk;&xHrS

arQmfvifhEdkifrIESifh awmif;qdk EdkifrIrsm;

jyKvkyfEdkifonfh taMumif;udk ydkrd k

us,fjyefYpGm odapEdkifonf/

Source:Maru,V.(2007b).


qD&mvD,GefEdkifiHwGif &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh vrf;rsm;jyKjyif

jcif;ESif h vlxkusef;rma&;qdkif&mudpö&yfrsm; yd krd kwd k;wufap&ef aqmif&GufcJ h Muonf/

vrf;oG,fwpfck ysufpD;aejcif;aMumifh ta&;ygaom vrf;rBuD;odkY oGm;&ef xGufaygufydwfae

cJhaom&Gmwpf&GmwGif &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;ESifh Timap Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf tajctaetm;

pdppfNyD;aemuf? tmPmydkif tpdk;&rS 4if;vrf;udk jyKjyif&ef pdwf0ifpm;rI r&Sdovdk? t&if;tjrpf

rsm;vnf; r&SdaMumif; oHk;oyfcJhonf/ xdkUaemuf Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf &Gmol&Gmom;

rsm;twGuf vrf;jyKjyif&ef wpfaeYwm vkyftm;ay;yGJwpf&yfudk pDpOfay;cJhNyD;? xdka'owGif

aexdkifolrsm;onf vrf;udk udk,fwdkifjyKjyifcJhMuonf/ aemufwpf&GmwGif 0rf;a&m*gjzpfyGm;aom

tcg Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf uRrf;usifaomynm&Sifrsm;\ tBuHay;rI&&Sd&efESifh

tpdk;&usef;rma&; t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfjzpfay:ap&ef vlUtzJGUtpnf;ESifhtwlwl

BudK;yrf;cJhMuonf/ 4if;tpnf;ta0;rS &v'ftjzpf &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;\ aomufoHk;a&pepfESifh

rdv’mpepfrsm;tm;jyKjyif&ef vkyfief;pOf xGufay:vmcJhonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;ESifh

tBuHay;ynm&Sifrsm;onf aocsmpGmvkyfief;taumiftxnf azmfEkdif&eftwGuf aemufqufwGJ

apmifhMuyf ppfaq;jcif;ESifh tBuHÓPfay;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfay;rnf[k oabmwlcJhMuonf/

6-2-6 w&m;wabmifpJGqdkjcif;

w&m;wabmifpJGqdkjcif;onf Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOftawmfrsm;rsm;twGuf

ta&;ygvSaom tpdwftydkif;wpfckjzpfNyD;? axmufcHtm;ay;olrsm;ESifh aphpyfnd§EIdif;olrsm;tjzpf Oya'

taxmuftuljyKrsm; vuf&Sdaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonfh udpö&yfrsm;twGuf tiftm;jzpfaponf/

aumif;rGefrIr&Sdaom Oya'pepfrsm;wnf&Sdonfh EdkifiHrsm;wGif tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm; ratmifjrifonfh

Oya'taxmuftuljyK

atmifjrifrI Zmwfvrf; -

rl0g' tusdK;oufa&mufrI

aocsmap&ef vlUtzGJUtpnf;

ynma&;udk toHk;csjcif;

qD,mvD,GefEdkifiHwGif rlvwef;

ynma&;ESifh ywfoufí tpdk;&\

rl0g'rsm;u tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;wGif

ausmif;vcaumufcHjcif;? ausmif;

q&mrsm;E Si f h tky fcs Ky folrsm;ud k

ausmif;om;rsm;tm; twif; tMuyf

vky ftm;c d ki f ;apjcif;r S wm;jrpf

xm;um q&mESifh ausmif;om;tcsdK;udk

tenf;qHk;jzpfatmif pDrHxm;onf/

odkY&mwGif ,if;rl0g'rsm;udk trsm;

tm;jzifh rod&dSMubJ *½kvJrrl Muay/

tqdkygrl0g'rsm; tusdK; oufa&mufrI

aocsmap&ef Timap Oya' taxmuf

tuljyKrsm;onf vlY tzGJUtpnf;


tcg w&m;wabmifpJGqdkjcif;onf trIonfrsm;\ jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&mwGif toHk;0if

Edkifonf/ vdktyfvQifw&m;½Hk;wGif w&m;pGJqdkydkifcGifh&Sdaom a&SUaersm;rS ausmaxmuf aemufcH

ay;xm;onfhtwGuf omrefjynfolrsm;ESifh tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm; ESpfbufpvHk;u Oya' taxmuf

tuljyKrsm;tm; av;pm;Murnf jzpfonf/

Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfrsm;onf w&m;wabmifpGJqdkjcif;qdkif&m tuefY

towf&Sdaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk toHk;jyK&mwGif a&G;cs,fpdppfygonf/ 4if;wdkYonf rw&m;rI

BuD;rm;vGef;aom trIrsm;ESifh ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom Oya'qdkif&m tusKd;oufa&mufrI jzpfEdkifacs

&Sdaom trIrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;avh &Sdonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh w&m;½Hk;wGif w&m;pGJqdk&eftwGuf

ukefusaomp&dwfESifh tcsdefwdkYaMumifh w&m;pGJjcif; rNyD;qHk;cifyif trIonfrsm;u ausat;

vdkufMu&onf/

Oya'taxmuftuljyK½Hk;rsm;odkY a&muf&Sdvmonfh trIrsm;rSwpfqifh w&m;½Hk;wGif

w&m;pGJqdkjcif; tqifhodkY a&muf&SdoGm;onfh om"ursm;pGm&Sdonf/ awmiftmz&duEdkifiHwGif

vljzLvlrnf;cGJjcm;jcif; jzpfpOftwGif; jynfolrsm;rS odrf;qnf;cHajr,mrsm; jyefvnf&&SdoGm;onfh

trIrsm;onf aus;vufa'o&Sd Oya'taxmuftuljyK½Hk;rsm;rS pwifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ xkdYjyif?

awmiftmz&duEdkifiHwGif BuD;rm;aom qkH;jzwfcsufwpfckjzpfonfh rdcifrS&ifaoG;odkYtdyfcsftkdif

ADa&m*g rul;pufEdkif&ef ukoenf;jzifh ukocGifh&&SdcJhjcif;onf Oya'taxmuftuljyK ½Hk;rsm;odkY

vma&mufcJ honfh tdyfcs ftk difADa&m*g ul;pufcHxm;&onfh trsK d;orD;rsm;rS pwif&&S d

cJhjcif;jzpfonf/

qD&mvD,GefEkdifiHawmifydkif; ]]qD0gjrpf}}a'owGif owåK&SmazGonfh ukrÜPDwpfckonf

&Gm (6) &Gm&Sd ajrrsm;tm; &Gmom;rsm; rod&SdyJ jyif;xefpGmysufpD;apcJhonf/ 4if;ukrÜPDonf

ynma&;wGif tm½kHpd kufcJhMuonf/


tpnf;ta0; wpfckNyD;wpfck jyKvkyf

MuNyD; ,if;tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif

ynma&; 0efBuD;XmerSt&m&dSrsm;u

q&mrsm;? ausmif;tkyfcsKyfol rsm;ESifh

ausmif;om;rdb udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk

tpdk;&\ rl0g'rsm;tm; &Sif;jyMuonf/

xdktpnf;ta0;rsm;onf rl0g'

rsm;ud k & Si f;vif;aponfomru

yg0ifoltm;vHk;udkvnf; em;vnf

oabmaygufaponf/ xd k Ytjyif

tuJ jzwfapmifhMunfhjcif;ESifh tm;ay;

axmufcHjcif;tjzpf Timap \ tcef;

u@udk tajccdkifaponf/ ynma&;

0efBuD;Xm\ ausmif;ppfaq;a&;t&m

&dSrsm;u tpnf;ta0; y&dwfowf

rsm;udk tu,fí Timap u t"du

rl0g'rsm;tm; csdK;azmufolrsm;udk

azmfxkwfEdkifygu 4if;wdk Ytaejzifh


4if;wdkY\ vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmrsm;udk

toHk;jyKrnfjzpfaMumif; ajymMum;Mu

onf/ xdkuJhodkYaom tpnf;ta0;rsm;

jyKvkyfEdkifonfh tcsdefrSpí ausmif;

q&mrsm;u ausmif;om;rsm;tm;

v,f,mrsm;wGif twif;tMuyf

tvkyfapcdkif;jcif;rsdK; uJhodkYaom ynm

a&;rl0g'rsm; csdK;azmufrI trsm;

tjym;udk ausmif;rsm;odkY oGm;a&muf

jcif;? vlxktpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif

ay;xm;cJhonfh uwdu0wfrsm; twdkif;

jyKvkyfaqmif&GufrnfjzpfaMumif;

ajymqdkjcif;jzifh &yfwefYapEdkifcJhMuonf/

Source:Maru,V(2007b)

abmvHk;uGif; t&G,ftpm; &Sdonfh usif; (8) ck csefcJhaomaMumifh usef;rma&;tEÅ&m,frsm;jzpf

apjcif;? Kpejeh jrpftm; wmwrHaqmufcJhonfhtwGuf a&BuD;jcif;ESifh aumufyJoD;ESHrsm;

ysufpD;jcif;? a'otwGif; wHwm;wpfcktm; ysufpD;apcJhNyD; jyifqifay;rIr&Sdjcif;ESifh a'o twGif;

ukrÜPD\vkyfief; NyD;qHk;oGm;onfhtcg 4if;wdkYaMumifh ysufpD;qHk;½HI;rIrsm;twGuf &Gmom;rsm;udk

rjzpfpavmufom avsmfaMu;aiGay;jcif;wdkY jyKvkyfcJhonf/ a'ocHrsm;onf 4if;ukrÜPD½Hk;odkY

wdkifMum;&ef oGm;a&mufcJhonhftcg? ½Hk;twGif;rSESifxkwfjcif; cHcJh&onf/ Timap Oya'

taxmuftul jyKrsm;rS 4if;trIudk pwifudkifwG,fonfhtcg ukrÜPDrS pwifnd§EIdif;aqG;aEG;

vmMuum wmwrHudkz,f&Sm;ay;cJhNyD;? wHwm;jyifay;rnf[k oabmwlcJhMuonf/ odkYaomf

usif;rsm;tm; jyefvnfajrzd kUay;&efESif h tavsmfay;&ef ponfhawmif;qdkrIrsm;aMumifh

aqG;aEG;rIrsm; ysufjym;oGm;onfhtcgwGif Timap Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;u w&m;½Hk;wGif

w&m;pGJqdkjcif;udk pwifcJhonf/ qD&mvD,Gef;EkdifiHwGif owåK&SmazGjcif; vkyfief;rS tjrwfxkwf

jcif;rsm;pGm &SdaeaomaMumifh? tu,fí Timap om 4if;trIudk EdkifcJhrnf qdkygu (þpmtkyf

a&;om;aecsdefwGif w&m;pGJqdkrI rNyD;ao;yg) ta&;ygaom tpOftvmwpfck pwifEdkifcJhNyD[k

qdkEdkifonf/

6-2-7 trIudkvTJajymif;ay;jcif;

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf w&m;Oya'qdkif&mjyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef

rwlnDaom enf;vrf;rsm; &Sdygaomfvnf;? &Hzef&HcgwGif trIonfrsm;onf Oya' taxmuf

tuljyKrsm;taejzifh rajz&Sif;ay;Ekdifaom (odkYr[kwf) tjcm;aom NGO (odkY) tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS


ydkrdkaumif;rGefpGm ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifaom jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;&ef awmif;qdkjcif;cH&avh&Sdonf/

xdkuJhodkYjzpfcJhygu? Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf trIonftm; 4if;\trIudk taumif;qHk;

ajz&Sif;ay;EdkifpGrf;&Sdrnfh tzGJUtpnf;odkY xyfrHapvTwfjcif;jzifhtrIudkvTJajymif; ay;&rnfh

wm0ef&Sdonf/ rwlnDaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;? tzGJUtpnf;rsm;pGmjzifh tvkyfwGJ vkyfae&olrsm;jzpfaom

aMumifh Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf trIvJTajymif;ay;&ef tquftoG,faumif;rsm;

jzpfMuonf/

atmufygtcsufrsm;onf uarÇm'D;,m;EkdifiHwGif jyKpkxm;onfh trIudkvTJajymif;jcif;qdkif&m

enf;AsL[m tBuHjyKcsufrsm;jzpfonf -

trIudkvTJajymif;&ef vdktyf&onfh taMumif;&if;udk trIonfESifh wdkifyifyg/

tusKH;0ifygu? trIwGJtm; wjcm;olwpfOD; (odkYr[kwf) ½Hk;cef;tm; vTJajymif;

vdkufonfh twGuf &&SdEdkifrnfhtusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;tm; &Sif;vif;wifjyyg/

jzpfEdkifygu trIonfrsm;tm; ,ckcsufcsif; tvkyfvufcHEdkifonfh yk*¾dKvf (odkYr[kwf)

½Hk;cef;odkYom vTJajymif;ay;yg/

vTJajymif;ay;vdkufonfh yk*¾dKvf(odkYr[kwf) ½Hk;tm; qufoG,fEkdifrnfh tcsuftvufrsm;

trIonfudk ay;yg/ (ajryHkrsm;? qufoG,fEkdifaom zkef;eHygwfrsm;? jzpfEdkifygu

tD;ar;vf vdyfpmponfh tcsuftvufrsm;u taxmuftul jzpfapygvdrfhrnf)

trIonf\ zdkifwGJtm; pHkvifpGm rdwåL wpfpHkul;NyD;? rdrd\ ½Hk;cef;wGif wpfpHkxm;yg/

trIonftm; 4if;\ trIzdkifwGJudk trIvTJajymif;vdkufoltm; ay;tyf&rnf

jzpfaMumif; &Sif;jyyg/ odkYr[kwf vTJajymif;ay;vdkufonfh yk*¾dKvf (odkYr[kwf)½Hk;cef;tm;

,loGm;&ef twGuf trIwGJtm; rdwåLwpfpHk ul;ay;vkdufyg/

tjcm;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm;

qufoG,fjcif;

&Hzef&HcgwGif vlrIu,fq,fa&;

tzG J Utpnf;rsm;? wuúod kvfrsm;?

aq;½Hkrsm;? w&m;½Hk;rsm;? tBuD;tuJ

rsm;? &Jrsm;ESifha&SUaersm; ponfh

tjcm;aom tzG J Utpnf;rsm;ESi f h

yk*¾dKvfrsm;tm; qufoG,f&efvdktyf

vmonf/ 4if;y k* ¾ d Kvfrsm; (od k Y )

tzG J Utpnf;rsm;onf owfr Swf

xm;onfh e,fy,frsm;wGif ta&;

ygaom uRrf;usifr Irsm;& S donf/

rdrd wpfOD;wnf;jzifh rpGrf;aqmif

EdkifaomtrIrsm;udkqufvufvufcH

xm;jcif;onf trSm;wpfckjzpfonf/

4if;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;jzifh csdwfquf

oGm;rnf qdkygu pmjzifhwifjcif;onf

ydkaumif;ygonf/


þuJhodkY trIonftm; vTJajymif;ay;vdkufonfqdkaomfvnf; vQKdU0Sufxdef;odrf;&rnfh

taMumif;t&mrsm; tm;vHk;udk qufvuf vQKdU0Sufay;xm;rnfqdkonfudk &Sif;jy

ay;yg/

trIonftay: ,Ofaus;yg? tvkdufodyg? jzpfEdkifvQif pmemaxmufxm;ay;yg/

awmiftmz&duEdkifiH&Sd Community Law and Rural Development Centre rS a&;om;

ay;xm;aom trIudkvTJajymif;jcif;twGuf a&;om;&ef pmyHkpHudk aemufqufwGJ (10) wGif

azmfjyxm;onf/ qD&mvD,Gef&Sd Timap for Justice rS a&;om;xm;aom tjcm;tzGJUtpnf;

rsm;odkY trIonfvTJajymif;jcif;twGuf vrf;ñTeftm; atmufwGifazmfjyxm;onf/

6-3 enf;vrf;twwfynm pdefac:rIrsm;

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;taejzifh rw&m;rIrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef vlUtzJGUtpnf;rsm;ESifh

vkyfief; aqmif&Gufa&; r[mAsL[mrsm; a&;qGJ&mwGif xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh ta&;ygaom

enf;vrf; twwfynmqdkif&m pdefac:rI (4) csuf&Sdonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm - vkyfydkifcGifhtmPm

tyfESif;jcif;? jyóemt&if;tjrpfudk &SmazGjcif;? trIonf\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk vlUtzJGU

tpnf;\ tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifhcsdefnd§jcif;? vlUtzJGUtpnf;qdkif&m Oya'taxmuftuljyKvkyfief;rsm;\

tajccHjzpfonfh w&m;rQwrIudk em;vnfxm;rIwdkY jzpfonf/

vkyfaqmif&ef

� tjcm;aom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;

yg0ifvIyf&Sm;&efvdktyfrnfh trIwGJ

rsm;tm; aemufusapjcif;r&S dy J

qufoG,fay;yg/ rdrdwpfOD;wnf;

tm;jzifh trIudkaqmif&GufEkdifjcif;r&Sd

awmhjcif; (odkYr[kwf) tjcm;aom tzGJU

tpnf;rsm; yg0ifoifhonfqdkygu

csufcsif;taMumif; Mum;ay;yg/

� rk'def;usifhcH&jcif; trIonf

tjcm;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESif h nd§EI dif;

vkyfaqmif&rnfh trIrsKd;jzpfonf/

rdrd\ trIonftm; trIzGifhydkifcGifh

&SdaMumif; today;&rnf jzpfonf/

tu,fítrIonfrS pdwf0ifpm;

onfqdkygu &JXmeodk Y tjrefqH k;

qufoG,fEk dif&ef ulnDay;&rnf/

trIr sm;ud k tcs de fq G J jci f ;onf

tEÅ&m,frsm;NyD;? oufaocHrsm;

aysmufqHk;oGm;Edkifonf/


6-3-1 Oya'qdkif&m pGrf;&nfjr§ifhwifjcif;

tcsKdUaom Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfrsm;onf Oya'qdkif&mpGrf;&nf jr§ifhwif

jcif;udk txl;jyKjcif;jzifh a&S;½dk;pOfvm Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;ESifh cGJjcm;odjrifatmif

aqmif&Gufxm;onf/ orm;½dk;us Oya'0efaqmifrIrsm;udk csOf;uyfyHkwGif uRrf;usifolrsm;rS

qif;&JcsKdUwJhaom trIonfrsm;udk enf;ynmqdkif&m tultnDrsm;ay;jcif;[k arQmfrSef;xm;avh

&Sdaomfvnf;? Oya'qdkif&mpGrf;&nfjrSifhwifjcif;udk ydkrdk aZmif;ay;onfh Oya'taxmuftuljyK

rsm;rSmrl 4if;wdkYESifhtwl vkyfief;aqmif&Gufaeol jynfolrsm;\vkyfEdkifpGrf;ESifh aqmifMuOf;ay;EdkifrI

wdkYudk jr§ifhwif&ef &nf&G,fonf/ vlxktajccH Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf vlUtzJGUtpnf;ESifh

ydkrdkeD;pyfNyD; 4if;wdkY\pDrHcefYcGJrIwGif ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom vkyfydkifcGifhESifh enf;vrf;rsm;&Sdojzifh

a&SUaersm;xufpmvQif trIonfrsm;\ pGrf;aqmifEkdifpGrf;udk jr§ifhwifay;Edkifonfh tajctae

ydkrsm;onf/ Oya'qdkif&mpGrf;&nf jrSifhwifa&; enf;vrf;tjzpf 0efaqmifrIay;aomtcgwdkif;wGif

ynmay;jcif;udk xnfhoGif;jcif;? vlUtzJGUtpnf;rsm;ESifh tvkyfwGJvkyfjcif;ESifh tm;jznfhay;jcif;?

w&m;a&;qdkif&m jyóemrsm; ajz&Sif;&ef pkaygif;aqmif&Gufapjcif;? w&m;a&;qdkif&m udpö

&yfrsm;twGuf vlUtzJGUtpnf;tm; ynmay;jcif;ESifh aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;yg0ifonf/

Oya'qdkif&mpGrf;&nfjrSifhwifjcif;udk OD;pm;ay; vkyfaqmif&onfh cdkifvkHaomtaMumif;

&if;rsm;&Sdonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;rSm 4if;wdkY\trIonfrsm;tay: xm;&Sd&rnfh

oabmxm;rSm- ]oifhtwGuf ajz&Sif;ay;rnf}[k rSwf,lrnfhtpm; ]oifESifhtwl ajz&Sif;Murnf}

[k rSwf,l&rnfjzpfonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;taejzihf ]trIonfrS wpfenf;enf;jzifh

ykdí tm;aumif;oGm;ovm; odkYr[kwf vlUtzJGUtpnf;ydkítm;aumif;oGm;ovm;} qdkonfh

� rk'def;usifhcH&oludk usef;rma&;

apmifha&Smufjcif;ESifh aq;ppfjcif;

aqmvsifpGm jyKvkyfEdkif&ef ulnD

ay;&rnf/

� ½IyfaxG;aomtrIrsm;wGif w&m;

pGJqdk&efvdktyfonf[k,lqygu a&SUae

rsm;ESifhwdkifyifyg/

Source : Sesay 2006


ar;cGef;udk rdrdukd,fudkjyefar;oifhonf/ xdktaMumif;t&may: tajccHNyD; Oya'taxmuf

tuljyK\ aqmif&GufEdkifrIudk oHk;oyfoifhonf/ Oya'taxmuftul jyKrsm;onfoufqdkifonfh

Oya'taMumif;t&mrsm;udk aocsmpGm&Sif;jyoifhNyD;? trIonfrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;NyD; enf;AsL[m

csrSwf&ef qHk;jzwfoifhonf/

zdvpfydkifEkdifiH&Sd Alternative Law Group onf Oya'qdkif&mpGrf;&nfjrSifhwifay;jcif;

enf;vrf;udk toHk;jyKonf/ 4if;tzGJUtpnf;onf w&m;½Hk;ü w&m;pGJqdkcsdefwGif w&m;½Hk;wGif

w&m;pGJjcif;\ tm;omcsufESifh tm;enf;csufrsm;tygt0if w&m;Oya'qdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;

taMumif;udk a&SUaersm; ryg0ifvmrD? vlUtzJGU tpnf;tm; Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;u

t&if ynmay;onf/

odkYaomf Oya'qdkif&mpGrf;&nfjrSifhwifay;jcif;udk trIonf\ vHkNcHKa&;? tcsdefESifh

t&if;tjrpfrsm; tp&Sdonfh tjcm;aom OD;pm;ay;&rnfh udpörsm;ESifh csdefnd§xm;&rnf jzpfonf/

rsm;aomtm;jzifh axmufcH tm;ay;jcif; tpnf;ta0;wGif trIonftm; xnfhoGif;jcif;udk

omreftm;jzifh ydkrdkESpfoufaomfvnf;? trIonftwGuf tEÅ&m,f&Sdonf odkYr[kwf ydwfyif

wm;jrpfxm;aom ukefusrIodkYr[kwf aESmifhaES;rIjzpfay:apygu Oya'taxmuftuljyKtaejzifh

,if;tavhtusifhudk rvdkufemjcif; &SdEdkifonf/ (Z,m;-1)

6-3-2 jyóemt&if;tjrpfrsm;

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;\ us,fjyefYaom vkyfydkifcGifhESifhrwluGJjym;aom toHk;jyK

Edkifonfh enf;vrf;rsm;aMumifh 4if;wdkY BuHKawGU&onfh w&m;a&;qdkif&m jyóemrsm;\ &if;jrpfudk


&SmazG&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfaponf/ jyóemt&if;tjrpfudk ajz&Sif;&efvdktyfonfh

vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí vlUtzJGUtpnf;udk ynmay;jcif;? vlUtzJGUtpnf;tqifh axmufcH

tm;ay;jcif; odkYr[kwf pkaygif;ajz&Sif;enf;rsm;udk pDpOfay;jcif; ponfjzifh vlUtzJGUtpnf;tqifhwGif

aqmif&GufEkdifonf/ tcsKdUaom jyóemrsm;rSmrl EdkifiH\ rl0g' odkYr[kwf Oya'udk ajymif;vJ&ef

vdktyfonf/

(Z,m;-2) wGif trItvdkufMum;0ifzsefajzay;jcif;? vlUtzJGUtpnf;ynmay;a&;ESifh

Oya'aMumif;t& axmufcHtm;ay;jcif;qdkif&m aqmif&GufykH r[mAsL[merlemudkazmfjyxm;onf/

6-3-3 trIonfESifh vlUtzJGUtpnf;wdkY\ tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;

a,bk,stm;jzifh Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfrsm;onfa&S;&dk;pOfvm Oya'

0efaqmifrIay;onhf tzGJUtpnf;rsm;twdkif; vkyfudkifvsuf&Sdonf/ 4if;wdkYonf jynfolrsm;\

w&m;a&;qdkif&m jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;jcif;? wjcm;enf;ESifhMunfhrnfqkdygu tcGifhta&;

csKd;azmufjcif;twGuf tajz&Smjcif; ponfh&nf&G,fcsufcsif; wlnDonf/ Oya'taxmuf

tuljyKrsm;onf a&SUaersm;enf;wl trIwGJrsm;udk vufcHay;NyD;? trIonf\ vQKdU0Sufcsufudk

raygufMum;atmif xdef;odrf;ay;onf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfrsm;onf ]]trIonf}}

[laom pum;vHk;udk a&SUaersm;\tbd"mefrS iSm;&rf;toHk;jyKNyD;? 4if;wdkY0efaqmifrI ay;&olrsm;udk

qdkvdkonf/

odkYaomf 4if;trIonf[laom pum;vHk;onf vlxktajccH Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;

0efaqmifrIay;aeonfh jynfolrsm;udkom udk,fpm;jyKonf/ Oya'qdkif&mpGrf;&nfjr§ifhwif


ay;jcif;udk txl;jyKonfh Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfrsm;twGuf ]]trIonf}}[laom

pum;vHk;onf jynfhpHkjcif;r&Sdaom pum;vHk;jzpfonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf vlUtzJGUtpnf;

udk,fpm;jyK Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf 0efaqmifrIay;&ef vdktyfaeolrsm;twGuf

omruyJ? vlwpfOD;csif;ESifh vlUtzJGUtpnf;rsm;ESifh xdawGUum vlrIa&;qdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf

vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&aomaMumifhjzpfonf/

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umuG,fay;jcif; rjyKaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ &dk;&mOya'pepf\ qefYusifbufoabmobm0u

vufarmif;rsm; nDrQjcif;? (EqualityofEarms) qdkonfh ,lqcsuftay: tajccHaom

bufaygif;pHku Mum;aea&; taetxm;wpf&yfudk BudK;pm;jcif;xuf wpfzufpDwGif pdwftm;

xufoefonfh a&ShaewpfOD;pD &SdaeMuvQif Mum;ae&ef qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfoltaejzifh nDrQaom

tjrifodkY a&muf&Sd&ef ydkí jzpfEdkifonfqdkonfh oDtdk&Dtay:wGif tajccHonf/ ESpfOD;ESpfzufvHk;wGif

vuf&nfnDaom udk,fpm;jyKol&Sdjcif;onf ,kwdåwefonf/

odkYaomf Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;rS 0efaqmifrI ay;aeonfh vlUtzJGUtpnf;tzGJU0if

tcsif;csif; tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;(vlUtzJGUtpnf;twGif; y#dyu©jzpfyGm;rI)wGifrl trIonf ESpfzuf

pvHk;wGif udk,fpm;jyKol r&Sdjcif;vnf; jzpfavh&Sdonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOf

onfomvsif w&m;rQwrItwGuf 0efaqmifrI tpDtpOfjzpfEkdifonf/ xkdYaMumifh Oya'

taxmuftuljyKrsm;taejzifh rdrdwdkY½Hk;udk yxrqHk; a&muf&Sdvmonfh trIonfudk OD;pm;

ay;jcif;onf wpfzufowfqefaeygvdrfhrnf/ xdkYaMumifh Oya' taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOf

rsm;onf wdkifMum;pmwifoGif;onfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;udk 0efaqmifrIay;jcif;xuf vlUtzJGUtpnf;


wpfckvHk;udk vTrf;NcHKaom? w&m;rQwrIESifh 'Drkdua&pDqefpGm omwlnDrQrI[laom tajccHrl0g'

rsm;udkom a&S;½Ionfh rl&if;tajccH wm0efudkom xrf;&Gufonf/

Z,m; (1) 0efaqmifrIay;jcif;ESifh pGrf;&nfjr§ifhwifay;jcif;udk a&S;½Ionfh csnf;uyf enf;rsm;

wdusaom0efaqmifrIay;jcif;

enf;vrf;

pGrf;&nfjr§ifhwifay;jcif;udk a&S;½Ionfh

csOf;uyfenf;rsm;

wpfoD;yk*¾vtqifh

jyóem

trsKd;orD; wpfOD;onf

4if;\ tvkyf&SifrS NyD;cJh

aom 3 v twGuf

vpmray;yJ tvkyfxkwf

cH&aMumif; wdkifMum;

onf/


trIESif hywfoufonfh tcsuf

tvufrsm;udk aumufcHNyD;? trI

onftm; tpDtpOfr S ulnD

ay;Ekdifrnf [k tmrcHay;NyD; vQif?

