company valuation and metrics – top down or bottom up?

21
Jeremy Halpern @startupboston Partner, Nutter McClennen & Fish Paulina Hill @paulinahill Polaris Partners Christopher Mirabile @cmirabile Launchpad Venture Group TCN FastTrack – May 2014 Valuing an Early Stage Company #TCNLive

Upload: the-capital-network

Post on 20-Aug-2015

429 views

Category:

Business


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Jeremy  Halpern  @startupboston  Partner,  Nutter  McClennen  &  Fish  

Paulina  Hill  @paulinahill  Polaris  Partners  

Christopher  Mirabile  @cmirabile  Launchpad  Venture  Group  

TCN  FastTrack  –  May  2014  Valuing  an  Early  Stage  Company  

#TCNLive  

Sources  of  early-­‐stage  capital  

•  Bootstrapping  –  Founder’s  capital  and  credit  cards,  bank  lines  of  credit,  loans  (SBA)  

•  Equity  Financing  (Early)  –  Friends  and  family,  crowdfunding,  individual  angels,  organized  angel  

groups,  early  stage  venture  capitalists  

•  Equity  Financing  (Early  to  Later)  –  Venture  capitalists,  corporate  venture  funds,  private  equity  firms,  

hedge  funds,  and  ultimately  the  public  markets  

2  #TCNlive  

Investment  Size  

Investment  “Cost”  

Traditional  VC  

Micro  VC  

Equipment  Financing  

Angel  Groups  Angels  

AngelList  

Corporate  /  Strategic  Venture  

Customers  

Portal  Funding  

Vendors  

Founder  

Friends  &  Family  

Crowdfunding  

Grants  

Venture  Debt  Bank  

Loans  

Personal  Loans  

Private  Equity  

Sources  of  early-­‐stage  capital  –  Cost:Size  

#TCNlive  

Avoid  the  “Capital  Gap”  

Stage Pre-­‐Seed

Seed  Start-­‐Up

$500,000  to  $2,500,000

Early Later

Source Founders,  Friends  

and  Family

Individual  Angels,  

MicroCaps  Accelerators  

Venture  Funds

Investment   $25,000  to  $100,000

$100,000  to  $500,000  

$5,000,000  and  up  (initial  capital  may  be  smaller,  

but  exit  targets  higher)

Market  Entry

 Micro  Cap  VCs,  Angel  Groups  and  

Angel  Group  Syndication

4  

Mind  the  Gap  !  

#TCNlive  

•  Common  Equity  –  Typical  for  Founders  –  Not  typical  for  new,  sophisticated  investors  –  Restricted  stock  and  Options  

•  Debt  and  Convertible  Notes  –  Often  used  by  early  stage  companies  to  avoid  valuation  –  Not  the  best  mechanism  for  aligning  Founders  and  investors  

•  Preferred  Equity    –  Primary  mechanism  for  sophisticated  angels,  angel  groups  and  VCs  

5  

Equity  Investment  Vehicles  

Pre-­‐money    $      1,500,000      $  2,000,000      $    2,250,000      $          2,500,000      $          2,750,000      $          3,000,000      $          3,250,000      $          3,500,000    

Note    $        610,717      $        610,717      $  610,717      $              610,717      $              610,717      $              610,717      $              610,717      $              610,717    

Series  A    $  1,500,000      $  1,500,000      $    1,500,000      $          1,500,000      $          1,500,000      $          1,500,000      $          1,500,000      $          1,500,000    

Option  Pool  (8.25%)    $      297,884      $      339,134      $359,759      $            380,384      $            401,009      $            421,634      $            442,259      $            462,884    

Post-­‐money    $  3,908,601      $  4,449,851      $    4,720,476      $        4,991,101      $    5,261,726      $    5,532,351      $    5,802,976      $    6,073,601    Investor  Ownership   54%   47%   45%   42%   40%   38%   36%   35%  

Management  Ownership   46%   53%   55%   58%   60%   62%   64%   65%  

6  

Dilution    -­‐  Valuation’s  relationship  to  Ownership  

Capital  Needs  

Time  

High  Risk  

Low    Risk  

Crystallize  Ideas  

Demonstrate  Product  

Early  Scaling  Growth  

Sustained  Growth  

Market  Entry  

•  Raising  money  takes  place  over  and  over  again  because  different  lenders  and  investors  match  the  current  capital  

amounts  and  risk  profile  

Risk  vs.  Return  

#TCNlive  

•  Understand  the  capital  needed  today,  and  the  total  capital  needed  to  get  to  milestones  (e.g.  exit!)  –  Type  of  business  (e.g.  SaaS,  Medical  Equipment)?  –  Cost  of  getting  to  market?  –  Cost  of  ramping  and  running  the  business?  

