comp3 unit4 lecture slides

Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health SettingsBlood, Lymphatic and Immune Systems

This material Comp3_Unit4 was developed by The University of Alabama Birmingham, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number 1U24OC000023

Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Blood, Lymphatic and Immune System

Blood, Lymphatic and Immune SystemsLearning ObjectivesDefine, understand and correctly pronounce medical terms related to the blood, lymphatic and immune systemsDescribe common diseases and conditions with an overview of various treatments related to the blood, lymphatic and immune systems

*Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Blood, Lymphatic and Immune System


Blood OverviewAverage adult has about five liters of bloodBlood circulates through body within blood vesselsBlood cells are produced in red bone marrow*Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Blood, Lymphatic and Immune System


Blood: FunctionsTransports substances throughout bodySubstances are attached to red blood cells or dissolved in plasmaWhite blood cells Fight infection and diseasePlatelets Initiate blood clotting process



Blood CellsErythrocytes (red blood cells)Carry oxygenCarry carbon dioxideThrombocytes (platelets)Critical in blood clotting Leukocytes (white blood cells)Provide protection againstbacteriaviruses foreign materialPlasma (fluid part of the blood)

*Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Blood, Lymphatic and Immune System (Bruce Wetzel & Harry Schaefer Photographers)


Blood TypesGroup AA antigen on red cellsB antibody in the plasmaGroup BB antigen on red cellsA antibody in the plasmaGroup ABboth A and B antigens on red cellsneither A nor B antibodies in the plasmaGroup Oneither A nor B antigens on red cellsboth A and B antibodies in the plasma *Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Blood, Lymphatic and Immune System


Rh FactorRh- blood given to Rh- patientsRh- or Rh+ blood given to Rh+ patientsUniversal red cell donor is O negativeUniversal plasma donor is AB positive



Iron Deficiency AnemiaIron makes hemoglobin which gives the blood its red colorLow iron levels might be due to:Heavy periodsPregnancyUlcersColon polypsColon cancerInherited disordersLow iron dietAnemia can make you feel weak, cold, dizzy and irritableConfirmed with a blood test



Iron Deficiency Anemia TreatmentIncrease iron-rich foodsIron supplementationTakes months to correct*Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Blood, Lymphatic and Immune System


Sickle Cell AnemiaAbnormally shaped red blood cells Shaped like a crescent or sickle More fragile and more easily rupturedAnemiaGet stuck in blood vesselsBlood flow blockedPainfulOrgan damage*Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Blood, Lymphatic and Immune System


Sickle Cell AnemiaGeneticTwo sickle cell genes, one from each parent = sickle cell anemia One sickle cell gene = sickle cell trait1 in 12 African Americans has sickle cell traitDiagnosed with a blood test



Sickle Cell TreatmentNo widely available cureTreatment relieves symptoms Goals of treatmentRelieve painPrevent infections, organ damage, or strokesControl complicationsResearchers looking for new treatments



Blood Combining Forms*Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Blood, Lymphatic and Immune System

Word PartMeaningSample Term Chrom/oColorHemochromatosisCoagul/oClottingCoagulationErythr/oRedErythrocyteGranul/oGranulesGranulocyteHemat/oBloodHematologistLeuk/oWhiteLeukopeniaThromb/oClotThrombosis


Lymphatic and Immune Systems Organs of the lymphatic systemLymph nodesLymphatic vesselsThymus glandSpleenTonsils *Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Blood, Lymphatic and Immune System


Lymphatic and Immune Systems Functions of the lymphatic systemNetwork of vesselsPicks up excess tissue fluid, cleanses it, and returns it to circulatory systemPicks up fats absorbed by digestive systemFunctions of immune systemFights disease and infections *Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Blood, Lymphatic and Immune System


Immunity Bodys ability to defend itselfTarget pathogensBacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, toxins, cancerous tumorsTwo formsNatural immunity Acquired immunity*Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Blood, Lymphatic and Immune System


Natural ImmunityAlso called innate immunityNot specific to a particular disease Doesnt require prior exposure to pathogenExample:WBCs that ingest any pathogen encountered



Acquired ImmunityBodys response to a specific pathogen May be either:Passive acquired immunityActive acquired immunity*Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Blood, Lymphatic and Immune System


Acquired Immunity TypesPassive acquired immunity Results when a person receives protective substances produced by Another human (e.g., maternal antibodies)An animal (e.g., antitoxin)Active acquired immunity Develops following direct exposure to pathogenStimulates immune response (series of mechanisms designed to neutralize pathogen)Immunizations provide active acquired immunity*Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Blood, Lymphatic and Immune System