tdrfodkYjyefvTwf vdkufonf/ Oya'

taxmuftuljyKrS tvkyf&Siftm;

csOf;uyfNyD;? Oya'taMumif;t&m

rsm;ESifh w&m;pGJqdkcGifh &SdaMumif;

&Sif;jyonf/ tvkyf&Sifonf vpm

tm; Oya'taxmuf tuljyK½Hk;odkY

ydkYay;onf/ vkyfc vpmvm,l&ef

trIonftm; taMumif;Mum;

ay;onf/

Oya' taxmuftuljyK rsm;onf trIESifh

ywfoufonfh tcsuftvufrsm;udkaumufcHNyD;?

vc jyefvnf ay;acsjcif;twGuf Oya'ESifh

&&SdEkdifaom ajz&Sif;enf;rsm;udk trIonftm;

&Sif;jyonf/ Oya' taxmuftul jyKonf

trIonfESif h enf;AsL[m aqG;aEG;onf/

yxrqHk; tqifhtjzpf tvkyf&Siftm; pmydkYjcif;

odkYr[kwf vludk,fwdkif oGm;a&muf awGUqHk&ef

jzpfonf/ oGm;a&mufawGUqHk&ef qHk;jzwfygu?

trIonfESifh Oya' taxmuf tuljyKwdk Y

twlwl oGm;Edkifonf/ pmydkY&ef qHk;jzwfygu?

trIonftm;pmwGif yg0ifcsufrsm;udk &Sif;jy

ygonf/ trIonfonf aiGaumufcH &&SdNyD;

csdefwGif? tvkyform; Oya'ESifh jyefvnf

jyifqifjcif;tqifhrsm; taMumif; ydkrdkod&Sd

oGm;rnf jzpfonf/


vlUtzJGUtpnf;tqifh

v,form; tzGJU0ifrsm;

onf v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;

0efBuD;XmerS rsdK;apht

wGuf acs;aiGcsay;&ef

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aiGrsm; ra&muf&Sdao;

aMumif; wdkifMum;onf/

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v,form;rsm;tm; tpDtpOfrS

ulnDay;Ekdifrnf[k tmrcHay;NyD;?

tdrfodkY jyefvTwfvdkufonf/ Oya'

taxmuftuljyKonf 0efBuD;

XmerS aESmifhaES;rItwGuf tajz

ray;onfhoufqdkif&m t&m&Sdudk

vd kuf&Smrnf/ aocsmonfrSm

xdkolonf vmbf,l&ef apmifhae

jcif;jzpfonf/ Oya' taxmuf

tuljyKu 0efBuD;XmetwGif;

0g&ifh t&m&Sdtm; wdkifMum;aom

tcg? xdkudpöudk pDppfay;rnf[k

ajymMum;onf/ xdkuJhodkYawGUqHkrI

rsm;pGm vkyfNyD;aomtcgrsK d;aph

twGuf acs;aiGrsm;udkydkYay;cJhonf/

Oya' taxmu ftu l jy Kr s m ;on f

v,form;rsm;ESifh r[mAsL[mudpö&yfrsm;udk

aqG;aEG;NyD;? v,form;rsm;tkyfpk acgif;

aqmifESifh acs;aiG&&ef apmifhqdkif; ae&onfh

v,form;rsm;\ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifhtwl

0e f Bu D ;Xmeud k c sO f ;uy fonf/ tz G J U

acgif;aqmif ESifh v,form;rsm;onftm;ay;

axmufcHjcif; vkyfief;aqmif&GufrIwGif

udk,fwdkifyg0if odjrifcGifh&onf/ acs;aiGrsm;

&&SdNyD;onfhtcg? Oya'taxmuftuljyK

onf v,form;tzGJUESifhwGJzufNyD;? tcsif;csif;

qufoG,f&ef enf;vrf;rsm; ydkrdk aumif;rGef

vmap&efjyKvkyfjcif;jzifh wdkifMum;rI enf;vrf;

rsm;udk od&Sdvmum rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif vkyfudkif

vmEdkifonf/


Z,m; (2) jyóemt&if;tjrpftm; ajz&Sif;&ef tqifhqifhMum;0ifjcif;- uav;i,frsm;tay:

ysufuGufrI

jyóem Mum;0ifajz&Sif;jcif;

Timap Oya'taxmuftuljyK ½Hk;cef;

rsm;onf uav;rsm;\=zcifrsm;u

uav; jyKpkxdef;odrf; p&dwftm; rQa0

ay;&ef jiif;qdkaeaMumif; oD;jcm;ae

tarrsm;xHrS wdkifMum;rIrsm; rMumcP

&&Sdaeonf/

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf Mum;0ifaphpyfay;jcif; jzifh

uav;apmif ha&Smufjcif;twGuf oabmwlnDrI&&S d &ef

aqmif&Gufay;onf/ xHk;xrf;pOfvm Oya't&rdrd &ifaoG;udk

apmifha&Smufay;&ef wm0ef&SdaMumif; awmif;cHonf/ xdkYjyif

ESpfOD;ESpfzufrS vlBuD;rsm;tm; yg0if apNyD;? oabmwlnDrIudk

twnfjzpfapum vdkufemjcif;&Sd? r&Sd ppfaq;jcif;ESifh oabm

wlnDrItm; tusKd;oufa&mufaponf/

jyóem t&if;tjrpfwpfckrSm vli,f

a,musfm;av;ESifh rdef;uav;taejzifh

rdom;pkb0 xlaxmif&ef tqifoifh

rjzpfao;csdefwGif uav;&oGm;jcif;aMumifh

&ifaoG;rsm;tay: ysufuGufrIjzpfap

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apmifha&Smuf&ef jzpfonf/


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tcef;(7)

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;udk apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;?

taxmuftyHhay;jcif;ESifh tuJjzwfjcif;


7-1 vufawGUaqmif&Guf&efvrf;ñTefrsm;

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7-3 Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;udk apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;ESifhtaxmuftyHhay;jcif;

7-4 Oya'taxmuftuljyK\ vkyfaqmifrIt&nftaoG;tuJjzwfjcif;

7-5 pGrf;aqmifatmifjrifrIudk todtrSwfjyKjcif;

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teuf yg0ifaqmif&GufMu&rnf/ þtcef;wGif Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;tm; apmifMunfh

ppfaq;jcif;? taxmuftyHhay;jcif;ESifh tuJjzwfjcif;wdkY\ &nf&G,fcsufESifh vkyfxkH; vkyfenf;rsm;


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NcHKikHokH;oyfxm;onf/

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7-2 pDrHcefYcJGa&;vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;

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nDñGwfpGm Munfh½IEdkifNyD; oJoJrJrJ udkifwG,fvkyfaqmifEdkifayrnf/


7-2-1 trIwJGrsm;

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ponfwdkYudk ar;jref;a&;oGif;yg/

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7-2-2 tjcm;yHkpHrsm;/

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aemufqufwGJ (11)? (12)ESifh(13) wdkYwGif azmfjyxm;onf/

7-3 Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;udk apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;ESifh taxmuf

tyHh ay;jcif;

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ta&;BuD;onf/


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w&m;0ifpma&;tpD&ifcHrI

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taxmuftuljyKvkyfief;\ xda&mufrI? t&nftaoG;rsm;ESihf eD;uyfpGm qufEG,fvsuf &Sdonf/

BuD;Muyfa&;rSL;rsm;onfa,bk,stm;jzifh uGif;qif;½kH;cJGrsm;odkY oDwif; av;ywfrS ajcmufywf

twGif; wpfBudrfusoGm;a&mufppfaq;oifhonf/ BuD;Muyfa&;rSL;onf ½kH;cJGrsm;\ tkyfcsKyfa&;

vkyfief;udk a&Smifwcif0ifa&mufppfaq;rI jyKNyD; Oya'taxmuf tuljyKqdkif&m vdktyfcsufrsm;

(txl;ojzifhOya'tBuHay;udpö&yfrsm;)udk t"duyg0ifywfoufolrsm;ESifh awGUqkHMunfh½Ionf/

BuD;Muyfa&;rSL;onf Oya'taxmuftuljyK tBuHay;aumfrwDESifh rMumrMumawGUqkHNyD;

4if;wdkY\ tjrifudk &,lonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKvkyfief;ESifhywfoufNyD; vlUtzJGUtpnf;

tzJGU0ifrsm;xHrS wifjycsufrsm;udk Mum;emrSwfom;&onf/

qD&mvD,GefEdkifiHwGif a&SUaersm;jzpfMuaom tpDtpOf'g½dkufwmrsm;onf Timap rSOya'

Oya' taxmuftuljyK

BuD;Muyfonfh u@?

qD&mvD,GefEkdifiH

� v,f*smpmtkyfjynfhpkHjcif;

� trIwJGrsm;zGJUpnf;rIESihf jyD;jynfh

pkHrI

� tjcm;aom pDrHcefYcJ GrIqkdif&m

xyfwlyk Hp Hrsm;uk d rSefuefpGm

tokH;jyKjcif;

� trIrsm;twGuf tokH;jyKaom

r[mAsL[mrsm; oifhjrwfavsmf

uefrI

� trIonfrsm;ESifh tjyeftvSef

qufqHrI t&nftaoG;

� tmPmykdifrsm;? tzJGUtpnf;

rsm;ESifh tjyeftvSef qufqHrI\

tusKd;oufa&mufrIESihftMudrf

� trIonf\ vQK d U0 Sufvk dr Iuk d

av;pm;vkdufemjcif;


taxmuftuljyKrsm;udk rjywfMunfh½Ippfaq;í avhusifhoifMum;ay;aeonf/ tpDtpOf

nd§EIdif;a&;rSL;rsm;onf vpOf ESpfywfausmfausmf tcsdefay;í &yf&Gm½kH;cJGrsm;odkY uGif;qif;um

a&G;cs,fxm;aom trIonfrsm;ESifh wdkuf½dkufawGUxdí Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;\ trI

udkifwG,fykHudk jyefvnf okH;oyfjcif;? oufqdkif&mOya'e,fy,fodkYr[kwf tpdk;&\ vkyfief;

rsm;wGif oifwef;ydkYcsay;jcif;? aqmif&Gufay;onf/ e,f½kH;cJGwdkif;odkY vpOftenf;qkH; BuD;Muyfa&;rSL;

wpfOD;oGm;a&mufí ESpf&uf okH;&ufaexdkifum oifwef;ay;jcif;? vkyfief;okH;oyfjcif;rsm;

jyKvkyfonf/

uGif;qif;oGm;a&mufawGUqkH&jcif;\ t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm Oya'taxmuftuljyK

0efxrf;rsm;\ todynmESifh vkyfief;qdkif&m uRrf;usifrIudk jr§ifhwif&efjzpfonf/ BuD;Muyfa&;rSL;

onf þtvkyfudkw&m;0if oabmrsKd;r[kwfbJ trIwpfckudk a&G;cs,fum xdkae&modkY Oya'

taxmuftuljyKESifhtwl trSwfrxifoGm;a&mufNyD; trItqifhqifhtm; rnfodkYudkifwG,faeykHudk

ar;jref;Edkifonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf wwfuRrf;aoma&SUaersm;\ a[majym

ydkYcscsufrsm;odkY wufa&mufum pm&Gufpmwrf;yg tcsuftvufrsm;udk wifjyNyD; vkyfaqmif

zG,frsm;udk aqG;aEG;Edkifonf/ qD&mvD,GefEdkifiH Timap tpDtpOftwGuf jyKpkxm;aom

BuD;Muyfa&; qdkif&mvrf;ñTefcsufrsm;udk aemufqufwJG (12) wGif azmfjyxm;onf/ e,f½kH;cJGrsm;odkY

uGif;qif;oGm;a&mufpOfumvtwGif; Timap BuD;Muyfa&;rSL;rsm;onf trIwJGrsm;? v,f*smrsm;udk

jyefvnfokH;oyfjcif;? Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm; olwdkYvkyfief;vkyfudkifaeykHudk avhvmMunfh½Ijcif;?

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm; &ifqdkifae&aomcufcJonfh trIrsm;udk olwdkYrnfodkYudkifwG,f

aeonfudk ar;jref;aqG;aEG;jcif;wdkYudk vkyfaqmifonf/ trIrsm;udk qufvufudkifwG,faepOfrSm

yif BuD;Muyfa&;rSL;rsm;rsufarSmufü enf;AsL[mtopfrsm;udk azmfxkwftokH;jyKEdkifonf/

� aiGaMu;ukd wm0efodpGm okH;pJGjcif;

� vlUtzJGUtpnf;tqifh jyóem

rsm;ESifh xdawGUrI

Source:Maru,V(2007)

"Notes on Supervision" Timap

for Justice Internal memo :


ykHpHtm;jzifh Timap BuD;Muyfa&;rSL;rsm;onf uGif;qif;vkyfief;pOftwGif; atmufygwdkYudk

aqmif&Gufonf/

v,f*smpmtkyf\ NyD;jynfhpkHrI?

trIwJGrsm;zJGUpnf;rIESifh NyD;jynfhpkHrI?

tjcm;tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m xyfwlykHpHrsm; rSefuefpGm okH;pJGrI?

trItwGuftokH;jyKaom r[mAsL[moifhjrwfavsmfuefrI?

trIonfESifh tjyeftvSefqufqHrIt&nftaoG;?

tmPmydkifrsm;? tzJGUtpnf;rsm;ESifh tjyeftvSefqufqHrItBudrfESifh xda&mufrI?

trIonf\ vQKdU0SufvdkrIudk av;pm;vdkufemjcif;?

aiGaMu;udk wm0efodpGmudkifwG,fokH;pJGjcif;?

vlUtzJGUtpnf;tqifh jyóemrsm;ESifh xdawGUrI?

tcgtm;avsmfpGm t&yfa'oBuD;wpfckwGif vkyfudkifaeMuaom Oya'taxmuftuljyK

tm;vkH;udk wpfae&mwGif pka0;í &uftenf;i,fxm;oifhygonf/ awmiftmz&duEdkifiHwGif

]]vlUtzJGUtpnf;Oya' ESifh zHGUNzdK;a&;Xme}}rS BuD;Muyfa&;rSL;rsm;onf ESpfpOf (3 &ufrS 8 &uf)

Mum rGrf;rHoifwef;udk pDpOfydkYcsonf/ þoifwef;onf Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;twGuf

tjyeftvSef nd§EIdif;avhvmoif,lEdkifaom ywf0ef;usifudk zefwD;ay;onf/ wpfa,mufESifh

wpfa,muf trIcsif;rQa0 avhvmjcif;? Oya'jyóemrsm;udk ar;jref;jcif;? 4if;wdkYtokH;jyKaom

enf;AsL[mrsm;udk okH;oyfjcif;wdkYudk vkyfaqmifMuonf/

Oya'qdkif&m jzpfay:wdk;wufrItopfrsm; tygt0if Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOf

'g½dkufwmrsm;\ vrf;ñTefyHhydk;rIjzifh BuD;Muyfa&;rSL;rsm;onf w&m;0iform;½dk;ustzJGUtpnf;tm;


rnfodk Y xdef;ausmif;a&;ESif h ywfoufí tBuHÓPfrsm;udk rQa0&ef þoifwef;rsm;udk

tokH;csEdkifonf/

BuD;Muyfa&;rSL;rsm; ykHrSefuGif;qif;vma&mufaeonfh Mum;uyif Oya'taxmuftuljyK

rsm;taejzifh csufcsif;tajzay;&rnfh ar;cGef;rsm;&SdEdkifonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm; tvkyf

vkyfudkifaeMu&aom a0;vHonfha'orsm;wGif qufoG,fa&; tajccHtaqmufttkH

nHhzsif;rIaMumifh Oya'taxmuftuljyKtaejzifh csufcsif;tajzay;zdkY cufcJonfh Oya'qdkif&m

ar;cGef;rsm; &SdEdkifayonf/ a'orsm;pGmwGif vufudkifzkef;uGef,ufr&Sdao;jcif; (odkYr[kwf)

Oya'taxmuftuljyK taejzifh vufudkifzkef;tokH;rjyKEdkifjcif;rsm;vnf; &SdEdkifonf/ þodkYaom

tajctaewGif rdrdtaejzifh tjcm;qufoG,fa&;enf;vrf;&SmazGjcif; odk Yr[kwf Oya'

taxmuftuljyK tajz&cufaeaom ar;cGef;udkajzEdkifrnfh a'owGif;yk*¾dKvfwpfOD; wpfa,muf

udk azmfxkwfqufoG,fapjcif; ponfwdkYjyKvkyf&rnf/

uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiHwGif ]]'Drdkua&pDtwGuf crmXme}}onf EdkifiHom;tzJGU0if tBuHay;

87 OD;wdkY\ t&nftaoG;jr§ifhwifa&;twGuf pmjzifha&;om;qufoG,fenf;udk tokH;jyKonf/

okH;vwpfBudrfxkwfa0onfh pmapmifrsm;? pmtkyfi,frsm;wGif a'owGif;jyóemrsm;udk udkifwG,f

ajz&Sif;a&; tBuHay;csufrsm;? Oya'a&;&mrsm;yg0ifonf/ uGif;qif;ppfaq;&mwGif tzJGU0if

BuD;Muyfa&;rSL;rsm;onfa'oqdkif&m aqG;aEG;yJGrsm;jyKvkyfNyD; vltzJGUtpnf;tzJGU0ifrsm;tm;

ynmay;jcif;? Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;\ vkyfaqmifcsuf tawGUtBuHKrsm;udk ar;jref;

avhvmtBuH jyKjcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifMuonf/ vlUtzJGUtpnf; aumifpD0ifrsm;? &GmolBuD;rsm;?

&Gmol&Gmom;rsm; wufa&mufMuaom xdkaqG;aEG;yJGrsm;aMumifh xdkpDrHudef;udka'ocHrsm; od&Sd

em;vnfNyD; a'ocH tmPmydkifrsm;\ yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIvnf; &&Sdvmonf/


7-3-2 jyefvnfokH;oyfrIpHrsm;

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;\ vkyfaqmifrIudk apmifhMunfhjcif;onf w&m;0ifenf;vrf;

wusjzpfpOf jzpfoifhonf/ Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf rnfodkYaomtrIrsKd;udk ydkifEdkifpGm

udkifwG,faeonf? rnfodkYaomtrIrsKd;twGuf rGrf;rHoifwef;ay;zdkY vdktyfao;onf qdkonfudk

tuJjzwf&ef enf;vrf;wusokH;oyfrI vdktyfonf/ w&m;0iftuJjzwfrIudk BuD;Muyfa&;

vkyfief;wGif xnfhoGif;vdkygu vkyfief;pOfESifhenf;vrf;rsm; vdktyfrnf? oif\tuJjzwf vkyfief;

pOfwGif trIonfxHrS wkHYjyefrIykHpHerlemudk aemufqufwJG (13)wGif Munfh½IEdkifonf/

uGif;qif;BuD;Muyfa&;vkyfief;pOfwGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;\ vkyfaqmifrIudk

enf;vrf;wustuJjzwf&mwGif tokH;jyKEdkifaom ueOD;pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;pm&if;udk atmufwGif

azmfjyxm;onf-

trIrsm;udkudkifwG,f&mwGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKonf rSefuefaom enf;pepf

tokH;jyKonf/

trIudkrSwfwrf;wif&mwGif rSefuefaompDrHcefYcJGrI enf;pepfudk tokH;jyKonf/

Oya'taxmuftuljyKonf 4if;\wm0efudkvkyfaqmif&mwGif aumif;rGefrSefuefpGm

okH;oyfqkH;jzwfonf/

Oya' taxmuftuljyKonf vpOftenf;qkH; udkifwG,f&rnfh trIta&twGuf

jynfhrDatmif vkyfaqmifonf/

Oya'taxmuftuljyKonf trIrsm;udk wdkuf½dkufaomfvnf;aumif;? vTJajymif;

ay;jcif;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; xda&mufpGmqkH;jzwfonf/


Oya'taxmuftuljyKonf vlUtzJGUtpnf; zHGUNzdK;a&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk awG;awm

BuHqjcif;? aqmif&Gufjcif;jyKonf/

þodkYtuJjzwf&mwGifoif\ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf trIudpöwpfck (odkYr[kwf)

wpfckruwGif pHowfrSwfcsufatmuf avsmhenf;aeaMumif; awGU&SdEdkifonf/ Oya' taxmuf

tuljyK wpfa,mufonf olUwm0efudkvkyfaqmif&mwGif jyóemay:aygufvmyguoifhawmfaom

ta&;,lrIvkyfaqmif&eftwGuf jzpf&onfh taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk ppfaq;&rnf/ tajz&Sm&rnfh

ar;cGef;tcsKdUrSm -

Oya'taxmuftuljyKonf 4if;\wm0efudk vkyfaqmif&mwGif vdktyfaom

uRrf;usifrI (odkYr[kwf)Oya'a&;&mwGif oifwef;ay;&ef vdktyfaeovm;? rdrdydkYcs

ay;Edkifaom oifwef;rsm;vm;/

ydkrdktxl;jyKuRrf;usifaom Oya'tultnDodkYr[kwf Oya'tBuHay;rsm; vdktyf

aeovm; (rdrd odkYr[kwf a&SUaewpfOD;uay;&rnf)

Oya'taxmuftuljyKonf tvkyftwGuf tajccHvdktyfaom uRrf;usifrIyif

csKdUwJhaeovm;

vkyfudkifenf;vrf;ñTefrsm; ryDjyifíavm? t"dyÜm,fESpfcGjzpfaeovm;? t"dyÜm,f

zGifhqdkrI nHhzsif; aeovm;? rdrdaumif;rGefatmif vkyfay;Ekdifovm;/

Oya'taxmuftuljyKtzkdY olUvkyfief;aqmif&Guf&ef ywf0ef;usifwGif tcuftcJ

&Sdaejcif; (tajccH taqmufttHkr&Sdí trIonfxH ta&mufoGm;zkdY rvG,fuljcif;)

Oya'taxmuftuljyKonf vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGif; rdrdudk,fusKd; odkYr[kwf tjcm;

tusKd;tjrwftwGufrdrd&mxl;ae&mudk toHk;csaeovm;/


þar;cGef;rsm;twGuf tajz&vQif xda&mufaom pDrHudef;vkyfaqmifrIjzpfajrmuf &ef

bmvkyfzkd Y ta&;tBuD;qHk;qdkonfudk rdrdqHk;jzwfEkdifNyDjzpfonf/ rGrf;rHoifwef; jzpfap?

ydkrdk&Sif;vif;jywfom;aom vrf;ñTefcsufrsm; vkdtyfaevQifjzpfap? rdrdjyóem BuHKawGUae&aom

Oya'taxmuftuljyKtwGufomru rdrd\Oya'taxmuftuljyK tm;vHk;tzkdY oifwef;

wuf&ef vkdtyfonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKudk vlpm;vJ&awmhrnfh tajctaevnf;jzpfEkdifonf/

þodkY jzpfvmvQif 0efxrf;vufpGJpmtkyfyg 0efxrf;cefY xm;jcif;ESifh 0efxrf;xkwfy,fjcif;qkdif&m

tcef;yg enf;vrf;rsm;udk vkdufemvkyfaqmif&rnf/

7-3-3 uGif;qif;avhvmrIudk toHk;jyKí tpDtpOfvkdtyfcsufrsm;udk

ppfaq;azmfxkwfjcif;

BuD;Muyfjcif;ESifh taxmuftyhHay;jcif; vkyfief;pOfonf ESpfvrf;oGm; vkyfief;pOf

jzpfonf/ Timap for Justice wnfaxmifol Vivek Maru \ tqdkt& ]]Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;ESifh

nd§EIdif;vkyfaqmifMuaom a&SUaersm;onf tpDtpOf\ aygif;pyfjzpfay:vmaom vrf;aMumif;udk

twlodjrifMuonf/ nd§EIdif;olrsm;\ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;ESifh tjyeftvSefqufqHrIonf

ESpfzufpvkH;u q&mvkyfonfhoabmr[kwfbJ usKd;aMumif;qifjcifrI t&omjzpf&rnf}}[k

qdkxm;onf/ Vivek Maru \ qef;ppfcsuft& qD&mvD,GefEdkifiHwGif a'ocHxkH;wrf;"avhrsm;?

xkH;wrf;Oya'rsm;ESif h ywfoufvQif Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf tpDtpOfnd§EI dif;

wdkifyifolrsm;xuf ydkrdkuRrf;usifrI&SdMuonf[kqdkonf/ olwdkYu trIonf\ vkdtyfcsufESifh

uefYowfcsuf twdkif;twmudkvnf; em;vnfMuonf/

uarÇm'D;,m;wGif

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;\

vdktyfcsufrSwfpkrsm;


odvdkaom Oya'qdkif&mrsm;rSm

&mZ0wfjypfrIOya' (udk,fxd

vufa&mufusL;vGefrIrsm;udk

rMumcPudkifwG,f ajz&Sif;ae&

onf)/ ajr,m Oya' (ajr,m

ydkifqdkifrIjyóem)? tdrfaxmif

a&;Oya' (uGm&Sif;jcif;? jywfpJ

jcif;)? oabm wlnDcsufOya'

(ydkifqdkif ypönf;rsm;- OyrmuRJEGm;)

� ]]Ed kifiHom;tMuHay;}} trSwf

tom;yguwfjym;wpfckudk

� Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;

tvdk&S d Muonf/ txl;ojzifh

trsKd;orD; Oya'taxmuftul

jyKrsm;onf ntcsdefc&D;oGm;pOf


tpDtpOfykHazmfvkyfaqmifpOf Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm; vkyfief;vkyfaqmifykHESifh

ywfoufí jyóemrsm; jrifawGUvmEdkifonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;wGif vrf;p&dwf

r&Sdjcif;? Oya'taxmuftuljyK tvkyfudk tcsdefydkif;vkyfaeoljzpfvQif olwdkY\tjcm; tvkyf

wm0efrsm;aMumifh Oya'taxmuftuljyKtvkyftwGuf tcsdefray;Ed kifjcif; (Oyrm-

ausmif;q&m^rwpfOD;jzpfvQif pmar;yJGtcsdefumv jzpfjcif;? v,form;wpfOD;jzpfvQif oD;ESH

&dyfodrf;csdefjzpfjcif;)rsm; BuHKawGUEdkifonf/ tpDtpOfudk taumiftxnf azmfvkyfaqmifpOfwGif

jyóemrsKd;pkH BuHKawGUEdkifonfjzpf&m rdrdESifhrdrd\ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf yl;aygif;

nd§EIdif;í wDxGifzefwD;ÓPfokH;um ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufMu&rnf/

7-4 Oya'taxmuftuljyK\ vkyfaqmifrIt&nftaoG;tuJjzwfjcif;

