comox valley naturalists society wetland restoration...

Comox Valley Naturalists Society

Wetland Restoration Project

2004

Written

by

E. Sellentin

Courtenay River Estuary – Few Flowered Shooting Star

CVNS Wetland Restoration Project - 2004 E. Sellentin

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5

INTRODUCTION 5

Consequences of Invasive Alien Species(IAS) 5

INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES IN THE COMOX VALLEY 6

Background 6

Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) 6

Figure 1. Purple Loosestrife 7

Figure 2. Purple Loosestrife in bloom 7

Purple Loosestrife Removal 2004 7

Chart 1. Purple Loosestrife Removal 1999-2004 8

Table 1. 1999-2004 Days Worked Per Area, Purple Loosestrife Removal 8

Chart 2. Days Worked Per Area, Purple Loosestrife Removal 9

Yellow Flag Iris (Iris pseudacorus) 9

Figure 3. Yellow Flag Iris 9

Table 2. Landfilled Yellow Flag Iris and Knotweed Species 10

Japanese, Giant Knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum, P. sachalinense) 10

Figure 4. Japanese Knotweed in Bloom 10

Figure 5. Japanese Knotweed in the Courtenay River Estuary 11

Himalayan Blackberries (Rubus discolor) 11

Figure 6. Blackberries dominating Twinberry 12

Figure 7. Himalayan Blackberries, Courtenay River Estuary 12

Courtenay Estuary Invasive Species Removal and Native Plantings 13

Figure 8. Courtenay Airpark Naturalization, 2004 13

Grass Species in the Courtenay River Estuary 14

Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea) 15

Figure 9. Reed Canary Grass as a Dominant Species 15

SUMMARY OF WORK COMPLETED 17

Chart 3. Days Worked per Job Description, 2003 & 2004 18

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APPENDIX 1. 21

Location of Purple Loosestrife Removal - 2004 21

Area 1 – Comox Bay Farms (CBF) - Ditch lines and ponds on DU Lands 21

Figure 10, Area 1. Comox Bay Farm Ponds 22

Figure 11, Area 1. Comox Bay Farm to Barry’s Farm 22

Area 2 – Slough through Simpson & Barry Farms to CBF 23

Figure 12, Area 2. Slough through Simpson & Barry Farms 23

Figure 13, Area 2. Slough and Barry’s Farm ditch line 24

Area 3 – Airpark Walkway 25

Figure 14, Area 3. Airpark Walkway 25




Area 4 – Courtenay River from Lewis Park to Airpark Marina 28

Figure 18, Area 4. Courtenay River from Airpark to Millennium Park 28

Figure 19, Area 4. Courtenay River from Standard to Lewis Parks 29

Area 5– Courtenay River north of Lewis Park including Tsolum River and Old Tsolum River

channel and wetlands. 29

Figure 20, Area 5. Old Tsolum River Channel and Courtenay River 30

Figure 21, Area 5. Courtenay River and Old Tsolum River Channel 31

Figure 22, Area 5. Tsolum River showing location of Knotweed species. 31

Area 6 – Estuary on East side of Comox Road and south of Field Sawmill 32

Figure 23, Area 6. Courtenay River Estuary Purple Loosestrife 32

Figure 24, Area 7. Detention Pond at Malahat Drive and Glen Urquhart Creek 33

Figure 25, Area 6. Courtenay River Estuary Yellow Flag Iris & Knotweed Species 34

APPENDIX 2. 35

Location of Himalayan Blackberry Dominance 35

Figure 26, Courtenay River Estuary, Dominance by Himalayan Blackberries 35

Table 3. 2003-04 Blackberry Species Measurements and Removal 35

APPENDIX 3. COURTENAY RIVER ESTUARY PLANT COMMUNITIES 36

Figure 27. Plant Communities from the East 44

Figure 28. Plant Communities from the West 45

APPENDIX 4. NATIVE SPECIES PLANTINGS, 2004 46

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The ongoing efforts to remove non-native invasive plants from the Courtenay River, its estuary and

surrounding wetlands was made possible through the financial help and support from the following

organizations:

Comox Valley Naturalists Society

Regional District of Comox Strathcona

International Forest Products - Field Sawmill

Envirochem Services Inc. - Tom Finnbogason

Shell Environmental Fund

City of Courtenay

Ducks Unlimited

Federation of BC Naturalists

Comox Valley Community Foundation

Courtenay Airpark Association

Project Watershed Society for Sensitive Habitat Inventory Mapping

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4>0$M*.-,&*1/*B)($>@-/*@/$This report was written by Ernie Sellentin with

contributions from Heather West on the Grasses

of the Courtenay River Estuary. All photographs

by E. Sellentin. If you would like further

information about the Comox Valley Naturalists

Wetland Restoration Project please contact E.

Sellentin via email at [email protected]

Project Supervisor – Ernie Sellentin

With special thanks to the Crew:

Field Supervisor - Alison Millham

Field hands - Darrin Jensen, Genevieve Sachet and Rae-Ann Bond.

Project overseer - Betty Lunam and volunteers from the Comox Valley Naturalists Society that helped

out on numerous occasions.

Plant Species Identification – Mr. Fred Constable and Manivalde Vaartnou

! $


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Over the past fourteen years the Comox Valley Naturalists Society (CVNS) has spearheaded the

removal of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) from the wetlands of the Comox Valley. Purple

loosestrife is an invasive alien species that out competes native species, dries up and changes wetland

ecology. Fieldwork by CVNS members, volunteers and hired employees has lead to the realization that

there are other invasive species and issues threatening the ecology and biodiversity of the local

wetlands.

In 2002 the CVNS moved to a holistic approach of estuary/wetland management that includes removal

of other invasives, planting of native species, and working with the local sawmill to solve bark debris

problems in the Courtenay River estuary. Purple loosestrife numbers have declined from a high of

24,520 in 1999 to 6,628 in 2004. Over the 2002 - 2004 field seasons, 28,100kg of sawmill debris,

11,200kg of yellow flag iris and 2,080kg of Japanese knotweed was removed from the Courtenay River

estuary. The extent of Himalayan blackberry dominance has been mapped at 7150 m2 with 1300m

2

removed in 2003 and 2,942 removed in 2004. Additionally, the eleven plant communities of the

estuary were mapped in 2003 along with identification of over 170 species of vascular plants.

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this report is to raise awareness about invasive species in the Comox Valley and

document the wetland and estuary habitat restoration work done since 1999 by the CVNS. The

restoration efforts include the removal of invasive species from Comox Valley wetland, riverine and

estuarine habitats and replanting with the appropriate native species.

!

"#$%&'(&$)&%!#*!+$,-%.,&!/0.&$!12&).&%34+/15!!The following italicised paragraphs are taken from the websites of the Global Invasive Species

Program2 (GISP) and from statements by its associated Invasive Species Specialist Group. These

paragraphs are meant for readers to familiarize themselves with the issues and the dangers associated

with allowing an unchecked spread of invasive alien species.

Species suddenly taken to new environments may fail to survive but often they thrive, and they become

invasive. This process, together with habitat destruction, has been a major cause of extinction of native

species throughout the world in the past few hundred years. Although in the past many of these losses

have gone unrecorded, today, there is an increasing realisation of the ecological costs of biological

invasion in terms of irretrievable loss of native biodiversity.

Invasive species are organisms (usually transported by humans) which successfully establish

themselves in, and then overcome, otherwise intact, pre-existing native ecosystems. Biologists are still

trying to characterise this capability to invade… But whatever the causes, the consequences of such

invasions - including alteration of habitat and disruption of natural ecosystem processes - are often

catastrophic for native species.” http://www.issg.org/ January 29, 2003

1 Invasive Alien species (IAS) are “introduced deliberately or unintentionally outside their natural habitats where

they have the ability to establish themselves, invade, outcompete natives and take over the new environments.” 2 International group of scientists that are laying the groundwork to address invasive alien species in science,

education, management and policy through collaborative international action

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“Failure to address the underlying causes of biological invasion and mitigate the impacts of IAS

(Invasive Alien Species) will result in both losses and gains. We will, for example, lose numerous

species, genetic resources, and quite possibly the entire concept of "protected" areas. Poverty,

malnourishment, human migration, and disease epidemics will, on the other hand, increase.”

http://jasper.stanford.edu/gisp/home.htm January 29, 2003

The above paragraphs highlight the very real dangers created by IAS. In particular, the last paragraph

raises the possibility of losing protected areas (parks, ecological preserves) as what could be considered

repositories of native species and genetic diversity. The concept of “protected” areas is especially

relevant as we move to a local scale and the preservation of the remaining wetlands in the Comox

Valley.

INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES IN THE COMOX VALLEY

6-)789#($:!Within weeks of the 1991 discovery of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in the Courtenay River

estuary, Comox Valley Naturalists Society (CVNS) members and volunteers armed with shovels began

the task of removing it. By the summer of 1995 it became apparent that even a bio-control release of

predatory beetles in 1994 was to prove unsuccessful. The Courtenay River estuary was now infested

with loosestrife and the nearby source of contamination; a wetland was a sea of pink. CVNS member

and director Betty Lunam solicited funds from donor organizations and the public to hire workers to

replace volunteers suffering from burnout. In 1998 the continued efforts of Ms Lunam and the CVNS

were recognized by Eco-Action with a crew and supervisor in 1998-99 seasons. With the demise of

Eco-Action in 2000, funding was sought from other sources with limited success. A major

breakthrough came in 2001 when an accountability strategy was adopted to measure the success of

loosestrife removal. This new strategy involved counting the roots of all loosestrife plants removed

and mapping locations. With the recorded hours worked in 1999 & 2000 an estimate of plants removed

for these years could be derived from the 2001 plants-removed/hours worked ratio. Real numbers

indicated a dramatic decline in purple loosestrife presence. The CVNS project was succeeding and this

success gave funders a reason to financially support the project.

In 2004, the CVNS continued its program to eradicate alien plant species and establish diverse, healthy

populations of native species in the Courtenay River and its estuary. The IAS purple loosestrife

(Lythrum salicaria), yellow flag iris (Iris pseudacorus), Knotweed species (Polygonum cuspidatum, P.

sachalinense), Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) and Himalayan blackberry (Rubus discolor) were

targeted for various degrees of removal efforts.

;(920&!<##%&%=9.*&!4!"#$%&'()*+,-*%,*.(Purple loosestrife, a tall beautiful flowering plant, invades wetlands and gradually takes them over to

the exclusion of other plants. As a perennial plant, loosestrife increases its woody root mass yearly,

which can result in drying out marshes, destroying native habitat and displacing wildlife. The City of

Courtenay, the Town of Comox and the Regional District of Comox-Strathcona have put this invasive

plant on their noxious weed list.

This is the fourteenth year that the Comox Valley Naturalists Society (CVNS) have been waging an

unremitting war on purple loosestrife. Although native species have returned in greater numbers, other

invasive plants have colonized the disturbed areas.

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Distinguishing features include a square stock

and lance shaped leaves with a leaf within a

leaf pattern.

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In total 6,628 purple loosestrife plants were removed from the wetlands of the Comox Valley in 2004.

The 2004 removal of purple loosestrife was a very strong effort with all sites receiving a final cleanup

and a later inspection. Chart 1, page 8 shows the number of purple loosestrife plants removed over

the period 1999 - 2004 with a Trendline predicting less than 5,000 plants for 2005.

Appendix 1 beginning on page 21 contains aerial photographs indicating the locations where purple

loosestrife was removed in 2003 & 2004. Appendix 1 is meant to act as a guide and maps for the

2005 season and beyond.

! '


Purple Loosestrife Removal

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The eight locations where purple loosestrife was removed are listed in Table 1 and displayed in Chart

2. A total of 53 days were dedicated to loosestrife removal in 2004 (58 days – 2003). Large seed

bearing plants (52 plants greater than 3 years old) are still being found in numbers. One extra large

plant was found at the intersection of Glen Urquhart Creek and Thorpe Drive in east Courtenay.

Loosestrife seeds in the Glen Urquhart Creek system from this plant will eventually float downstream

to sprout in the ditch lines of the Comox Bay Farm, Barry’s Farm or the Courtenay River estuary.

Days Days Days Days Days Loosestrife Removal

1999 2001 2002 2003 2004

Comox Bay Farm 18.0 8.1 5.0 5.5 2.9

Simpson & Barry Farms 5.0 1.8 1.3 5.1 3.2

Airpark & Walkway 4.0 0.9 3.1 3.3 3.5

Courtenay River 2.0 5.4 3.9 7.9 2.6

Lewis Park 15.0 27.9 14.8 12.8 16.5

Estuary 64.0 22.2 15.8 19.5 19.9

Malahat Drive 1.0 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.9

Stapley Road/Campbell River 3.9 3.6

Totals 109.0 66.8 44.6 58.3 53.0

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Purple Loosestrife Removal

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Planted for its showy yellow

spring flowers and for its erect

sword like leaves it often escapes

the garden to spread locally

along shorelines, stream flats,

and into fresh and brackish

marshes. Yellow flag iris is a

hearty perennial that re-grows

from thick, tuberous rhizomes or

corms. The rhizomes spread

radially to produce large clonal

populations. Rhizomes are

drought tolerant.

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!Both rhizomes and seeds of iris are transported downstream during winter’s high water floods to form

new colonies. Yellow flag iris will grow vigorously in water or wet soil to the complete exclusion of

cattails (Typha latifolia). ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Eighteen days were spent removing, bagging and hauling yellow flag iris to the landfill in 2004. In

total 11,196 kg of yellow flag were removed from the Courtenay River estuary over the 2002, 2003 &

2004 seasons. It will be important to monitor yellow flag presence over the next few years and

remove all plants as they mature and flower (easy to find) and before they can contribute to the

seed bank. Table 2 shows the dates and amounts of yellow flag iris and knotweed species that was

disposed of at the Pigeon Lake Landfill in 2002-04 years.

Year KGS Yellow flag iris Knotweed sps Garbage

2004 1,040 1010 30

2003 5,460 5,176 284

2002 6,810 5,010 1,800

Overall total 13,410 11,196 2,084 30

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While the bulk of yellow flag iris has been removed from the Courtenay River estuary there still

remains a considerable viable seed bank in the soil. Areas disturbed in the process of removing yellow

flag iris corms are often re-colonized with yellow flag seedlings from the seed bank. It was necessary

to hoe or weed most areas a couple of times to stop re-establishment. Additionally, areas that were

removed of blackberries and replanted with native grasses and

herbs required the weeding of thousands of yellow flag iris

seedlings that sprouted from the ever-present seed bank.

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)(%2.:-=(BM!;?!%-)F-0.$&$%&5!!Knotweed species are present in hundreds of locations throughout

the Comox Valley and thousands of locations on Vancouver Island.

It is being spread to and from sites through the movement and

disturbance of knotweed contaminated soils. Knotweed grows in

all types of habitats from dry sand dune to wetland habitats. It

forms large dense stands three metres or taller in wetlands and

along streams choking out native species and endangering fish and

their habitat.

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Knotweed species are members of the Buckwheat Family,

herbaceous, semi-woody perennials with egg-shaped leathery leaves and greenish-white flowers that

bloom in clusters along the stem. With stout hollow stems, knotweeds can grow to three metres in

height forming dense clumps resembling bamboo. Soils contaminated with a rhizome piece as small as

7 grams can produce another plant. The rhizomes can penetrate concrete or asphalt, burrow into

hardpan soils to a depth of 2 metres, and reach 7 metres around the base of the plant.

Along the banks of the Courtenay River and in the estuary, knotweed has grown into dense groves

excluding all other plant communities.

! 89


In Europe and the UK there has been a longer history of naturalization and spread of knotweed species

than in North America. The

destructive potential of knotweed

species has been recognized in the

UK with a budget for control and

legislation making it illegal to

introduce knotweed into the natural

environment.

Knotweed species are extremely

difficult to remove in wetland

habitats due to the reproductive

ability of its rhizomes. Established

plants should not be disturbed

(rhizome contaminated soils spread

infestations further) unless sufficient

funding is in place to effect a

complete removal within two

treatments (Huckins, E. 2003).

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For fear of spreading knotweed infestations further we were unwilling to target new plants for

eradication in 2003 or 2004. Table 2 on page 10 shows that 284kg of knotweed roots were removed in

2003 and 1800kg in 2002. Additionally, research continues for better methods of knotweed eradication

as current successful techniques rely primarily on the use of herbicides. In Canada there are no

herbicides approved for use in wetlands. Figure 5 shows a small plant that was successfully removed

in 2002 by hand digging and disposing of the roots in a landfill.

V.B-0-K-$!60-)7A&99.&%!4/&0&)(1,)-2+2%.(Known for their delicious berries, Himalayan blackberries are a major invasive alien species in the

estuary of the Courtenay River. Blackberries spread through seeds and via vines that touch earth at

their tips and sprout roots. The ability of vines to root at their tips allows blackberries to colonize

areas where it would be difficult to get established with seeds alone. In this manner, blackberries have

extended from roadsides and disturbed areas into the Courtenay River estuary. Once established

blackberries out compete native species by sending up new vines that can reach lengths in excess of 15

meters. These vines grow up through native species such as twinberry, tip over when not supported

and grow on top of the native species. Over time the dead vines press the native species down, deny

them sufficient light and eventually smother native shrubs out. Figure 6 shows a twinberry plant that

was pressed to the ground in just such a manner.

! 88


Blackberry plants

with vines partially

removed

Twinberry -

alive but

flattened by

blackberry

vines

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Blackberries dominate 4.7% of the estuary or 23.4% of

the upland area of the estuary. The aerial photograph

in Appendix 2 on page 33 shows the locations of the

major blackberry infestations of the Courtenay River

estuary that were measured in 2003. Of the 7457 m2 of

blackberries, 3243 were removed in 2003 and 1299 m2

were removed in 2003. There remains approximately

2915 m2 of blackberries in the estuary scattered over 7

different areas. .