LymphedemaEdema (swelling) develops fromAn increase in the amount of fluid in the bodyA blockage in the lymphatic systemCauses includeInfection Cancer Scar tissue from radiation therapy or removal of lymph nodesInherited conditionsTreatmentsPhysical methods (compression stockings)Medicines



TonsillitisDefinitionInflammation of the tonsils (two oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the throat, one tonsil on each side)Signs and symptomsSwollen tonsilsSore throatDifficulty swallowing CausesCommon virusBacterial infectionTreatment- Antibiotics- Tonsillectomy*Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Blood, Lymphatic and Immune System


AIDSAcquired immunodeficiency syndromeMost advanced stage of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)HIV is a virus that kills or damages cells of the body's immune systemHIV is spread byHaving unprotected sex with an infected personSharing drug needlesHaving contact with the blood of an infected personWomen can give it to their babies during pregnancy or childbirth



AIDSSymptomsSwollen glands or flu-like symptoms often first signsSevere symptoms may not appear for months or yearsOpportunistic infectionsDiagnosisA blood test can confirm HIV infection TreatmentNo cure, but can live with disease for many yearsMany medications are available which fight both the HIV infection and the infections and cancers that come with it



Lymphatic & Immune Combining Forms*Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Blood, Lymphatic and Immune System

Word PartMeaningSample TermAdenoid/oAdenoidsAdenoiditisImmun/oProtectionImmunizationLymph/oLymphLymphomaLymphaden/oLymph nodeLymphadenitis Lymphangi/oLymph vesselLymphangioma


Tell me, Detective . . .James complains of soaking night sweats, fatigue, shaking chills, swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, persistent white spots on his tongue and headaches. This is indicative of:

TonsillitisIron deficiency anemiaAIDS



Blood, Lymphatic and Immune SystemsSummary Define medical terms related to the blood, lymphatic and immune systemsDescribe common diseases and conditions related to the blood, lymphatic and immune systemsDescribe various treatments related to the blood, lymphatic and immune systems*Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Blood, Lymphatic and Immune System


The material in this unit was adapted from MedlinePlus. For additional information on content covered in this unit, please visit:http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bloodheartandcirculation.html/

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/immunesystem.html



Blood, Lymphatic and Immune SystemsReferencesReferencesMedlinePlus [Internet]. Blood, heart and circulation. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); [updated 2011 Jul 27]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bloodheartandcirculation.html/MedlinePlus [Internet]. Immune system. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); [updated 2011 Jul 27]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/immunesystem.htmlMedlinePlus [Internet]. Medical dictionary. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); [updated 2010 Jul 11]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mplusdictionary.html

ImagesSlide 5: Bruce Wetzel & Harry Schaefer (photographers) Available From:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SEM_blood_cells.jpg Slide 14: Available From: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/immunesystem.html *Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Blood, Lymphatic and Immune System


Welcome to Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings: Blood, Lymphatic and Immune Systems.

*The objectives for this unit, Blood, Lymphatic and Immune Systems, are to:Define, understand and correctly pronounce various medical terms related to the blood, lymphatic (pronounced lim-fattic) and immune systemsDescribe common diseases and conditions with an overview of various treatments related to the blood, lymphatic and immune systems

**Lets begin by taking a look at our blood and how it is produced. The average adult has about five liters of blood that circulates throughout the body within the blood vessels. Blood cells are produced in red bone marrow. In addition to blood cells and blood cell fragments, our blood also contains water and other substances such as proteins and platelets. (pronounced plate-lets)

*Our blood serves to transport substances throughout the body. These substances attach themselves to red blood cells or are dissolved in the blood plasma.

One of the most important components of our blood is the white blood cell. White blood cells fight infection and disease. You might like to think of white blood cells as the Pac Men of the blood system because they travel throughout our bodies eating up bacteria and other infectious agents.

Platelets are another essential ingredient of our blood. Platelets help in the clotting process.*The cells in blood fall into three main categories. Erythrocytes (pronounced uh-RITH-row-sites), or red blood cells, carry oxygen to tissues and cells throughout the body. Erythrocytes also pick up carbon dioxide which is then eliminated through the lungs of the respiratory system.

The second category of blood cells, thrombocytes, (pronounced throm-bo-sites) also known as platelets (pronounced plate-lets), are critical in the blood clotting process. Without thrombocytes, a simple cut might mean that you would bleed to death.

The third category, leukocytes (pronounced LUKE-oh-sites), or white blood cells, provide protection against bacteria, viruses and foreign materials.