0efxrf;wpfOD;\ vkyfaqmifrIt&nftaoG; tuJjzwf&mwGif vuf&Sd tvkyftudkif

azmfjycsuf? &Sif;vif;aom pHEIef;ESifh arQmfvifhcsufrsm; ESifh 0efxrf;ESifhBuD;Muyfol tMum;ykHrSefpum;

ajymqdkjcif;rsm;yg0ifonf/ xdkYjyif0efxrf;tprf;cefYumvjzpfaom yxrokH;vukefqkH;csdefwGif

vnf;aumif;? ESpfpOfaomfvnf;aumif; w&m;0ifpGrf;aqmif&nf tuJjzwfrIwGif Oya'

taxmuftuljyKonf t"dutvkyfwm0eftoD;oD; udk aqmif&GufykH tuJjzwfcsufyg0if&rnf/

azmfjyygtvkyf&nfrSef;csufESifh pHEIef;rsm;udk jynhfrDjcif;? ausmfvGefjcif;? rjynfhrDjcif;wdkY yg0if&rnf/

0efxrf;rsm;ESifhwdkifyifNyD;tem*wf wdk;wufrI yef;wdkifrsm;ESifh tajctae jyefMum;csufrsm;udk

pmjzifha&;om;wifjyjcif;rsm;yg0ifonf/

vkyfaqmifrIt&nftaoG;tuJjzwfykHpHü uGif;qif;BuD;Muyfa&;vkyfief;wGif rdrd

aESmifh,SufcH&rI avsmhyg;a&;

twGuf þuwfjym;udk tm;udk;

&onf/

� Oya'taxmuf tuljyKrsm;rSm

tajctaersK d ;p k HE Si f h&ifqd ki f

&onf/ rdom;pkwGif; y#dyu©

rsKd;pkHudk udkifwG,f&wwfay&m?

xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifrIrsm; a&Smif&Sm;

enf;ESifh at;csrf;wnfNidrfpGm

aqG;aEG;ajz&Sif; ay;enf;udk

odvdkMuonf/

Source : Tibbitts 2005b.


tokH;jyKcJhaom tvm;wl okH;oyfrIpH? rSwfausmufrsm;yifyg0ifonf (8-3-2 wGifMunfhyg)?

wpfenf;tm;jzifh Oregon State University rS wDxGifxm;aom atmufaz:jyyg

pGrf;aqmift&nftaoG; ig;ckESifh NcHKiHkpGrf;&nftay: tuJjzwfrIwdkYudk rdrdwdkY vdktyfrnfjzpfonf/

vkyfief;qdkif&mA[kokw^enf;pepfuRrf;usifrI

(Oya'taxmuftuljyKvkyfaqmif&aom vkyfief;u@toD;oD;t& zJGUpnf;onf)

enf;pepfqdkif&m a,bk,staxGaxGodkYr[kwf oD;oefYA[kokwESifh uRrf;usifrIrsm;

ydkifqdkifjcif;? vkyfief;&nf&G,fcsufrsm; NyD;ajrmufatmif vkyfaqmifEdkifjcif;? rdrd

tvkyfwm0efudk vkyfaqmif &ef vdktyfaom uRrf;usifrIrsm;udk ydkifqdkifjcif;/

t&nftaoG;

t&nftaoG;jynfh0aom 0efaqmifrIudkay;&ef pdwfydkif;jzwfxm;rIudk vufawGU

jyoonf/ vkyfudkifaom tvkyfuvnf; tqihfjrifhonf/ rdrdvkyfaqmifaom

tvkyfudk awmf½kHwef½kH aumif;rGef½kHESifh rauseyfEdkifaomoljzpfonf/

tvkyfcGifqufqHa&;

vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;? BuD;Muyfa&;rSL;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;vkyfudkifaom vkyfief;cGif

qufqHa&;udk xlaxmifxm;onf/ trIonfrsm;\ vdktyfcsufrsm;udk xda&muf

wuf<upGm wkHYjyefvkyfaqmifay;onf/ oabmxm;ESifh trlt&mrSm usifh0wfodu©m

&Sdjcif;? rQwjcif;? a&SUaemuf nDñGwfjcif;&Sdonf/


pdwf0ifpm;rIESifh udk,fpGrf;udk,fp

wm0ef? 0wå&m;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&mwGif pdwfxufoefrI? ESpfjr§KyfvkyfudkifrI pdwfyg

0ifpm;rIwdkYudk jyoonf/ tvkyfudk csOf;uyf&mwGif wufwuf<u<uESifh pwif

OD;aqmifvkyfonf/ vdktyfvQif tvkyfudk xHk;wrf;pOfvm omrefvdktyfcsuf

xufausmfvGef vkyfudkif&ef qE&Sdol jzpfonf/ tcuftcJudk &ifqdkif&mwGif jyKvG,f

jyifvG,fESifh xdk;xGif;ÓPfoHk;í vkyfwwfonf/

oHk;oyfqHk;jzwfjcif;

vuf&SdtajctaeESifh &Edkifaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk pdppfoHk;oyfEdkif pGrf;&Sdonf/

tzGJUtpnf;\ &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifESifh vkyfaqmifrIudk tusKd;jyKaom usKd;aMumif;

qifjcifEdkifrI? tcsdefrDqHk;jzwfEdkifrIESifh tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&m enf;vrf; rsm;udkvnf;

pOf;pm;wwfonf tm;xm;avmufpGm wm0efodonf/ BuD;Muyfa&;rSL;xH rjywf

tpD&ifcHonf/ *½kjyKzG,f? jy óemjzpfzG,f udpö&yfrsm;udk od&Sdoabm aygufonf/

txufyg pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;udk oiftoHk;rjyKvdkbJ ydkíta&;BuD;onf[k oif,lqaom

tjcm;pHrsm; Oyrm tcsdefrSefrI? tcsdefpDrHcefYcGJrI? qufoG,fa&;uRrf;usifrIwdkYudk toHk;jyKvdku

oHk;Edkifonf/rdrd\ Oya' taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfonf &Sif;vif;aom vrf;ñGefcsufrsm;

csrSwfxm;NyD; Oya'taxmuftuljyK rsm;taeESifh rdrdwdkY rnfodkYtuJjzwfcH&rnf qdkonfudk

em;vnfxm;oifhonf/ atmufygtcsuf (6) csufudk w&m;0ifpGrf;aqmif&nf tuJjzwf&mwGif

toHk;rsm;onf/


0efxrf;onf rdrdudk,fudk tuJjzwf&ef yHkpHudk rdrdzmoma&;jznfhEdkifonf/

BuD;Muyfa&;rSL;u 0ef;xrf;tuJjzwfyHkpHudk a&;jznfhonf/

xdkaemuf yHkpHcsif;vJvS,fNyD; ppfaq;Munfhonf/

BuD;MuyfolESifh 0efxrf;awGUqHkNyD; &v'fudkaqG;aEG;EIdif;,SOfonf/

aemufqHk; tuJjzwfcsuftwGuf oabmwlnDrI,lNyD; aemufESpftwGuf &nfrSef;

csufrsm; csrSwfonf/

aemufqHk;t&nftaoG;tuJjzwfcsufudk pmjzifha&;om;NyD; ESpfOD;pvHk; vufrSwf

a&;xdk;um 0efxrf;zdkifwGif odrf;qnf;vdkufonf/

ta&;ygaomtcsufrSm BuD;Muyfa&;rSL;ESifh Oya'taxmuftuljyKwdkYonf tuJjzwf

yHkpHudk oD;jcm;pD wpfa,mufwnf;a&;jznfh&rnf/ xdkYaemuf ESpfOD;rawGUqHkrD yHkpHcsif;vJvS,f&rnf/

aemufrSom ESpfOD; awGUqHkaqG;aEG;&rnf/ xda&mufpGmtuJjzwfenf; wpfckrSm a0zefcsufudk

pmjzihfBudKwifa&;om; ay;ydkYxm;NyD; 0efxrf;tm; rdrdzmomzwf½I oHk;oyf&ef tcsdefay;yg/

xdkaemufrS ESpfOD;awGUqHkNyD; tuJjzwf trSwfay;rIudkaqG;aEG;yg/ 0efxrf;\ csKdU,Gif;csuf?

vdktyfcsufrsm;udk BudKwifí yGif hvif;pGmqufoG,f ajymqdkaqG;aEG;yg/ pGrf;aqmif&nf

tuJjzwfa&; tpnf;ta0;wGif aemufESpftwGuf &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifrsm;udk oabmwl

aqG;aEG;NyD; a&;csxm;yg/ xkdtpnf;ta0;rSmyiftvkyfwm0efrsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyfNyD; wdk;zdkY

vdktyfygu jznfhpGuf&rnf/

pGrf;aqmif&nf tuJjzwfrItvkyfonf BuD;MuyfolESifh 0efxrf;tMum; ESpfvrf;oGm;

vkyfief;pOf jzpfonf/ BuD;Muyfolu 0efxrf;\pGrf;aqmif&nfudk tuJjzwf&ef Oya' taxmuf

tuljyK vHkavmufrI &Sd ^ r&Sdudk jyefvnfwifjyap&mESpfvrf;oGm;tvkyfjzpfvmonf/


ESpfvrf;oGm; tuJjzwfoHk;oyfjcif;onf BuD;MuyfolESifh Oya'taxmuftuljyKwdkYtMum;

tjyeftvSefav;pm;rIjzpfapNyD; tpDtpOftwGif; NcHKiHkoif,lavhvmaom ywf0ef;usifudkvnf;

zefwD;ay;onf/ pGrf;&nftuJjzwfvkyfief; ESpfvrf;oGm;jyKvkyfjcif;onf Oya' taxmuftuljyK

rsm;\ vdktyfcsufrsm;udk azmfxkwf&eftwGuf uGif;qif;BuD;Muyf ppfaq; Munfh½Ijcif;udk

toHk;csaom rdrd\&nf&G,fcsufESifhvnf; udkufnDayonf/

7-5 pGrf;aqmifatmifjrifrIudk todtrSwfjyKjcif;

pepfwusxlaxmifxm;aom tpDtpOfwGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;udk avhusifh

oifMum;ay;jcif;? vkyfief;tawGUtBuHKESifh BuD;MuyfrIay;jcif;wdkYjzifh 4if;wdkY\ tvkyfwGif

t&nftcsif; jynfh0olrsm; jzpfvmMuonf/ awmiftmz&duEdkifiHwGif Oya' taxmuftuljyK

tpDtpOfudkwuúodkvfwpfckrS todtrSwfjyKvufrSwfxkwfay;a&; tpDtpOfjzifh csdwfquf

xm;onf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf ESpftwefMum avhusifhoifMum;jcif;? uGif;qif;

vkyfudkifjcif; atmifjrifNyD;qHk;ygu 'DyvdkrmvufrSwfvufcH&&SdMu onf/[efa*&DEdkifiHwGif Oya'

taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfudk Oya'oifwef;ausmif;jzifhwGJzufxm;&m 4if;wdkYNyD;qHk;aom

avhusifh oifMum;rItqifhwdkif;twGuf todtrSwfjyKvufrSwf&&Sdonf/

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf ynma&;todtrSwfjyKrIwpfrsKd;wnf;om &&SdMuonf

r[kwfacs/qD&mvD,GefEdkifiHwGif tprf;cefYumvatmifjrifNyD;qHk;NyD;aom Oya' taxmuf

tuljyKonf &ifxdk;wHqdyfwpfckudk wyfqifcGifh&onf/ rmvm0DEdkifiHwGif owfrSwf xm;aom

tusÐwpfxnfudk 0wfqifcGifh&onf/ 4if;wdkY\ tqifhtwef;azmfjyaom trSwftom;rsm;

jzpfonf/ xdkYodkYxifomjrifom&SdaomwHqdyf? trSwf tom;rsm;onf Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;


twGuf pdwf"mwfwuf<up&mjzpfNyD; 4if;wdkY\ 0efaqmifrIudk cH,laeMuaom vlxktwGuf

,HkMunf pdwfcs tm;udk;p&mjzpfonf[k tpDtpOf'g½dkufwmrsm;u ajymjyMuonf/


tcef; (8)

tpDtpOfwdk;wufjzpfay:ajymif;vJjcif;


8-1 tpDtpOfudk tuJjzwfjcif;

8-2 cefYtyfwm0efay;jcif;ESifh todtrSwfjyKjcif;

8-3 trsKd;om;uGef,uf

8-4 tpdk;&\ taxmuftyHh

8-5 vdkufavsmnDaxGjyKjyifEdkifaom tpDtpOfjyKvkyfjcif;

þaemufqkH;tcef;wGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOf yPmrwnfaxmifrIESifh

taumiftxnfazmfrIwdkYudk ausmfvGefí vkyfaqmifaeqJ ajymif;vJjzpfpOftay: tm½kH

xm;onf/ þtcef;wGif taMumif;t&macgif;pOfrsm;rSm tpDtpOf\ t&nftaoG;? ,kHMunf

EdkifrIESifh pOfqufrjywf &SifoefEdkifrIwdkY yg0ifonf/ rdrd\tpDtpOfvkyfaqmifrI xda&mufrI

&SdaMumif; jyifyy&dowfudkrnfodkY vufawGUjyoEdkifygrnfenf;? rdrd\tpDtpOfudk rdrdrnfodkY

qufvuf wdk;wufatmif? axmufyHhEdkifatmif? wdk;csJUEdkifatmifvkyfaqmifEdkifrnfenf;/


bkH&nfrSef;csuf yef;wdkifjzpfaom w&m;Oya'xHarSmuf ydkrdkvufvSrf;rDEdkifa&;qDodkY tjcm;

olrsm;ESifh vufwJGí rdrdtpDtpOfrnfodkYwufvSrf;Edkifrnfenf; ponfhar;cGef;rsm;udk ajz&Sif;

wifjyxm;onf/

þjyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&mwGif þtcef;ü tpDtpOfudk tuJjzwfjcif;? cefYtyfwm0ef

ay;jcif;ESifh axmufcHjcif;? trsKd;om;uGef,ufwnfaxmifjcif; ESifh ajymif;vJaeaom ywf0ef;usif

a&;&mESifhtzJGU tpnf;a&;&mrsm;ESifh vdkufavsmatmifrdrd\tpDtpOfudk ajymif;vJay;a&; enf;

vrf;rsm;uJhodkY tpDtpOfwGif pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;csrSwfa&;tygt0if taMumif;t&macgif;pOf

rsKd;pkHyg0ifonf/

8-1 tpDtpOfudk tuJjzwfjcif;

wwfodem;vnfaom tpDtpOf'g½dkufwmwpfa,mufrSefvQif tpDtpOfemrnfaumif;

&&efESifh ulnDaxmufyHhxdkufaom tpDtpOfwpfcktjzpf ½Ijrifap&ef aiGaMu;axmufyhHolrsm;?

NGO tzJGUtpnf;rsm;? w&m;a&;todkif;t0ef;rsm;ESifh trIonfrsm;paom yg0ifywfoufol

tm;vkH;\ todtrSwfjyKjcif;cH&atmif wwfEdkifoa&GUBudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrnfom jzpfonf/

rdrdtpDtpOftaMumif; owif;rsm;onf vkyfudkifaqmif&GufqJw&m;a&; 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;?

vlxkwifjycsufrsm;? rD'D,mazmfjycsufrsm;? tpnf;ta0;rsm;? qufpyf nd§EIdif; aqmif&GufrIrsm;rS

wpfqifh obm0twdkif; ysHUESHYoGm;rnfjzpfonf/ tpDtpOf\ xda&mufrIudk wdkif;wmvdkaom

qE´udk taumiftxnfazmfjcif;tm;jzifh rdrdtpDtpOf\ *kPfodu©mudk wufapEdkifonf/

xda&mufrIudkvnf; tuJjzwfjcif;jzifh oufaojyEdkifrnfjzpfonf/

rmvm0DOya'taxmuftuljyK

tBuHay;vkyfief;udk oD;jcm;

tuJjzwfrI\

&v'fESifh tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;

a&G;cs,fxkwfay;rIyrmPrsm;

� 2000 ck ? arvESi f h 2003

rwfvtwGif; Oya'taxmuf

tuljyK 0efaqmifrI

� Oya'taxmuftuljyK½k H ;c J G

900 ausmf zGifhvSpfNyD; tusOf;

om; 16ç000 cefYudk ynmay;

EkdifcJhonf/

� tusOf;om; 1ç350 ausm f

vTwfay;Edkifatmif ulnDcJhonf/

� tusOf;axmiftwGif; w&m;

r0if xdef;odrf;xm;aomvl

ta&twGuf rsm;pGmavQmhcs

EdkifcJhonf/


8-1-1 ykHoGif;tuJjzwfjcif;ESifh aygif;½kH;tuJjzwfjcif;

tpDtpOftuJjzwfjcif;udk ykHoGif;jcif;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? pkaygif;jcif;jzifhaomf

vnf;aumif; jyKvkyfEdkifonf/ tpDtpOfydkrdkxda&mufap&ef pnf;½kH;olrsm;tm; vkyfief;pOf

vrf;ckvyfwGif tajymif;tvJrsm; jyKvkyfEdkifapaom tcsuftvufrsm;ay;&ef tvdkYiSm ykHoGif;

tuJjzwfjcif;enf;jzifh tcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif;udk tqufrjywfjyKvkyfonf wpfpkHwpf&m

owfrSwfcsdeftwGif; tpDtpOfonf csrSwfxm;aomyef;wdkifudk rnfrQtxd atmifjrifpGm

vkyfaqmifEdkifonfudk rSwfwrf;wif&ef BudK;yrf;jcif;jzifh aygif;½kH;tuJjzwfjcif;udk wpfBudrfom

vkyfaqmifonf/ pDrHudef;wGif teuf½Idif;qkH; yg0ifvkyfaqmif olrsm;tm; rSwfwrf;wif&mwGif

wuf<upGmyg0ifapjcif;onf tuJjzwfjcif;ESpfrsKd;pvkH;wGif tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm; &&Sdaponf/

trIrsm;qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; ESifh rSwfwrf;xdef;odrf;rItygt0if Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;\

tvkyfudk tuJjzwfapmifhMunfha&; vkyfaqmifykHudk tcef;(7)wGif tMurf;zsif;azmfjycJhonf/

twGif;a&; tcsuftvufpDrHcefYcJGrIonf tpDtpOftuJjzwfvkyfief;\ A[dktcsuftcsmjzpfay

vdrfhrnf/

8-1-2 xkwfvkyfay;onfhyrmPESifh&v'f

a,bk,sqdk&vQif xkwfvkyfay;onfh yrmPqdkonfrSm vufqkyfvufudkifjyEdkifaom

ukefypönf;rsm;? pDrHudef;umvtwGif;vkyfaqmifcJhaom 0efaqmifrIrsm;ESifh vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk

qdkvdkonf/ Oyrm-Oya' taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOf\ tapmydkif;tqifhwGif pDrHudef; twGuf

iSm;&rf;cefYxm;í avhusifhoifwef;ay;xm;aom Oya'taxmuftuljyKta&twGufESifh

a&G;cs,f&v'frsm;

� tusOf;om;rsm;tMum; w&m;

a&;pepftay: ,kHMunfrIwdk;yGm;

vmNyD;? tusOf;axmiftwGif;

wif;rmrI avsmhyg;vmonf/

� tpDtpOfwGif yg0ifaom tusOf;

om;rsm;onf w&m;½kH; vkyfxkH;

vkyfenf;ESifh w&m;Oya'udk ydkrdk

oabmaygufvmMuaMumif;

w&m;olBuD;rsm;E Si f h tpd k ;&

a&SUaersm;u oabmwlMuonf/

� tpDtpOft& trIrsm;udk pDppf

ay;rIaMumifh w&m;r0if xdef;

odrf;xm;&rIrsm; ododom ,kwf

avsmhoGm;onf/

Source : Paralegal Advisory

Service, 2004.


oifMum;NyD;pD;onfh oifcef;pmrsm;yg0ifonf/ þxkwfay;onfh yrmPrSma&wdkomjzpfNyD;

csufcsif; awGUjrifavhvmod&SdEdkifonf/

Oyrmtm;jzifh uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiHwGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKpDrHudef;twGuf xkwfay;

onfhyrmP wGif Oya'ESifhvlUtcGifhta&;rsm; oifMum;ay;&ef pmtkyfpmwrf;jyKpkjcif;rsm;ESifh

vlUtcGifhta&;ynmay;olrsm;\ uGef,ufxlaxmifjcif;rsm;yg0ifonf/

rdrd\pDrHudef;t& vkyfaqmifcJhaom vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onf rdrdarQmfrSef;ovdk aemufqufwJG

jzpf&yfrsm; jzpfay:vmonfh taxmuftxm;ESifh ñTefjycsufrsm;onf ]&v'f}rsm;yifjzpfonf/

tusKd;qufrsm; (odkYr[kwf) xdcdkufcsufrsm;[kvnf; ac:qdkEdkifaom þ&v'frsm;onf pDrHudef;\

&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifrsm;tay: rlwnfí vlwpfOD;csif;tay:? vltkyfpktay:? rl0g'tay:?

pepftay:oufa&mufrI&Sdonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKpDrHudef;\ erlem&v'ftcsKdUrSm vlUtzJGU

tpnf; vlxkrsm;taejzifhtpdk;&xHrS 4if;wdkY &oifh&xdkufaom 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk ydkrdkod&Sd

vmMujcif;jzpfonf/ pDrHudef;vkyfief;ay:rlwnfí &v'fonf a&wdkodkYr[kwf tv,ftvwf

odkYr[kwf a&&Snf&v'frsKd;jzpfEdkifonf/ oufa&mufrItcsdeftydkif;tjcm;onf rdrd\wefzdk;

owfrSwfEdkifrItay: ododomomoufa&mufrI&Sdonf/

txufwGifazmfjycJhaom uarÇm'D,m;EdkifiHrS Oya'taxmuftuljyKpDrHudef;wGif

arQmfvifhxm;aom &v'frsm;ESifh ywfoufaom u@wpfckyg0ifonf/

trIonfESifh vlUtzJGUtpnf;tzJGU0ifrsm;onf Oya'taMumif; vufawGUem;vnfrIrsm;

&&SdvmNyD;olwdkY\ aeYpOfb0wGif Oya'pepfonf tokH;0ifvmrnf/

trIonfESifh tjcm;vlUtzJGUtpnf;tzJGU0ifrsm;onf w&m;a&;pepf? Oya'ESifh

zJGUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'\ wefzdk;ESifh tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;udk ydkrdkoabmayguf

em;vnfvmrnf/


w&m;a&;pepfwGif EdkifiHom;wdkY xda&mufpGmyg0ifrIudk tm;ay;onf/

tpDtpOfaMumifh w&m;rQwrI? onf;cHEdkifrIESifh rQwrIwdkYwdk;vmonf/

vlxkonf tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk w&m;r0ifenf;vrf;jzifhjzpfap vdktyfygu w&m;0if

tqkH;tjzwfenf;vrf;jzifh jzpfapajz&Sif;EdkifpGrf;ESif h ajz&Sif;vdkaomqE´rsm;

wdk;wufvmonf/

vlxkonf a0zefqifjcifEdkifjcif;? aMumif;usKd;csifhwGufEdkifjcif;? qufoG,fajymqdk

Edkifjcif;? avhvmEdkifjcif;? jyóemajz&Sif;jcif;wdkY tygt0if tajccHpGrf;&nfrsm;wdk;wuf

vmonf/

i,f&G,folrsm;taejzifh w&m;Oya'tay:tjyKoabmtjrifrsm; wdk;wufvmNyD;

uav; oli,fjypfrIusL;vGefolrsm; avsmhenf;vmonf/

rdrd\ tpDtpOf pwifí axmufyHhaMu;avQmufvQif tpDtpOf&v'f? tpD&ifcH&mwGif

rdrdtokH;jyKrnfh enf;vrf;tao;pdwfwdkYudk xnfhoGif;azmfjy&efvdkrnf/

tpDtpOftuJjzwf&mwGif owdjyK&rnfhtcsufrsm;&Sdonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm -

0efxrf;rsm;twGuf tydk0efrav;apbJ vufawGUaumuf,l&rnfhtcsuftvuf

awGu bmawGvJ/

rdrd\tpDtpOfonf xda&mufrI tuJjzwf&ef toifhjzpfNyDvm;/

tpDtpOfESifh qufpyfjzpfay:vmaom xkwfvkyfrIyrmPESifh &v'frsm;onftb,fodkY

&Sdoenf;/

tpDtpOf aqmif&GufykHudk odomatmif tpDtpOftuJjzwfrIudk rnfodkY ykHazmf

rnfenf;/


vlxktajccHOya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOf\ "avhp½dkufESifh avsmfnDatmif

tpDtpOftuJjzwfrIudk ykHazmf vkyfaqmifEdkifygrnfvm;/

&efykHaiGudk tokH;jyKí jyifyuRrf;usifolwpfa,muf iSm;&rf;um tpDtpOftuJjzwfrI

vkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfygovm;/

8-1-3 XmetwGif; tpDtpOfaqmif&GufykHudk tuJjzwfjcif;

tpDtpOf\tapmydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif b@ma&;taxmuftyHhay;olrsm;onf rdrdtpDtpOf

vkyfaqmifykHudk OD;wnfí XmewGif;tuJjzwfrI aqmif&GufaeykHudk Munfh½I&ef pdwf0ifpm;Edkifonf/

þodkY avhvm&mwGif XmewGif;pDrHcefYcJGrIESifh vkyfief;aqmif&GufykHpepf\ atmufygoGifjyifwdkYudk

us,fus,fjyefY jyefYMunfhEdkifonf/

tvkyfvrf;ñTef&Sd^r&Sd?

xda&mufaom apmifhMunfhrI? BuD;MuyfuGyfuJrIESifh 0efxrf;tuJjzwfrI?

,kHMunfpdwfcs&NyD; jy|mef;xm;aom b@ma&;cefYcJGrIpepf?

oifhawmfaom vlUt&if;tjrpfay:vpD jy|mef;xm;rI?

'g½dkufwmrsm; bkwftzJGU(odkY) tBuHay;bkwftzJGUESifh vkyfief;qdkif&m qufoG,f

vkyfaqmifrI?

