comorbidities from drug related adverse events
TRANSCRIPT
Distinguishing comorbidities from drug-related adverse events in MS clinical trials
Gavin Giovannoni
Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry
Disclosures
Professor Giovannoni has received personal compensation for participating on Advisory Boards in relation to clinical trial design, trial steering committees and data and safety monitoring committees from: Abbvie, Bayer-Schering Healthcare, Biogen-Idec, Canbex, Eisai, Elan, Fiveprime, Genzyme, Genentech, GSK, GW Pharma, Ironwood, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Synthon BV, Teva, UCB Pharma and Vertex Pharmaceuticals.
Professor Giovannoni would like to acknowledge and thank Abbvie, Biogen-Idec, Genzyme, Merck-Serono, Novartis and several colleagues for making available data slides on alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, fingolimod and natalizumab for this presentation.
Adverse events
Poor Health
Health MS
Disease-modifying & Symptomatic Therapies
Co-morbidities
?
Defining the task
Data sources
1. Registers (not optimised for pharmacovigilance) 2. National & Regional electronic medical records
a) Scandinavia (Denmark & Sweden) b) HMOs (Kaiser / Vas) c) Hospital Episode Statistics & THIN or GP Database (UK)
3. Spontaneous reporting – yellow carding
Adverse events: fingolimod 0.5 mg compared with placebo
Study : FREEDOMS (D2301) Fingolimod 0.5 mg (N=425) Placebo (N=418)
Lymphopenia
Hepatic enzyme increased
Gamma-glutamyltransferase increased
Tinea versicolor
Vision blurred
Migraine
Alanine aminotransferase increased
Back pain
Bronchitis
Relative risk with 95% CI
Hypertension
Overall AEs
Diarrhea
Dyspnea
Urinary tract infection
Micturition urgency
Musculoskeletal stiffness
Somnolence
Leukopenia
0.016 0.125 1 8 64 512 0.002
Higher with Fingolimod Higher with Placebo
Presentation FDA-Advisory Committee Meeting June 10, 2010; Collins AW et al. Multiple Sclerosis October 2010; 16 : S295 (Poster 843)
Adverse events: fingolimod 0.5 mg compared with IFNβ-1a IM
Study: TRANSFORMS (D2302) Fingolimod 0.5 mg (N=429) IFNβ-1a IM (interferon beta-1a intramuscular) (N=431)
Relative risk with 95% CI
Gamma-glutamyl transferase increased
Hepatic enzyme increased
Alanine aminotransferase increased
Hypertension
Bronchitis
Depression
Arthralgia
Myalgia
Pyrexia
Infusion-related reaction
Influenza-like illness
Chills
Overall AEs
0.004 0.016 0.063 1 4 0.250 16 64 256
Higher with Fingolimod Higher with IFNβ-1a IM
Presentation FDA-Advisory Committee Meeting June 10, 2010
Defining comorbidity
The term "comorbid" has three definitions:
1. to indicate a medical condition existing simultaneously but independently with another condition in a patient . (this is the older and more "correct" definition)
2. to indicate a medical condition in a patient that causes, is caused by, or is otherwise related to another condition in the same patient. (this is a newer, nonstandard definition and less well-accepted)
3. to indicate two or more medical conditions existing simultaneously regardless of their causal relationship.
Poor Health Health
Is premature ageing a comorbidity?
MS-related MS-specific
Possibly MS-related
non-specific
Treatment-related non-specific
Treatment-related specific
At risk High Risk RIS CIS MS
In utero Childhood Adolescence / early adulthood Adulthood
MS ENDOPHENOTYPE
Ageing
Co-morbidties
Non MS-related
Is premature ageing a comorbidity?
MS-related MS-specific
Possibly MS-related
non-specific
Treatment-related non-specific
Treatment-related specific
At risk High Risk RIS CIS MS
In utero Childhood Adolescence / early adulthood Adulthood
MS ENDOPHENOTYPE
Ageing
Co-morbidties
Non MS-related
Seizures (fampridine)
Fractures Osteopenia (steroids)
Small vessel disease HTension (fingolimod)
PML, opportunistic infections Immunosuppression (natalizumab,
fingolimod, DMF, etc.)
Fatigue Flu-like symptoms
(Interferon-beta)
Age-related cognitive impairment CNS anti-cholinergic drugs
Adverse events Co-morbidities
?
Kleinschmidt-DeMasters,et al. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jul 28;353(4):369-74.
PML complicating treatment with natalizumab and IFNb-1a for MS
“There are known knowns; there are things we know that we know. There are known unknowns; that is to say, there are things that we now know we don't know. But there are also unknown unknowns – there are things we do not know we don't know.”