These solid blood cells are carried around the body in plasma. Plasma makes up the fluid part of the blood. Plasma is about 90% water. The remaining 10% is composed of proteins, dissolved substances, such as nutrients, hormones, respiratory (pronounced RESS-purr-uh-tory) gases, et cetera.If you have ever donated blood, you probably know that people have different types of blood. Although all blood is made of the same basic elements, not all blood is alike. In fact, there are eight different common blood types. These types are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens (pronounced ant-ih-jens) substances that can trigger an immune response if they are foreign to the body. Since some antigens can trigger a patient's immune system to attack the transfused blood, safe blood transfusions depend on careful blood typing and cross-matching for antigens and antibodies. Antibodies are made of B cells produced in response to a foreign antigen. Antibodies neutralize or destroy antigens. It is important to know what antigens and antibodies are present in the blood.

There are four major blood groups determined by the presence or absence of two antigens A and B on the surface of red blood cells:

Group A has only the A antigen on red cells (and B antibody in the plasma) Group B has only the B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma) Group AB has both A and B antigens on red cells (but neither A nor B antibodies in the plasma) Group O has neither A nor B antigens on red cells (but both A and B antibodies are in the plasma). Group O can donate red blood cells to anybody. If you have type O blood, then you are known as a universal donor.*In addition to the A and B antigens, there is a third antigen called the Rh (pronounced R-H) factor, which can be either present (positive) or absent (negative). In general, Rh negative blood is given to Rh negative patients, and Rh positive blood or Rh negative blood may be given to Rh positive patients.

The universal red cell donor has Type O negative blood type. The universal plasma donor has Type AB positive blood type. *What are some of the disorders that can affect our blood? One common blood disorder is iron deficiency anemia. Your body needs iron to make hemoglobin (pronounced heem-o-globe-in). Hemoglobin gives blood its red color. When your iron levels get low, you have whats called iron deficiency anemia. Iron levels might be too low because of heavy menstrual periods, pregnancy, ulcers, colon polyps (pronounced pol-ips), colon cancer, inherited disorders or a diet that does not have enough iron. Anemia can make you feel weak, cold, dizzy and irritable. It is confirmed with a blood test. *Once you become deficient in iron to the point that anemia develops, increased intake of iron-rich foods is beneficial, but is usually not enough to correct the problem. You need iron supplementation to build back your iron reserves, as well as to meet your body's daily iron requirements.

Iron deficiency can't be corrected overnight. You may need to take iron supplements for several months or longer to replenish your iron reserves. Generally, you'll start to feel better after a week or so of treatment.

*Sickle cell anemia is another blood disorder. It is a disease in which the body produces abnormally shaped red blood cells. The cells are shaped like crescents or sickles. These blood cells are more fragile than normal, round red blood cells, and more prone to rupture. This in turn leads to anemia. The sickle cells also get stuck in blood vessels, blocking blood flow. This can cause pain and organ damage. *This disorder is caused by a genetic problem. People with sickle cell anemia are born with two sickle cell genes, one from each parent. If you only have one sickle cell gene, you have what is called sickle cell trait. About 1 in 12 African Americans has sickle cell trait. A blood test can show if you have either the sickle cell trait or the anemia.

*Sickle cell anemia has no widely available cure. However, treatments can help relieve symptoms and treat complications. The goals of treating sickle cell anemia are to relieve pain; prevent infections, organ damage, and strokes; and control complications (if they occur).

Blood and marrow stem cell transplants may offer a cure for a small number of people who have sickle cell anemia. Researchers continue to look for new treatments for the disease. *Here are some key word parts dealing with the blood along with their meanings. In the third column you can see some of the medical terms that we can create by combining word parts.

You should return to the online medical dictionary to hear the pronunciation and become familiar with the meaning of the created terms.

**Now lets turn our attention to the lymphatic and immune systems. The organs of the lymphatic system are the lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus (pronounced THIGH-muss) gland, spleen, and the tonsils.

*The lymphatic system is comprised of a network of vessels whose function is to pick up excess tissue fluid, cleanse it, and return it to the circulatory system. Another function of the lymphatic system is to pick up fats that are absorbed by the digestive system. The primary function of the immune system is to fight disease and infections.

*Immunity is the bodys ability to defend itself against pathogens (pronounced PATH-o-jens). Pathogens can be bacteria, viruses, fungi (pronounced funj-eye), protozoans, toxins, and even cancerous tumors. There are two forms of immunity: natural immunity and acquired immunity. Lets look at these two in a little more detail. *Natural immunity is also called innate immunity. Natural immunity is resistance that one inherits from ones parents. It is not specific to a particular disease and doesnt require prior exposure to a pathogen or invading organism. An example of natural immunity is when white blood cells ingest (pronounced in-jest) any pathogen encountered.