Removal of blackberries involves cutting back the

vines to access the root base of the plant and then

digging out the roots. Once dug out, root wads and

smaller roots that are exposed to the sun expire.

Complete removal of blackberries will require

continued visits to pull remaining roots as they sprout.

Figure 7 to the right shows blackberries gaining a

height greater than 6 metres by using the limbs of a

spruce tree for support. Small amounts of Nootka rose

can be seen in the left foreground of the photo.

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The Comox Valley Naturalists Society acts as stewards of the Airpark for the City of Courtenay. As

such the CVNS has a goal of naturalizing the Airpark by removing non-native species and establishing

healthy populations of native species through recruitment from adjacent natural areas and plantings. A

Garry Oak ecosystem will be established in drier areas and estuarine species in the wetter areas.

Approximately 2 weeks were spent removing Himalayan blackberry and Scotch broom from a section

of the Courtenay Airpark. Soils along the Airpark Walkway are comprised of compacted poor quality

fills and range from coarse to fine gravels, clays and debris from construction sites including concrete,

asphalts and metals. The compact nature of the soils in the Airpark makes digging with hand tools

physically demanding, time consuming and non-productive. For this reason, removal of invasives and

planting of native species was done with the aid of a rented mini-excavator. The excavator was used to

remove blackberries, dig holes for native plantings and load a track carrier with biosolids. The

Regional District of Comox Strathcona donated two dump truck loads of biosolids for the Airpark

Naturalization Project. The biosolids were applied directly to the soil around the native plantings to

boost soil nutrients and plant health. Figure 8 below shows where removal, planting efforts and

biosolids were dispersed in 2004.

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Fitzgerald PlMansfield Dr

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S9-%%!12&).&%!.$!=F&!"#(9=&$-K!C.,&9!U%=(-9K!--Written by Heather West and E. Sellentin--

On July 2, 2003, Ernie Sellentin and Heater West of the Comox Valley Naturalists Society’s Wetland

Habitat Restoration Project met with Manivalde Vaartnou a native grass expert specializing in

vegetation reclamation services. Mr. Vaartnou is currently test growing native grass species on a

commercial scale to determine seed productivity and harvestability. The goal of Mr. Vaartnou’s

project is to have a native grass seed product available for all types of ecosystem reclamation work

(Vaartnou, M. 2003.). Currently non-native grasses are seeded on construction and other sites to

prevent erosion. The practice of seeding with non-native grasses is one reason why many ecosystems

and wetland sites are loosing their native grasses.

The group spent two hours touring the Courtenay River estuary and with Mr Vaartnou’s expertise

identified eleven species of grasses. Of the eleven grass species identified, three of the grasses, tufted

hairgrass, meadow barley, and blue joint are native plant species of our region. The non-native species

were reed canary grass, quack grass, tall fescue, orchard grass, colonial bentgrass, fowl bluegrass,

Kentucky bluegrass, and common velvet grass. The non-native species are most likely derived from

highway seeding projects and the farmlands across the Dyke Road. Kentucky bluegrass, colonial bent

grass, and Canada blue grass are commonly found in seed mixes used for pastures (M. Vaartnou,

2003). The following grass species were identified within the Courtenay Estuary on July 2, 2003. The

field marks and ecological notes are quoted from Pojar and MacKinnon’s Plants of Coastal British

Columbia, 1994.

1. Tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. beringensis) is a highly variable native species

found in many habitats; coastal salt marshes to alpine tundra. Its range extends from the

Arctic to high altitudes in the tropics.

2. Meadow barley (Hordeum brachyantherum) is a native species most abundant in maritime

habitats. The awned spikelets can attach to clothing or to hair and skin of animals. The

spikelets can caused injury by working into the nose or mouth passages, or even through the

intestines of animals eating them, but blacktail deer graze the leaves freely.

3. Blue joint (Calamagrostis canadensis) is a native species that is a very aggressive colonizer

after disturbance. The seeds of blue joint are larger than those of tufted hairgrass.

‘Reedgrass’ is another common name for species in this genus.

4. Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) grows in wet places in disturbed sites. It is scattered

and often locally abundant the southern half of our region especially around areas of human

habitation or agricultural activity. It is not clear whether reed canary grass is entirely

introduced or whether it is indigenous in parts of the coast and has extended its range

through human influence.

5. Quack grass (Elymus repens) is an introduced European species that has become well

established in the settled portions of our region as a vigorous, persistent weed. It is also

known as ‘Couchgrass’.

6. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is an introduced, large, perennial, European species that

occurs in disturbed areas in our region (especially from southwestern B.C. to the south).

This species has broad leaves.

7. Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) is introduced from Eurasia. It is cultivated for hay and is

used in grass-seeding mixtures on clearings and along road cuts. One spot that the orchard

grass is located in the Courtenay Estuary is along the old roadway that is now used as a

trail. Orchard grass could be confused with reed canary grass, but reed canary grass usually


has wider leaves and a more narrow, pointed inflorescence and it usually grows in wetter

habitats than does orchard grass.

8. Colonial bent grass (Agrostis capillaris) is introduced from Europe for pastures and lawns. It is

scattered throughout our region. Also known as A. tenuis, colonial Bentgrass is called

‘colonial’ because it grows in dense masses. The species name capillaris alludes to the thin

leaves.

9. Fowl bluegrass (Poa palustris) is an introduced Eurasian species (Mani argues that fowl

bluegrass is a native species). Bulbous bluegrass is common in disturbed, relatively dry

habitats at low elevations in the southern half of our region (especially in the Strait of

Georgia-Puget Sound area and south). Fowl bluegrass is more delicate than Kentucky

bluegrass and is located on the point in the Courtenay Estuary.

10. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) is an introduced and widely established species that is

extensively used in lawn and pasture grass mixes. It is found in meadows, pastures,

clearings, roadsides, thickets, and open forest sites from low to middle elevations

(especially those near settlements).

11. Common velvet-grass (Holcus lanatus) is an introduced meadow grass from Europe. It is

commonly found growing in and around human settlements at low elevations.

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43$*+*%,)(*%&41,4*-5*5!Reed canary grass was not present in

the eastern part of the estuary in

1974. By 2003 reed canary grass

has become the dominant grass

throughout the entire estuary and is

displacing Lyngby’s sedge at its

upper regions. On the western

portion of the estuary where it was

present in 1974 it has formed large

clonal stands. A late August 2003

inspection of a stand of reed canary

grass shown in figure 9 revealed no

other plant species present.

!!!!!!>.8(9&!G?!C&&:!"-$-9K!S9-%%!-%!-!J#B.$-$=!12&).&%!

By identifying the grass species and plant communities that presently exist in the estuary, changes may

be compared to the plant communities identified in a 1974 Master’s Thesis completed by K. Kennedy.

Twelve grass species were identified in the 1974 thesis, three of which have yet to be identified in the

estuary; seashore saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), western mannagrass (Glyceria occidentalis) and sweet

vernalgrass (Anthoxanthum odoratum). Three species that have emerged since the 1974 thesis (tall

fescue, bluejoint grass, and fowl bluegrass) may have been identified as another species with very

similar characteristics.

Bluejoint grass is native to Vancouver Island but has recently adapted to growing in estuarine habitat.

Perhaps this vigorous species is pushing out some of the weaker competitors and changing the species

found in the Courtenay River estuary (Vaartnou, M. 2003). The general conclusion from the 2003

inventory was that the grass species currently in the Courtenay River estuary are mostly non-native

introduced grasses. Mr Vaartnou recommended the following planting prescriptions:

! 8%


! 8&

1. Sandy Beaches- Tufted hairgrass, Nootka alkali grass, spiked bentgrass, and meadow barley.

2. Estuary meadow- Tufted hairgrass, mannagrass species, and meadow barley. Plant one

kilogram of seed in a small plot and monitor germination success.

Removing the large amount of invasive alien grasses in the Courtenay River estuary is neither

physically possible nor desirable. In 2003 1kg of mannagrass was purchased and planted in an area

that was cleared of blackberries. Mr. Vaartnou identified a few stands of native mannagrass in 2003

and since that time it has been found present in numerous locations most notably in the Old Tsolum

River channel just north of Lewis Park. Approximately 2kgs of mannagrass was harvested in 2004 and

planted in locations where invasive species were removed.

It is hoped that re-introducing native grasses will keep them present and help preserve the historical

biodiversity and food webs of the Courtenay River estuary.

Summary of Plant Communities in the Courtenay River Estuary

In 1974, Kathyrn Kennedy a Masters student at the University of British Columbia identified the plant

communities and plant species of the Courtenay River estuary. Kennedy’s Thesis gives a baseline

study of the plant communities and species that were present at that time. During the 2003 field season

and 29 years after Ms Kennedy’s work the plant communities and species were once again identified.

Comparison of the 1974 and 2003 plant communities and species list shows that the estuary is a place

of change. The ever-present invasive species purple loosestrife, yellow flag iris and Japanese

knotweed were not found in the estuary in 1974. In 2004, reed canary grass is a dominant grass in the

eastern part of the estuary whereas in 1974 it was listed as present only in the western most part of the

estuary.

