comparative methods in social sciences , i

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Comparative Methods in Social Sciences, I Kazimierz M. Slomczynski & Irina Tomescu-Dubrow

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Comparative Methods in Social Sciences , I. Kazimierz M. Slomczynski & Irina Tomescu-Dubrow. Comparative methods – purpose. The purpose of comparative research is, as in the case of all scientific research, to test hypotheses . - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Comparative Methods in Social  Sciences , I

Comparative Methods in Social Sciences, I

 Kazimierz M. Slomczynski 

& Irina Tomescu-Dubrow

Page 2: Comparative Methods in Social  Sciences , I

Comparative methods – purpose

The purpose of comparative research is, as in the case of all scientific research, to test hypotheses.

Hypothesis is a statement, stipulated within a given theory, about the relationship between variables (constructs) defined on some objects (units of observation) within a causal framework (time and sequencing).  

In comparative sociology hypotheses deal with space and/or time.

Page 3: Comparative Methods in Social  Sciences , I

Space and time

Space:Cross-national studies involve, explicitly or implicitly, nations 

(states, countries, societies) as units of observation and at least one variable is defined on the national (country, society) level. 

Time:In historical studies the same units of observations are 

compared through time

Page 4: Comparative Methods in Social  Sciences , I

Comparative methods

Comparative methods refer specifically to the methodology of comparing “something” through space and/or time.  

Generally, comparative methods for cross-national research and historical research do not differ very much.

Page 5: Comparative Methods in Social  Sciences , I

Comparative methods and comparative sociology

Clarification:• Most sociology is within-country, present-time sociology.

•  Comparative methods are specific in that they address  problems inherent in cross-national and/or historical studies. 

• Cross-national and/or historical studies constitute comparative sociology.  As it will be argued comparative sociology is a sub-discipline of sociology as such. 

Page 6: Comparative Methods in Social  Sciences , I

Traditions of comparative sociology

Karl Marx (1818-1883) and his work (Capital, 1883) on evolutionary processes of economic systems (cross-national and historical).

Max Weber (1864-1920) and his work on The Protestant Ethics and Spirit of Capitalism, 1905, (historical and cross-national).

Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) and his work Suicide (1897) as an example of quantitative studies on nations' characteristics. 

In his Rules of Sociological Methods, 1885, Durkheim insists that comparative sociology is not a particular branch of sociology; it is sociology itself.

Page 7: Comparative Methods in Social  Sciences , I

Does comparative sociology constitute a paradigm?

“A paradigm is a fundamental image of the subject matter within a science.  It serves to define what should be studied, what questions should be asked, how they should be asked, and what rules should be followed in interpreting the answers obtained.” (Ritzer, Sociology: A Multiple Paradigm Science, 1980: 7)

Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolution (1962)

Page 8: Comparative Methods in Social  Sciences , I

Comparative sociology

Questions:• -- what should be studied?• -- what questions should be asked?• -- how they should be asked?• -- what rules should be followed?

Page 9: Comparative Methods in Social  Sciences , I

Melvin Kohn's questions

1. In whose interest is cross-national research?

2. Is cross-national research distinctly different from research that compares social classes, or ethnic groups, or genders in a single country?

3. Why put the emphasis on cross-national?

4. How many nations are needed for rigorous cross-national analysis?

5. What are the costs of doing cross-national research?

6. What role does history play in cross-national interpretation?

Page 10: Comparative Methods in Social  Sciences , I

Stages of Social Research

FORMULATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM & THEORETICAL MODEL Chose variables and specify hypothesis

PREPARATION OF RESEARCH DESIGNDefine population and select sample. Develop instruments

MEASUREMENT SAMPLING

DATA COLLECTION

DATA ORGANIZATION AND PROCESSING

ANALYSES AND INTERPRETATIONMake decisions about the fit of data and theory. Results are communicated to an

audience.(Confirm or reject your initial theory)

Page 11: Comparative Methods in Social  Sciences , I

Typology of approaches

Hypothesis testing approach in cross-national research

The proposed typology takes into account the dependent variable (explanandum; outcome) and fits to it independent variable(s) (explanans; causes).