*Acquired immunity, on the other hand, is the bodys response to a specific pathogen. There are two types of acquired immunity: passive acquired immunity or active acquired immunity.

*Passive acquired immunity is the result of receiving protective substances produced by another human or animal such as maternal antibodies or antitoxin (pronounced antee-toxin). One example of passive acquired immunity would include disease resistance obtained by an infant who is fed with breast milk.

In contrast, active acquired immunity develops following a direct exposure to a particular pathogen. This stimulated immune response results in a series of mechanisms designed to neutralize that pathogen. When we receive immunizations or vaccinations against, for example, chicken pox or rubella, they are designed to provide us with a type of active acquired immunity.

As you can imagine, there are lots of diseases and disorders that negatively affect the lymphatic system. One common condition of the lymphatic system is lymphedema (pronounced lymph-uh-deema). Edema (pronounced uh-DEEMA), or swelling, may happen when there is an increase in fluid in the body, or because of a blockage in the lymphatic system. The accumulation of lymph is referred to as lymphedema. The causes of lymphedema include various infections, cancer, scar tissue from radiation therapy or surgical removal of lymph nodes, and inherited conditions in which lymph nodes or vessels are absent or abnormal.

Treatment for lymphedema includes physical methods, such as compression stockings, and medicines.

*Another problem that affects the lymphatic system is tonsillitis. Tonsillitis is the inflammation of the tonsils. The tonsils are two oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the throat. There is one tonsil on each side. Signs and symptoms of tonsillitis include swollen tonsils, sore throat and difficulty swallowing.

Most cases of tonsillitis are caused by infection with a common virus, but a bacterial infection also may cause tonsillitis. Appropriate treatment depends on the cause. If tonsillitis is caused by a bacterial infection, the doctor will prescribe a course of antibiotics.

Surgery to remove the tonsils is called a tonsillectomy. Tonsillectomies may be used to treat frequently-recurring tonsillitis, chronic tonsillitis, or bacterial tonsillitis that doesn't respond to antibiotic treatment. Frequent tonsillitis is generally defined as occurring more than six times in one year, or more than four times in a year over a two year period, or more than three times in a year over three year period.

A tonsillectomy is usually done as a one-day surgery. A complete recovery usually takes seven to 10 days.

*A condition of the immune system of serious concern is AIDS. AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It is the most advanced stage of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus or HIV (pronounced H-I-V). HIV is a virus that kills or damages the cells of the body's immune system. By damaging your immune system, HIV interferes with your body's ability to fight the organisms that cause disease. HIV most often spreads through unprotected sex with an infected person. AIDS may also be spread by sharing drug needles or through contact with the blood of an infected person. In addition, women who are infected with HIV can give it to their babies during pregnancy or childbirth.

*The first signs of HIV infection may be swollen glands and flu-like symptoms. These may come and go a month or two after infection. Severe symptoms may not appear until months or years later. By the time AIDS develops, your immune system has been severely damaged, making you susceptible to opportunistic infections diseases that wouldn't normally trouble a person with a healthy immune system.

A blood test can tell if you have the HIV infection. While there is no cure, there are various drugs that can be used in combination and are available which can fight both the HIV infection and the infections and cancers that come with it. Today, individuals who are on medications can live with the disease for many years.*Here are some key word parts for the lymphatic and immune systems along with their meanings. In the third column you can see some of the medical terms that we can create by combining word parts.

You should return to the online medical dictionary to hear the pronunciation and become familiar with the meaning of the created terms.

*Now that you know something about the lymphatic and immune systems, see if you can solve the mystery that appears on this slide.

James complains of soaking night sweats, fatigue, shaking chills, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, persistent white spots on his tongue and headaches. This is indicative of:TonsillitisIron deficiency anemiaAIDSDid you guess AIDS? If no treatment is provided for the HIV infection, the disease typically progresses to AIDS in about 10 years. By the time AIDS develops, the immune system has been severely damaged, making one susceptible to opportunistic infections diseases that wouldn't trouble a person with a healthy immune system. The signs and symptoms of some of these infections may include:Soaking night sweats Shaking chills or fever higher than 100 F (38 C) for several weeks Chronic diarrhea Persistent white spots or unusual lesions on the tongue or mouth Headaches Persistent, unexplained fatigue Swollen lymph nodesWeight loss

*This concludes Blood, Lymphatic and Immune Systems. In summary, we have discussed medical terms related to the blood, lymphatic and immune systems. You should understand the meanings of these terms and be able to pronounce them. You should also be able to describe common diseases and conditions, and medical and surgical procedures and medications related to the blood, lymphatic and immune systems.*No Audio*No Audio*

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