Nine days were devoted to identifying, recording and mapping the locations of 11 plant communities

and presence of over 170 species of plants in the Courtenay River estuary. Mr. Fred Constable

volunteered a week of his time and was the key force in identifying individual species of plants in the

estuary. In the 2005 an ongoing inventory of seasonal plants will be conducted in an effort to complete

a comprehensive list of plants not easily discovered when in small numbers or unless in bloom.

Appendix 3 starting on page 36 contains a list of the plant communities and species found in the

Courtenay River estuary. Aerial photographs of the estuary on page 45 & 46 diagram the general

locations where communities and their associated species may be found.


! 8'

SUMMARY OF WORK COMPLETED

A total of 1726.5 hours or 230.2 days were spent on the project in 2004. This includes everything from

fieldwork to bookkeeping and the production of this report. Of the 1726.5 hours of work, 115.5 were

volunteer hours. Hours of work were broken down into twelve categories by 7.5-hour days. These

categories with a detailed job description are as follows:

1. Loosestrife – 55 days

!"Removal, bagging and hauling of purple loosestrife to composting facility

2. Yellow Flag – 17.9 days

!"Removal, bagging and hauling of yellow flag iris to Pigeon Lake landfill

3. Blackberry species – 48.3 days

!"Cutting of canes away from native species, removal of roots and exposure to sun

4. Books and Writing – 7.7 days

!"Funding proposals, budgeting, payroll calculations, remittances to Canada Customs and

Revenue Agency, Records of Employment, T4’s, and year end report

5. Plant maintenance, Seed Collection – 48.8 days

!"Watering, weeding, mulching of current and previous plantings. Collection and

cleaning of native plant seeds for planting in rehabilitated areas

6. Knotweed – 12.7 days

!"Removal bagging and hauling of knotweed roots to Pigeon Lake landfill.

7. Work preparations – 5.0 days

!"Boat maintenance, tool maintenance (sharpening, handle replacement), tool allocation,

daily work planning and vehicle cleanup.

8. Holiday pay – 8.5 days

!"Government regulated mandatory paid holidays

9. Plant communities – 0.5 days

!"Delineating and mapping plant communities, species identification and data entry

10. Public relations and other – 15.0 days

!"Presentation preparations, public speaking engagements and presentation

!"Meeting with partnership groups (City of Courtenay and Field Sawmill)

11. Broom – 9.6 days

!"Pulling and cutting of broom

12. Scouting – 0.6days

!"Checking of new areas for invasive non-native species

The summary of work allocation with a comparison between 2003 & 2004 is displayed graphically in

the Chart 3 below. Expectations for the 2005-year and budgetary considerations should see

approximately the same allocation of time per job description. With the removal of 1,010kgs of yellow

flag iris from the Courtenay River estuary in 2004 there remains few if any large plants to deal with in

2005. However, a considerable bank of yellow flag iris seed is present in the soil that quickly sprouts

when blackberries are removed. These sprouts are dealt with via hand weeding/hoeing and expire

easily in the sun. Time not allocated to yellow flag removal will be needed for maintenance in the

form of planting and weeding until the native species are well established and the soil becomes

exhausted of invasive species seeds.

CVN

S W

etland R

est

ora

tion P

roje

ct -

2004

E. Selle

ntin

Days W

ork

ed

Per

Jo

b D

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10

.0

20

.0

30

.0

40

.0

50

.0

60

.0

70

.0

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ala

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tch B

room

Knotw

eed S

peci

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Books

& W

ritin

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Pla

nt co

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uniti

es

Pla

nt M

ain

tenance

, S

eed C

olle

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Sco

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Oth

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Public

Rela

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& O

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Work

Pre

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"F-9=!N?!J-K%!L#97&:!2&9!R#A!J&%)9.2=.#$M!@DDN!\!@DDE

!8(


! 87

Recommendations

The 2005-year needs a continued focus on the eradication of purple loosestrife. The strong effort in

2003 & 2004 has left few large loosestrife plants able to contribute to the seed bank for the 2005

season. Of all the infested areas only the Simms farm/slough area is of concern. A thorough effort was

put forth in the Simms/Slough area in 2004 with less than 500 plants discovered. Due to the mucky

nature of this area it requires extreme caution and determination to ensure the area is covered

adequately.

There remains a number of immature non-flowering yellow flag iris plants and a considerable yellow

flag iris seedbank in the estuary. The plants should be removed early in 2004 with a summer long

follow-up and weeding of seedbank sprouts. All areas where plants were removed in 2002-2004 years

should also be checked for seedlings. Where blackberries were removed in the past and the soil

exposed to sunlight a heavy crop of yellow flag iris sprouted. Continued weeding in areas where

blackberries are removed will be necessary to control the establishment of yellow flag iris.

Efforts to remove Himalayan blackberries should continue in 2005. There remains 2915m2 of the

original 7457 m2 of blackberries that dominated 23% of the upland area of the estuary. An ongoing

check for blackberry shoots in restored areas will reveal roots missed in previous eradication efforts.

Areas cleared of blackberries are ideal for the planting of desirable native grasses, herbs and shrubs.

Japanese knotweed continues to expand its presence along the banks of the Courtenay River and upland

areas of the Comox Valley. Knotweed has been successfully removed from one location with ongoing

removal efforts at another location. Mapping the location and measuring the size of the Japanese

knotweed patches would give a baseline point to measure future control/eradication efforts. With a

much heavier rate of knotweed infestation, the state of Oregon may be able to provide valuable

information on control and eradication methods (Huckins, E. 2003). The Nature Conservancy of

Oregon is currently trial testing stem injection of herbicides to control knotweed. Preliminary tests

show promising results with further tests and final analysis available in the summer of 2004 (Soll, J.,

2003).

Conclusion/Discussion

The ongoing effort of the CVNS at removing purple loosestrife is showing a promising decline in the

occurrence of this destructive wetland plant. The potential exists for a dramatic decline in purple

loosestrife in the next few years. The removal of loosestrife has evolved into a holistic project of

wetland management that monitors the health of the estuary through a yearly presence in the field. For

example, this continued presence has lead to the recognition of the destructiveness of Himalayan

blackberries and yellow flag iris to the ecology and food webs of the estuary.

The 2003 mapping of plant communities in the estuary gives a good baseline account of invasive

species presence. Removal efforts of blackberries and the domination by non-native grass species can

now be measured from this baseline study. Additionally, vigilance of threats by new invasive species,

combined with field identification can get an early start to prohibiting the establishment of undesirable

alien plant species. Early detection and rapid response (eradication) are the keys to success and cost

control when removing an invasive alien species.


! "9

Reference:

Hitchcock, C.L., and A. Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington

Press, Seattle, Washington.

Huckins, E. 2003. Watershed Technical Specialist, Lincoln Soil and Water Conservation District,

Newport, Oregon. Personal communication with E. Sellentin.

Pojar, J., and A. MacKinnon. 1994. Plants of Coastal British Columbia including Washington,

Oregon & Alaska. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, B.C.

Soll, J. 2003. The Nature Conservancy and Metro Parks and Greenspaces, Stem injection of Japanese

and giant knotweed, Preliminary Results Report 1. The Nature Conservancy, Portland Oregon.

Vaartnou, M., 2003. Establishment of a Native Seed Industry for the West Coast of Vancouver Island,

Final Report 2002/03. Unpublished.


APPENDIX 1.

<#)-=.#$!#*!;(920&!<##%&%=9.*&!C&B#,-0!H!@DDE!The areas are as follows:

1. Area 1 – Comox Bay Farms ditch lines and constructed ponds

2. Area 2 – Simpson & Barry Farms to CBF

3. Area 3 – Airpark Walkway

4. Area 4 – Courtenay River from Lewis park to Airpark Marina

5. Area 5 – Courtenay River north of Lewis Park

6. Area 6 – Estuary on East side of Comox Road and south of Interfor’s sawmill

7. Area 7. – Detention Pond, Malahat Drive and Glen Urquhart Creek

/9&-!3!]!"#B#^!6-K!>-9B%!4"6>5!- Ditch lines and ponds on DU Lands!!

!"A total of 2.9 (5.5 days 2003, 5 days 2002) days was spent on removing purple loosestrife from

this area. It was visited on four different occasions with flowering plants being discovered on

two occasions.

!"This area covers the ponds and all the ditch lines to Barry’s farm

This area is owned by Ducks Unlimited and is accessed through the farm or more often through the

south side of the Superstore parking lot. Purple loosestrife was found and removed along the ditch

lines and around the ponds. In August of 2003 the ditches behind Superstore were cleaned and alders

were thinned. The soil removed during ditching was contaminated with purple loosestrife and

dumped in a location denoted on Figure 10. The site indicated in Figure 10 will have to be checked

on an annual basis. By August of 2004 purple loosestrife had sprouted from seed to mature flowering

plants in the areas ditched in 2003. Approximately 60m2 of Himalayan blackberry canes and roots

were removed from and area indicated on Figure 10.