Oya'taxmuftuljyKoifwef;om;rsm; avhusifhoifMum;a&; tpDtpOfNyD;ajrmuf

atmifjrifrI? oifwef;qif;vufrSwf&&SdrI?

trIvTJajymif;ay;a&;uGef,ufudk xda&mufpGm tokH;csrI/

uifnmEdkifiH Oya' taxmuftuljyK

tpDtpOfrSavhvmawGU&SdcJh&aom

tzJGU wGif; pDrHcefYcJGrIoifcef;pmrsm;


a'ocH tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;0ef

xrf;rsm;ESifh ydkíeD;uyfpGm yl;wJG

vkyfud kifzd k Y wGef;tm;ay;&ef

twGuf e,frsm;&SdOya' taxmuf

tuljyKrsm;ud k y d kr d k BuD; Muyf

uGyfuJ&ef vdktyfonf/

� Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;udk

vpOftpD&ifcHpm wifjyapjcif;

ESifh xdktpD&ifcHpmudk tuJjzwf

&mwGif a'ocHvlxk yg0ifap

jcif;jzifh Oya' taxmuftul

jyKwdkY zefwD;vkyfaqmifrIaMumifh

&&Sdvmaom vlxk\ todtjrif

tqifhtwef;udk wdkif;wmcsifhwGuf

Edkifonf/


8-1-4 tpDtpOftuJjzwfa&; enf;vrf;twwfynmqdkif&m csOf;uyfenf;

rdrdtpDtpOfudk tuJjzwf&ef enf;vrf;rsm;pGm&Sdonf? tpDtpOfvkyfief; tpD&ifcHjcif;ESifh

tuJjzwfjcif;udk rdrd,cifuvkyfaqmifcJhbl;vQif þenf;vrf;rsm;udk rdrd,Ofyg;NyD; jzpfayrnf/

4if;wGif trIwJGzdkifESifh tuJjzwfrI oifwef;ay;a&;tjyif tpDtpOftwGuftzJGUwGif; tcsuf

tvufrsm;xdef;odrf;pkaqmif;jcif; wdkYyg0ifayonf/ tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;wGifwpfOD;csif;ESifh

tzJGUvdkuf awGUqkHar;jref;jcif;? ar;cGef;xkwfjcif;? avhvmjcif;ESifhpm&Gufpmwrf;ppfaq;

Munfh½Ijcif;wdkY yg0ifonf/ tcsuftvufpkaqmif;enf; tao;pdwfodvdkvQif pDrHa&;ESifh

tuJjzwfa&;&if;jrpf A[dkXme (www.evaluation tools or.g/plan.data.collect.asp) wGif Munfh½I

Edkifonf/

Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfrsm; tuJjzwf&mwGif ]tñTef;} uJhodkYaom tpOftvm

tuJjzwfenf;udk tokH;csEdkifayonf/ tñTef;rsm;onf oGif;tm;pkrsm;? vkyfief;pOfrsm;?

xkwfvkyfxGuf&SdrIrsm;ESifh &v'frsm;udk wdkif;wmEdkifonf/ oGif;tm;pktñTef;rsm;onf tpDtpOf

(odkY) Mum;0ifaqmif&GufrIwpfcktwGuf &G,f&G,faom vltiftm;ESifh aiGt&if;tjrpf (Oyrm-

Oya'taxmuftuljyKta&twGuf) wdkYudk wdkif;wmonf/ oGif;tm;pktñTef;rsm;onf &nf&G,f

xm;aom vlOD;a& (Oyrm-tpDtpOfESifhtusKH;0ifaom trIonf ta&twGuf)udkvnf; wdkif;

wmonf? vkyfief;pOftñTef;onf tpDtpOf0efaqmifrIvkyfief;ESifh ypönf;rsm;axmufyHhykH

enf;vrf;rsm; (Oyrm-trIwpfckudk ajz&Sif;&ef vdktyfaomtcsdef) udk wdkif;wmonf? xkwfvkyf

xGuf&SdrI tñTef;onf xkwfvkyfaomypönf;ESifh 0efaqmifrIta&twGufESifhxkwfvkyfrI\

NyD;ajrmuf xda&mufrI (Oyrm-0efaqmifrIay;&aom vlta&twGufESifhtrIonf\awmif;qdkrIudk

� Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;udk

oifwef; rMumrMum ay;oifh

onf/ odkYrSom Oya'ESifhenf;

Oya' topfrsm;udk Oya'

taxmuftuljyKwdkY od&SdEdkifrnf/

Source: Konditi, 1999


wkHYjyefEdkifrI tjrefEIef;)udk wdkif;wmonf/ þtñTef;rsm;onf 0efaqmifrIay;aom {&d,mtoD;oD;

twGuf odkYr[kwf uGif;qif;½kH; toD;oD;twGuf rdrd\ Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfwpfckvkH;udk

cGJjcm; a&G;xkwfEdkifonf/ &vm'ftñTef;rsm;onf ypönf;ESifh0efaqmifrIrsm;\ axmufyHhjcif;jzifh

&&Sdvmaom ydkrdkus,fjyefYonfh&vm'frsm;udk wdkif;wmonf/

usKd;aMumif; nDñGwfaom vlrIywf0ef;usif

'DZdkif;tusOf; tñTef;^&nfrSef;csuf tcsuftvufyif&if; rSef;qcsuf

oufa&mufrI

&vm'f

xkwfvkyfxGuf&SdrI

vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;

]]usKd;aMumif; nDñGwfaom vlrIywf0ef;usif}} (ALogframematrix)qdkonfrSm tpDtpOf

yef;wdkifESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk oGif;tm;pkrsm;? vkyfief;pOfrsm;? xkwfvkyfxGuf&SdrI rsm;jzifh

ykHazmfa&;qJGonfh ½dk;&Sif;aom enf;pepfwpfckjzpfonf/vlrIywf0ef;usiftuJjzwfrIwGif

tcsuftvuf&if;jrpf? tcsuftvufpkaqmif;a&;pepfrsm;ESifh vkyfief;twGuf tcsdefuefYowf

csufrsm;yg0ifonf/ ,if;tuJjzwfrIudk arQmfrSef;xm;aom pDrHudef;vkyfief;ESifh trSefwu,f

vkyfaqmifaomvkyfief;wdkYudk EIdif;,SOf&mwGif tokH;jyKEdkifonf/ pDrHudef;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmif

aomae&mwGif tuJjzwftzJGUtaejzifh &vm'ftajccH pDrHcefYcJGrIpHrsm;udk tokH;cs&onf/


&vm'ftajccH pDrHcefYcJGrI {&d,m av;ckrSm -

(1) qDavsmfqufpyfrI&Sdjcif;? (2) xda&mufrI&Sdjcif; (a&wdktusKd;oufa&mufrI)? (3)

tusKd;oufa&mufrI&Sdjcif; (a&&Snfoufa&mufrI)? (4) pOfqufrjywfvkyfaqmifEdkifjcif;wdkYjzpf

Mu onf/ pDrHudef;vkyfief;ESifh &vm'fudk oufa&mufrI&Sdaom twGif;tjyif ywf0ef;usifESpfckpvkH;rS

jzpfay:vmaom tcGifhtvrf;ESifh uefYowfcsufrsm;udk? þodkYaomtuJjzwfrIu rSwfwrf;

wifEdkifonf/

t&nftaoG;tm;jzifh oufa&mufrIrsm;udk ta&twGuf tñTef;rsm;jzifh wdkif;wm&ef

cufcJayonf/ w&m;rQwa&; vkyfaqmifaeaom Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfwGif

wdkif;wm&ef cufcJaom oufa&mufrI erlemrsm;wGif atmufygwdkYyg&Sdonf/

trIonfrsm;tMum;udk,fhudk,fudk tm;udk;rIwdk;vmjcif;/

jyóemESifhjzpfEdkifaom ajz&Sif;csufudk ydkrdkod&Sdvmjcif;/

&nfrSef;xm;aom tajccHvlwef;pm;tzJGUtpnf;rsm; ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmjcif;

tmPmyg0gBuD;olwdkY\ rw&m;jyKusifhrIudk ydkrdkwGef;vSefEdkifjcif;/

arQmfvifhcsufESifh vlUodu©mwdk;wufvmjcif;/

þodkYaom tajctaeü trIrsm;vufcHajz&Sif;&mwGift&nftaoG;okawoejzifh

ta&twGuf tcsuftvufrsm;udk jznfhpGufEdkifonf/

rnfonfhtpDtpOf (odkY)tusKd;oufa&mufrI tuJjzwf&mwGifjzpfap? t&nftaoG;

okawoejzifh tusKd;&Sdaprnfomjzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh vlawGUar;jref;jcif;? rsufjrifavhvmjcif;

wdkYonf t&nftaoG;okawoersm;yifjzpfonf/ trIonfrsm;ESifh vlawGUar;jref;jcif;jzifh


0efaqmifrIvkyfief;tay:olwdkY\ cHpm;rIudk od&SdEdkifonf/ aemufqufwJG(13)wGif trIonf

tuJjzwfykHpHyg&Sdonf/ vlUtzJGUtpnf;twGif; zdk&rfaqG;aEG;yJGrsm;? tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yJGrsm;

jyKvkyfum vlxktajctae wkHYjyefcsufrsm;udk pkaqmif;Edkifonf/ ½dk;½dk;EIwfjzifh ajympum;rsm;rSvnf;

od&SdEdkifonf/ acwfay:ynma&;wGif wDxGifxm;aomtulypönf; (½kyfykHrsm;? jyZmwfrsm;)udk

tokH;jyKMuonf/ qD&mvD,GefEdkifiHw&m;pD&ifa&; Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOftwGuf

Timap wGiftrIonfrsm;u 4if;wdkY\ jyóemtajz&Sm&mwGif vdkufem&efenf;vrf;tjzpf

t&nftaoG;enf;vrf;udk tokH;jyKMuonf/ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh aemufqufwJGjzpf&yfrsm;udk

rSwfwrf;wifonf/ vlUtzJGUtpnf;twGif; jyóemrsm;udk Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;u

Oya'enf;vrf;r[kwfaom enf;jzifh xdxda&mufa&muf ajz&Sif;ykHudkjyoaeonf/

tpDtpOfoufwrf;&SnfMumrIESif h &nfrSef;csuftjriftay: rlwnfí w&m;a&;

pepftay:wGif EdkifiHwpfcktwdkif;twmjzifh tusKd;oufa&mufrI&SdykHudk awGUjrifEdkifonf/

w&m;a&;pepfodkY vufvSrf;rDjcif; Oya'tcsuftvufrsm;udk &&SdEdkifjcif;? tjcm;enf;jzifh

jiif;ckHajymqdkEdkifaom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwdkYuJhodkYaom tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;udk awGU&SdEdkifonf/

rnfonfhtpDtpOf tuJjzwfrIudktokH;jyK&ef pOf;pm;onfjzpfap? vufawGUrvkyfrD tcsdef,l

pOf;pm;oifhonf? rdrdcsOf;uyfenf;onf a&&Snf&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkif rsm;udk pOf;pm;onfhenf;wl

a&wdk &nfrSef;csuf awGudka&mxnfhwGuf&JUvm;/ rdrd\tBuD;qkH;vdktyfcsufrsm;udkajz&Sif; ay;&ef

twlwuG vkyfaqmif&efESifh em;vnf&ef vdktyfaom Oyrmrsm;? oabmxm;rsm;? A[kokwESifh

uRrf;usifrIrsm;? rdrdESifhtjcm;olrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;yg\avm/ pDrHudef;wGif ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom

qkH;jzwfcsufESifh xdef;odrf;rIudk OD;wnfapyg\avm/ txl;ojzifh trIonfrsm;\ajympum;udk

cGeftm;wdk;apyg\avm/ oufqdkif&mvltm;vkH;tMum; ,kHMunfrIESifh wm0efodrIudk tm;ay;yg\


avm/ rdrd\ tpDtpOftuJjzwfrIonf rdrd\ vdktyfcsufrsm;ESif h jyify y&dowf\

vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;&ef r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfayonf/

8-2 cefYtyfwm0efay;jcif;ESifh todtrSwfjyKjcif;

8-2-1 tpDtpOfa&;qJGrIudk w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKjcif;

tpDtpOfudk w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKjcif;qdkonfrSm tpDtpOfwpfckonf tpDtpOf

t&nftaoG; tenf;qkH;owfrSwfcsufpHEIef;udk jynfhrDaMumif; oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom tmPmydkif

(odkY) tzJGUtpnf;u ppfaq;awGU&Sdjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKjcif;ESifh Oya'

taxmuftuljyKvrf;ñTefcsufa&;qJGa&;onf twlwuGvkyfaqmifMu&onf/ vrf;ñTef

csufrsm;wGif BuD;MuyfuGyfuJa&;ESif h tuJjzwfenf;vrf;rsm;yg&S donfhenf;wl tzJGUwGif;

tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh okH;oyfa&;enf;pepfrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ vrf;ñTefcsuf?pHEIef;ESifh usifh0wf

pnf;urf;rsm;taMumif; tao;pdwfudk tcef;(7)wGif azmfjyxm;onf/ uGif;qif;vkyfief;&Sd

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;udk apmifhMunfhjcif;? axmufyHhjcif;ESifhtuJjzwfjcif;ESifh tcef; (3)

wGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOf wnfaxmifjcif;wdkYyg0ifonf/

rdrd\EdkifiHwGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;\ todtrSwfjyKvufrSwfudk EdkifiH wGif;&Sd

Oya'tzJGUtpnf;rsm;\ w&m;0ifvufcHrIudk awGUjrifvdkvQif(odk Yr[kwf) rdrd\Oya'

taxmuftuljyKrsm;udk Oya' ynm&yfrsm; qufvufoifMum;apvdkvQiftpDtpOfudk w&m;0if

todtrSwfjyKcH&a&; pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfonf/ tcsKdUEdkifiHrsm;wGif tpDtpOf todtrSwfjyKcH&a&;xuf

jy|mef;Oya't& todtrSwfjyKcH&a&;udk a&G;Muonf/ þodkYpHcsdeftqifhrDvQif tpdk;&


taxmuftyHh csufcsif;&rnf r[kwfaomfvnf; tem*wfwGif taxmuftyHh&Edkifp&mrsm;pGm

&Sdayonf/

w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKcH&a&;wGif t"du tcuftcJtcsKdU&Sdonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm-

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;twGuf wajy;nDoifMum;rIpepf&Sda&;/

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;\ todtrSwfjyKvufrSwf/

w&m;0ifOya'a&;&m0efaqmifrIpepftwGif;yg0ifEdkifa&;/

rdrd\ 0efaqmifrItpDtpOfwpfckvkH;udk r[kwfbJ oifMum;a&;tpDtpOfwpfckwnf;udkom

w&m;0if todtrSwfjyKjcif;vnf;jzpfEdkifonf/ oifMum;a&;tpDtpOfudk wuúodkvfwpfckESifh

csdwfqufxm;vQif rdrd\oifMum;a&;tpDtpOfonf wuúodkvf\bJGUtqifh(odk Yr[kwf)

todtrSwfjyK vufrSwftqifhwpfckckESifh tH0if*Gifusjzpfa&; pOf;pm;&rnf/

[efa*&DEd kifiHwGif ELTE Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfudk [efa*&DoufBuD;

ynma&;pepfrS wpfqifh todtrSwfjyKvufrSwfay;onf/ oif,laeMuaom Oya'taxmuf

tuljyK tm;vkH; ynm qufvufoifMum;EdkifcGifh&Sdonf/ oifwef;om;rsm;udk oifwef;aMu;,lcGifh

&Sdaomfvnf; r,lMuyg/ odkYaomf þtpDtpOfonf EU \ aiGaMu;taxmuftyHh&EdkifcGifh

tBuHK;0ifoGm;onf/ taMumif;rSm EU tvkyform;aps;uGufyg0ifrI yef;wdkift& tvkyfvufrJhEIef;

rsm;aom tkyfpkwpfckjzpfonfh Roma tkyfpkudk avhusifhoifMum;ay;&ef abmif0if aeaomaMumifh

jzpfonf/ rdrd\tpDtpOfonf qif;&Jaomvlwef;pm; rsm;onfh a'owGifjzpfygu tpdk;&xHrS

axmufyHhaMu;&&Sda&; ppfaq;pkHprf;Munfhoifhonf/ odkYr[kwf wpfOD;csif;taejzifh axmufyHhaMu;

avQmufxm;Edkifonf/


w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKcH&a&;wGif tpDtpOfrS vlESifhaiGaMu;t&if;tjrpfvdkayrnf/

rdrdtpDtpOf\ t&nftaoG;tay: ,kHMunfrItjynfhxm;NyD; þvkyfief;pOftwGuf toifhjyif

xm;zdkYvdkrnf? 4if;jyif w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKcH&rIonf rdrd\ BudK;yrf;rIrsm; pOfqufrjywf

&Sifoefaea&;wGif rsm;pGmtaxmuf tuljyKay;vdrfhrnf/

8-2-2 Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;udk axmufcHrIay;jcif;

tcef;(5)wGif azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; ]]Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm; avhusifhoifMum;a&;}}

wGif tcsKdUtpDtpOfrsm;ü Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;twGuf todtrSwfjyK vufrSwf

xkwfay;a&;udk wDxGifvkyfaqmifcJ hMuonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKwpfa,muftjzpf

uGif;qif;aqmif&Guf&ef tjynfht0 wm0ef ray;rDoifwef;om;rsm;onf oifcef;pm

tqifhqifhudkoif,lMu&NyD; t&nftaoG;rDatmif avhusifhysKd;axmifMu&onf/

Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm; &Sd&rnfh t&nftcsif;owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk w&m;0if

owfrSwf&ef pOf;pm;Edkifonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;udk iSm;&rf;&mwGif pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;

csrSwf&ef vdktyfrnfjzpfNyD;? oifwef;wufa&mufrI? vkyfief;tawGUtBuHKESifh tuJjzwfrI&v'f

aumif;rsm;&&SdrItay: rlwnfí &mEIef;jynfh t&nftcsif; pHowfrSwfcsufudkvnf; jyKpkxm;&ef

vdktyfygrnf/ ,if;odkY t&nf tcsif; owfrSwfcsuf vkyfief;pOfonf Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;

4if;wdkY\ uRrf;usifrI ydkrdkwdk;wufatmif qufvufaqmif&GufEdkifjcif;ESifh tpDtpOfwGif

qufvufyg0ifaeaom 0efxrf;rsm;tm; qkay;ouJhodkY tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;&SdEdkifonf/

þuJhodkY todtrSwfjyKvTmcsD;jr§ifhcH&olrsm;tm; vpm odkYr[kwf &mxl;wdk;jr§ifhay;jcif;rsm;ESifh

qufpyfoifhonf/


Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;twGuf oifwef;qif;vufrSwfrsm;ay;tyfjcif;udk oifwef;

tpDtpOftm; w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrIESifh csdwfqufEdkifonf/ awmiftmz&du EdkifiHuJhodkY

wuúodkvfESifh csdwfqufxm;aom oifwef;udk wufa&mufNyD;qHk;ygu todtrSwfjyKvTm

odk Yr[kwf 'Dyvdkrm ponfrsm; csD;jr§ifhay;onf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKoifwef;rsm;udk

txl;jyKtifef*sDtdkrsm;u jyKvkyfNyD; oifwef;tpDtpOfwGifwuúodkvfu t&nftaoG;xdef;xm;

ay;vQifvnf; tvm;wl csD;jr§ifhay;Edkifonf/

8-3 trsKd;om;tqifhuGef,ufrsm;

Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfudk taumiftxnfazmfonfhtavQmuf tifef*sDtdkrsm;?

tpdk;& tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? a'oqdkif&m jrLeDpDy,ftzGJUESifh t&m&Sdrsm;? a&SUaersm;ESifh a&SUaetoif;

tzGJUrsm; ponfhtquftoG,frsm;udk wdk;csJU&efvdktyfonf/ tqdkygyk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf rdrd\

tpDtpOfudk acsmarmatmif ulnDolrsm;jzpfap&ef tquftoG,frsm;&,ljcif;jzpfNyD; tenf;qHk;

tqifh xdkolrsm;u rdrdtpDtpOfudk [efYwm;ydwfqdkYolrsm;rjzpfap&ef jzpfonf/

8-3-1 trsKd;om;tqifh Oya'taxmuftuljyKuGef,ufrsm;ESifh toif; tzGJUrsm;

vlUtzGJUtpnf;wpfckvHk;twGif; Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;\ tcef;u@udk jr§ifhwif

&efESifh tvm;wlvkyfaqmifaeaom tpktzGJUrsm;\ qufpyfvufwGJaqmif&GufrIrsm;udk

todtrSwf jyKEdkif&eftwGuf tcsKdUEdkifiHrsm;wGif trsKd;om;tqifhuGef,ufrsm;ESifh toif;tzGJUrsm;

zGJUpnf;xm;Muonf/ r[mrdwfzGJUjcif;rsm;uJhodk Y toif;0iftzGJUrsm;onf Oya'taxmuf


tuljyKtpDtpOfrsm;? odkYr[kwf Oya'taxmuftuljyK wpfOD;csif;pDwdkY csdwfquf&mwGif

toHk;0ifEdkifonf/

tqdkyguGef,ufrsm;ESifh toif;tzGJUrsm;wGif tzGJU0ifjcif; odkYr[kwf qufqHjcif;rsm;onf

atmufyg tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm; &&SdEdkifonf/

pnf;½kH;a&;pGrf;&nfwdk;yGm;vmjcif;/

todtrSwfjyK vufrSwfay;Ed kifonfh tzG J Utpnf;rsm;&&S d jcif;? od k Yr[kwf

todtrSwfjyKjcif; tqifhtwef;rsm;&&Sdjcif;/

t&nftaoG; tmrcHcsuf&Sdjcif;/

&HyHkaiG&&Sda&; tvm;tvmaumif;jcif;/

tpDtpOf taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif yl;aygif;nd§EIdif;aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;/

t&if;tjrpfrsm; rQa0ay;Ekdifjcif;/

tqifhqifhoifMum;ñTefjyEdkifjcif;/

udk,fhudk,fudk tkyfcsKyfEdkifjcif;/

awmiftmz&duEdkifiHwGif Oya'taxmuftuljyK tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ tapmydkif;BudK;pm;rI

rsm;aMumifh trsKd;om;tqifh Oya'taxmuftuljyKtzGJUuGef,ufwpfck ay:aygufvmcJhonf/

uGef,ufrS udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;onf Oya'taxmuftulay;a&; bkwftzGJU(LegalAidBoard)wGif

yg0ifouJhodkY c½kdiftqifhESifh trsKd;om;tqifh BuD;Muyfa&;tzGJUrsm;wGifvnf; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;

yg0ifonf/ þuJhodkY qufqHa&;rsm;u Oya'taxmuftuljyK pDrHudef;rsm;ukd EdkifiHtwGif;

Oya'a&;&mtzGJYrsm;\ todtrSwfjyKjcif;ESifh qufoG,fEdkifjcif;udk tultnDay;onf/


[efa*&DEdkifiH&Sd Oya'vufawGUavhusifha&;½kH;cef;rsm;ESifh Street Law pDrHudef;azmifa';&Sif;

onf Roma vlUtcGifha&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;í Oya'a&;&mt&ESifh vlrIa&; 0efaqmifrI

rsm;\ ypfy,fjcif;cHxm;&aom Roma rdom;pkrsm;&Sd&m a'orsm;odkY aygufa&mufrnfh Oya'

taxmuftuljyKuGef,ufwpfck xlaxmifEdkif&ef&nf&G,fum Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOf

wpf&yfudk taumiftxnfazmfcJhMuonf/

8-3-2 trsKd;om;tqifhuGef,uftwGuf pHEIef;owfrSwfcsufrsm;

trsKd;om;tqifhuGef,ufESifh Oya'taxmuftuljyKtoif;tzGJUrsm;onf trsm;ESifh

oufqdkifaom pnf;rsOf;rsm;? vrf;ñTefcsufrsm;ESif h uRrf;usifynm&yftwGuf usifh0wf

pnf;urf;rsm;udk oabmwlnD&rnf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyK toif;tzGJUrsm;wGif xHk;pHtm;jzifh

&nfrSef;csuf? &nf&G,fcsuf? Oya'taxmuftuljyKESifh ywfoufít"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkjcif;? vdkifpif

ay;jcif; odkYr[kwf pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;jcif;qdkif&m pHEIef;owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh tzGJU0ifjzpf&ef

vdktyfcsufrsm;udk tao;pdyfjyKpkxm;Muonf/ rdrd\ Oya' taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOftwGuf

rl0g'tjzpf jyKpkxm;aom usifh0wfrsm;ESifh todtrSwfjyK vufrSwfay;jcif;ESifh w&m;0iftod

trSwf jyKjcif;rsm;twGuf pHEIef;ponfrsm;onf wpfEdkifiHvHk;&Sd tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yk*¾dKvf

wpfOD;csif;pD xHodkY EdkifiHtwGufowfrSwf&rnfh pHEIef;rsm;tjzpf ysHUESHYaqG;aEG;rIudktultnDay;

rnf jzpfonf/

tar&duefEdkifiH Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;\ trsKd;om;tqifh tzGJUtpnf;wGif

atmufyg vrf;ñTefcsufrsm; csrSwfxm;onfudk erlemtjzpfMunfhEdkifonf/


Oya'taxmuftuljyKwpfOD; yg0ifEdkifaom Oya'ESifhywfoufonfh tcef;u@udk

&Sif;vif;pGm uefYowfxm;onf/ tcsdKUtcef;u@udk a&SUaersm;om vkyfaqmifEdkifonf/

Oya'taxmuftuljyKwpfOD;onf 4if;\tcef;u@ESifh 4if;raqmif&GufEdkifaom

wm0efrsm;udk trIonfrsm;ESifh rdrdESifh vufwGJvkyfudkifolrsm;odkY &Sif;vif;pGm ajymqdk

xm;&rnf/

Oya'taxmuftuljyKonf 4if;\trIonftwGuf wm0ef&SdouJhodkY tpDtpOf

BuD;Muyfa&;rSL;udk wm0efcH&rnf/

Oya'csKd;azmuf&mwGifyg0ifjcif;? Oya'csKd;azmuf&ef tultnDay;jcif;udk Oya'

taxmuftuljyKwpfOD;taejzifh rjyKusifh&yg/

Oya'taxmuftuljyKonf trIonfxHrS tcaMu;aiGodkYr[kwf tjcm;enf;jzifh

ay;urf;rIrsm;udk vufrcH&yg/

trIonf\ jyóemrsm;udk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&mwGif Oya'taxmuftul jyKonf

EIwfvkHjcif;? vdr®modkodyfjcif;&Sd&rnf/ þonfrSm yk*¾dKvfa&;wnf&SdrIudk av;pm;&m

a&mufNyD; rdrd\ vkyfief;&yfudk taumiftxnf azmfonfhtcsdefrSwpfyg; tjcm;

olrsm;ESifh trIudpöaqG;aEG;jcif;rjyK&yg/

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf *kPfodu©mudk xdef;odrf;&rnfhtjyif wm0ef,l&

onfhudpö&yfrsm;wGif uRrf;usifvdr®mrI tjrifhqkH;taetxm;wGif&Sd&rnf/


8-4 tpdk;&\ taxmuftyHh

tcef; (3) wGif ]]Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfwpfckxlaxmifjcif;}} ESifh ywfoufí

azmfjyxm;ouJhodkY? rdrd\tpDtpOfa&&SnfwnfwHhEdkifap&eftwGuf tpdk;&\taxmuftyHh

&&SdEdkifrnfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk pl;prf;&SmazG&efvdkayrnf/ (þwGif rdrd\vkyfief;pOfudk EdkifiHa&;rygbJ

qufvufvkyfaqmif&ef cGif hjyKxm;Edkifonfhtaetxm;[k rSwf,lNyD;rS þtpDtpOfudk

jyKvkyfyg/) tu,fí EdkifiHtwGif; Oya'taxmuftuljyK½k H;rsm;&S dygu rdrd\ Oya'

taxmuftuljyKrsm;udk ,if;½kH;rsm;wGifxm;yg/ tu,fí tpdk;&u Oya'taxmuftuljyK

tcrJhay;onfhpepf xlaxmifxm;ygu tpdk;&\vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ESifh tm;jznfh yl;aygif;Edkif&ef

enf;vrf;&SmazGEdkifonf/ jynfolvlxkudk Oya'taxmuftulay;a&;qHk;jzwfxm;onfh

tpd k;&rsm;onf tultnDud k wd kuf½d kufray;bJ? uefx½d kufpepfjzif h vkyfaqmif&ef

ydkrdkESpfoufMuonfh tavsmuf? þ0efaqmifrIudk rdrd\Oya'taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfu

yg0ifvkyfaqmif&ef tcGifhta&;&&SdEdkifonf/ tpdk;&ESifh uefx½dkuf&jcif;onf rdrdtaejzifh

tzGJUtpnf;qdkif&m pDrHcsufESifh 0efaqmifrIqdkif&m owfrSwfaom pHEIef;rsm;udk tNrJwap

jyKvkyfae&onfhtusKd;tjrwfwpfck &&SdEd kifonf/ tpdk;&u aiGaMu;axmufyHhxm;aom

tifef*sDtdkwpfckrSwqifh Oya'taxmuf tuljyKrsm;u Oya'aMumif; tultnDay;jcif;

uefx½dkufyH kpHudkOa&mywdkuf? e,fomvefEd kifiHwGif awGU&S dEd kifonf/ awmiftmz&du

EdkifiHwGifOya'aMumif; tultnDay;a&;bkwftzGJU? w&m;a&;Xmersm;wGif Oya'taxmuf

tuljyKrsm;udk tvkyfcefYxm;onf/ rGef*dkvD,m;EdkifiHwGif c½dkiftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;½kH;rsm;u Oya'

taxmuftuljyKrsm;udk toHk;jyKonf/


trsKd;om;tqifh qufqHa&;udk tpdk;&ESifhrxlaxmifEdkifygu a'oqdkif&mtqifhESifh

qufqHEdkif&ef enf;vrf;rsm;&SmazGEdkifonf/ Oya'a&;&m ywf0ef;usiftaetxm;ESifhtpdk;&

ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI jzpfEdkifajc avhvmqef;ppfcsufrsm;tay:rlwnfí qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;

csrSwf&rnfjzpfonf/

tjcm;enf;rSm tpdk;&utcrJh Oya'taxmuftulay;a&;jzpfay:vmatmif EdkifiHa&;?

odkYr[kwf Oya't& tpdk;&udk csOf;uyfpnf;½kH;&efjzpfonf/ w&m;pD&ifa&;wGif Oya'taxmuf

tuljyKrsm;\ tcef;u@ odkYr[kwf Oya'taxmuftulay;a&;tzGJUrsm;&Sdonfudk tod

trSwfjyKaom Oya'a&;&m jyifqifcsufjzpfay:atmif rdrdpnf;½kH;aqmif&GufEdkifonf/

rdrd\ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm; tygt0ifOya'taxmuf tuljyKrsm;tm;vHk;udk

udk,fpm;jyKonfh trsKd;om;tqifhynm&Sif toif;tzGJUrsm;\ Oya'tultnDay;a&;udk aiGaMu;

axmufyhHjcif;ESifh todtrSwfjyKjcif;rsm;&&Sdatmif axmufyHhtm;ay;rIrsm; tm;aumif;atmif

aqmif&Gufjcif;rsm;onf vGefpGmta&;ygvSonf/ aq;ynmtulrsm;? vlrIa&; vkyfom;rsm;ESifh

Oya'vufawGUavhusifha&;½kH;rsm; urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;wGif vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufaeouJhodkY Oya'

taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfrsm;udkvnf; toif;tzGJUrsm;tjzpf zGJUpnf;NyD; vkyfaqmifEdkifonf/

8-5 vdkufavsmnDaxGjyKjyifEdkifaom tpDtpOfrsm;jyKvkyfjcif;

rdrd\tpDtpOfvkyfief;aqmif&Gufaeaom ywf0ef;usifESifh ywfoufí tawGUtBuHKrsm;u

A[kokwtopfrsm;jzpfay:vmrnfjzpfonf/ þA[kokwtopfrsm;u rdrd\trIonfrsm;udk

0efaqmifrI ydkíaumif;atmifay;a&;ESifh rdrd\&nfrSef;csufrsm; atmifjrifap&ef rdrd\


tpDtpOfudk rnfuJhodkY vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfatmif aqmif&Guf&rnf qdkonfh tBuHÓPfopfrsm;

&&SdEdkifonf/

8-5-1 0efaqmifrItqifhrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;

rdrd\ Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOf ueOD;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; atmifjrifygu

tpDtpOfudk wdk;csJU&ef enf;vrf;rsm;pOf;pm;jcif;onf obm0usygonf/ ,if;odkY wdk;csJU&ef

0efxrf;opfrsm;cefYxm;NyD; 0efaqmifrIay;rnfh ae&mopfrsm;owfrSwf&rnf/ tpDtpOfudk

wdk;csJUjcif;onf BuD;Muyfa&;?t&nftaoG; xdef;csKyfrIESifh aiGaMu;&SmazG&efudpörsm;twGuf

0efxkyf0efyd k; jzpfaponfhtavsmuf tawGUtBuHK&S daom tpDtpOf'g½d kufwmrsm;onf

wjcm;olrsm;tm; *½kjyK&ef owday;avh&Sdonf/ odkYjzpf&m rdrd\tpDtpOfudk wdk;csJUawmhrnfqdkvQif

Oya'taxmuftuljyK 0efaqmifrItwGuf awmif;qdkcsufjrifhrm;rItajctaeESifh a&&Snf

twGuf vdktyfaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;&&Sdatmif qGJaqmifEdkifrItajctaersm;udk aocsmpGm

pdwful; pOf;pm;&ef vdktyfonf/

rdrdudk,fydkiftpDtpOfudk wdk;csJUrnfhtpm;? tjcm;tifef*sDtdkrsm;udk tpDtpOfopfrsm;

pwif&ef tm;ay;Edkifonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh trsKd;om;tqifhjzpfap&eftm;xkwfrIwGif rdrd\

tcef;u@onf Mum;cHaqmif&Gufay;olESifh pGrf;aqmif&nfjr§ifhwifay;oljzpfvmayrnf/

tpDtpOftaumiftwnfazmfjcif;? pHtqifhtwef;rsm;owfrSwfjcif;ESifh oifwef;ay;rIonf

rdrd\ wefzkd;&Sdaom tawGUtBuHKrsm;udk rdrdESifh tjyeftvSef yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufrnfh tzGJUtpnf;

rsm;odkY vufqifh urf;ay;Edkifonf/


8-5-2 OD;wnftpktzGJUrsm;ESifh jyóemtaMumif;t&mtajymif;tvJrsm;

Oya'qdkif&m t"duqdkvdkcsufrsm;ESifh jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;jcif;onf Oya'

taxmuftuljyK tpDtpOfwGif a&SmifvGJr&aom vkyfief;wpfckjzpfonf/ Oya't&vdktyfrIrsm;ESifh

w&m;rQwrIr&Sdaom yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;wdkYu jyóemaygif;pHkwGif rdrd\yg0ifywfoufrI ydkrdkeuf½Idif;

us,fjyefYoGm; rnfjzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tdyfcsftdkifAD attdkif'DtufpfjzpfyGm;rIEIef; jrifhaom

awmiftmz&duEdkifiHwGif? tdyfcs ftd kifAD&S daom trIonfudk attm&fADaq;ukoonfh

aq;ukcef;odkY rnfodkY qufoG,foGm;a&muf&onfudk Oya'taxmuftuljyK½kH;cef;rsm;u tBuH

ay;Muonf/

rdrd\ oifwef;q&mrsm;onf tjyeftvSefwHkYjyefaom oifMum;enf;udk toHk;jyKNyD;

Oya'ESifh pyfqdkifonfh taMumif;t&mrsm;udk oifMum;&ef t&nftcsif;jynfhrDvmonfESifhtrQ

rdrd\tpDtpOf uRrf;usifrI tusKd;cHpm;&Edkifonfh &nfrSef;tkyfpktopfudk rdrd&SmazGEdkifonf/

rdrd\Oya'taxmuf tuljyKrsm;onf Oyrmtm;jzifh tjcm;tifef*sDtdktzGJUrsm;oifwef;tzGJU

rsm;ESifh xdawGUrI&SdvmEdkifonf/

EdkifiHa&;tajctaetajymif;tvJrsm;u tpDtpOf\taMumif;t&m rmwdumrsm;udk

ajymif;vJapEdkifonf/

awmiftmz&duEdkifiHwGif tom;a&mifcGJjcm;rI tqHk;owfNyD;aomtcg Oya' taxmuf

tuljyK vkyfief;tajctaewGifvnf; ajymif;vJjzpfay:jcif;rsm; &SdcJhonf/vlUtzGJUtpnf;Oya'ESifh

aus;vufzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;pifwmudk 1989 ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifcJhNyD;? tom;ta&mif

cGJjcm;rIumvu jiif;y,fcHcJh&aom vlrJrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIa&;tcGifhta&;rsm; jyefvnf

azmfxkwf&&Sdap&ef t"dutajccHzGJUpnf;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/


8-5-3 tpDtpOf yHkpHajymif;vJjcif;rsm;

rdrd\ tpDtpOfudk qufvufaqmif&Guf&mwGif tpDtpOfyHkpHudk tajctaeESifh

vkdufavsmnDaxG&Sdaom taetxm;odkYajymif;vJ&ef vkdtyfrnfjzpfonf/ rdrdwm0efay;xm;aom

Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;\ tcef;u@udk wkd;csJU&ef odkYr[kwf avQmhcs&ef jzpfvmEdkifonf/

rdrdwGiftzGJUwGif; a&SUae&Sdygu trIvTJajymif;ay;a&;udkom qHk;jzwfcsufcsEkdifonf/ rdrdtaejzifh

a0;vHacgifoDaom t&yfa'orsm;txd tpDtpOfa&muf&Sdapvkdaomfvnf;? ,if;a'oü

½Hk;cef;zGifh&ef rpDpOfEkdifvQif a&GUvsm;½Hk;cef;pepfudk a&G;cs,fEkdifonf/

awmiftmz&duEkdifiHwGif atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnfazmfEkdifcJhaom tpDtpOfyHkpH

wpfckrSm ]]tpktzGJU}} (Cluster)yHkpHjzpfonf/ ,if;yHkpHwGif Oya'taxmuftuljyK½Hk;rsm;

tpktzJGUonf vlrIa&; jyóemoD;jcm;udpö&yfrsm;udk yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;? tm½Hkpdkufjcif; ESifh

a'oqdkif&m csOf;uyfrIrsm; zefwD;azmfaqmifMuonf/ Oyrm Kwa Zulu - Natal jynfe,f

wpfckvHk;&Sd ajr,mESifhqdkifaom awmif;qdkrIrsm;udk ajr,mtcGifhta&;tpktzGJYu w&m;pGJonf/

,if;tpktzGJUonf ajr,mjyóemBuHKawGUae&olrsm;udk ulnD&efESifh rnfonfhtcsdefwGif

w&m;pGJqdk&ef oifhawmfaMumif; owif;tcsuftvuf&&Sd&ef avhusifhxm;aom Oya'taxmuf

tuljyKrsm;ESifhtwl vufwGJvkyfaqmifonf/ þtajctaewGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf

a&SUaetpktzGJUESifh trIonftMum; Mum;cHvltjzpf aqmif&Gufay;NyD;? w&m;pGJqdkpOfESifh pGJqdkNyD;

umvwGif trIonfrsm; udk ulnDyHhydk;ay;onf/

awmiftmz&duwGif EkdifiHwumOya'ynm&Sifrsm;aumfr&Sif (International Commission

ofJurists) u Oya'taxmuftuljyK tBuHay;½Hk;rsm;us,fjyefYvmap&ef tpktzGJUyHkpHudk

[efa*&DEdkifiH ELTE

Oya'taxmuf tuljyK

oifwef;twGuf

tm;omcsuf? tm;enf;csuf?

tcGifhtvrf;ESifh Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm;

(SWOT) pdwfjzmavhvmjcif;

tm;omcsuf

� qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfNyD;jzpfaom

Oya'ynm&Sifrsm;&Sdjcif;/

� oifwef;q&mrsm;taejzif h

aumif;pGmjyifqifxm;jcif;/

� Oa&myor*¾ EU rS zJGUpnf;a&;

&efykHaiG taxmuftyHh&&Sdjcif;/

tm;enf;csuf

� Oya'taxmuftuljyK vkyfief;

wGifjr§ KyfES H&ef tm;tomqkH;

oifwef;om;rsm; tpDtpOfwGif

yg0ifvma&;udk a&G;cs,frI vkyfxkH;

vkyfenf;rsm;u tmrrcHEdkifjcif;/


toHk;jyKonf/ tBuHay;½Hk;rsm;udk tkyfpk (5) cktjzpf pkzGJUapNyD; Oya'ausmif;½Hk;cef;wpfckESifh

wGJzufxm;onf/ tqdkyg Oya'ausmif;½Hk;cef;rsm;u Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;udk tBuH ay;jcif;ESifh

Oya'aMumif; qdkif&m ausmaxmufaemufcHjyKonfhtjyif? oifwef;rsm;ay;&efulnDay;onf/

awmiftmz&duEkdifiH Oya'taxmuftulay;a&; bkwftzGJUudk &mZ0wfrIrsm;twGuf

tpktzGJU0ifwpfcktjzpf pnf;½Hk;rIjyKvkyf&m Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOf acgif;aqmifrsm;

atmifjrifrI&&SdcJhonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfonf wuúodkvf

rsm;ESifhomru tpdk;&u aiGaMu;axmufyHhxm;aom Oya'a&;&mu@ESifhyg ywfoufrI&Sdvmonf/

EkdifiHwumOya'ynm&Sifrsm; aumfr&SifESif h vufwGJí tpktzGJUpepfudk zGJUpnf;

wnfaxmifEkdifjcif;twGuf? Oya'taxmuftuljyKtpDtpOfonf aiGaMu;wm0efcHrIESifh

wnfNidrfrIudk tm;jznfhay;onf/ Oya'aMumif; taxmuftulay;a&;bkwftzGJUESifh 4if;\

uGef,ufjzpfaom w&m;a&;pifwm (58) ckESifh e,f½Hk;cGJaygif; (26) ckwkdYonf jynfolvlxktm;

umuG,folrsm;tjzpf &Sdae&m þtpktzGJUpepfjzifh 4if;wkdY yg0ifywfoufvmaprnf jzpfonf/

,cktcg awmiftmz&duEkdifiH Oya'aMumif;taxmuftulay;a&;bkwftzGJU? w&m;rQwrI

pifwmrsm;ESif h Oya'vufawGUavhusifha&;½Hk;rsm;wGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;pGmudk

tvkyfcefYxm;MuNyD;jzpfonf/

� tvGefa&maxG;aomvlrsK d ;pk

ausmif;om;tkyfpkrsm; yg0if

aejcif;/

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b@ma&;jyóem&Sdjcif;/

tcGifhtvrf;rsm;

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tpOfudk wuúodkvfr[m0dZÆmbJGU

tpDtpOfu todtrSwfjyKjcif;/

� tcrJh Oya'taxmuftuljyK

Oya'wGif Oya'taxmuf

tuljyK tpDtpOf yg0if&eftwGuf

pnf;½kH;jcif;/

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aqmifrI qdkif&m trsK d;om;

uGef,ufudk wnfaxmifEdkifjcif;/

Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm;

� topfjzpfaom Oya'taxmuf

tuljyKynm&yfudk ynm&yfydkif;


8-5-4 tm;omcsuf? tm;enf;csuf? tcGifhtvrf;ESifh Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm;

(SWOT)pdwfjzmavhvmjcif;

r[mAsL[majrmuf pDrHcsufa&;qGJjcif;onf rdrdtwGuf rl0g'vrf;pOfwpfckzefwD;a&;udk

taxmuftuljyKonfhtjyif rdrdESifhwuG tjcm;aom tpDtpOfacgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh tpD

tpOfudk tajctae ESifh qDavsmfatmif rnfodkYpDpOf&rnf [laom enf;vrf;rsm;udkpOf;pm;&m

wGifvnf; tultnD&ayonf/

tm;omcsuf? tm;enf;csuf? tcGifhtvrf;ESifh Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm; pdwfjzmavhvmjcif;onf

pDrHcsufa&;qGJa&; avhusifhcef;wpfckjzpfNyD; rdrd\&nfrSefcsufrsm;atmifjrifatmif? tpDtpOf

ESifhywfoufí r[mAsL[mususpOf;pm;awG;awm&jcif;rsm; yg0ifonf/ þpdwfjzmavhvmcsufwGif

tzGJUtpnf; wpfck\ twGif;vu©PmoGifjyifonf tm;omcsuf odkYr[kwf tm;enf;csuftjzpf

cGJjcm;NyD;? jyifytajctae tcsuftvufrsm;udk tcGifhtvrf; odkYr[kwf Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm;tjzpf

cGJjcm;owfrSwfonf/ txufyg t*Fg&yf (4)ckudk em;vnfoabm aygufvQif tzGJUtpnf;wpfckonf

tm;omcsufudk ydkrkdjr§ifhwifNyD;? tm;enf; csufudk jyKjyifoGm;EkdifouJhodkY? tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk

ydkíwdk;yGm;vmatmif aqmif&GufNyD;? Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;&efodkYr[kwf tenf;qHk;

jzpfatmif aqmif&GufoGm;Ekdifonf/

þpdwfjzmavhvmjcif;yHkpHrsKd;udk a&wkdESifh tv,ftvwfwef; umvrsm;twGuf r[m

AsL[mpDrHcsufa&;qGJ&mwGifoHk;&ef &nf&G,faomfvnf; tem*wftwGuf pdwful;pdwfoef;rsm;udk

jyefvnftwnfjyKjcif;ESifh tao;pdwfus,fjyefYpGm pDpOf&mwGiftcGifhtvrf;aumif; wpfck

jzpfvmaponf/

qdkif&m (Oya')ynm&Sifrsm;u

twdkuftcHjyKjcif;/

� Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;\

ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&m jynfh0rIESifh

oufqdkifrI qdkif&mar;cGef;rsm;/

� qif;&Jaomtkyfpktrsm;pkud k

vlxkESifhtpdk;&tmPmydkifrsm;u

Oya'a&;&m tultnDay;rI

r&Sdjcif;/

Source :Tibbitts(2005a)


þpdwfjzmavhvmjcif;uJhodkYaom r[mAsL[mpDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif;onf rdrd\ tpDtpOfukd

ywf0ef;usifESifh vkdufavsmnDaxGajymif;vJrIrsm; jyKvkyf&efqkH;jzwf&mwGif taxmuftul

jyKEd kifonf/ tu,fpifppf tpDtpOftuJjzwfjcif;udk rdrd\tpDtpOfzG J Ypnf;jcif;tm;

jzpfay:aponfh tajctaeudk pOfqufrjywf cGJjcrf; pdwfjzmavhvmjcif;tjzpf (tcef; (2)

wGifaz:jyxm;onf) pOf;pm;Edkifonf/ rdrdtpDtpOf\vkyfief;wGif vlUtzJGUtpnf;\ vdktif

rsm;udk pdwfjzmavhvmjcif;? Oya' taxmuftuljyKrsm;udk avhusifhoifMum;ay;jcif;? w&m;a&;

qdkif&m jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;jcif;ESifh tpDtpOf\tusKd;oufa&mufrIudk apmifhMunfhavhvmjcif;

ponfh obm0tm;jzifh rNyD;qkH;Edkifaom taetxm;rsm; yg0ifonf/ Oya'taxmuftuljyK

tpDtpOfrsm;\ w&m;rQwa&; azmfaqmifrIvkyfief;pOfrsm;onf tpOfaqmif&Guf&rnfh

vkyfief;jzpfNyD;? tNrJwrf;ajymif;vJjzpfay:jcif;rsm; &Sdaeayrnf/


aemufqufwGJ (1)

qD&mvD,GefOya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;twGuf rSwfpkrSaumufEIwfcsufrsm;

(tcef; 3 rS udk;um;csuf)

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;twGuftBuHay;csufrsm;

Source: Daniel Sesay, “Tips for Community Based Paralegals”, Timap for Justice, 2006

trIonfrsm;xHrSvufaqmif ^aiGaMu;

rdrdwdkY\ 0efaqmifrIonf tcrJh0efaqmifrIjzpfaMumif; owd&&rnfjzpfonf/ trIonfrsm; xHrSrnfonfhwHpdk;ypönf;?

vufaqmifudkrSvufrcHygESifh/ 4if;wdkU onf vmbfay;jcif;uJhodkUjzpfoGm;um? txl;ojzifh trIrNyD;jywfao;yguoifhtm;

MoZmvTrf;oGm; rnfjzpfonf udpöwpfcktwGufrdrdonf rnfonfhbufrSjzpfap vufaqmifypönf;&,lrdonfESifh4if;

vufaqmifay;oludk tcGifhomapaom tjyKtrlrsm;udkomjyKaerdrnfjzpfonf/ wcsKdUolrsm;rSay;aom vufaqmif

rsm;onf [efaqmifxm;aom vmbfay;rIrsm;yifjzpfygonf/ 4if;tjcif;t&monf tzGJUtpnf;rl0g'ESif h

qefUusifaeonfjzpf&m? rdrdtvkyfwGufvnf;tEÅ&m,fjzpfapEdkifonf/

vkyfaqmif&ef

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onfrnfonfhwHpdk;vufaqmifrQvufcHrnfr[kwf[k tpuwnf;u jywfom;pGm

today;xm;&rnfjzpfonf/

rdrdudk,fwdkifESifhrdrd\½Hk;tm;rdwfquf&mwGif trIonfrsm;ESifh4if;wdkYESifhtwl vdkufvmolrsm;tm; wHpdk;vufaqmif


vufcHjcif;onf rdrdwdkU\rl0g'ESifh qefUusifaeaMumif; yGifhyGifhvif;vif; today;xm;&rnf/

0efaqmifrItwGuf wHpdk;vufaqmif vufcHrnfqdkygu rdrdonftvkyfrS xkwfy,fjcif;cH&rnf jzpfaMumif; ajymMum;

&rnf/

vQKdU0Sufxm;&Sdjcif;

vQKdU0Sufxm;&Sdjcif;onfOya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;\usifh0wfrsm;wGifyg0if&rnf jzpfonf/þtjcif;t&mudk

txl;owdjyK&rnfjzpfonf/ rSefuefpGmvdkufemygu vQKdU0Sufxm;&Sdjcif;onf Oya'axmuftuljyKwpfOD;jzpfol

rdrdESifhrdrdtzGJUtpnf; udk trsm;rS,kHMunfrI&aprnfjzpfonf/ tjcm;wpfzufwGifrl? vQKdU0Sufxm;&Sdjcif; r&Sdygu

jyif;xefaom jyóemrsm;pGmjzpfvmEdkifonf/trIonfrsm; ,laqmifvmaom taMumif;t&mrsm;^udpö&yfrsm;onf

vQKdU0Sufcsufrsm;jzpfNyD;? wjcm;olrsm;xHraygufMum;&yg/

vkyfaqmif&ef

zdkifrsm;? v,f*smpmtkyfrsm;? zdkifwGJrsm;? xGufqdkcsufrsm;udk tjcm;vlrsm; vufvSrf; rrSDaom ta0;wGif xm;&rnf/

trIonf\ jzpfpOfudk 4if;xHcGifhawmif;cHNyD;rS tjcm;olwpfOD;tm; em;axmifapoifhonf/

trIonfrsm; odkUr[kwftrIwGif yg0ifywfoufaeolrsm;ESifh pum;ajymaepOfwGif {nfhonfrsm;tm; ½Hk;cef;twGif;rS

xGufcGmcdkif;&rnf/

rdrd\ZeD;?cspfol&nf;pm;?nDtpfudkponfwdkU jzpfapumrl? xGufqdkcsufrsm;udk zwf&Ijcif;? zdkifrsm;udk udkifwG,f

Munfh½Ijcif;wdkYudk wm;jrpfxm;&rnf/

trIwGJrsm;taMumif;udk "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'uRrf;usifolrsm; ponfhoufqdkifaom A[kokw &Sdolrsm;rSvGJí? tjcm;

olrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyifjcif; rjyKvkyfoifhyg/


xdkuJhodkY ynm&Sifrsm;ESifhaqG;aEG;onfhtcgwGifvnf; trIonf\ trnfudkajymjyjcif;? vdyfpmajymjyjcif; ponfwdkYudk

rjyKvkyf&yg/

trIonf\ aiGaMu;ydkufqH

aq;ukorIusoihfaiG? jyKjyifxdef;odrf;a&;p&dwf? acs;aiGjyefvnfvufcHrI? ausmif;p&dwf? tdrfiSm;c ponfh

trIonfrsm;\ aiGaMu;ydkufqHudkqdkvdkonf/ xdkaiGrsm;onf rlqvifAvD? c&pf,mefbk&m;ausmif;rsm;wGif xnfh0if

xm;aom tvSLcHaiGuJhodkUyif rwdkUrxdae&rnfhaiGrsm;jzpfonf/ rdrdwGif rnfodkUyif aiGaMu;vdktyf aeonfjzpfap?

4if;aiGrsm;udk vHk;0rxdygESifh trIonf\ ydkufqHudk ulvDulrmvkyfrnfhtpm; tiwfcHyg/ xdkydkufqHxJrS acwå

acs;iSm;jcif;rjyKygESifh/ rdrd tvkyfjyKwfEdkifonf/

vkyfaqmif&ef

trIonfrsm;\ ydkufqHrsm;udk oD;oefYpmtdwfxJwGifxnfh? pmtdwfudkydwfNyD;onfESifh trIonf\emrnfudk pmtdwf

ay:wGifa&;om;yg/ ydkufqHrdrdvufxJa&mufonfESifh 4if;uJhodkU jyKvkyfyg/

trIonf½Hk;cef;udkvmonfESifh xdkpmtdwfudkcsufcsif;ay;yg/

ydkufqHay;oltm; aiGvufcH&&SdaMumif; ajypmxkwfay;yg/

trIonfrSaiGvufcH&mwGif vufrSwfxdk;cdkif;yg/

raumif;rIjyKvkyf&ef qGJaqmifjcif;rS uif;vGwf&eftwGuf trIonf\ aiGudk MumjrifhpGm vufcHrxm;ygESifh/

tu,fítrIonfrSydkufqH,l&ef a&mufrvmygu? ½Hk;cef;odkUvmíydkufqHvm,lay;yg&ef zdwfac:taMumif;Mum;&rnf/

trIonf\aiGESifh aqmhupm;jcif;rjyKygESifh/ 4if;tjyKtrIonf rdrdwdkUtzGJUtpnf;\ pnf;rsOf;ESifhudkufnDrIr&Sdyg/


aemufqufwGJ (2)

oifwef;om;(oif,lol) ESifh oifwef;q&m

(oifMum;ay;ol)wdkY\ vufpGJpmapmifOyrmrsm;

(tcef; 4 rS udk;um;csuf)

Source: “What is a Consumer?” Bridges Across Borders Southeast Asia, 2005

oifwef;om;vufpGJpmapmif

3-1-2 pm;oHk;olqdkwmbmvJ/

pm;oHk;olqdkonfrSmypönf;wpfckudk 0,f,lol rnfolrqdkpm;okH;oljzpfonf/ rdrdwdkYonf zdeyf? t0wftpm;? tpm;taomuf?

a&'D,dkrsm;? arG;jrLa&;wd&dpämefponfh t&m0w¬Krsm;udk aeYpOf0,f,lvsuf&Sdonf/ (4if;ypönf;rsm;udkukefypönf;rsm; odkYr[kwf

xkwfukefrsm;[kvnf; ac:onf/) rdrdwdkYonf t&m0w¬Krsm;udk rdrdwdkYodaomolESifholpdrf;rsm;xHrS 0,f,lMuonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh

rdrdwdkYonf t&m0w¬Krsm;udk aiGjzifh0,f,laomfvnf;? wpfcgwpf&Htjcm;aom t&m0w¬Krsm;ESifh vJvS,fjcif;? zvS,fjcif;rsm;vnf;

jyKvkyfonf/ xdkYaMumifh rdrdwdkYtm;vHk;onf pm;oHk;olrsm;jzpfMuonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh- t0wftpm;rsm; odkYr[kwf Muufwpfaumifudk

aps;xJwGif0,f,lcJhvQif oifonfpm;oHk;oljzpfonf/

rdrd\Muufudktjcm;olxHrSqef&,lvdkí vJvS,fcJhvQifvnf; oifonfpm;oHk;oljzpfonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh pm;oHk;

olrsm;onf 4if;wdkY0,f,lvdkufonfh t&m0w¬Krsm;twGuf aysmf&TifMuaomfvnf;? wpfcgwpf&HwGifrl jyóem&Sdwwfonf/

rdrd0,f,lvdkufonfh t0wftpm;onf pkwfNyJaejcif;? odkYr[kwf Muufonfzsm;emaeonfqdkygu rdrdonf pdwfnpfnL;&rnf

jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh oif\ydkufqHudk jyefawmif;jcif; odkYr[kwf zsm;emaeaomMuufudk usef;rma&;aumif;onfh MuufESifh


vJvS,fvdkrIrsm; &SdvmEdkifaomfvnf;? a&mif;csolrS 4if;udkoabmwlcsifrSwlvdrfhrnf/ xdkYaMumifhpm;oHk;olESifh a&mif;csoltMum;

jyóemjzpfvmygvdrfhrnf/ pm;oHk;olumuG,fa&;Oya'rsm;onf 4if;jyóemrsm;jzpfay:rIr&Sdatmif umuG,f&efjzpfNyD;?

jzpfyGm;cJhyguvnf; ajz&Sif;&mwGif ulnDay;&efjzpfonf/

avhusifhcef; 1 - pm;oHk;olqdkwmb,folawGvJ/

vrf;ñTefcsuf

1/ atmufygar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzqdkEdkif&efwjcm;olwpfOD;ESifh wGJzufaqmif&Gufyg/