•  Compensate  the  management  for  getting  to  this  point  –  What  do  they  need  for  future  motivation?  –  How  many  more  senior  people  will  be  hired  w/  options?  

•  Look  at  comparable  exits  to  understand  likely  exit  multiple  –  Don’t  forget  to  account  for  invested  capital!  

•  Is  this  a  business  investors  can  afford  to  invest  in?  

8  

The  Long  View  –  Total  Capital  Requirements  

#TCNlive  

•  Valuation  Based  on  Measuring….  –  Sales  (Multiple  of  revenue  –P/R)  –  Net  Income  (P/E)  –  Cash  Flow  (EBITDA  or  Free  Cash  Flow)  –  Discounted  Cash  Flow  (DCF)  –  Discounted  Future  Earnings  –  Net  Worth  or  Book  Value  –  Real  Options,  Black  Scholes,  etc.  

•  NONE  OF  THESE  APPLY  TO  STARTUPS!  

9  

Quantitative  Methods  –  Valuing  Mature  Companies  

#TCNlive  

Valuation  Issues  

•  Market  Test  &  the  Power  of  Auction:  Leverage  •  Round  size    •  Source  (Angel,  VC,  Strategic  etc.)  •  Total  Capital  Requirements  •  Terms  vs.  Pre-­‐Money  Price  •  Impact  of  Option  Plans  •  Price  less  important  than  relationship  •  Positioning  for  future  •  Impact  of  Convertible  Debt  from  F&F  •  On  the  “Promise”  or  the  “Numbers”  but  not  both!  

Qualitative  &  Quantitative  Factors  

•  COMPARABLES  –  Valuation  of  deals  recently  

completed    in  a  similar  space  

•  KEY  ASSETS  OF  THE  COMPANY    –  Management:  Commitment    

Knowledge  &  Experience    –  Intellectual  Property  &  

Defensibility  –  Financials  &  Time  to  Profit  –  Milestones  Achieved  –  Revenue  –  Customers  and  Feedback  –  Barriers  to  Entry  

•  FINANCING  HISTORY  /  NEEDS  –  Funding  to  Date  –  Future  Funding  Needs  –  Last  Round  Post-­‐Money  Valuation  –  When  was  last  round  completed  –  Is  the  stock  option  pool  sufficient  

•  SIZE  AND  GROWTH  OF  MARKET  –  Current  Size  &  Targeted  Market  

•  NOT  the  Total  Available  Market  –  Growth  -­‐  CAGR  

11  #TCNlive  

Early  Stage  Company  Valuation  Methodologies  

•  Venture  Capital  Method  (used  also  by  many  angels)  –  Future  revenue  x  industry  multiple  x  pro  rata  percentage  x  IRR  =  current  value  

•  Discounted  Hypothetical  Cash  Flow  /  Net  Present  Value  –  Based  on  fiction  

•  Chicago  (DCF  x  probability  tiers)  –  Same  issue  as  above  

•  Berkus  (finger  in  the  air)  –  Maximums  per  attribute  (max  $2.5m)  

•  OTA/Payne  –  Comparison  to  average  x  weight  –  Helpful  for  biotech/cleantech  

•  Risk  Factor  Method  –  Highly  subjective  –  a  more  detailed  version  of  Berkus  Method  

•  Opportunity  Cost  /  Contribution  Model  –  Based  on  sweat  and  lost  alternative  revenue  

•  1/3  Max  rule  –  Treats  angels  like  co-­‐founders  and  weight  cash  versus  sweat  

•  Transaction  Comparables  –  Hard  to  find  like  deals;  general  market  trends  may  apply  

Investor-­‐Driven  Method  (aka  Venture  Math)  

•  VALUATION  -­‐  Investor  Requirements  –  Return  rate  required  by  investor  (VC  driver)  –  10X  to  20X  –  what  is  it?  –  Time  Frame  –  3-­‐5-­‐7  years  –  Any  initial  ownership  goals  –  Valuation  can  be  determined  by  working  in  reverse  from  exit  

valuation  assuming  hypothetical  intervening  dilution  

•  VALUATION  -­‐  Investor  Internal  Dynamics  –  What  you  can  sell  to  your  syndicate  partners  –  Size  of  fund  and  time  since  fund  inception  –  Minimum  Investment  =  meaningful  percentage?  