Page 12: Comparative Methods in Social  Sciences , I

Typology of cross-national research

Crucial question: 

What is the level of observation on which the dependent variable is defined?

For simplicity: DV describes either countries (macro) or individuals (micro)

Page 13: Comparative Methods in Social  Sciences , I

Typology of cross-national research

Types of explanations:  I. Macro-macro II. Micro-microIII. Macro-micro

Page 14: Comparative Methods in Social  Sciences , I

Macro-macro, I.a

1. Type of explanation: macro-macro. 

Both dependent variable and independent variable(s) are defined for a country as a whole. This refers to the Country-Level Data, CLD.

Quantitative Studies on Nations' Characteristics1a. Positional characteristics:

Matrix A = aij 

where a is a value of variable j in country i.

Page 15: Comparative Methods in Social  Sciences , I

Countries Country-level variables

CVAR1 CVAR2 CVAR3 CVAR4

1 25 100 1 0

2 26 123 2 1

3 11 145 5 1

4 13 135 … …

5 25 150 4 0

6 21 144 2 0

7 20 133 2 1

8 22 156 2 0

9 14 145 5 0

… … … …

N-1 15 136 3 0

N 26 135 2 1

Page 16: Comparative Methods in Social  Sciences , I

Macro-macro, I.b

Studies of the World System and its Elements1b. Relational characteristics:

Matrix B = bkl 

where b is a value of a variable showing the relationship between country k and country l

Page 17: Comparative Methods in Social  Sciences , I

Count-ries

Countries

A B C D E F G

Visits of kings

A 0 256 0 0 36 27 0

B 24 0 9 0 0 0 0

C 0 0 0 1 3 0 57

D 0 1 1 0 1 1 90

E 0 1 2 0 0 0 20

F 12 1 2 1 5 0 13

G 1 1 2 0 5 1 0

Page 18: Comparative Methods in Social  Sciences , I

Micro-micro

Type of explanation: micro-micro. 

The dependent variable is micro (on individual level) and independent variable(s) is also micro (on individual level), but research is done in separate countries and the results are compared. 

This refers to the Individual-Level Data, ILD.

Page 19: Comparative Methods in Social  Sciences , I

Survey research in three countries

Matrix A = aij 

where a is a value of variable j for individual i.

Matrix B = bij 

where b is a value of variable j for individual i.

Matrix C = cij where c is a value of variable j for individual i.

Page 20: Comparative Methods in Social  Sciences , I

Cases Individual-level variables

IVAR1 IVAR2 IVAR3 IVAR4

Country A

1 5 2 2 0

2 6 3 2 1

3 1 5 5 1

… … … … …

2499 4 6 4 0

2500 6 9 2 0

Country B

1 4 3 2 1

2 2 7 2 0

3 4 3 5 0

… … … … …

2299 5 6 3 0

2300 6 5 2 1

Country C

1 4 5 1 0

… … … … …

Page 21: Comparative Methods in Social  Sciences , I

Macro-micro

Type of explanation: macro-micro. 

The dependent variable is micro (on individual level) and independent variable(s) is macro (on country-level). This combines ILD and CLD

Matrix A = aijk 

where a is a value of variable j for individual i in country k.

Page 22: Comparative Methods in Social  Sciences , I

Cases Individual-level variables Country-level variables

IVAR1 IVAR2

IVAR3

IVAR4

CVAR1

CVAR2

CVAR

Sample from country A

1 5 2 2 0 3 0 23

2 6 3 2 1 3 0 23

3 1 5 5 1 3 0 23

… … … … … … … …

2500 6 9 2 0 3 0 23

Sample from country B

1 4 3 2 1 5 1 33

2 2 7 2 0 5 1 33

3 4 3 5 0 5 1 33

… … … … … … … …

2300 6 5 2 1 5 1 33

Sample from country B

1 4 5 1 0 7 1 53

… … … … … … … …