2/ NyD;qkH;ygu? oif\taumif;qkH; Oyrmrsm;udk tzJGU0iftm;vkH;odkY &Sif;vif;wifjyyg/

ar;cGef;rsm;

1/ NyD;cJhonfhvtwGif; oif0,f,lcJhaom xkwfukeftcsKdUudkpm&if;jyKpkyg/

2/ 4if;ypönf;rsm;udk0,f,lcJhcsdefwGif rSm;,Gif;csuf? tjypftemtqmyg? rygaocsmpGm ppfaq;cJhygovm;/ rnfuJhodkY

jyKvkyfcJhoenf;/

3/ rdrd0,f,lcJhaomxkwfukefrsm;ESifhywfoufí jyóemwpfpHkwpf&m&SdcJhygovm;/ &SdcJhvQifrnfuJhodkY aqmif&Guf

cJhoenf;/

oifwef;q&mvufpGJpmapmif

3-1-2 pm;oHk;olqdkwmbmvJ/

pm;oHk;olqdkonfrSmypönf;wpfckudk 0,f,lol rnfolrqdkpm;okH;oljzpfonf/ rdrdwdkYonf zdeyf? t0wftpm;? tpm;taomuf?

a&'D,dkrsm;? arG;jrLa&;wd&dpämefponfh t&m0w¬Krsm;udk aeYpOf0,f,lvsuf&Sdonf/ (4if;ypönf;rsm;udkukefypönf;rsm; odkYr[kwf


xkwfukefrsm;[kvnf;ac:onf/) rdrdwdkYonft&m0w¬Krsm;udk rdrdwdkYodaomolESifholpdrf;rsm;xHrS0,f,lMuonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh

rdrdwdkYonf t&m0w¬Krsm;udk aiGjzifh0,f,laomfvnf;? wpfcgwpf&Htjcm;aomt&m0w¬Krsm;ESifhvJvS,fjcif;? zvS,fjcif;rsm;vnf;

jyKvkyfonf/ xdk YaMumifh rdrdwdk Ytm;vHk;onf pm;oHk;olrsm;jzpfMuonf/ Oyrm tm;jzifh - t0wftpm;rsm; odk Yr[kwf

Muufwpfaumifudk aps;xJwGif0,f,lcJhvQif rdrdonfpm;oHk;oljzpfonf/ rdrd\Muufudktjcm;olxHrS qef&,lvdkívJvS,fcJhvQifvnf;

rdrdonf pm;oHk;oljzpfonf/rsm;aomtm;jzif pm;oHk;ol rsm;onf 4if;wdkY 0,f,lvdkufonfh t&m0w¬Krsm; twGuf aysmf&Tif

Muaomfvnf;? wpfcgwpf&HwGifrl jyóem&Sdwwfonf/ rdrd0,f,lvdkufonfh t0wftpm;onfpkwfjyJaejcif;? odkYr[kwfMuufonf

zsm;emaeonfqdkygu oifonf pdwfnpfnL;&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifhrdrd\ ydkufqHudk jyefawmif;jcif; (odkYr[kwf) zsm;emaeaom

Muufudkusef;rma&;aumif;onfhMuufESifh vJvS,fvdkrIrsm; &SdvmEdkifaomfvnf;? a&mif;csolrS 4if;udkoabmwlcsifrS wlygvdrfhrnf/

xdkYaMumifh pm;oHk;olESifh a&mif;csoltMum;jyóemjzpfvmvdrfhrnf/ pm;oHk;ol umuG,fa&; Oya'rsm;onf 4if;jyóemrsm;

jzpfay:rIr&Sdatmif umuG,f&efjzpfNyD;? jzpfyGm;cJhyguvnf; ajz&Sif;&mwGif ulnDay;&efjzpfonf/

avhusifhcef; 1 - pm;oHk;olqdkwmb,folawGvJ/

&nf&G,fcsuf

,ckavhusifhcef;onf oif,lolrsm;tm; pm;oHk;olumuG,fa&;ESifh ywfoufaomtawGUtBuHKrsm;rS 4if;wdkYodESifhaeNyD;onf

rsm;udk pOf;pm;Edkif&ef&nf&G,fxm;onf/ oif,lolrsm;onfpm;oHk; olqdkonfrSmrnfol? pm;oHk;olrsm;awGUBuHK&rnfh tcuftcJrsm;ESifh

pm;oHk;olrsm;taejzifh rdrdudk,fudk umuG,f&ef rnfonfhtajccHenf;vrf;rsm;udktoHk;jyKonfwdkYukd od&SdEdkif&efjzpfonf/

avhusifhcef;acgif;pOftwGufed'gef;ysKd;jcif;

oifMum;ay;olonf avhusifhcef;rpwifrDatmufygacgif;pOfrsm;taMumif;udktwdkcsKyf &Sif;vif; ay;&rnfjzpfonf/

pm;oHk;olqdkwm/

pm;oHk;olumuG,fjcif;qdkwm/


bmaMumifhpm;oHk;olumuG,fjcif;qdkif&mOya'&SdvJqdkwm/

oifMum;ay;olonfrdrdoifMum;rnfhtaMumif;t&mudk ed'gef;ysKd;onfhtaejzifh oif,lolrsm;rS rnfonfwdkYudkod&SdNyD;aMumif;

ar;jref;Edkifonf/ (Oyrm “pm;oHk;olqdkwJh pum;udkMum;zl;ol&Sdvm;/ ]tJh'Dpum;vHk;ubmudkqdkvdkwmvJodMuvm;} ponfh

ar;cGef;rsm;/) odkYrSom oifMum;ay;oltaejzifh rnfrQtao;pdwf&Sif;jy&ef vdktyfrnfudk od&SdEdkifrnfjzpfonf/

oifwef;om;vufpGJpmapmifvrf;ñTefcsufrsm;

atmufyg ar;cGef;rsm;udkajzqdkEdkif&ef wjcm;olwpfOD;ESifhwGJzufaqmif&Gufyg/ NyD;qHk;ygu rdrd\ taumif;qHk;Oyrmrsm;udk

tzGJU0iftm;vHk;odkY &Sif;vif;wifjyyg/

ar;cGef;rsm;

1/ NyD;cJhonfhvtwGif; rdrd0,f,lcJhaom xkwfukeftcsKdUudkpm&if;jyKpkyg/

2/ 4if;ypönf;rsm;udk 0,f,lcJhcsdefwGif rSm;,Gif;csuf?tjypftemtqmyg? rygaocsmpGm ppfaq;cJhygovm;/

rnfuJhodkYjyKvkyfcJhoenf;/

3/ rdrd0,f,lcJhaomxkwfukefrsm;ESifhywfoufí jyóemwpfpHkwpf&m&SdcJhygovm;/ &SdcJhvQifrnfuJhodkYaqmif&GufcJho

enf;/

vdktyfonfhypönf;rsm;

0dIufbkwf(odkY) ausmufoifykef;? 0dIufbkwf abmyif(odkY) ajrjzL


tokH;jyKonfh enf;vrf;rsm;

wJGzuftvkyfvkyfjcif;? acgif;csif;qdkifaqG;aEG;jcif;? tzJGUvdkufaqG;aEG;jcif;/

pOf enf;vrf; tcsdefowfrSwfjcif;

(rdepfjzifh)

1/ oif,lolvufpGJpmapmifrSpmom;jzifhavhusifhcef; acgif;pOfudk rdwfqufay;jcif; 5

2/ avhusifhcef;udk rdwfqufay;jcif; 1

3/ oif,lolrsm;udk ESpfa,mufwpfzGJUcGJay;jcif; 2

4/ tzGJUwpfckcsif;pDtwGif; aqG;aEG;&rnfhar;cGef;rsm;udkcsjyNyD; &Sif;jyjcif; 2

5/ ar;cGef;rsm;tm; tzGJUvdkufaqG;aEG;jcif; 10

6/ tzGJUwpfckpDonf 4if;wdkU\ Oyrmrsm;udkwjcm; tzGJUrsm;tm; &Sif;vif;wifjyjcif; 10

7/ tzGJUvdkufaqG;aEG;jcif;? tBuHjyKjcif;? ar;cGef;ar;jcif; 5

8/ avhusifhcef;taMumif; jyefvnftpD&ifcHjcif; 5

pkpkaygif; 40


yHhydk;oifMum;ay;oltwGuftBuHay;csufrsm;

tqifh 4/ ar;cGef;rsm;tm;csjyNyD;aemuf? oif,lolrsm;rSar;cGef;rsm;udkem;vnfrI&Sd?r&Sd aocsmatmif aqmif&Gufyg/

tqifh 5/ oifMum;ay;olonfoif,lolrsm; yg0ifrI&Sdap&efESifhavhusifhcef;oif½dk; twkdif; aqmif&GufrINyD;? rNyD;

vdkufvHppfaq;ae&rnf/

tqifh 6/ oifMum;ay;olonftzGJUwdkif;rS 4if;wdkY\ Oyrmrsm;udk wifjycGifh&Sd&efESifh wifjycsdef Mumjrifh vGef;jcif;

r&Sdap&ef aqmif&Guf&rnf/

tqifh 7/ tu,fírnfolrSxifjrifcsufay;jcif;?ar;cGef;ar;jcif;r&Sdygutqifh (8) odkYqufoGm;yg/

tBuHjyKxm;onfhtajzrsm;

oif,lolrsm;onf 4if;wdkY 0,f,lcJhonfh ukefypönf;rsm;udkcsa&;Edkif&rnfjzpfNyD;? ukefypönf;rsm;\ t&nftaoG;taMumif;

ar;jref;jcif;? ukefypönf;rsm;tm; prf;oyfjcif;? tmrcH&Sd? r&Sd odkYr[kwf jyeftyfESH&ef enf;vrf;rsm;taMumif; ar;jref;jcif;ponfh

rdrdudk,fudk,f umuG,f&ef toHk;jyKcJhonfh enf;vrf;rsm;udkazmfjyEdkif&rnfjzpfonf/ oif,lolrsm;onf ukefypönf;rsm;twGuf

jyóemrsm;BuHKawGUvm&ygu ypönf;jyefvJay;&ef (odkY) jyifay;&efawmif; qdkjcif;pojzifh wHkUjyefrIrsm;taMumif; ajymjyEdkif&rnf

jzpfNyD;? rnfonfhtwGufaMumifhxdkuJhodkY jyKrIcJhonfudkvnf; &Sif;vif;Edkif&rnf/

jyefvnftpD&ifcHjcif;

oifMum;ay;olonfoif,lolrsm;rSay;aomOyrmrsm;udkaxmufjyum? 4if;tajctae rsm;twGuf toHk;jyKEdkifaomOy

a'rsm;&SdaMumif; &Sif;vif;ay;&rnfjzpfonf/ 4if; Oya'rsm;onf 0,f,lolESifh a&mif;csolwdkYtMum; tcGifhta&;ESifh wm0efrsm;udk

zefwD;ay;NyD;? jyóemrsm; ajz&Sif;&mwGif vG,fulacsmarGUaponf/


aemufqufwGJ (3)

pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;a&;om;jyKpkjcif; oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;zefwD;jcif;qdkif&m tvkyf½kH aqG;aEG;yGJ twGuf

tpDtpOf? Oya' taxmuftuljyKoifwef; pmtkyfpmapmifrsm; a&;om;jcif; twGuf vrf;ñTefcsufESifh oi

fwef;ay;&efpmtkyfpmapmifrsm;tm; jyefvnfpDppf&eftwGuf tvkyf½kH aqG;aEG;yGJ tNyD; aqmif&Guf&efvkyfief;pOf

(tcef; 4 wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf)

(u) rGef*dkvD,m;EdkifiHoif½dk;ñTef;wrf;zefwD;jcif;qdkif&moifwef;tpDtpOf

Source: Training agenda developed for a June 2005workshop in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, David McQuoid-Mason, 2005

&v'frsm;

tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJtNyD;wGifrdrdonf atmufygwdkYudkjyKvkyfEkdifrnf/

1/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKqdkonfudk &Sif;jyjcif;

2/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKoif,lol vufpGJpmtkyftwGuf tMurf;azmfjycsuf a&;om;jcif;

3/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKoifMum;ol vufpGJpmtkyftwGuf tMurf;azmfjycsuf a&;om;jcif;

2005 ckESpf? ZGefv (12) &uf? we*FaEGaeY

09;00 -09;15 BudKqdkjcif;

09;15 - 10;15 rdwfqufjcif;ESifharQmfvifhonfh&v'frsm;taMumif; &Sif;jyjcif;


10;15 - 10;30 em;csdef

10;30 - 11;30 Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;\ tcef;u@ESifh wm0efrsm;

11;30 - 11;45 rGef*dk;vD,m;EdkifiHtwGufOya'taxmuftuljyKvufpGJpmtkyf zefwD;jcif;taMumif; rdwfqufjcif;

11;45 - 12;00 rGef*dk;vD,m;EdkifiHtwGuf Oya'taxmuftuljyKvufpGJpmtkyfa&;om;jcif;

12;00 - 12;30 oif,lolvufpGJpmtkyfESifh oifMum;ay;olvufpGJpmtkyftMum;qufEG,frI

12;30 - 14;00 aeYvnfpm

14;00 - 14;30 pma&;olrsm;twGufacgif;pOfrsm; cGJay;jcif;

acgif;pOf (1) taxGaxGOya'taxmuftuljyKESifh tkyfcsLyfa&;qdkif&muRrf;usifrI

acgif;pOf (2) rGef*dk;vD,m;EkdifiHOya'ESifhOya'pepfrsm;taMumif; (tajccH Oya'tygt0if) rdwfqufjcif;

acgif;pOf (3) usifhxHk;qdkif&mOya'ESifh tjcm;aom y#dyu© ajz&Sif;&efenf;vrfrsm;

acgif;pOf (4) w&m;rOya'

acgif;pOf (5) rdom;pkOya' (tdrfwGif;tMurf;zufrItygt0if)

acgif;pOf (6) jypfrIqdkif&mOya'

acgif;pOf (7) tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&mOya'

acgif;pOf (8) vlrIzlvHka&;qdkif&mOya'

acgif;pOf (9) tvkyform;Oya'

acgif;pOf (10) 0ifaiGcGefOya'

acgif;pOf (11) ajr,mOya'

acgif;pOf (12) pD;yGm;a&;Oya'


14;30 - 15;30 tzGJUrsm;rSoif,lolvufpGJpmtkyftwGuf 4if;wdkYESifhoufqdkifonfh acgif;pOfrsm;twGuf pmom;

tMurf; pwifa&;om;jcif;

15;30 - 15;45 em;csdef

15;45 - 17;00 tzGJUrsm;rSoif,lolvufpGJpmtkyftwGuf 4if;wdkYESifhoufqdkifonfh acgif;pOfrsm;twGuf pmom;

tMurf; qufvufa&;om;jcif;

17;00 - 17;15 jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;ESifhNyD;qHk;jcif;

2004 ckESpf? ZGefv (13) &uf (wevFmaeY)

09;00 - 10;30 tzGJUrsm;rS 4if;wdkYa&;om;xm;onfhoif,lolvufpGJpmtkyfrSacgif;pOftwGuf pmom;tMurf;udk

usef&Sdolrsm;udk jyefvnfwifjyjcif;

10;30 - 10;45 em;csdef

10;45 - 11;30 tzGJUrsm;rS 4if;wdkYa&;om;xm;onfh oif,lolvufpGJpmtkyfrS acgif;pOfrsm;twGuf rmwdum

tMurf;udk wjcm;yg0ifollrsm;xHrS tBuHÓPf,lNyD; jyefvnfjyifqifjcif;

11;30 - 12;30 tzGJUrsm;rS 4if;wdkY\ oif,lol vufpGJpmtkyfrS acgif;pOfrsm;twGuf pmom;rsm;? vufawGUusaom

erlemrsm;ESifh vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk pwifa&;om;jcif;

12;30 - 14;00 aeYvnfpm

14;00 - 15;30 tzGJUrsm;rS 4if;wdkY\ oif,lol vufpGJpmtkyfrS acgif;pOfrsm;twGuf pmom;rsm;? vufawGUusaom

erlemrsm;ESifh vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk qufvufa&;om;jcif;

15;30 - 15;45 em;csdef


15;45 - 17;00 tzGJUrsm;rS 4if;wdkY\ oif,lol vufpGJpmtkyfrS acgif;pOfrsm;twGuf pmom; rsm;? vufawGUusaom

erlemrsm;ESifh vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk qufvufa&;om;jcif;

17;00 - 17;15 jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;ESifh NyD;qHk;jcif;

t*FgaeY? ZGefv 14 &uf 2005

09;00 - 10;30 tzGJUrsm;rS 4if;wdkY\ a&;om;xm;onfh oif,lol vufpGJpmtkyfrS acgif;pOf rsm;twGuf pmom;rsm;?

vufawGUusaom erlemrsm;ESifh vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk jyefvnfa0rQjcif;

10;30 - 10;45 em;csdef

10;45 - 11;30 tzGJUrsm;rS 4if;wdkY\ a&;om;xm;onfh oif,lolvufpGJpmtkyfrS acgif;pOfrsm;twGuf pmom;rsm;?

vufawGUusaom erlemrsm;ESifh vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk wjcm;yg0ifolrsm;xHrS tBuHÓPf,lNyD; jyefvnf

jyifqifjcif;

11;30 - 12;30 oifMum;olvufpGJpmtkyfa&;om;jcif;udk rdwfqufjcif;

12;30 - 14;00 aeYvnfpm

14;00 - 15;30 tzGJUrsm;rS oifMum;olvufpGJpmtkyftwGuf 4if;wdkYESifh oufqdkifonfh acgif;pOfrsm;twGuf

rmwdumrsm;ESifh vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;tMurf; pwifa&;om;jcif;

15;30 - 15;45 em;csdef

15;45 - 17;00 tzGJUrsm;rS oifMum;olvufpGJpmtkyftwGuf 4if;wdkYESifhoufqdkifonfh acgif;pOfrsm;twGuf rmwdum

rsm;ESifh vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;tMurf; qufvuf a&;om;jcif;

17;00 - 17;15 jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;ESifh NyD;qHk;jcif;


Ak'¨[l;aeY? ZGefv 15 &uf 2005

reufydkif;tm;vyfcsdefay;xm;

pdwfBudKuf tjyeftvSefwkHYjyef oifMum;jcif;enf;vrf;rsm;tpDtpOf

09;00 - 09;30 acgif;csif;½dkuftajz&Smenf; - tjyeftvSefwkHYjyefoifMum;jcif;enf;vrf;rsm;

09;30 - 10;00 oifcef;pmaumif;wpfck\ tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;

10;00 - 10;30 oifcef;pmjyifqifjcif;

10;30 - 10;45 em;csdef

10;45 - 11;15 *drf;upm;jcif; - 'Drdkua&pDvlUtzGJUtpnf;wGif vdktyfonfh w&m;Oya'rsm;ESifh w&m;Oya'rsm;

trsdK;tpm;rsm;

12;15 - 12;30 tjyeftvSef wkHYjyefoifMum;jcif;enf;vrf;rsm;tm; taxGaxGaqG;aEG;jcif;

12;30 - 14;00 aeYvnfpm

14;00 - 15;30 tzGJUrsm;rS oifMum;olvufpGJpmtkyftwGuf 4if;wdk YESifhoufqdkifonfh acgif;pOfrsm;twGuf

rmwdumrsm;ESifh vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;tMurf; a&;om;xm;jcif; udk jyefvnfa0rQjcif;

15;30 - 15;45 em;csdef

15;45 - 17;00 oif,lolESifh oifMum;ol vufpGJpmtkyfrsm;a&;om;&eftwGuf t&if;tjrpf rsm;? tajccHpnf;rsOf;

rsm;ESifh tcsdefuefYowfcsufrsm;

17;00 NyD;qHk;jcif;ESifh EIwfqufjcif;


(1) yg0ifolrsm;rS pmtkyfrsm;? aqmif;yg;rsm;? Oya'pmtkyfrsm; ponfwdkYudk ,lvmrnfjzpfovdk pma&;om;&ef

vdktyfonfrsm;udk 4if;wdkYtwGuf jznfhqnf;ay;&rnf/

(2) pma&;&efESifh wnf;jzwf&eftwGuf tzGJUwdkif;tm; uGefysLwmrsm;oHk;cGifhay;&rnf/

(3) um;csyft&Sif pm&Guf&Snfrsm;ESifh abmyifrsm;? acgif;ay:xdk;½kyfaojypufrsm;ESifh qvdkufxdk;vQif t&kyfxifapaom

zvifum;rsm;? ESifh tjyma&mifoHrdIrsm;udk yg0ifoltm;vkH; jyKvkyfonfhae&mrsm;ESifh tkyfpkvdkuf oD;oefYjyKvkyfonfh

ae&mrsm;wGif tqifoifh toHk;jyKEdkif&ef xm;ay;&rnfjzpfonf/

9/ pma&;onfhtzGJUwGif xyfjznfhxm;aom tzGJU0iftopfrsm;tm; jyifqifay;&eftwGuf pdwfBudKuftjyeftvSef wkefYjyef

oifMum;jcif; enf;vrf;rsm;udk rdwfqufay;jcif;jzpfonf/

(c ) Oya'taxmuftuljyK oif,lolESifh oifwef;ydkYcsolvufpGJpmtkyfa&;om;&ef vrf;nTefcsuf

Source: Handout developed for Mongolian and Moldovan writers in paralegal programs from Guidelines for the

ParalegalManualWriting(Learner'sandEducator's),DavidMcQuoid-Mason,2005.

taMumif;t&mpmom;

vufpGJpmapmifrSpmom;rsm;onf

wdkwkwfNyD; ½dk;&Sif;aom pum;vHk;rsm;oHk;oifhonf/

wdkwkwfNyD; ½dk;&Sif;aom 0gusrsm;oHk;oifhonf/

wdkwkwfNyD; ½dk;&Sif;aom pmydk'frsm;oHk;oifhonf/

taMumif;t&m odkYr[kwf oabmobm0wpfckpDudk pmydk'fwpfydk'fpD a&;oifhonf/


rSefuefaom yk'fjzwfyk'frrsm; oHk;oifhonf/

acgif;pOfrsm;ESifh acgif;pOfi,frsm; oHk;oifhonf/

acgif;pOfrsm;ESifh acgif;pOfi,frsm;twGuf eHygwfrsm;wyfoifhonf/ Oyrm -

1-1 tcef;acgif;pOf

1-1-1 tydk'facgif;pOf

1-1-1 tydk'fi,facgif;pOf

pmom;xJwGif Oya'rsm;udk vG,ful&Sif;vif;atmifa&;yg/

yHkpHtcsdK;tpm;ESifh a&;enf;a&;[ef (pwdkifvf)

oif,lolESifh ydkYcsol vufpGJpmapmif

tcef;acgif;pOfatmufwGif &v'frsm; yl;wGJygoifhonf/

oif,lolvufpGJpmapmif - taMumif;t&mpmom;rsm;

tcef;acgif;pOftNyD;wGif (tydk'facgif;pOfrprD) &vm'frsm;udk azmfjyoifhonf/

pmrsm;udk aemufxyf avhusifhcef;rsm;ESifh vufawGUusaomenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh tydk'fjzwfEdkifonf/

vufawGUokH;aomenf;vrf;rsm; odkYr[kwf avhusifhcef;rsm;udk av;axmifhtuGuf rsm;jzifh azmfjyoifhonfhtcsdefudk

pma&;oluom qHk;jzwfay;vdrfhrnf/

y"meusaomtcsuf/ pmydk'f&Snfrsm; (1-2 pmrsufESm&Snfaompmydk'frsm;)udk rjzwfbJrxm;oifhyg/ (vufawGU

okH;aomenf;vrf;rsm;ESifh^odkYr[kwf avhusifhcef;rsm;jzifh jzwfEdkifonf/)

wpfcgwpf&HwGif vufawGUokH;aomenf;vrf;rsm; r[kwfonfh wdkifpmrsm;udk ta&;BuD;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;tm;


rD;armif;xdk;jyjcif;jzifh jzwfEdkifonf/

tcef;wdkif;? tydk'fwdkif;wGif ed'gef;ysdK;onfhpm^pmydk'frsm; &Sd&rnf/

oif,lolvufpGJpmapmif - avhusifhcef;rsm;

rdrd\avhusifhcef;rsm;udk &v'fESifh qufpyfrI&Sdatmif aocsmpGmMunfh½Ippfaq; oifhNyD; vdktyfyguxnfhay;&rnf/

(rvdktyfygu tydk'fcGJwdkif;wGif avhusifhcef;rsm;xnfh&ef rvdkyg/ &v'fESifhqufpyfrIom ta&;BuD;onf/)

avhusifhcef;rsm;onf eHygwfpOf (tcef;wdkif;wGifrsm;aeygu)ESifh trnfvdktyfonf/

avhusifhcef;rsm;tm; tydk'fcGJwpfck^tydk'fwpfck odkYr[kwf tcef;wpfcef;tvdkuf&Sif;jy&ef pDpOfEdkifonf/

tcef;wpfcef;wGif NcHKiHkxm;onfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;onf odyfrcufcJbJ avhusifhcef;wpfck (jzpfEdkifacstrsKd;rsKd;

&IEdkifonf)ESifh NcHKiHkEdkifvQif xdktcef;twGuf tydk'fcGJwdkif; (odkYr[kwf) tydk'fwdkif;wGif avhusifhcef;i,frsm;

xnfhrnfhtpm; tcef;wpfckvkH; (odkYr[kwf) tydk'fwpfcktwGuf avhusifhcef;wpfckom xm;oifhonf/ (tcsdefudk

tav;xm;rIESifh Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;tm; oufqdkif&mtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk rnfonfhenf;vrf;jzifh

oifMum;rnfqdkonfwdkYudk pma&;olrsm;tm; vrf;ñTefay;oifhonf/)

oif,lolvufpGJpmapmif - vufawGUokH;aomenf;vrf;rsm;

vufawGUokH;aomenf;vrf;rsm;onf wpfcsdKUudpörsm;udk rnfodkYvkyfudkif&rnfudk vrf;ñTefay;onf/

vufawGUokH;aomenf;vrf;rsm;tm; (oDtdk&Dqdkif&mtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk &Sif;jy xm;ygu vufawGUokH;aom enf;vrf;

rsm;udk zefwD;&efvdktyfrnf r[kwfaom aMumifh) vdktyfrSom xnfhoifhonf/

vufawGUokH;aomenf;vrf;rsm;onf oif,lolvufpGJpmtkyf\ tpdwftydkif;jzpfonf/ oifMum;ydkYcsolvufpGJpmtkyfwGif

tajzrsm;tpm; qDavsmfygu pma&;olrsm;u ]tajztwGuf vufawGUokH;aomenf;vrf;rsm;udkMunfhyg} [k &nfñTef;Edkifonf/


vufawGUokH;aom enf;vrf;rsm;udk rnfonfhae&mwGif xnfhoGif;&rnf[k owfrSwfxm;jcif;r&Sdojzifh pma&;olrsm;u

rnfonfhae&mwGif qDavsmfrnfudk qHk;jzwf&rnfjzpfonf/ Oyrm- pmydk'fawGNyD;awmh avhusifhcef;rvmcifrSmxnfhrvm;

odkYr[kwf avhusifhcef;NyD;rS xnfhrvm;/

ydkYcsolvufpGJpmapmif

oifcef;pmjyifqifjcif;udk &Sif;jyjcif;

vkyfieff;pOf - oif,lolvufpGJpmapmifwGif tqdkjyKxm;aom avhusifhcef;rsm;udk rnfuJhodkY vkyfaqmif&rnfudk

tao;pdwf&Sif;jyyg/

avhusifhcef;jyKvkyfcsdef uefYowfcsufudk oD;jcm;av;axmifhuGufxJwGif tMurf;zsOf;azmfjyyg/

pma&;olrsm;onf oif,lolvufpGJpmapmifrS avhusifhcef;twGuf udk;um;csufrsm;xnfhoGif;&ef aocsmpGmppfaq;

Munfh&IUoifhonf/ (tMurf;tqifhwGif pma&;olrsm;onf cdkifvHkaompmrsufESmrsm;udk pdk;&drf&efrvdkyg/ tcef;ESifh

^odkYr[kwf tydk'facgif;pOfrsm;udk qDavsmfovdk &Sd½kHjzifh vHkavmufonf/)

avhusifhcef;rsm; - ydkYcsolvufpGJpmapmifwGifomygonfhtcgrSvGJí tcsuftvufrsm; xyfxnfh&efrvdkyg/ (Oyrm

- rGef*dkvD,m;ESifh rdk'dkAef vufpGJpmtkyf Oya'taxmuftuljyK\uRrf;usifrItydkif;rsm;)

oifcef;pmwpfcktwGuf oD;oefYt&if;tjrpfrsm;vdktyfygu pma&;olrsm;u oD;oefYtydkif;wGif azmfjyEdkifonf/

Oyrm - ]t&if;tjrpfrsm;]

t&if;tjrpferlemrsm;

]pmzwf&efpmtkyf? pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;} – vdktyfonfh tydkpmtkyfrsm; odkYr[kwf vufurf;pmapmifrsm;

ud&d,mrsm; - Oyrm/ vSefvdkY&onfhpm&Guf&Snfrsm;? rmumrsm;? "mwfyHkrsm;ponfjzifh

wcsdKUavhusifhcef;rsm;twGuf pma&;olrsm;onf ]ppfaq;onfhar;cGef;rsm;} xnfhaumif;xnfhMuygvdrfhrnf/

oifcef;pmjyifqifjcif;wGif avhusifhcef;rS ar;cGef;rsm;twGuf ]tajzrsm;} ygoifhonf/ tajzrsm;onf


&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;jzpf&rnf/ odkYaomf r&Sif;rvif;jzpfygu (Oyrm/ / aqG;aEG;cJhaom taMumif;t&mrsm;onf

enf;aygif;pHkjzifh ajz&Sif;Edkifjcif; odkYr[kwf rjywfom;jcif;) pma&;olrsm;u þodkY r&Sif;rvif;jzpfjcif;udk

azmfjyxm;&rnf jzpfonf/ ar;cGef;rsm;twGuf tajzrsdK;pH k&S daeygu pma&;olrsm;onf axmufcHonf?

raxmufcHonfESifh rwlnDonfhtajzrsm; ay;oifhonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif ay;xm;aomar;cGef;rsm;twGuf tajz

]rSef} wpfckxJr&Sdwwfyg/ pma&;olrsm;onf þuJhodkY ar;cGef;rsm;udk yg0ifolrsm; (Oya'taxmuftuljyKESifh

oif,lolrsm;) udk pOf;pm;awG;awmap&ef xnfhoGif;Edkifaomfvnf; tajzrsm;wGif jzpfEdkifajc&Sdonfh tajzrsm;udk

tenf;qHk;xnfhay;&rnf/

omrefpDpOfzGJUpnf;rIrSwfpkrsm;

pma&;olrsm;onf pmudk,fxJwGif av;axmifhtuGufrsm; xnfhEdkifNyD; pmrsufESm\b,fbufwGif rxm;&yg/

pmrsufESmzGJUpnf;rIvkyf&ef wm0efay;xm;aom y&dk*&rfa&;om;onfh 0efxrf; odkYr[kwf xkwfa0a&; 'DZdkif;

twdkifyifcHonf vufpGJpmtkyfwpftkyfvHk;udk ykHESdyfrxkwfcif ykHpHtcsKd;tpm; pDpOfEdkifonf/

pma&;olrsm;onf pmrsm;udk aumfvHrcGJoifhyg/

½IyfaxG;rIrjzpfap&ef pma&;olrsm;onf acgif;pOfrsm;? tcef;rsm;? tydk'frsm;ESifh tydk'fcGJrsm;udk rSefrSefuefuef

eHygwf wyfxm;oifhonf/

atmufygtaMumif;t&mrsm;twGuf av;axmifhtuGufrsm;udkoHk;yg/

&v'frsm;?

avhusifhcef;rsm;?

vufawGUokH;aomenf;vrf;rsm;?

Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;rS wdkuf½dkufudk;um;rIrsm;?


(*) Oya'taxmuftuljyKvufpGJpmapmifjyKpkjcif;tcsdefZ,m;

Source: “Development of Paralegal Manual After 25 February-4 March 2006 Workshop,” internal memo for Open Society

Justice Initiative, David McQuoid-Mason, 2005.

1/ pma&;olrsm;onf Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;xHrS tBuHÓPfrsm;tay:wGif tajccHí jyifqifcsufrsm;udk aygif;pyf

&rnfjzpfonf/ David ESifh Nadia wdkY\ oHk;oyfcsufrsm;onf 'kwd,tMurf;wGifyg&Sdonf/

2/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf w&m;Oya'vrf;ñTef (oifwef;om; vufpGJpmapmif)ESifh enf;ynm vufpGJpmapmif

(oifwef;ydkYcsol vufpGJpmapmif)wdkYudk 3vMum uGif;qif; prf;oyfrnfjzpfNyD; wHkYjyefYcsufrsm; ay;Murnfjzpfonf/

2-1/ w&m;Oya'vrf;ñTefu omrefjynfolrsm;udk tBuHÓPfay;jcif;ESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyifjcif;wdkYwGif (tcef;vdkuf)

b,favmuf toHk;0ifovJ/

2-2/ w&m;Oya'vrf;ñTefESifh enf;ynmvufpGJpmtkyfwdkYonf omrefjynfolrsm;tm; Oya'ynmay;&mwGif

(tcef;vdkuf) b,favmuf toHk;0ifvJ/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf omrefjynfolrsm; odkYr[kwf

jynfolU0efxrf;rsm;tm; (3)vwmumvtwGif;oifwef; (3)cg ydkYcs&rnfjzpfonf/

3/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf ZGefv^*sLvdkifvwGif ESpf&ufwmusif;yrnfh pma&;olESifh Oya'taxmuftuljyK

tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJwGif w&m;Oya'vrf;ñTefESifh enf;ynm vufpGJpmtkyfwdkY toHk;jyKjcif;tay: wHkUjyefcsufrsm;ESifhtcef;vdkuf

jyifqifoifhonfrsm;tay: tBuHÓPfrsm;udk tpD&ifcHMu&rnfjzpfonf/

3-1/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;onf olwdkYawmif;qdkxm;aom w&m;Oya'vrf;ñTefESifh enf;ynmvufpGJpmtkyfwdkYrS

tydkif;rsm;twGuf 'kwd,tBudrf avusifhoifMum;ay;jcif; tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJudk (3)&ufMumwufMurnfjzpfonf/

4/ pma&;olrsm;onf uGif;qif;prf;oyfjcif;rsm;ESifh 'kwd,tBudrfavhusifhoifMum;ay;jcif; tvkyf½kH HaqGaEG;yGJwdk Y\


&v'faMumifh jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ef tBuHjyKcsufrsm;udk aygif;pyf&rnfjzpfonf/ jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk 'kwd,tBudrf avhusifh

oifMum;ay;jcif; tvkyf½kHHkaqGaEG;yGJusif;yNyD;NyD;csif; vufpGJpmtkyfudk tacsmowfa&;om;jcif;udk (3)&ufwm odkYr[kwf (5)&ufwm

usif;yrnfh pma&;olwnf;jzwfjcif; tvkyf½kHaqGaEG;yGJjyKvkyfjcif; odkYr[kwf tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yJGusif;yNyD; wpfvtwGif; jyifqif

xm;onfrsm;udk wifjyapEdkifonf/

5/ pma&;oluaemufqHk; jyifqifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk jyKvkyfNyD;ygu rGef*dkvD,m;vlrsdK; t,f'DwmxHodkY aemufqHk;wnf;jzwf&ef?

bmomjyefolrsm;xHodkY aemufqHk;bmomjyef&efESifh David ESifh Nadia wdkYxH aemufqHk;ppfaq;&ef ydkYrnfjzpfonf/

6/ aemufqHk;vufa&;pmrludk ppfaq;NyD;ygu w&m;Oya'vrf;ñTefwGif ½kyfyHkjzifhazmfjy&ef rGef*dkvD,m;vlrsdK; ½kyfjyqGJol

q&mrsm;udk qufoG,foifhonf/ ½kyfjyq&mrsm;u pma&;olrsm; ESifh t,f'DwmxH olwdkY\ vuf&merlemrsm;udk jyoEdkifygu

oifhavsmfaom umwGef;yHkpH^½kyfykH rsm;udk a&G;cs,fEdkifrnfjzpfonf/

7/ ½kyfjyyHkrsm; (vdktyfygu) qGJNyD;oGm;onfhtcgwGif w&m;Oya'vrf;ñTefudk yHkESdyf&efjyifqifEdkifonf/ enf;ynm vufpGJ

pmtkyfrsufESmzHk;onf w&m;Oya'vrf;ñTef\rsufESmzHk;ESifh wlnDEdkifNyD; enf;ynmvrf;ñTef[k pmvHk;BuD;jzifh azmfjyxm;onfuvGJí

- ½kyfjyyHkrsm;yg&Sdrnf r[kwfyg/


aemufqufwGJ - 4

Oya'taxmuftuljyK oifwef;om;rsm;xHrS wHkYjyefcsuf&,lonfh ar;cGef;rsm;

(tcef; (4) wGifazmfjyxm;)

Source: Bridges Across Borders Southeast Asia Community Empowerment and Legal Awareness Program

1/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKtjzpftvkyfvkyf&mwGif oifcef;pmrsm;uta&;BuD;ygovm;/ bmaMumifhvJ/

2/ oifcef;pmrsm;onf atmufajcvlwef;pm;todkif;t0ef;twGuf ta&;BuD;ygovm;/ bmaMumifhvJ/

3/ acgif;pOfonf oifh&yf&GmvlUtzGJUtpnf;twGuf oufqdkifygovm;/ oufqdkifygu xdkacgif;pOftm; ydkrdktoHk;jyKvdkY&atmif

tBuHÓPfrsm;ay;yg/

4/ 'Davhusifhcef;u tm;vHk;yg0ifzdkY tm;ay;tm;ajr§mufjyKw,fxifygovm;/

5/ 'Dacgif;pOfudk oifb,favmufem;vnfvJ/ wwfEdkifoavmuf tao;pdwfa&;NyD; bmaMumifhvJqdkwmudk &Sif;jyyg/

6/ b,fenf;vrf; odkYr[kwf avhusifhcef;rsm;u oifhtwGuf ydkrdktoHk;0ifygovJ/

7/ tao;pdwfoifcef;pmrsm;ESifh avhusifhcef;rsm;udk oifb,favmufem;vnfygovJ/

rnfonfhtaMumif;t&mudkem;tvnfqHk;vJ/

bmaMumifhvJ/

rnfonfhtaMumif;t&mudk em;rvnfqHk;vJ/

bmaMumifhvJ/


8/ rnfonfhfenf;vrf; odkYr[kwf avhusifhcef;rsm;u rdrdtwGuf ydkrdktoHk;0ifygovJ/

9/ rnfonfh oifcef;pmrsm;u xyfrH&Sif;jy&ef odkYr[kwf &Sif;vif;&efvdkw,fvdkY rdrdxifygovJ/ rnfonfhtydkif;vJ/

10/ oifcef;pmtpDtpOf odkYr[kwf avhusifhcef;rsm;udk ydkrdkaumif;rGefatmif oiftBuHjyKcsuf &Sdygovm;/ oifb,fvdk

aumif;atmifvkyffrvJ/

11/ zwfpmrsm;ESifh vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk oifb,fvdkjrifygovJ/

12/ oifh&yf&GmvlUtzGJUtpnf;tm; 'Doifcef;pmrsm;udk oif oifEdkifr,fxifygovm;/

13/ avhusifhoifMum;rIwGif oiftBudKufqHk; (3) ckudk azmfjyyg/

14/ avhusifhoifMum;rIwGif oifrBudKufqHk; (3)ckudk azmfjyyg/

15/ oif½dk;pmtkyfrsm;\ atmifjrifrIrsm;ESifh^odkYr[kwf &HI;edrfhrIrsm;udk rD;armif;xdk;jyNyD; oifhtjrift& rnfuJhodkY jyifqif

vdkygoenf;/

16/ aemufxyfay;vdkaomtBuHÓPfrsm;/


aemufqufwGJ - 5

Oya'taxmuftuljyK avhusifha&; ueOD;oifwef;twGuferlemtpDtpOf

Source: Vivek Maru, internal memo, Timap for Justice, 2004.

Oya'taxmuftuljyKavhusifha&;oifwef; qD&mvD,Gef

(arv 12 &uf rS arv 21 &uf? 2004)

Ak'¨[l;aeY? arv 12&uf

EIwfcGef;quftrSmpum;ajymMum;jcif;

oifwef;\ tajccHpnf;urf;rsm; - tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSefav;pm;jcif;? tzGJUvdkuf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;?

tcsdefwdusjcif;? tdrfpmESifh tvGwfa&;ajz pmar;yGJrsm;

Oya'taxmuftuljyKwpfa,muf\ tcef;u@

w&m;Oya'qdkwm bmvJESifh w&m;Oya'\&if;jrpfrsm; (zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'? jy|mef;Oya'? a&S;xHk;wrf;Oya'?

"avhxHk;wrf;? EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;)

tpdk;&\r@dKif (3)ck - tjyeftvSefxdef;ausmif;jcif;

aeYvnfpm

qD&mvD,Gef\ zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'taMumif; aemufcHordkif;tusOf;

nae yvm'D,dk Palladio wGif npmpm;yGJ


avhusifhcef; - 1991 qD&mvD,Gef (SL)zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'\ tcef; 3 udk zwf&ef/

Mumoyaw;aeY? arv 13 &uf

pmjyefaEG;onfh tvGwfa&;ajzpmar;yGJ

zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' (YadaWilliams,esq) qD&mvD,Gef zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'\ tcef; (3) rS wm0efESifh

0wå&m;rsm;

aeYvnfpm

zsefajzjcif; tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJESifh o½kyfaqmifí avusifhapjcif; - zsefajzjcif; enf;vrf;rsm;? zsefajzjcif;

oabmwlcsufjyKvkyfjcif;udk ulnDyHhydk;ay;jcif;?zsefajzjcif;ta&;ygonfhtcsdef

aomMumaeY? arv 14 &uf

pmjyefaEG;onfh tvGwfa&;ajzpmar;yGJ

zsefajzjcif; (qufvufaqG;aEG;jcif;)

uav;rsm;\tcGifhta&;? vli,fw&m;pD&ifa&;

aeYvnfpm

trsdK;orD;rsm;\tcGifhta&;

paeaeY? arv 15 &uf

usm;?r tajcjyKtMurf;zufcH&olrsm;udk ulnDyHhydk;jcif; ( Maria Kamara ,cif IRC \ GBV tpDtpOfrS)

aeYvnfpm aysmfyGJpm;xGufjcif;ESifh Lumley ]]vrf;av;}}urf;ajcwGif abmvHk;uefjcif;


wevFmaeY? arv 17 &uf

,cifoifcef;pmrsm;udk avhusifhcef; rsm;jyKvkyfjcif;^pmar;yGJrsm;ajzjcif;

reufpm

vlawGUar;jref;jcif;ESifh xGufqdkcsuf&,ljcif;

aeYvnfpm

vlrIzlvkHa&;0efBuD;Xme - ,if;\zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufyHkudk rdwfqufjcif;? Oya'taxmuf tuljyKwpfa,mufonf

0efBuD;XmeESifh rnfodkYqufqHoifhovJ( Alhaji Bangura? 0efBuD;Xme\ vufaxmuftwGif;ta&;rSL;)

vlawGUar;jref;jcif;ESifh xGufqdkcsuf&,ljcif;wdkYudk o½kyfaqmifavhusifhapjcif;

t*FgaeY? arv 18 &uf

reufpm

w&m;repfemrI (SonkitaConteh,Esq.) - w&m;repfemrIudk rdwfqufjcif; - usL;ausmf0ifa&mufrI? vspfvsL&IrI?

wd&dpämefrsm;udk wm0ef,ljcif; (aus;vuf vlBuD;rsm;wGif ta&;ygonf)

aeYvnfpm

a'oqdkif&mw&m;½kH;rsm;ESifh “ "avhxHk;wrf;rsm; - a&S;xHk;wrf;Oya'rsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf w&m;Oya'aMumif;

t& uefYowfcsufrsm; - a'oqdkif&m w&m;½kH;rsm;wGif t,lcHcGifhrsm;/

&J - &JwyfzGJUzGJUpnf;yHk - Xmeqdkif&mpnf;urf;a&;&mwyfzGJU? Oya'taxmuftuljyK wpfa,mufonf &JESifh rnfodkY

qufqHoifhovJ (ASPKamara)


Ak'¨[l;aeY? arv 19 &uf

,cifoifcef;pmrsm;udkavhusifhcef; rsm;jyKvkyfjcif;^pmar;yGJrsm;ajzjcif;

reufpm

rdom;pkOya' - rdwfqufjcif;? tdrfaxmifjyKjcif;? tarGcGJjcif;

aeYvnfpm

rD'D,m – axmufcHtm;ay;rI&atmif rD'D,mudk toHk;csenf; ( David Tam Bayoh, Center for Media Education

andTechnology)

tqmajypm;jcif;

rdom;pkOya'-tydkif; 2 - tdrfaxmifjyKjcif;? uGm&Sif;jcif;? a,musFm;^ rdef;rp&dwf? uav;p&dwf (Oceanna

ThomasEsq.)

Mumoyaw;aeY? arv 20 &uf

,cifoifcef;pmrsm;udkavhusifhcef; rsm;jyKvkyfjcif;^pmar;yGJrsm;ajzjcif;

reufpm

rSwfwrf;wifjcif; - vdktyfcsufrsm;udk aumufcHjcif;? &yf&GmvlUtzGJYtpnf; tpnf;ta0;rsm;udkusif;yjcif;

aeYvnfpm

&mZowfBuD;Oya'^usifhxHk;(EkuRoberts,Esq.)

tqmajypm;jcif;

a'oqdkif&mtpdk;& - a'oqdkif&mtpdk;&\zGJUpnf;yHktopf - a'oqdkif&mtpdk;& tufOya' (2004) t& ( A.M


Jalloh,Esq.)

avhusifhcef; - rdrdpdwfBudKuftpdk;&XmerS wm0ef&Sdyk*d¾KvfwpfOD;xHodkY rdrd&yf&GmvlUtzGJUtpnf;&Sd ausmif;q&m? q&mrrsm;tm;

vpmray;jcif;jyóemtaMumif; pmwpfapmifa&;yg/ (rdrdvkyfaqmifxm;aom o½kyfaqmifavhusifhjcif;ay:wGif tajccHí

a&;yg/)

aomMumaeY? arv 21 &uf

aemufqHk;ar;cGef;rsm;

reufpm

Abu Brima ? NFHR \ Ouú|rS trSmpum; acwåajymMum;jcif;

tao;okH;aiGaMu; - ½kH;wpf½kH;udkwnfaxmifjcif;? &yf&GmvlUtzGJUtpnf;udk tkyfcsKyfaom bkwftzGJUESifh qufqHjcif;

tkyfcsKyfa&;&mjyóemrsm;

w&m;pD&ifa&;ysufpD;rItEå&,fudk0ifa&mufavhvmjcif; (pmjyefaET;aom*drf;)

EIwfqufjcif;

aeYvnfpm


aemufqufwGJ - 6

wdkifMum;pm erlem

(tcef; 5 wGif azmfjyxm;)

Source: Black Sash Education and Training Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa

X tBuHÓPfay;½kH;

(oifhvdyfpmtjynfhtpHk)

(oifhzkef;eHygwf)

(&ufpGJ)

(wcsdKU½kH;rsm;onf olwdkYpmwdkif;wGif &nfñTef;eHygwfrsm;xnfhMuonf)

refae*sm (oifhpmudk zwfrnfhyk*d¾Kvf\trnf odkYr[kwf &mxl;)

Tex Stores Ltd.

PO Box 1053 (oifpma&;onfhvdyfpm - odkYrSomvQif oifhudk,fydkiftwGuf ul;xm;aompmwGif xdkvdyfpm&Sdaevdrhfrnf)

Cape Town

8000

vlBuD;rif; cifAsm;^&Sifh

uRefawmfonf Ms. Gerda Fortuin udk,fpm; a&;om;jcif;jzpfygonf/ olUudk oif\ Mowbray XmecGJwGif


ukefypönf;rsm;udk ppfaq;oltjzpf 20-02-96 rS 30-04-02 txd oifudk,fwdkifcefY tyfxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ olonf

BudKwiftoday;NyD;rS tvkyfrS EkwfxGuf cJhygonf/ olUvpmrSm wpfywfvQif &rf 410jzpfygonf/ Ms. Fortuin \

tvkyform;eHygwfrSm 315 jzpfygonf/ ol\rSwfyHkwif eHygwfrSm XX jzpfygonf/

(rdrdtrIonf b,folqdkonfudkodatmif tcsuftvufrsm;ay;yg)

(jyóemubmvJ - tao;pdwfazmfjyjcif;)

Ms. Fortuin u ol\ aemufqHk;vpmudk&&Sd&mwGif xdkol&oifhonf &ufrSefaMu;ay;xm;jcif; r&Sdyg[k qdkygonf/

olaemufqHk; cGifh,lcJhonfrSm pufwifbmv? 2001 ckESpf wGifjzpfonf/

(Oya'ub,fvdkazmfjyxm;vJESifh xdkOya'udk tcsuftvufrsm;wGiftoHk;jyKjcif;)

ukefoG,fa&;ESifhukefypönf;jzefYcsda&;twGuf owfrSwfxm;aomvpmt& tvkyform; wpfa,mufonf atmufazmfjy

ygyHkaoenf;twdkif;wGufcsufxm;aom &ufrSefaMu;udk &&Sdoifhonf/

(yHkaoenf;ESifhoifwGufcsufxm;onfudka&;yg)

xdkYaMumifh Ms. Fortuin onf ckepfvpmtwGuf &ufrSefaMu;&&Sdoifhonf/

(oifpma&;aomvlu 'Dudpöudk b,fvdkvkyfoifhovJ)

Ms. Fortuin u ol&&Sdoifhaom &ufrSefaMu;udk txufygvdyfpmtwdkif; þpm&&Sdonfh 14 &uf twGif;ydkYay;&ef

awmif;qdkygonf/ þudpöudk xyfrHaqG;aEG;vdkygu uRefawmfwdkY½kH;udk qufoG,fEdkifygonf/

av;pm;pGmjzifh

(vufrSwfxdk;&ef)

(oifhtrnf)


tBuHay;

aemufqufwGJ- 7

tjyeftvSefwkefYjyefrI &Sdaom oifMum;enf;rsm;

(tcef; - 5 wGif azmfjyxm;)

Source: Amnesty International, First Steps: A Manual for Starting Human Rights Education (London: Amnesty International-

InternationalSecretariat,1997),www.hrea.org/index.php?base_id=104&language_id=1&erc_doc_id=511&category_

id=6&category_type=3&group ESifh Flowers,N., The Human Rights Education Handbook (Minneapolis: University of

MinnesotaHumanRightsResourceCentre:2000),http://www1.umn.educ/humanrts/edumat/hreduseries/hrhand-book/part14a.

html udk rSSDjirf;xm;ygonf/

tjyeftvSefwkefYjyefrI&Sdaom oifMum;enf;rsm;

tjyeftvSef wkefYjyefrI&SdaomoifMum;enf;rsm;udk toHk;jyKaom oifwef;ydkYcsolonf enf;vrf;aygif;pHk trsdK;rsdK;udk

a&G;cs,fEdkifonf/ oifMum;enf;rsm;udk a&G;cs,f&mwGif q&mrsm;taejzifh owdxm;oifhonfrSm wpfcsdKUenf;vrf;rsm;onf wpfcsdKU

tzGJUrsm;twGuf ,Ofaus;rIt& roifhavsmfrIrsm; (Oyrm – wpfa,muf ESifhwpfa,mufxdawGUqufqH&jcif;? *&ufzpf 'DZdkif;rsm;)

odkYr[kwf r&if;ESD;aom odkYr[kwf r&Edkifaom rSDjirf;p&mrsm; (Oyrm – tifwmeufoHk;jcif; odkYr[kwf pmMunfhwdkufrS rSDjirf;p&mrsm;)

jzpfwwfygonf/rMumcP toHk;jyKMuaom wkefYjyefrI&SdaomoifMum;enf;rsm;\ t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;udk atmufwGif

azmfjyxm; ygonf/ txufwGifazmfjyxm;aom rl&if;rS D jirf;xm;aom 0ufbfqdk'frsm;wGif tqdkygenf;vrf;rsm;ESif h

wjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;udk vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGif toHk;jyKenf;rsm;udk tao;pdwf zwf½IEdkifygonf/


oifwef;om;tm;vHk;aqG;aEG;jcif;

aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;onf taMumif;t&mudpörsm;wGif oifMum;olrsm;ESifhausmif;om;rsm;\tjrifudk awGU&SdEdkifonfh

enf;vrf;aumif;wpfckjzpfonf/ þaqG;aEG;jcif;onf txl;ojzifh w&m;Oya'ESifh vlUtcGifhta&;taMumif; acgif;pOfrsm;udk

oifMum;&mwGif tifrwefta&;ygonf/ yg0ifaqG;aEG;olrsm;onf tcsuftvufrsm;udk od&Sdxm;onfhtjyif rdrdudk,fwdkif

taMumif;t&mudpörsm;udk aocsmpGmavhvmNyD; oHk;oyf&efvdktyfaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;onf em;axmifjcif;?

tvSnfhuspum;ajymjcif; ESifh tjcm;tkyfpkuRrf;usifrIwdkYudk avhusifh&ef tcGifhtvrf; wpfckjzpfNyD; ,if;wdkYrSm tjcm;olrsm;\

tcGifhta&;rsm;udk av;pm;&eftwGuf ta&;BuD;onf/ yGifhvif;aomaqG;aEG;rIjzpfzdkYtwGuf oifMum;aomywf0ef;usifwGif

,HkMunfrIESihf tjyeftvSefem;vnfrIrsm;&SdzdkYvnf; ta&;BuD;onf/

ar;cGef;ar;jcif;

oifwef;ydkYcsoltm;vHk;uawmh ar;cGef;awG ar;MuwmjzpfayrJh rnfuJhodkYaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;MurSmvJ/ trsm;tm;jzifh

ar;cGef;rsm;onf ]ckeu bmajymvdkufvJ} odkYr[kwf tydwfar;cGef;rsm; [kac:aom tajzrSefwpfckwnf;om&SdNyD; A[kokwudk

ppfaq;aom ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;wwfMuonf/ w&m;rQwrItaMumif;t&mrsm;udk avhvmazmfxkwf&mwGif yl;aygif;yg0ifrIESifh

cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmrIwdkYudk tm;ay;aom tuefYtowfr&Sdonfh ar;cGef;rsm;udk toHk;jyKjcif;onf ta&;BuD;onf/

tuefYtowfr&Sdaom ar;cGef;erlemrsm; -

rSef;qonfht,ltqudk tajccHaomar;cGef;rsm;/ cifAsm;b,fvdkvkyf rvJ tu,fí... cifAsm;b,fvdkxifovJ