Denotes purple loosestrife presence and removal

Black circle denotes dominance by Himalayan blackberries

Yellow Flag presence: removed and not removed

Knotweed (Japanese, Giant & Himalayan)

! "8


>.8(9&!3DM!/9&-!3?!"#B#^!6-K!>-9B!;#$:%!

! ""

>.8(9&!33M!/9&-!3?!"#B#^!6-K!>-9B!=#!6-99K_%!>-9B!

Barry’s

Farm Comox Bay

Farm

Soil

Dumped

here

Blackberries

removed

2003

Alders

removed in

Aug 2003

Superstore


/9&-!@!]!10#(8F!=F9#(8F!1.B2%#$!\!6-99K!>-9B%!=#!"6>!

!"3.2 days 2004 (2003, 5.1 days scouting for and removing purple loosestrife 1.5 days 2002,1day

2001, 1day 1999)

!"This area is downstream from a seed source and upstream from a tidal seed source

The largest plant discovered in 2002 came from Barry’s farm just upstream from the newfound 2003

infestations. The location of this plant is marked in Figures 12 & 13. Large plants that would have

seeded in 2002 & 2003 were also found in the constructed wetland shown in Figure 13. Hundreds of

plants were removed from the locations in Figure 12. Area 2 is very difficult to cover thoroughly.

Extreme caution is necessary when working in this area as in places the bottom has over 60 cm of

soft mud. Using a canoe along with a 14-foot tide allows reasonable access to this area.

Large loosestrife

found in 2002

Canoe

launched

here

Simpson Farm

Barry’s Farm

And taken as far

as this location

New infestations found in 2003 with

more removal of plants in 2004

>.8(9&!3@M!/9&-!@?!!10#(8F!=F9#(8F!1.B2%#$!\!6-99K!>-9B%!

! "#


Hip waders needed

in this area, >1/2

metre deep

Largest

loosestrife

found in

2002

Large plants found

in constructed

wetland 2003 &

2004

Barry’s Farm

>.8(9&!3NM!/9&-!@?!!!10#(8F!-$:!6-99K_%!>-9B!:.=)F!0.$&!

! "$


/9&-!N!]!/.92-97!L-07P-K!

This is a large area extending from the freshwater marina to 31st Street. There are scattered patches of

loosestrife and knotweed from one end to the other. Himalayan blackberries are a major concern along

the length of the walkway.

!"3.5 days removing purple loosestrife in 2004, 3.3 in 2003, 3.1 days 2002, 1 day 2001, 4 days

1999

!"Blackberries and broom removed from area between walkway and lagoon. Thirty six native

species planted and mulched by the CVNS, then watered by the City of Courtenay

!"Japanese knotweed plant disturbed and spread when new walkway constructed north of the

Courtenay Airpark in 2003. Knotweed was hand removed in 2004 but still present

!"Watering and mulching of plantings from 2002

New walkway and

newly disturbed

knotweed plant 2003

>.8(9&!3EM!/9&-!N?!!/.92-97!L-07P-K!

Airpark

Walkway

Broom & Blackberries

Removed – 36 Native

Species Planted in 2004

Mulched with Bio-solids

Area Planted in

Fall of 2002 and

watered summer of

2003, 2004

! "%


Watering &

mulching

Broom removal

and watering of

2002 plantings

Knotweed

>.8(9&!3TM!/9&-!N?!!/.92-97!L-07P-K!

!

!

Viewing

Stand Japanese

Knotweed Loosestrife

>.8(9&!3WM!/9&-!N?!!/.92-97!L-07P-K

! "&


!Knotweed indicated in Figure 16 is growing amongst Nootka rose. This makes it very difficult to

remove without destroying a significant amount of Nootka rose. Further work will be needed to get at

all the knotweed roots. It may be necessary to remove some Nootka rose in this area and replant it after

knotweed is removed.

!

31st Street

Viewing

Stand

Airpark

Walkway

>.8(9&!3XM!/9&-!N?!!/.92-97!L-07P-K!

! "'


/9&-!E!]!"#(9=&$-K!C.,&9!*9#B!<&P.%!;-97!=#!/.92-97!`-9.$-!

This area was searched on six different occasions using the boat and outboard motor. Purple loosestrife

plants were found along the entire section of the river and in the Federal Government freshwater

marina. Purple loosestrife was found in the constructed wetland at Simms Park in 2003 but not in

2004.

!"2.6 days removing purple loosestrife in 2004, 7.9 days 2003, 3.5 days – 2002, 5 days – 2001,

and 2 days in 1999

17th

Street Bridge

Walkway

Knotweed

disturbed and

spread around

Standard

Park

>.8(9&!3ZM!/9&-!E?!"#(9=&$-K!C.,&9!*9#B!/.92-97!=#!`.00&$$.(B!;-97!

!

! "(


Lewis

Park Federal

Marina

5th

Street

Bridge

Millennium

Park

Constructed

Wetland -

2003

>.8(9&!3GM!/9&-!E?!!"#(9=&$-K!C.,&9!*9#B!1=-$:-9:!=#!<&P.%!;-97%!

/9&-!T]!"#(9=&$-K!C.,&9!$#9=F!#*!<&P.%!;-97!.$)0(:.$8!I%#0(B!C.,&9!-$:!

a0:!I%#0(B!C.,&9!)F-$$&0!-$:!P&=0-$:%?!

The old Tsolum River Back channel was dramatically altered in 1981 when the Tsolum River changed

course and cut this channel off from its flow. As such this channels flow is now mainly tidal with rapid

infilling via silt deposition and is an area under constant change. The yearly infilling with silt makes

the channel ideal habitat for the colonization by invasive species. In addition to purple loosestrife an

annual plant of the impatiens family has become well established in a large part of the grass habitat.

!"16.5 days removing purple loosestrife in 2004, 12.8 days in 2003, 14 days 2002, 28 days 2001,

14 days 1999

! "7


Single

large

LS

found

in

2002

Beaver

Dams

1 large LS

plant

discovered

2003

>.8(9&!@DM!/9&-!T?!!a0:!I%#0(B!C.,&9!"F-$$&0!-$:!"#(9=&$-K!C.,&9!

!"The Knotweed shown in Figure 22 is growing in riprap making it difficult to remove without

major expense or by using chemical herbicides.

!"Two different species of Knotweed can be observed growing side by side in Figure 22. One has

much smaller leaves than the other.

! #9


Removed but needs more

work 2003 & 2004

Y#=!C&B#,&:!

>.8(9&!@3M!/9&-!T?!!"#(9=&$-K!C.,&9!-$:!a0:!I%#0(B!C.,&9!"F-$$&0!

>.8(9&!@@M!/9&-!T?!!I%#0(B!C.,&9!%F#P.$8!0#)-=.#$!#*!Q$#=P&&:!%2&).&%?!

! #8


/9&-!W!]!U%=(-9K!#$!U-%=!%.:&!#*!"#B#^!C#-:!-$:!%#(=F!#*!>.&0:!1-PB.00!

Area 6 is the last remnant of natural, significantly treed, wild estuary habitat that remains of the

Courtenay River. This area is vital to the preservation of a healthy stock of native plant species and

thus the ecological diversity of the area.

!"19.9 days removing purple loosestrife in 2004, 19.5 days 2003, 15.8 days 2002, 22.2 days

2001 and 64 days in 1999

!

>.8(9&!@NM!/9&-!W?!"#(9=&$-K!C.,&9!U%=(-9K!;(920&!<##%&%=9.*&!!

Figure 23 shows the location of purple loosestrife removed in 2003 and 2004. The marks indicate the

approximate areas where loosestrife is most prevalent. These areas are generally the same year to year

but the entire area should be checked annually.

! #"


Regennah Dr

shank A

ve

alecourt C

r

Royal Vista Way

E 5 St

E 5 St

E 4 S

t

Dingwal

l Rd

Necha

ko S

t

E 4 S

t

E 5 S

t

Sta

fford A

ve

MacIntyre

Ave

Royal V

ista W

ay

Cro

wn

Isle

Dr

Rees Rd

E 6 St

Cowichan Ave

Qua

licum

Ave

Sta

fford A

ve

E 5 S

t

McL

au

ch

lin D

r

E 4 S

t

Evergre

en A

ve

E 6 S

t

E 9 S

t

Pan

orama C

r

Nim

Nim

Pl

E 6 StNim

Nim

Pl

Arro

wsm

ith A

ve

E 6 S

t

E 9

St

McL

au

ch

lin D

r

E 6 S

t

Lerw

ick Rd

Oak P

l

E 6 S

t

Thorpe

AveTurn

er D

r Vie

w A

ve

Ma

ntle

Dr

Ryan

Rd

E 6 S

t

Ze

ba

llos D

r

Ellce

e Pl

Pin

tail

Pl

E 10 S

t

E 6 S

t

Mala

hat D

r

Ryan

Rd

Valleyview Dr

Aston P

l E 10 S

tStevens P

l

Thorpe

Ave

Flicker P

lMalahat Dr

Sitka Ave

Back R

d

Back Rd

Griffin Dr

Hobson Ave

E 10 S

t

E 10 S

t

Griffin D

rE 10 S

tHurford R

d

Valleyvie

w D

r

Qui

nsam

Pl

E 10 S

t

Pheas

ant Pl

Lerw

ick R

d

E 10 S

t

Willia

ms R

d

Val

leyv

iew

DrH

obson Ave

Ma

llard

Dr

Gle

n Urq

uha

rt Dr

Qua

il Pl

Back R

d

E 1

5 St

Dorkin

g RdBack Rd

Valleyview Dr

Lerw

ick Rd

Mark

Isfeld

School

Glen Urquhart Creek

and Thorpe Drive, large

Loosestrife - 2004

Detention Pond

>.8(9&!@EM!/9&-!X?!J&=&$=.#$!;#$:!-=!`-0-F-=!J9.,&!-$:!S0&$!b9'(F-9=!"9&&7!