13  #TCNlive  

Dave  Berkus  Method  

If  it  exists,  then                Add  to  Company  value  Sound  idea      $500k  Prototype      $500k  Quality  Team    $500k  Quality  Board    $500k  Initial  Sale      $500k  Valuation  Range  =    $0  -­‐  $2.5  million  

14  #TCNlive  

Bill  Payne  Method  

Factor  Weight          Rating  (100%  basis)  Comment  Management    30    125    On  board,  ex  sales  Size  of  Opportunity  25    115    Could  be  huge  Product/Service    10    110    Disruptive  platform  Sales  Channels    10        70    All  foreign  Stage  of  Business    10    125    Prototype  works  Other    15        80    All  revs  outside  US  

     100%  

 Weighted  Average  Rating  =  1.0875    Pre-­‐revenue  Multiplier  =  $1.75  million  

 Valuation  =  1.0875  x  $1.75  million  =  $1,903,125  

15  #TCNlive  

Risk  Factor  Summation  Method  (same  company)  Baseline    $1.75  million    Risk  Factor              Adjustment  (-­‐$500k  to  +$500k)  Comment        Management  +$500k  Done  it  before  Stage  +$250k  Prototype  works  Funding  Risk  -­‐$250k  Int’l  mkts  tough  Regulatory  0  Unregulated  mkt  Manufacturing  +250k  Nothing  new  Sales  &  Mktg  -­‐$500k  Int’l  mkts  Competition  +$250k  Few  in  target  mkt  

Technology  +$250k  Off  shelf  parts  Litigation  0  None  expected  International  -­‐$500k  All  revs  Int’l  Reputational  -­‐$250k  Int’l  issues  Exit    +$250k  Likely  early  

       $250k    Valuation  =  $2.0  million  

16  #TCNlive  

Structure  to  allow  value  growth  over  time  

•  Underlying  Assumption  –  All  business  is  a  risk  adjusted  cash  flow  –  Structuring  a  deal  is  “guessing”  what  the  exit  valuation  will  be  

•  Valuation  is  a  “Black  Art”    –  Goal  is  to  quantify  a  qualitative  assessment,  and  then….  –  Negotiate  the  deal  so  that  everyone  feels  just  a  bit  unhappy  

•  Setting  Deal  Structure  –  MUST  understand  total  capital  requirements  and  likely  capital  sources  –  Need  to  understand  option  pool  needs    –  Other  economic  terms  include:  liquidation  preference,  dividends,  anti-­‐

dilution  adjustment  and  vesting  of  founder’s  stock  and  option  pool  

GOAL:  Founders,  Management,  Early  Investors  and  Later  Investors  all  have  great  risk  adjusted  returns  

17  #TCNlive  

Angel  Round  Sizes  Remain  Steady  Over  Three-­‐Year  Period  

$0.00  

$0.50  

$1.00  

2011   2012   2013  

Median  Round  Size   Mean  Round  Size  

*Angel rounds include angels & angel groups only

$950K $857K $931K

$610K $600K $600K

$M

•  Average  valuation  across  all  angel  deals  :  

$2.45million    pre-­‐money    $350k  invested  

19  

Angel  Data  2013  

#TCNlive  

20  

The  average    pre-­‐money  valuation  for  a    pre-­‐revenue  company    across  the  US    is  $2.1  million  

Average  Valuations  -­‐  Wisdom  of  the  Angel  Crowd  

#TCNlive  

TCN  FastTrack  

May  2014  Valuing  an  Early  Stage  Company  

Jeremy  Halpern  Nutter  McClennen  &  Fish  @startupboston [email protected]  617.439.2943  

Paulina  Hill  Polaris  Partners  @paulinahill  

Christopher  Mirabile  Launchpad  Venture  Group  @cmirabile