þar;cGef;rsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tajctaersm;udk pdwful;,OfyHkazmfjcif;ESifhtawG;tac:rsm;udk

vHIaqmf&mwGif tultnDay;onf/


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yHkqGJjcif;

yHkqGJjcif;onf pl;prf;avhvmjcif;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif; twwfynmrsm;? pdwful;,Ofjcif;? "mwfyHkxJrSvlrsm;tm;

pmemem;vnfjcif; odkYr[kwf tzGJUtwGif;yg0ifolrsm;ESifh &if;ESD;vmjcif; ponfwdkY zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufap&ef toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ tzGJU\

vuf&mudk wjcm;vlrsm;tm; vlUtcGifhta&;wefzdk;rsm;od&Sdap&eftwGuf jyoEdkifaomaMumifh w&m;rQwrI pl;prf;avhvm

aeonfhtcgwGif yHkqGJjcif;onf toHk;0ifonf/

owif;pmrsm;

rD'D,monf 'Drdkua&pDvlUtzGJUtpnf;wpfckwGif owif;tcsuftvufrsm; zvS,fEdkif&ef vdktyfonf/ okdY&mwGif

wpfcgwpf&H yHkaoum;usyHkpHrsm;ESifh trSefudkrpl;prf;bJ bufvdkufaom owif;rsm;udk awGU&Sd&wwfonf/ owif;rsm;

tajctjrpfr&Sd bufvdkufa&;om;xm;onfudk &SmazGjcif;ESifhoHk;oyfjcif;wdkYonf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; aeYpOfb0wGif &SmazG

Edkif&efESifh ,if;owif;rsm;udk qefYusifEdkif&ef jyifqifay;onf/ ,if;uJhodk YaomvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;\

vlrIqufqHa&;ynmrsm;udkvnf; wdk;wufaponf/


aemufqufwGJ - 8

Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;udkavhusifhoifMum;ay;&eftwGuf

tvGwfa&; ajzpmar;yGJ erlemrsm;


Source: Vivek Maru, internal memo, Timap for Justice, 2004

erlem/

oifwef;twGuf jyefvnfqef;ppfjcif; tvGwfa&;ajzpmar;yGJrsm;

tvGwfa&;ajzpmar;yGJ 1

1/ atmufygZ,m;udkjznfhay;yg/ &mZ0wfrI usL;vGefolt"dyÜm,f? tusdK;quf? oufaotaxmuftxm;tqifh/ w&m;rrI?

t"dyÜm,f? tusdK;quf? oufao taxmuftxm;tqifh/

2/ w&m;repfemrIudk oufa&mufrI\taMumif;cHtjzpf t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkyg/

3/ a'oqdkif&mw&m;½kH;rsm;wGif &mZ0wfrIw&m;pD&ifydkifcGifh&Sdygovm;/ &SdvQif rnfonfh &mZ0wfrIrsm;udk pD&ifygoenf;/

a'oqdkif&mw&m;½kH;rsm;rS w&m;pD&ifydkifcGifh ydwfyif xm;aom w&m;rrI (3) rIudk azmfjyyg/

4/ &mZ0wfusL;vGefoltjzpf rouFmoludk w&m;rpGJrD trsm;qHk; rnfonfhtcsdefumvtxd xdef;odrf;Edkifygoenf;/

5/ zsefajzay;jcif;vkyfief; tqifh (6) qifhudk azmfjyí tusOf;csKyf&Sif;yg/



1/ ,mOfarmif;wpfa,mufu ayghqrIaMumifh um;wdkufNyD;c&D;onfrsm; 'Pf&m&Muonf/ &mZ0wfrIwpfrI usL;vGef

vdkufovm;/ usL;vGefvdkufw,fqdk&if bm&mZ0wfrIvJ/ w&m;repfemrIudk usL;vGefvdkufovm;/ usL;vGefvdkufw,fqdk&if

bmw&m;repfemrIvJ/

2/ tjypf&Sdaompdwf Mens rea udk t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkyg/ w&m;repfemrIudk oufaojy&mwGif tjypf&Sdaompdwf mens rea

vdktyfygovm;/ &Sif;yg/ &mZ0wfrIudk oufaojy&mwGifaum vdktyfygovm;/ &Sif;yg/

3/ zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'wpfcku azmufzsufygu Oya'aMumif;t& rnfodkYta&;,lvdkY &ygovJ/

4/ rdrdtrIonftm; &JwyfzGJU0ifwpfa,mufu ESdyfpufn§if;yef;cJhygu &JXme\ rnfonfhXmecJGudk rdrdcsOf;uyfEdkifygovJ/

a'oqdkif&mw&m;½kH;rSmaum ,ckudpöudk w&m;pGJvdkY&ygovm;/ bmaMumifh&wmvJ odkYr[kwf bmaMumifhr&wmvJ/


1/ Oya'taxmuftuljyKwpfa,muftaejzifh wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;udk ulnDvdkY&onfh enf;vrf;wpfckESifh vlUtzGJU

tpnf;tqifhwGif w&m;Oya'qdkif&mjyóemrsm;udk &ifqdkifajz&Sif;rnfh enf;vrf;wpfckudk azmfjyyg/

2/ rdrd&yf&GmvlUtzGJUtpnf;wGif a&tvHktavmufr&&Sdonfhjyóem&Sdonf qdkygpdkY/ Oya'taxmuftuljyK wpfa,muf

taejzifh rdrdbmvkyfvdkY&ovJ/

3/ "avhxHk;wrf;usifh0wfwpfcku zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk csdK;azmufygu Oya't& rnfodkYta&;,lvdkY&ygovJ/

4/ tkyfcsKyfa&;r@dKiftay:wGif w&m;pD&ifa&;r@dKifu rnfonfh tmPm odkYr[kwf xdef;enf; rsm;&SdygovJ/



1/ rdrdonf w&m;NydKif okH;OD;tMum; taMumif;t&mwpfckudk ajyvnfatmif nd§EdIif;aeonf/

(u) oabmwlnDcsufudk b,fESpfa,mufu vufrSwfa&;xdk;oifhovJ/

(c) nd§EdIif;xm;onfhoabmwlnDcsuf pmcsKyfa&;NyD;í vufrSwfxdk;NyD;ygu rdrdqufvkyf&ef rnfonfhtqifhawG

usefao;vJ/

2/ (u) qD&mvD,GefEdkifiHwGif vdifydkif;qdkif&musL;vGefrIü &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefoltjzpf owfrSwfxm;onfh toufudk

azmfjyyg/

(c) &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefoltjzpf owfrSwfjcif;udk t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkyg/

3/ touf 16 ESpft&G,f a,musfm;av;wpfa,mufonf trsm;jynfolat;csrf;om,ma&;udk aESmifh,SufonfhtwGuf

taxGaxGtcsKyfcef;wGif wpfnwmxdef;odrf;xm;onf/ Oya'csdK;azmufrI &Sdr&Sd azmfjyyg/

4/ usm;? r tajcjyK tMurf;zufrIcH&olrsm;udk tultnDay;&eftwGuf enf;vrf; (5)ckudk azmfjyyg/

5/ (u) usm;? r tajcjyKtMurf;zufcH&olrsm;udkulnD&mwGif tvm;vm&Sdaom aqmif&Gufenf; (4)enf;udk azmfjyyg/

(c) usm;? r tajcjyKtMurf;zufrIudk t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkyg/

6/ touf 15 ESpft&G,f rdef;uav;wpfa,mufonf touf 15 ESpft&G,f a,musfm;av;wpfa,mufESifh vdifqufqH&ef

oabmwlxm;onf/

(u) ,if;onf jynfwGif;Oya't& &mZ0wfrIvm;/

(c) [kwfygu b,f&mZ0wfrIvJ/

(*) EdkifiHwumOya't& &mZ0wfrIvm;/



1/ (u) w&m;rOya'ESifh &mZowfBuD;Oya'wdkY\ uGmjcm;csufudk azmfjyyg/

(c) w&m;repfemrIESifh oabmwlpmcsKyfwdkY\ uGmjcm;csufudk azmfjyyg/

2/ rdrdtrIonftm; &JwyfzGJU0ifwpfa,mufu ESdyfpufn§if;yef;cJhygu &JXme\ rnfonfh XmecJGudk oifcsOf;uyfEdkifygovJ/

3/ (u) xdkudpöudk a'oqdkif&mw&m;½kH;wGif oifhtrIonfu w&m;pGJvdkY&ygovm;/

(c) bmaMumifh&wmvJ odkYr[kwf bmaMumifhr&wmvJ/

4/ rdrdtrIonf\ jcHpnf;½dk;udk wpfpHkwpfa,mufu zsufqD;vdkufonf/

(u) w&m;repfemrIjzpfyGm;cJhygovm;/

(c) jzpfyGm;cJhygu rnfonfhw&m;repfemrIvJ/

(*) &mZ0wfrIjzpfyGm;cJhygovm;/

(C) Oya'taxmuftuljyKwpfa,muftaejzifh nd§EdIif;aphpyfay;jcif;onf oifhavsmfygovm;/


1/ vlUtzGJUtpnf;jyóemwpfckudk oifha'oqdkif&maumifpDodkYwifjy&ef rnfonfhtqifhrsm;udk aqmif&GufEdkifygovJ/

tqifh(4)qifhudk azmfjyyg/

2/ vlowfrIwpfrI\ tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;udk azmfjyyg/

3/ tjypf&Sdaompdwf Mens rea qdkwmbmvJ/ &mZ0wfrIwpfckudk oufaojyzdkYtwGuf vdktyfygovm;/ w&m;repfemrI

wpfckudk oufaojyzdkYtwGuf vdktyfygovm;/

4/ vlUtzGJUtpnf;wpfck\ vdktyfcsufrsm;udk tuJjzwfjcif;jyKvkyf&ef enf;vrf; (6) ckudk azmfjyyg/


5/ rl;,pfaomufpm;xm;aom ,mOfarmif;wpfa,mufonf vrf;jzwful;olwpfa,muftm; rawmfwqum;jzifhwdkufrdNyD;

vrf;jzwful;olrSm aoqHk;oGm;onf/ &mZ0wfrI jzpfyGm;cJhygovm;/ jzpfyGm;cJhygu b,f&mZ0wfrIvJ/ w&m;repfemrI

jzpfyGm;cJhygovm;/ jzpfyGm;cJhygu b,fw&m;repfemrIvJ/ ,mOfarmif;taejzifh rnfonfh jypf'Pfrsm;uscH&rnfenf;/

aemufqufwGJ - 9

Oya' taxmuftuljyKoifwef;twGuf usm;? r tajcjyK

qifjcif&rnfh vrf;ñTefcsufrsm;


Source: Tan, M.C., Ed., Basic Paralegal Training Module: A Paralegal Trainer's Handbook (Manila: Paralegal Training

ServicesCenter,1996).

Oya'taxmuftuljyKoifwef;twGuf usm;? rtajcjyK qifjcif&rnfhaqmif&Guf&ef pm&if;

(Oya'taxmuftuljyKoifwef;pifwm? zdvpfydkifEdkifiH)

trsKd;orD;rsm;xif&Sm;ay:vGifatmif

u/ pum;vHk;toHk;tEIef;

]a,musfm;} ESifh ]ol} [laom a,bk,strnfrsm;toHk;jyKjcif;udk a&Smif&Sm;yg/

rdrdESifhvdifrwlolrsm;udk csdK;ESdrfaom[morsm;udk toHk;rjyKygESifh/


c/ Oyrmrsm;? ½kyfyHkrsm;ESifh pm&if;tif;rsm;udk toHk;jyKjcif;

Oyrmrsm;ESifh ½kyfyHkrsm;udk toHk;jyK&mwGif usm;? r nDnDrQrQ&Sdap&ef BudK;pm;yg/

pm&if;tif;rsm;udk toHk;jyK&mwGif usm;?rtvdkuf cGJjcm;yg/

*/ avhusifhoifMum;ay;jcif;umv

usm;?r tajcjyKqifjcif&rnfh taMumif;t&mrsm;udk owdxm;yg/

trsdK;om;? trsdK;orD;awGESpfzufpvHk; oufawmifhoufomjzpfaom avhusifhoifMum;rI enf;vrf;rsm;udk

toHk;jyKyg/

trsdK;orD;rsm; &yfwnfcsufxkwfazmf ajymqdk&ef ulnDay;Edkifygu trsdK;orD; oD;oefY tzGJUi,frsm;zGJUjcif;udk

toHk;jyKyg/

trsdK;orD;rsm;\ yg0ifrItqifhudk owd&SdaeNyD; vdktyfygu &yfwnfcsuf xkwfazmfajymqdk&ef wdkufwGef;yg/

C/ avhusifhoifMum;rIvdktyfcsuftuJjzwfrI ppfwrf;ar;cGef;vTm

trsdK;om;? trsdK;orD;awG ESpfzufpvHk; txl;vdktyfcsufrsm;ay:vGifaprnfh ar;cGef;rsm;udkar;yg/

avhusifhoifMum;rIwGifyg0ifaom trsdK;orD;rsm; BuHKawGU&onfhtcuftcJrsm;udk ajz&Sif;yg/

avhusifhoifMum;rIrsm;wGif uav;i,frsm;ac:vmEdkifatmifjyKvkyfyg/ (uav;xdef;ay;jcif; 0efaqmifrIay;yg)

wjcm;wm0efrsm;ESifh 0da&m"drjzpfap&ef pmoifcsdefudk aocsmpGmtpDtpOfwus vkyfyg/


aemufqufwGJ- 10

trIonfvTJajymif;jcif;yHkpH

(tcef; 6 wGifazmfjyxm;)

Source: vlYtzGJUtpnf;qdkif&mOya'ESifh aus;vufa'ozGHNzdK;a&;pifwm?

awmiftmz&du/

vTJajymif;jcif;yHkpH

½kH;^Xme - trnfvdyfpmygpmacgif;

odkY ______________________

______________________

&ufpGJ ______________________ &nfñTef; _____________________

vlBuD;rif; cifAsm;^&Sifh

trIonftrnf ______________________

trItajctae ______________________

txufyg&nfñTef;csuft& rpöwm^rpöpf rpö ______________________ udk þudpöwGif ulnDay;Edkifygu rdrdwdkY txl;aus;Zl;

wifygonf/

rpöwm^rpöpf rpö ______________________ \tajctaeudk rdrdwdkY pHkprf;NyD;jzpfNyD; ol\trIudk oifh½kH;rSudkifwG,frnfhtwGuf

auseyftm;&ygonf/


rpöwm^rpöpf^rpö ______________________ udk olESifhtwl pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; wpfygwnf; ,laqmifvmzdkY arwåm&yfcH

xm;ygonf/

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

þudpöwGif oif\yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;udk BudKwifaus;Zl;wifaMumif; ajymvdkygonf/ ar;p&mrsm;&Sdygu pma&;oludk

tcsdefra&G;qufoG,fEdkifygonf/

av;pm;pGmjzifh

pma&;ol\trnfESifh &mxl;

aemufqufwGJ - 11


trIonfvufcHonfhyHkpHESifh oauFw0Suf pm&Gufrsm;


Source: Timap for Justice

u/ trIonfvufcHonfh ^ trIrSwfwrf;yHkpH

Oya'taxmuftuljyK\trnf ____________________ vlawGUar;jref;onfh&ufpGJ _______________________________

trIonftrnf _____________________________________________________________________________________

vdyfpm ____________________________________________________________________________________________

w,fvDzkef;eHygwf ______________________________ tdrfaxmif&Sd r&Sd _____________________________________

touf ______________________________________ usm;^r_____________________________________________

tvkyftudkif __________________________________ rsdK;EG,fpk ____________________________________________

bmom ________________________________________ yl;wGJyg xGufqdkcsuf &SdvQif ______________________________

taMumif;t&mudpö\ tusOf;csKyf _______________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

ay;xm;aomtcsuftvuf^vkyfaqmif&eftpDtpOf^vkyfaqmifNyD;tajctae ___________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

yxrqHk; xyfrHawGUqHkonfhaeYpGJESifhae&m __________________________________________________________________


&SmazGawGU&Sdcsufrsm; __________________________________________________________________________________

aemufxyfawGUqHkcsufrsm;^wdk;wufrIrsm; (pmrsufESm aemufausmwGifquf&ef)

&ufpJG rSwfpkrsm;


c/ trIopfrsm;\ oauFw0Suf pm&Guf (erlem)

(1) udkifwG,fonfh½kH;

01 Freetown

02 Magburaka

03 Yele

04 Bo

05 Gondama

06 Tikonko

07 Bumpeh

08 Kania

(2) wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;trI odkYr[kwf &yf&GmvlUtzGJU tpnf;qdkif&mjyóem

01 wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif; tqifhjyóem

02 &yf&GmvlUtzGJUtpnf; tqifhjyóem

(3) Oya'taxmuftuljyKrsm;xHodkY trIb,fvdk a&muf vmcJhovJ

01 ½kH;odkYtrIonfu vmwdkifonf

02 a&TUajymif;Edkifaom½kH;cef;odkY trIonfu vmwdkifonf

03 acgif;aqmiftBuD;tuJrS ñTef;onf

04 pDtdkbDtzGJU0ifrSñTef;onf

05 uGif;qif;&mwGif Oya'taxmuftuljyKrS avhvmawGU&Sdonf

&SmazGawGU&Sdcsufrsm; __________________________________________________________________________________

aemufxyfawGUqHkcsufrsm;^wdk;wufrIrsm; (pmrsufESm aemufausmwGifquf&ef)

&ufpJG rSwfpkrsm;


06 wjcm;Oya'taxmuftuljyK½kH;rS ñTef;onf

07 t&iftrIonfrSñTef;onf

08 wjcm;tzGJUtpnf;rSñTef;onf

88 tjcm; (azmfjy&ef)

(4) trItrsdK;tpm;

rdom;pkqdkif&mjyóemrsm;

01 uav;pGefYypfjcif;^vspfvsL&Ijcif;

02 udk,f0efaqmif^rdef;r vspfvsL&Ijcif;

03 vufxyfonfhtcsdefapmjcif;^

q,fausmfoufudk,f0ef&Sdjcif;

04 rdom;pktjiif;yGm;rIrsm;

05 tdrfaxmifa&;jyóemrsm;^

xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufcGifh

&Jtygt0if tpdk;&rS rw&m;jyKjcif;

10 &JrSESdyfpufn§if;yef;jcif;

11 rw&m;csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;

12 tpdk;&tmPmydkifrsm; tusifhysufjcpm;rI


"avhxHk;wrf;qdkif&mtmPmydkifrsm; rw&m;jyKjcif;

20 a'oqdkif&mw&m;½kH;rsm;wGif w&m;rQwrI

r&Sdjcif;

21 ½dk;&mtmPmydkifrsm;u rw&m;jyKjcif;

22 "avhxHk;wrf;qdkif&mtmPmydkifrsm; tusifh

ysufjcpm;rI

wpfOD;csif;tBurf;zufcH&jcif;

30 udk,fxdvufa&mufusL;vGefrI

31 tdrfwGif;tMurf;zufrI

32 vdifrIqdkif&mjypfrIrsm;

33 trsm;jynfolqE´jyjcif;^vltkyfpkjzifhqlyl

aomif;usef;jcif;

34 tzGJUcsif; y#dyu©jzpfjcif;

pD;yGm;a&;tjrwfxkwfjcif;

40 tvkyfcefYjcif;

41 vpmray;jcif;

42 pmcsKyfazmufzsufjcif;

43 ta<u;

44 tdrf&m

45 ajr^ydkifqdkifrI tjiif;yGm;jcif;rsm;

46 cdk;rI^ajymif;vJjcif;? vJvS,fjcif;

vlrlqdkif&mtajccHtaqmufttHk^wdk;wufrI

50 ynma&;

51 toa&zsufjcif;

52 usef;rma&;

53 vrf;rsm;

54 a&

55 pdkufysdK;a&;wdk;wufrI

56 owåKwl;azmfjcif;

88 tjcm; (azmfjy&ef)

*/ ajz&Sif;NyD;aomtrIrsm; oauFw0Sufpm&Guf

(1) toHk;jyKaom enf;vrf;rsm;

01 ay;xm;onfhtcsuftvufrsm;

02 tmPmydkiftzGJUESifh&ifqdkif&mwGiftultnD

&,ljcif;

03 zsefajzay;jcif;

04 axmufcHtm;ay;jcif;

05 pkaygif;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk pDpOfjcif;


06 vlUtzGJUtpnf;qdkif&m ynmay;a&;^

tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;jcif;

(2) 'g½dkufwmrsm;ESifh COB \ yg0ifrI

01 'g½dkufwmrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyifjcif;

02 w&m;pGJqdkjcif;

03 tm;ay;axmufcH&mwGif 'g½dkufwmrsm;

yg0ifjcif;

04 COB ESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyifjcif;

05 nd§EdIif;aphpyfay;&mwGif COB yg0ifjcif;

06 axmufcHtm;ay;&mwGif COB yg0ifjcif;

(3) yg0ifaomtzGJUtpnf;rsm;

"avhxHk;wrf;qdkif&m

01 tBuD;tuJcsKyf

02 wjcm;tBuD;tuJrsm;

03 a'oqdkif&mw&m;½kH;rsm;

04 "avhxHk;wrf;qdkif&m&J

w&m;0if½kH;Xmersm;

10 &J

11 w&m;0ifw&m;½kH;rsm;

12 "avhxHk;wrf;qdkif&mOya'0efxrf;rsm;

13 a'oqdkif&mw&m;½kH; BuD;MuyfuGyfuJol

14 vlrIzlvHka&;0efBuD;Xme

15 ajr,m0efBuD;Xme

16 ynma&;0efBuD;Xme

17 tvkyform;a&;&m0efBuD;Xme

18 ajr,m0efBuD;Xme

19 pdkufysdK;a&;0efBuD;Xme

20 vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme

(4) NyD;qHk;oGm;aomtrItm; trIonfauseyfrI&Sd^r&Sd

01 auseyfrI &Sdonf

02 auseyfrI r&Sdyg

(5) &vm'frsm;

01 zsefajzay;jcif;

02 epfemaMu;^aiGay;acsjcif;

03 xdef;odrf;cHxm;&jcif;rS vTwfay;jcif;

04 &JwyfzGJUrS ta&;,ljcif;

05 a'oqdkif&mtmPmydkifrsm;rS ta&;,ljcif;


06 tpdk;&tmPmydkifrsm;rS ta&;,ljcif;

07 &yf&GmvlUtzGJUtpnf;rS ta&;,ljcif;

08 rdom;pkrS ta&;,ljcif;

(5-u) aiGaMu;jzifhavsmfaMu;&ygu rnfonfhtrsdK;tpm;vJ

01 r,m;p&dwf? uav;p&dwf

02 usef;rma&;p&dwfrsm;

03 ray;&ao;aomvkyftm;crsm;

04 pmcsKyftwdkif;wduspGmaqmif&Gufjcif;

05 ay;xm;aomukefypönf;rsm;twGuf

odkYr[kwf iSm;&rf;xm;aom 0efaqmifrI

twGuf aiGacsjcif;

88 wjcm;avsmfaMu;rsm; (azmfjy&ef)

(6) trIonfrStuJjzwfonfhykHpHwifNyD;^rNyD;

01 wifNyD;NyD

02 rwif&ao;


aemufqufwGJ - 12

aeYpOfvIyf&Sm;rIpm&if;pmtkyfwGifrSwfom;jcif;ESifh vpOftpD&ifcHpmwifjcif;wdkY

jyKvkyf&eftwGuf Muyfrwfxm;onfh vrf;ñTefcsufrsm;

(tcef; 7 wGifazmfjyxm;)

Source: Vivek Maru, “Notes on Supervision,” internal memo, Timap for Justice, 2007.

aeYpOfvIyf&Sm;rIpm&if;pmtkyf

aeYpOfvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk pm&if;Z,m;rSwf&eftwGuf atmufygtcsuftvufrsm; a&;om;&ef aumfvHae&mrsm;ygaom

rsOf;aMumif;yg pmtkyfwpftkyf vdktyfonf/

&ufpGJ tcsdef trItrnf trIeHygwf vkyfaqmifrIrsm;

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

tcsuftvufrsm;onf trIzdkiftwGufrSwfom;xm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh udkufnD&rnfjzpfonf/ aeYpOfvIyf&Sm;rI

pm&if;Z,m;wGif tpnf;ta0;wufjcif; odkYr[kwf w&m;½kH;rsm;wGifavhvmjcif; uJhodkYaom Oya'taxmuftuljyKaqmif&Gufonfh

wjcm;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udkvnf; rSwfom;Edkifonf/


vpOftpD&ifcHpmrsm;

rdrd\vpOftpD&ifcHpmonf oif\atmifjrifrIrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifcJh&aom pdefac:rIrsm;tygt0if wpfvtwGif; rdrd

vkyfcJhaom tvkyfrsm;udk uRefawmfwdkY &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; em;vnfatmif a&;om;xm;&rnfjzpfonf/ rdrdwdkYtaejzifh vpOf

tpD&ifcHpmwdkif;wGif tenf;qHk; atmufygu@ (3) ckawmh yg0ifapcsifonf/

1/ udkifwG,fcJh&aomtrIrsm;rS pdwf0ifpm;zG,ftaumif;qHk;rsm;/ / wpfvtwGif; rdrdudkifwG,fcJhaom trItcsdKUudka&G;cs,fNyD;

taMumif;udpö? vIyfaqmifrIrsm;ESifh &vm'frsm;udk azmfjyyg/ jyif;xefonfh w&m; rQwrIr&Sdaom trIrsm; odkYr[kwf oifar;csifaom

ar;cGef;rsm;udk rdrdwdkYxH wifjyxm;aomtrIrsm; odkYr[kwf tm;wufp&m odkYr[kwf pdwfysuftm;i,fp&m &v'frsm;&cJhaomtrIrsm;

odk Yr[kwf taMumif;t&if; wpfckckaMumifh xl;jcm;aomtrIrsm;udk a&G;cs,fEdkifonf/ tpD&ifcHpmwGif aqG;aEG;Edkif&ef

trIydwfNyD;onftxd rdrdapmifhp&mrvdkyg/ ppfaq;aeqJJtrIrsm;udkvnf; rdrdaqG;aEG;Edkifonf/

2/ tjcm;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;\ pdwf0ifpm;zG,ftaumif;qHk;rsm;/ / rdrdae&yfa'oudkausmfvGefí urf;vifhaxmufyHhjcif;ESifh

ynma&;BudK;yrf;csufrsm;? axmufyHhtm;ay;jcif;? w&m;½kH;wGifavhvmjcif;uJhodkYaom wpfvtwGif; rdrdvkyfcJhonfh wjcm;

vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk azmfjyyg/ þu@rSm &yf&GmvlUtzGJUtpnf;tqifhjyóemrsm;wGif rdrdBudK;yrf;cJhyHkrsm;udk aqG;aEG;&rnfh

ae&mjzpfonf/

3/ nd§EdIif;aqmif&GufrItwGuf ar;cGef;rsm;ESifh tBuHjyKcsufrsm;/ / wpfvwmumvtwGif; jzpfysufcJhonfht&m&mrsm;twGuf

rdrdwdkYtm; ar;vdkonfrsm;ESifh tBuHjyKcsufay;vdkonfrsm; jyKvkyf&ef tcGifhtvrf;ay;jcif;jzpfonf/


aemufqufwGJ - 13

trIonfpdwfauseyfrI&Sd^r&Sd yHkpH

(tcef;7wGifazmfjyxm;)

Source: Timap for Justice

trIonfpdwfauseyfrI&Sd^r&Sd yHkpH

trIeHygwf __________________________ trIonftrnf ____________________________ &ufpGJ _____________

trIqHk;jzwfrItay:oifpdwfauseyfrI&Sdygovm;/ tajzrSefudk0dkif;yg/ auseyfygonf ^ rauseyfyg/

rdrdwGif,ckuJhodkYqifwljyóemrsm;ay:aygufvmygu uRefawmfwdkY½kH;udkjyefvmygrvm;/

tajzrSefudk0dkif;yg/ rvmyg ^ raocsmyg ^ vmygrnf/

uRefawmfwdkY\0efaqmifrItay: rdrdpdwfauseyfrIudk tqifhtvdkufazmfjyay;yg/ (1) onf vHk;0pdwfauseyfrIr&Sdyg[k

qdkvdkNyD; (5) rSm vHk;0pdwfauseyfygonf[k qdkvdkygonf/

1 2 3 4 5

aemufxyfí xifjrifcsufrsm;ay;vdkygu ,ckpm&Guf\aemufausmwGif a&;Edkifonf/

trIonf\vufrSwf

.. ..


usrf;udk;pm&if;

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