United States Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld
Rumsfeldometer
1. Known-knowns - there are things we know that we know
2. Unknown-knowns - these are the things we know will occur
3. Known-unknowns - there are things that we now know we don't know
4. Unknown-unknowns - there are things we do not know we don't know
Rumsfeldometer
1. Known-knowns - there are things we know that we know
2. Unknown-knowns - these are the things we know will occur
3. Known-unknowns - there are things that we now know we don't know
4. Unknown-unknowns - there are things we do not know we don't know
MITOXANTRONE
Mistry et al. Engl J Med. 2005 Apr 14;352(15):1529-38.
Events of special interest: haematology cell counts
*Based on the full study population (placebo n=437; cladribine 3.5 mg/kg n=433; cladribine 5.25 mg/kg n=456) †Based on analysis from a subset of patients (placebo n=79; cladribine 3.5 mg/kg n=81; cladribine 5.25 mg/kg n=80)
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Cell
s/μ
l
BL 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 LA
Weeks
CD3 (T cells)†
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Cell
s/n
L
BL 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 LA
Weeks
Leukocytes*
250
200
150
100
50
0
Ce
lls
/μl
BL 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 LA
Weeks
CD19 (B cells)†
4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5
0
Cell
s/n
L
BL 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 LA
Weeks
Neutrophils*
*Except uterine leiomyoma; †The percentage of patients in one active treatment group is ≥2 x the percentage of patients in the placebo group or vice versa
TEAEs occurring in ≥2% patients* in any treatment group at ≥2 x frequency of another group†
Preferred term, n (%) Placebo (n=435)
Cladribine 3.5 mg/kg (n=430)
Cladribine 5.25 mg/kg (n=454)
Cladribine Overall (n=884)
Lymphopenia 8 (1.8) 93 (21.6) 143 (31.5) 236 (26.7)
Leukopenia 3 (0.7) 24 (5.6) 39 (8.6) 63 (7.1)
Lymphocyte count decreased 0 (0.0) 13 (3.0) 26 (5.7) 39 (4.4)
Neutropenia 2 (0.5) 8 (1.9) 10 (2.2) 18 (2.0)
Vertigo 11 (2.5) 14 (3.3) 23 (5.1) 37 (4.2)
Tinnitus 2 (0.5) 2 (0.5) 10 (2.2) 12 (1.4)
Hypoaesthesia 4 (0.9) 2 (0.5) 9 (2.0) 11 (1.2)
Pyrexia 8 (1.8) 14 (3.3) 18 (4.0) 32 (3.6)
Viral upper respiratory tract infection
5 (1.1) 13 (3.0) 7 (1.5) 20 (2.3)
Herpes zoster 0 (0.0) 8 (1.9) 11 (2.4) 19 (2.1)
Alopecia 5 (1.1) 15 (3.5) 14 (3.1) 29 (3.3)
Rash 5 (1.1) 10 (2.3) 11 (2.4) 21 (2.4)
Dermatitis allergic 3 (0.7) 12 (2.8) 6 (1.3) 18 (2.0)
Contusion 3 (0.7) 6 (1.4) 9 (2.0) 15 (1.7)
Gastritis 9 (2.1) 3 (0.7) 5 (1.1) 8 (0.9)
Uterine leiomyoma 1 (0.2) 5 (1.2) 4 (0.9) 9 (1.0)
Rumsfeldometer
1. Known-knowns - there are things we know that we know
2. Unknown-knowns - these are the things we know will occur
3. Known-unknowns - there are things that we now know we don't know
4. Unknown-unknowns - there are things we do not know we don't know
PML in a Patient Treated with Dimethyl Fumarate from a Compounding Pharmacy
Van Oosten et al. NEJM 2013:368(17):1658-9.
This bulletin advises that patients who develop severe, persistent lymphopenia during Fumaderm therapy (around 3% of patients) are at risk of opportunistic infections, and refers to 3 cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), 1 case of Kaposi's sarcoma and 1 case of nocardiosis in such patients.