!A large loosestrife plant was found at the upstream side of the intersection of Glen Urquhart Creek and

Thorpe Drive in east Courtenay. This plant was growing in riprap and it was not possible to remove

the roots. This loosestrife plant will be alive and well in 2005. Additionally, the area is heavy to

Himalayan blackberries making access to the site difficult. The discovery of this plant in 2004

emphasizes the importance of covering previously infested areas with diligence on a yearly basis.

! ##


>.8(9&!@TM!/9&-!W?!"#(9=&$-K!C.,&9!U%=(-9K!O&00#P!>0-8!+9.%!\!Q$#=P&&:!

12&).&%!

This was the third year that yellow flag iris (Iris pseudacorus) and knotweed species were targeted for

removal. Eighteen days were spent removing iris, much of which was scattered throughout the estuary

or buried in bark debris. This required more hours of work per kilogram of iris removed than in 2002

or 2003.

Yellow flag iris removed in 2002

Yellow flag removed in 2003

Yellow flag removed in 2004

Knotweed species initial removal 2002 follow up in 2003 & 2004

Knotweed infestation

! #$


APPENDIX 2.

:,;/<3,=!,>!?3@/+/A/=!B+/;CD*22A!E,@3=/=;*!

11 14

12

2

8

3

4

115

10

7

6

13

5

9

!!!>.8(9&!@WM!"#(9=&$-K!C.,&9!U%=(-9KM!J#B.$-$)&!AK!V.B-0-K-$!60-)7A&99.&%!

Area # Square metres Percent coverage Percent removed m2 removed

1 61 50.00% 100% 61

2 98 50.00% 100% 98

3 299 70.00% 100% 299

4 266 80.00% 0% 0

5 843 60.00% 100% 843

6 484 95.00% 100% 484

7 763 75.00% 95% 725

8 256 90.00% 90% 230

9 89 60.00% 50% 45

10 935 50.00% 100% 935

11 2308 60.00% 20% 462

12 60 75.00% 100% 60

13 291 60.00% 0% 0

14 403 50.00% 0% 0

15 301 75.00% 100% 301

Total Blackberries 2002 7,457 4542

Removed 2003 1,299

Removed 2004 3,243

Remaining 2,915

I-A0&!N?!!@DDNHDE!60-)7A&99K!12&).&%!`&-%(9&B&$=%!-$:!C&B#,-0!

! #%

CVN

S W

etland R

est

ora

tion P

roje

ct -

2004

E. Selle

ntin

AP

PE

ND

IX 3

. C

OU

RT

EN

AY

RIV

ER

ES

TU

AR

Y P

LA

NT

CO

MM

UN

ITIE

S

Th

e li

st o

f p

lan

ts b

elo

w i

s n

ot

com

ple

te;

man

y m

ore

are

wai

ting

to

be

dis

cov

ered

. S

om

e p

lan

ts l

iste

d w

ere

ente

red

fro

m a

n e

arli

er

inv

ento

ry b

ut

no

t p

lace

d i

n c

om

mu

nit

ies

thu

s th

ey h

ave

no

lo

cati

on

entr

ies.

O

ther

pla

nts

lis

ted

but

also

wit

h n

o l

oca

tio

n m

ay b

e fr

om

Ken

ned

y’s

lis

t an

d a

s y

et h

ave

no

t b

een

fo

un

d o

r id

enti

fied

. P

lan

ts a

re l

iste

d a

s O

ne

= o

nly

one

found, F

= f

ew, C

= c

om

monly

occ

ur,

CD

= c

o-d

om

inan

t w

ith

on

e o

r tw

o o

ther

sp

ecie

s, a

nd

D =

do

min

ant

spec

ies

of

that

pla

nt

com

mu

nit

y.

E

ach

pla

nt

com

mu

nit

y i

s

ou

tlin

ed o

n t

he

aeri

al p

ho

tog

rap

hs

and

giv

en a

nu

mber

co

rres

po

nd

ing

to

th

e p

lant

com

mu

nit

y o

n t

he

list

.

Fo

r u

ser’

s co

nv

enie

nce

th

e p

age

nu

mb

ers

for

each

pla

nt

are

giv

en f

rom

th

e P

lan

ts o

f C

oas

tal

Bri

tish

Co

lum

bia

by

Po

jar

and

Mac

Kin

no

n.

When

no

t li

sted

in

Pla

nts

of

Co

asta

l B

C,

the

pag

e n

um

ber

s fr

om

th

e F

lora

of

the

Pac

ific

No

rth

wes

t b

y H

itch

cock

an

d

Cro

nq

uis

t ar

e g

iven

in

bo

ld t

yp

e.

Speci

es

nam

e

Com

mon n

am

e

Are

a

Poja

r H

itch

1

Spru

ce

Cott

on

wood

2

Roadsi

de

3

Typha

Reed

canary

4

Care

x

lyngbei

5

Tid

al

Fla

ts

6

Reed

Canary

7

Impound

ment

zone

8

Typha

Reed

Canary

Ast

er

9

Blu

e

Join

t Ast

er

9A

Blu

e

Join

t M

icro

cl

imate

10

Tuft

ed

Hairgra

ss

11

Typha

Reed

canary

gra

ss

12

21

st

Str

eet

Abie

s gra

ndis

G

rand f

ir

34

Ach

illea m

illefo

lum

Yarr

ow

279

FF

FF

CC

FC

C

Agro

stis

tenuis

co

lonia

l bentg

rass

367

CC

F

Alis

ima p

lantg

o-a

quatica

W

ate

r pla

nta

in

337

F

F

Aln

us

rubra

Red A

lder

44

CF

ON

EF

F1

FO

NE

C

Am

bro

sia c

ham

isso

nis

Silv

er

burw

eed

278

C

Am

ela

nch

ier

aln

ifolia

Sask

ato

on

72

C

Anaphalis

marg

arita

ceae

Pearly e

verlast

ing

304

F

Angelic

a g

enuflexa

Kneelin

g a

ngelic

a

218

F

FC

FF

F

Anth

roxa

nth

um

odora

tum

sw

eet

vern

al gra

ss

370

Ast

er

folia

ceus

Leafy

Ast

er

288

FF

CC

CD

DF

CC

Ath

yriu

m f

elix

-fem

ina

Lady f

ern

422

FO

NE

FF

FF

Atr

iple

x patu

la

Com

mon o

rach

e, sa

ltbush

310

Barb

are

a o

rthoce

ras

Am

erica

n w

inte

r cr

ess

149

!#&

CVN

S W

etland R

est

ora

tion P

roje

ct -

2004

E. Selle

ntin

Speci

es

nam

e

Com

mon n

am

e

Are

a

Poja

r H

itch

1

Spru

ce

Cott

on

wood

2

Roadsi

de

3

Typha

Reed

canary

4

Care

x

lyngbei

5

Tid

al

Fla

ts

6

Reed

Canary

7

Impound

ment

zone

8

Typha

Reed

Canary

Ast

er

9

Blu

e

Join

t Ast

er

9A

Blu

e

Join

t M

icro

cl

imate

10

Tuft

ed

Hairgra

ss

11

Typha

Reed

canary

gra

ss

12

21

st

Str

eet

Bid

ens

am

plis

sim

a

Beggar

tick

s

290

FF

F

Bro

dia

ea h

yaci

nth

ina

Fool's

onio

n

107

F

Cala

magro

stis

canadensi

s blu

e join

t

365

CF

FC

DC

CF

Cam

mass

ia q

uam

ash

co

mm

on c

am

as

108

CF

CC

CC

C

Care

x ly

ngbei

Lyngby's

sedge

400

CD

CC

DC

CC

C

Cast

illeja

min

iata

Com

mon R

ed p

ain

tbru

sh

258

F

FF

F

Cast

illeja

unala

schce

nsi

s U

nala

ska p

ain

tbru

sh

257

F

Chenopodiu

m r

ubru

m

Red g

oose

foot

311

F

Cic

horium

inty

bus

Chic

ory

227

F

Cic

uta

dougla

sii

Dougla

s' w

ate

r hem

lock

215

F

CF

F

Cirsi

um

arv

ense

Canada t

his

tle

306

CF

FC

CC

CF

F

Cla

ytonia

sib

rica

Sib

erian M

iner’s

Lett

uce

133

F

Convo

lvulu

s se

piu

m

Morn

ing g

lory

326

FF

FC

Corn

us

stonolif

era

Red-o

sier

dogw

ood

90

CF

FF

Cra

taegus

dougla

sii

bla

ck h

aw

thorn

73

CF

FF

ON

EC

Cra

taegus

monogyn

a

Com

mon H

aw

thorn

73

F

Cys

tisu

s sc

oparis

Sco

tch b

room

83

F

C

Dact

ylis

glo

mera

ta

orc

hard

gra

ss

371

C

Daucu

s ca

rota

Q

ueen

Anne's

Lace

221

FF

F

Desc

ham

psi

ace

spitosa

tu

fted h

airgra

ss

384

FC

FC

CD

F

Dic

entr

a f

orm

osa

Ble

edin

g H

eart

313

F

Dis

poru

m h

ooke

ri

Hooker's

fairybells

102

FF

Dis

tich

ilis

spic

ata

se

ash

ore

salt g

rass

381

!#'