Unknown-known
Alemtuzumab: overview of adverse events
Adverse events Description
Infusion-associated reactions (IARs)1-4
• IARs were common, predominantly mild to moderate, and reduced with steroid pre-treatment
Autoimmune thyroid events1-4
• The majority of first occurring thyroid AEs occurred after Year 1 (12 months after first course), with the highest incidence occurring in Year 3 and declined thereafter1
• Majority of thyroid events responded to conventional treatment
ITP1-4 • ITP has been reported in 1.5% of patients
• With the exception of a fatal index case, all subsequent ITP cases were detected early through the safety monitoring program and responded to treatment
Nephropathy1-5 • Nephropathies are rare (incidence ~0.3%) and occurred within 48 months of the last alemtuzumab treatment course (the recommended monitoring period)
• All cases in the MS clinical program were detected by the safety monitoring program and none resulted in renal failure5
Infections1-4 • Infections with alemtuzumab were predominantly mild to moderate and responded to conventional treatment
• Lymphocyte counts did not correlate with occurrence of infection
1. Coles AJ et al. N Engl J Med 2008;259:1786-801; 2. Cohen JA et al. Lancet 2012;380:1819-28; 3. Coles AJ et al. Lancet 2012;380(9856):1829-39;
4. Fox E et al. AAN 2013, S41.001; 5. Wynn D et al. ECTRIMS 2013. P597.
Anti-natalizumab Antibodies
Number of Patients at Risk
Placebo
Antibody Negative
Transiently Positive
Persistently Positive
315
568
20
37
296
550
19
32
283
538
18
26
264
526
16
25
248
506
16
24
240
487
16
22
229
480
15
22
216
470
14
19
208
460
14
16
200
449
14
15
Weeks
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120
29%
Placebo
17%
Antibody Negative
17%
Transiently Antibody Positive
34%Persistently Antibody Positive
Cu
mu
lati
ve
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f P
ati
en
ts
wit
h S
us
tain
ed
Dis
ab
ilit
y
Pro
gre
ss
ion
(E
DS
S) *,†
*p ≤0.05 vs. antibody-negative patients†p=0.66 vs. placebo
Number of Patients at Risk
Placebo
Antibody Negative
Transiently Positive
Persistently Positive
315
568
20
37
296
550
19
32
283
538
18
26
264
526
16
25
248
506
16
24
240
487
16
22
229
480
15
22
216
470
14
19
208
460
14
16
200
449
14
15
Weeks
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120
29%
Placebo
17%
Antibody Negative
17%
Transiently Antibody Positive
34%Persistently Antibody Positive
Cu
mu
lati
ve
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f P
ati
en
ts
wit
h S
us
tain
ed
Dis
ab
ilit
y
Pro
gre
ss
ion
(E
DS
S) *,†
*p ≤0.05 vs. antibody-negative patients†p=0.66 vs. placebo
0.73
0.220.16
0.48*
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Ad
jus
ted
An
nu
ali
ze
d R
ela
pse
Ra
te (
95
% C
I)
Placebo
(n=315)
Antibody Negative
(n=568)
Transiently
Antibody Positive
( n=20)
Persistently
Antibody Positive
(n=37)
*p=0.009 vs. antibody-negative patients
0.73
0.220.16
0.48*
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Ad
jus
ted
An
nu
ali
ze
d R
ela
pse
Ra
te (
95
% C
I)
Placebo
(n=315)
Antibody Negative
(n=568)
Transiently
Antibody Positive
( n=20)
Persistently
Antibody Positive
(n=37)
*p=0.009 vs. antibody-negative patients
Calabresi et al, Neurol 2007
Impact of anti-natalizumab antibodies on . . . . .
Annualized relapse rate Progressive disability
Natalizumab infusion reactions
• Acute hypersensitivity reactions are well-recognized
• Generalized urticaria, dizziness, fever, rash, rigors, pruritus, nausea, flushing, dyspnea, chest pain
• Onset generally during or within 1 hour of second infusion
• Incidence ~4%
• severe anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions <1%
• Most reactions are associated with anti-natalizumab antibodies
• Treatment:
• immediate and permanent cessation of natalizumab
• antihistamines
Rudick et al, NEJM 2006
Rumsfeldometer
1. Known-knowns - there are things we know that we know
2. Unknown-knowns - these are the things we know will occur
3. Known-unknowns - there are things that we now know we don't know
4. Unknown-unknowns - there are things we do not know we don't know
0.33
0.14 0.15
Cladribine
Placebo (n=437)
Cladribine 3.5 mg/kg
(n=433)
An
nu
alis
ed
re
lap
se r
ate
(9
5%
CI)
ITT, intent-to-treat population
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
Cladribine 5.25 mg/kg
(n=456)
54.5% reduction vs placebo
p<0.001
57.6% reduction vs placebo
p<0.001
AEs of special interest: malignancies
The standardised incidence ratio (SIR) matched for country/gender/age1 was 0.99 (95% CI: 0.25, 2.70)
Reliable risk estimate is not possible in a 2 year clinical trial setting for events:
With a long latency
With a low incidence
Further characterization of this potential risk
CLARITY extension study
Post-marketing surveillance (PASS)
Preferred term, n (%) patients
Placebo (n=435)
Cladribine 3.5 mg/kg (n=430)
Cladribine 5.25 mg/kg
(n=454)
Cladribine overall
(n=884)
During study
Malignant melanoma 0 0.2 (1) 0 0.1 (1)
Ovarian cancer 0 0.2 (1) 0 0.1 (1)
Pancreatic carcinoma, metastatic 0 0.2 (1) 0 0.1 (1)
During post-study surveillance
Choriocarcinoma 0 0 0.2 (1) 0.1 (1)
1International Agency for Research on Cancer database (1998–2002) and the Globocan 2002 database
Cancer risk not increased from cladribine in relapsing MS
Pakpoor et al. Submitted 2015
Forest plot of malignancy rates in treatment groups from phase III trials with a placebo group
Forest plot of malignancy rates in placebo groups of phase III trials
Cancer risk not increased from cladribine in relapsing MS
Pakpoor et al. Submitted 2015
Forest plot of malignancy rates in treatment groups of all phase III trials
Rumsfeldometer
1. Known-knowns - there are things we know that we know
2. Unknown-knowns - these are the things we know will occur
3. Known-unknowns - there are things that we now know we don't know
4. Unknown-unknowns - there are things we do not know we don't know
Rheumatoid arthritis
Reduced efficacy due to IFNbeta NAbs – systematic review
Farrell & Giovannoni, Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 567-577.