CVN

S W

etland R

est

ora

tion P

roje

ct -

2004

E. Selle

ntin

Speci

es

nam

e

Com

mon n

am

e

Are

a

Poja

r H

itch

1

Spru

ce

Cott

on

wood

2

Roadsi

de

3

Typha

Reed

canary

4

Care

x

lyngbei

5

Tid

al

Fla

ts

6

Reed

Canary

7

Impound

ment

zone

8

Typha

Reed

Canary

Ast

er

9

Blu

e

Join

t Ast

er

9A

Blu

e

Join

t M

icro

cl

imate

10

Tuft

ed

Hairgra

ss

11

Typha

Reed

canary

gra

ss

12

21

st

Str

eet

Dodeca

theon p

ulc

hellu

m

Few

flo

were

d s

hooting

star

324

F

CF

CF

FC

F

Elo

charis

palu

stris

Cre

epin

g s

pik

e-r

ush

406

FF

Ely

mus

molli

s dunegra

ss

364

F

Ely

mus

repens

quack

gra

ss, co

uch

gra

ss

362

Epilo

biu

m a

ugust

ifoliu

m

fire

weed

206

Epilo

biu

m w

ats

onii

Wats

on's

will

ow

herb

207

FC

FC

CC

Equis

etu

m a

rvense

Com

on h

ors

eta

il

430

FC

CF

F

Erigero

n p

hila

delp

hic

us

Phila

delp

hia

fle

abane

284

ON

E

Ery

thro

niu

m o

regonum

W

hite F

aw

n L

illy

104

C

Fest

uca

aru

ndin

ace

ae

Tall

fesc

ue

376

FF

Fest

uca

pra

tensi

s M

eadow

fesc

ue

376

CC

Fritilla

ria c

am

schatc

ensi

s N

ort

hern

ric

e r

oot

110

FC

CF

C

Fritilla

ria lance

ola

ta

choco

lat

lily

110

Galiu

m a

parine

Bedst

raw

330

FF

C

Galiu

m a

sperr

ium

Rough b

edst

raw

4

49

Galiu

m t

rifidum

sm

all

bedst

raw

331

FC

FC

CC

Galiu

m t

rifloru

m

Sw

eet-

scente

d b

edst

raw

330

F

FC

CC

C

Gera

niu

m m

olle

D

ovevoot

gera

niu

m

316

Gera

niu

m r

obert

ianum

herb

Robert

316

FC

Gla

ux

maritim

a

sea-m

ilkw

ort

321

C

Gly

ceria o

ccid

enta

lis

west

ern

managra

ss

379

Grindelia

inte

rgrifo

lia

Gum

weed

291

Hera

cleum

lanatu

m

Cow

pars

nip

213

C

F

F

!#(

CVN

S W

etland R

est

ora

tion P

roje

ct -

2004

E. Selle

ntin

Speci

es

nam

e

Com

mon n

am

e

Are

a

Poja

r H

itch

1

Spru

ce

Cott

on

wood

2

Roadsi

de

3

Typha

Reed

canary

4

Care

x

lyngbei

5

Tid

al

Fla

ts

6

Reed

Canary

7

Impound

ment

zone

8

Typha

Reed

Canary

Ast

er

9

Blu

e

Join

t Ast

er

9A

Blu

e

Join

t M

icro

cl

imate

10

Tuft

ed

Hairgra

ss

11

Typha

Reed

canary

gra

ss

12

21

st

Str

eet

Hesp

eris

matr

onalis

D

am

e's

vio

let,

sw

eet

rock

et

16

9

Holc

us

lanatu

m

com

mon v

elv

et

gra

ss

385

CF

Holo

dis

cus

dis

colo

r O

ceansp

ray c

ream

bush

71

F

Hord

eum

bra

chya

nth

eru

m

meadow

barley

362

F

Hyp

ericu

m f

orm

osu

m

West

ern

St

John's

-wort

319

F

FC

FF

CF

Hyp

och

aeris

radic

ata

H

airy C

at's-

ear

274

FF

11

1

Ilex

aquifoliu

m

Holly

F

F

Impatiens

noli

tangere

to

uch

-me-n

ot

314

F

Iris

pse

udaco

rus

yello

w-f

lag

116

FF

FF

FF

Juncu

s acu

min

atu

s ta

pere

d r

ush

414

FC

Juncu

s baltic

us

Baltic

rush

410

Juncu

s eff

usu

s co

mm

on r

ush

410

CC

CC

F?

F

Lact

uca

bie

nnis

Tall

Blu

e L

ett

uce

276

FF

Lath

yrus

japonic

us

beach

pea

191

ON

EF

Lath

yrus

palu

stris

mars

h p

eavin

e

191

FF

FC

CC

CF-C

C

Lem

na m

inor

duck

weed

677

Leuca

nth

em

um

vulg

are

O

xeye d

ais

y

281

Lila

eopsi

s occ

identa

lis

West

ern

lila

eopsi

s 213

Liliu

m c

olu

mbia

num

tiger

lily, Colu

mbia

lily

111

FC

C

Loliu

m p

ere

nne

Ryegra

ss

363

F

Lonic

era

invo

lucr

ata

Bla

ck t

win

berr

y

69

CO

NE

FF

FF

FF

Lupin

us

sp

lupin

194

F

Lyco

pus

uniflo

rus

bugle

weed

243

CC

FF

!#7

CVN

S W

etland R

est

ora

tion P

roje

ct -

2004

E. Selle

ntin

Speci

es

nam

e

Com

mon n

am

e

Are

a

Poja

r H

itch

1

Spru

ce

Cott

on

wood

2

Roadsi

de

3

Typha

Reed

canary

4

Care

x

lyngbei

5

Tid

al

Fla

ts

6

Reed

Canary

7

Impound

ment

zone

8

Typha

Reed

Canary

Ast

er

9

Blu

e

Join

t Ast

er

9A

Blu

e

Join

t M

icro

cl

imate

10

Tuft

ed

Hairgra

ss

11

Typha

Reed

canary

gra

ss

12

21

st

Str

eet

Lysi

chiton a

merica

num

Skunk c

abbage

334

F

Lysi

mach

ia t

hyr

siflora

Tuft

ed loose

strife

321

F

Lyth

rum

salic

aria

purp

le loose

strife

318

FF

FF

FF

FF

FF

FF

Maia

nth

em

um

dila

tatu

m

fals

e lily

-of-

the-v

alle

y

103

CF

C

Malu

s fu

sca

Paci

fic

crab a

pple

48

CF

ON

EF

F

Malu

s sp

eci

es

Cra

bapple

xsp

s

F

Malu

s sp

eci

es

Dom

est

ic a

pple

sps

F

Melil

otu

s alb

a

white s

weet-

clover

199

Menth

a a

rvensi

s field

min

t

244

CF

FF

FF

Menth

a s

pic

ata

sp

earm

int

40

4

Mim

ulu

s gutt

atu

s m

onkey f

low

er

264

FC

Monti (

Cla

ytonia

) co

rdifolia

heart

leaved s

pring-

beauty

133

Monti (

Cla

ytonia

) parv

ifolia

st

ream

bank s

pring-

beauty

132

Monti (

Cla

ytonia

) si

biric

a

Min

ers

' le

ttuce

133

Myo

sotis

scorp

ioid

es

Mars

h f

org

et-

me-n

ot

240

Myr

ica g

ale

sw

eet

gale

81

FF

1F

F

Oenanth

e s

arm

ento

sa

Paci

fic

wate

r-pars

ley

216

C

FF

CF

C

Peta

site

s palm

atu

s Palm

ate

Coltsf

oot

294

F

Phala

ris

aru

ndin

ace

ae

reed c

anary

gra

ss

370

FC

DD

CCD

FF

CD

F

Phle

um

pra

tense

tim

oth

y

368

FF

Phys

oca

rpus

capitatu

s nin

ebark

73

F

F

F

Pic

ea s

itch

ensi

s Sitka s

pru

ce

37

D

F

Pla

nta

go lance

ola

ta

ribw

ort

, narr

ow

-leaved

pla

nta

in

329

F

FC

FF

!$9

CVN

S W

etland R

est

ora

tion P

roje

ct -

2004

E. Selle

ntin

Speci

es

nam

e

Com

mon n

am

e

Are

a

Poja

r H

itch

1

Spru

ce

Cott

on

wood

2

Roadsi

de

3

Typha

Reed

canary

4

Care

x

lyngbei

5

Tid

al

Fla

ts

6

Reed

Canary

7

Impound

ment

zone

8

Typha

Reed

Canary

Ast

er

9

Blu

e

Join

t Ast

er

9A

Blu

e

Join

t M

icro

cl

imate

10

Tuft

ed

Hairgra

ss

11

Typha

Reed

canary

gra

ss

12

21

st

Str

eet

Pla

nta

go m

acr

oca

rpa

Ala

skan p

lanta

in

329

C

Pla

nta

go m

ajo

r co

mm

on, bro

ad-leaved

pla

nta

in

329

F

FF

Pla

nta

go m

aritim

a

seasi

de p

lanta

in

328

Pla

tanth

era

dila

tata

w

hite b

og o

rchid

122

FF

FC

Poa p

rate

nsi

s Kentu

cky b

luegra

ss

378

F

Poly

gonum

dougla

sii

Dougla

s' k

notw

eed

127

F

Poly

gonum

lapath

ifoliu

m

will

ow

eed

127

one

Poly

stic

hum

munitum

sw

ord

fern

421

ON

EC

Poly

gonum

pers

icaria

Lady’s

thum

b

127

FC

Populu

s tr

em

ulo

ides

Tre

mblin

g A

spen

46

Populu

s tr

ichoca

rpa

bla

ck c

ott

onw

ood

46

C

N

E

O

Pote

ntilla

paci

fica

Paci

fic

silv

er

weed

186

CC

CC

FC

CC

CC

C

Pru

nella

vulg

aris

self-h

eal

246

FC

FF

F

Pru

nus

em

arg

inata

Bitte

r ch

err

y

48

F

Pte

ridum

aquili

num

bra

cken

420

Ranuncu

lus

occ

identa

lis

west

ern

butt

erc

up

176

F?

F

Ranuncu

lus

repens

Cre

epin

g b

utt

erc

up

176

CF

CC

C

Rham

nus

purs

hia

na

casc

ara

90

F

F

Rib

es

lacu

stre

Bla

ck s

wam

p g

oose

ber

85

F

ry

Rib

es

sanguin

eum

Red f

low

ering c

urr

ent

84

F

F

Rosa

gym

noca

rpa

dw

arf

woodla

nd r

ose

74

F

Rosa

nootk

ana

Nootk

a r

ose

74

C

F

F

C

Rubus

dis

colo

r H

imala

yan b

lack

berr

y

78

CF

FF

C

!$8

CVN

S W

etland R

est

ora

tion P

roje

ct -

2004

E. Selle

ntin

Speci

es

nam

e

Com

mon n

am

e

Are

a

Poja

r H

itch

1

Spru

ce

Cott

on

wood

2

Roadsi

de

3

Typha

Reed

canary

4

Care

x

lyngbei

5

Tid

al

Fla

ts

6

Reed

Canary

7

Impound

ment

zone

8

Typha

Reed

Canary

Ast

er

9

Blu

e

Join

t Ast

er

9A

Blu

e

Join

t M

icro

cl

imate

10

Tuft

ed

Hairgra

ss

11

Typha

Reed

canary

gra

ss

12

21

st

Str

eet

Rubus

laci

nia

tus

Everg

reen b

lack

berr

y

78

F

NE

F

O

Rubus

spect

abili

s sa

lmonberr

y

76

CF

FC

C

Rubus

urs

inus

traili

ng b

lack

berr

y

78

F

NE

C

O

Rum

ex

ace

tose

lla

Sheep s

ore

l

129

FF

Rum

ex

conglo

mera

tus

Clu

stere

d d

ock

130

F

Rum

ex

cris

pus

Curled d

ock

130

Rum

ex

occ

identa

lis

West

ern

dock

130

FF

FF

FF

CF

FC

Rum

ex

salic

ifoliu

s W

illow

dock

130

FC

Sagitta

ria latifo

lia

Wapato

or

arr

ow

head

337

F

Salix

luci

da

Paci

fic

will

ow

88

NE

O

Salix

sps

Will

ow

speci

es

88

FF

FF

Sam

bucu

s ca

eru

lea

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e e

lderb

err

y

70

F

Sam

bucu

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cem

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Red e

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err

y

70

C

NE

F

F

O

Sci

rpus

am

erica

nus

Am

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n b

ulrush

405

Sci

rpus

lacu

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Hard

-ste

mm

ed b

ulrush

404

F

FF

Sci

rpus

mic

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Sm

all-

flow

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ulrush

405

F

CC

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Scu

tella

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ale

ricu

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m

ars

h s

kullc

ap

243

FC

F

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alc

ea h

enders

onii

mars

h h

olly

hock

318

FC

CC

CC

DC

C

Sis

yrin

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rale

? blu

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rass

114

Siu

m s

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W

ate

r pars

nip

215

Solig

ago c

anadensi

s G

old

enro

d

289

C

Sonch

us

asp

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Prick

ly s

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this

tle

275

FF

FF

FC

CF

C

Sorb

us

scopulin

a

west

ern

mounta

in a

sh

71

FO

NE

FO

NE

!$"

CVN

S W

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est

ora

tion P

roje

ct -

2004

E. Selle

ntin

Speci

es

nam

e

Com

mon n

am

e

Are

a

Poja

r H

itch

1

Spru

ce

Cott

on

wood

2

Roadsi

de

3

Typha

Reed

canary

4

Care

x

lyngbei

5

Tid

al

Fla

ts

6

Reed

Canary

7

Impound

ment

zone

8

Typha

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Canary

Ast

er

9

Blu

e

Join

t Ast

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9A

Blu

e

Join

t M

icro

cl

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10

Tuft

ed

Hairgra

ss

11

Typha

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canary

gra

ss

12

21

st

Str

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Sperg

ula

ria c

anadensi

s Canadia

n s

andsp

urr

y

136

Sperg

ula

ris

marina

Salt m

ars

h s

andsp

urr

y

136

Spirea d

ougla

sii

hard

hack

81

FF

FF

Sta

chys

coole

yae

Coole

y's

hedge n

ett

le

247

Sta

chys

mexi

cana

Mexic

an h

edge n

ett

le

247

FF

F

Str

epto

pus

am

ple

xsiflo

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clasp

ing t

wis

ted s

talk

101

CF

Sym

phorica

rpos

alb

us

Waxberr

y, sn

ow

berr

y

70

F

NE

O

Sym

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m a

speru

m

Rough c

om

phre

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39

8

Tanaxa

cum

vulg

are

Tansy

280

F

Tara

xacu

m o

ffic

inale

D

andelio

n

270

F

Telli

ma g

randiflo

ra

Fringecu

p

167

F

Thuja

plic

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W

est

ern

Red C

edar

42

F

Trienta

lis latifo

lia

West

ern

sta

rflo

wer

322

Trifo

lium

dubiu

m

small

hop c

lover

197

Trifo

lium

pra

tense

re

d c

lover

196

FF

CF

F

Trifo

lium

worm

skjo

ldii

springbank c

lover

197

F-C

F

Triglo

chin

maritim

um

se

a a

rrow

-gra

ss

334

FC

FF

CF

C

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ha latifo

lia

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mon c

att

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338

FF

DF

CD

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racc

a

Tuft

ed v

etc

h

192

C

Vic

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a

gia

nt

vetc

h

193

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S W

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2004

E. Selle

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S W

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2004

E. Selle

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3

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4

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S W

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roje

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2004

E. Selle

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SP

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41

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12

1 g

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ela

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Saska

toon

Be

rry

10

1g

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Am

ela

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toon

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36

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cm

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12

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pp

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61

ga

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gym

noca

rpa

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ald

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sis

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12

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ea

do

gla

sii

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ard

hack

6 R

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mu

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mb

ling

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61

ga

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ph

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g S

no

wbe

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61

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ng

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rra

nt

6 1

ga

l R

osa

gym

noca

rpa

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ald

hip

Rose

12

1 g

al

Rosa

noo

tkan

a -

Noo

tka

Rose

!$&

CVN

S W

etland R

est

ora

tion P

roje

ct -

2004

E. Selle

ntin

12

1 g

al

Rosa

pis

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rpa

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luste

red

Wild

Ro

se

12

1 g

al

Ru

bu

s p

arv

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rus -

Th

imb

leb

err

y

12

1 g

al

Ru

bu

s s

pecta

blis

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alm

on

Be

rry

12

1 g

al

Sa

lix s

ps

6 1

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l S

alix

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cid

a -

Pa

cific

Will

ow

6 1

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4 1

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ea

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ph

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g S

no

wbe

rry

330

To

tal P

lan

tin

gs A

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14

9

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21

st

Str

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479

To

tal

Pla

nti

ng

s f

or

2004

!$'

Courtenay River Estuary, Camas and Red Osier Dogwood in Bloom

comox valley naturalists society wetland restoration...

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