Epoetin-induced PRCA
Eckardt & Casadevall Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003;18:865-869.
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J
1997 1998J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
t Epo-refractory anemia (diagnosis)
l Pure Red Cell Aplasia (diagnosis)
Epoetin alfa SC Eprex
Epoetin alfa IV Eprex
Darbepoetin
Epoetin beta SC NeoRecormon
Since Dec 93
Since Feb 93
Since Dec 95
NABs: Endocrine vs. Paracrine vs. Autocrine
Effects of NABs
• Common side effects
• No flu-like side effects
• No lymphopaenia
• No abnormal LFTs
• Skin reactions?
• Loss of efficacy
• Rare immune effects
• Antiviral?
• Anti-tumour?
• Autoimmunity?
• Bone metabolism?
• Other?
Mechanisms of interferon-b effects on bone homeostasis
Abraham et al. Biochem Pharmacol. 2009 Jun 15;77(12):1757-62.
Osteopaenia / Osteoporosis?
Derry et al Nature Reviews Immunology 7, 715-725 (September 2007)
Neonatal Fc receptor
Tumours
Infection
Pharmacovigilance
Unknown-knowns
Known-unknowns
Unknown-unknowns
Known-knowns
Take special care with Interferon-beta-1b: If you might have a disorder of the immune system in which abnormal proteins are found in the blood (monoclonal gammopathy), you must check this with your doctor before you use interferon beta-1b. Patients who have the rare condition known as monoclonal gammopathy may develop problems with their small blood vessels (capillaries) leading to shock (collapse) which can be fatal, when they use medicines like interferon-beta-1b. See also 4. Possible side effects.
Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing MS
Cohen et al. N Engl J Med. 2010 Feb 4;362(5):402-15.
Thrombotic Microangiopathy Associated with Interferon Beta
Hunt et al. N Engl J Med. 2014 Mar 27;370(13):1270-1.
Rumsfeldometer
1. Known-knowns - there are things we know that we know
2. Unknown-knowns - these are the things we know will occur
3. Known-unknowns - there are things that we now know we don't know
4. Unknown-unknowns - there are things we do not know we don't know
5. Unclassifiable
REBOUND AFTER NATALIZUMAB WITHDRAWAL
Rigau et al. Neurology. 2012 Nov 27;79(22):2214-6.
Co-morbidity classification
Known Knowns
Unknown Knowns
Known Unknowns
Unknown Unknowns
Unclassifiable
Mode of Action 1. On-target 2. Off-target 3. Specific 4. Non-specific 5. Interaction with
MS-relate comorbidities and/or human biology
6. Withdrawal
Type 1. Treated individual 2. Teratogenic 3. Congenital
(transplacental)
Frequency: common, uncommon, very uncommon, rare (pharmacovigilance) Comparator: placebo, active, population Analogy: other diseases Systems biology: ageing Integrate data sources: big data project
Inflammation as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor
Willerson & Ridker. Circulation 2004:109[suppl II]:II-2–II-10.
Defining the problem
Poor Health Health
1. the state of being free from illness or injury;
2. a person’s mental or physical condition;
3. used to express friendly feelings towards one’s companions before drinking.
Source: Oxford English Dictionary
Health [noun]
“Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
World Health Organisation
“Health is more than the opposite of disease.” David Seedhouse, New Philosopher 2015;7:97-99