comparative study of the effect of conventional and direct drillings on durum wheat cultivars
DESCRIPTION
Presentation by prof. Khaled Sassi (INRAT, Tunisia) at Wheat for Food Security in Africa conference, Oct 9, 2012, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.TRANSCRIPT
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Khaled SASSI. Ghassen ABID. Hatem CHEIKH-M’HAMED and Moncef BEN-HAMMOUDA
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Introduction
Aims
Material and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusion
PLAN
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Conservation Agriculture in Tunisia
Introduction
To
tal A
rea
s (h
a)
Phase I Phase II Phase III
Initiation
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Erosion
Runoff
Compaction
▼Organic matter
Yields limitation
Low protein
Strong variation of production 4
Tillage
In semi-arid area of Tunisia
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This makes difficults in varietal choice and in estimation of the target yield
Cereal varieties in Tunisia are characterized by genetic variations and especially durum wheat varieties
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Their performances and adaptations depending on the method of conduct are poorly controlled particularly in direct drilling
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Investigate the potential of production of 5 durum
wheat varieties under conditions of direct drilling.
Compare the two systems of production of durum
wheat (conventional and direct drillings).
Study the technological and nutritional quality of
durum wheat from direct drilling.
Aims
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Experimental station of the ESAK
5 improved varieties of durum wheat:
‘Karim’. ‘Razzak’. ‘Khiar’. ‘Om Rabia’ et ‘Nasr’
Lower semi-arid
2008/09 – 2009/10 – 2010/11
Material and methods
Experimental farm
Conduct of the trial
Plant material
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Rep. 1
CD DD
2 1
3 2
4 3
5 4
1 5
8
Rep. 2
CD DD
3 4
4 5
5 1
1 2
2 3
Rep. 3
CD DD
1 5
2 1
3 2
4 3
5 4
Rep. 4
CD DD
4 2
5 3
1 4
2 5
3 1
Split-plot
1- Karim 2- Khiar 3- Om Rabia 4- Razzak 5- Nasr
Experimental design
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Differences
Conventionnel drilling: 2 tillages
Direct drilling : Zero tillage
Conventionnel drilling: No chemical weed control before sowing
Direct drilling : Chemical weed control before sowing.
Trial conduct
Soil preparation Weeding
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Agronomic
Quality
Grain yield
Protein
Gluten
Thousand kernel weight
Ash
Specific Weight
Parameters studied
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Results and Discussion
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Assessment of grains yield and thousand kernel weight of durum wheat varieties conducted in direct and conventional drillings
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Means of grains yield (t/ha) of five durum wheat cultivars conducted in direct and conventional drilling and for three seasons of study
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2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 Mean
Gra
ins y
ield
(t/
h)
Season
DD CD
DD* : Direct Drilling CD* : Conventional Drilling
Grains yield
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Average of grains yield (t/ha) of five durum wheat cultivars conducted in direct and conventional drillings and for three seasons of study.
b b
ab
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a aa
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Karim Razzek Khiar Om Rabia Nasr Mean
Gra
ins y
ield
(t/
ha)
Variety
DD CD
DD* : Direct Drilling CD* : Conventional Drilling
Grains yield
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Average of thousand kernel weight (g) of five durum wheat cultivars conducted in direct and conventional drillings and for three seasons of study.
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a a aa
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Karim Razzek Khiar Om Rabia Nasr Mean
Th
ou
san
d k
ern
el
weig
ht
(g)
Variety
DD CD
DD* : Direct Drilling CD* : Conventional Drilling
Thousand kernel weight
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Variety 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 3 years mean
DD CD DD CD DD CD DD CD
Karim 12.19 12.69 16.05 15.64 14.52 13.22 14.25 13.85
Razzek 11.49 12.05 12.67 15.26 11.42 12.74 11.86 13.35
Khiar 11.98 11.98 16.95 14.70 13.74 12.52 14.22 13.07
Om Rabia 11.70 12.62 14.65 13.13 13.62 12.08 13.32 12.61
Nasr 11.23 12.45 15.05 15.32 15.41 12.8 13.90 13.52
Cross Var.
mean 11.72 12.36 15.07 14.81 13.74 12.67 13.51 13.28
CV=6.79
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Details of protein content (%TPM / DM) of five cultivars of durum wheat conducted in direct and conventional drillings and for three seasons of study
DD* : Direct Drilling CD* : Conventional Drilling
Protein content
Technological and nutritional quality
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Average protein content (%TPM / DM) of five cultivars of durum wheat conducted in direct and conventional drillings and for three seasons of study
a
b
aa a ab a b b
b b
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Karim Razzek Khiar Om Rabia Nasr Mean
Pro
tein
mat
ter
(%T
PM
/DM
)
Variety
DD CD
DD* : Direct Drilling CD* : Conventional Drilling
Protein content
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Average gluten content (%) of five cultivars of durum wheat conducted in direct and conventional drillings and for three seasons of study
Om Rabia. Nasr. Khiar and Karim present a balanced gluten reflecting good technological value and are suitable to make pasta or couscous
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Karim Razzek Khiar Om Rabia Nasr Mean
Glu
ten
co
nte
nt
(%)
Variety
DD CD
DD* : Direct Drilling CD* : Conventional Drilling
Gluten content
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a aa
a a aaa
ba a a
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1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
Karim Razzek Khiar Om Rabia Nasr Mean
Ash
co
nte
nt
(%)
Variety
DD CD
DD* : Direct Drilling CD* : Conventional Drilling
Average ash content (%) of five cultivars of durum wheat conducted in direct and conventional drillings and for three seasons of study
Ash content
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a b
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a a
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Karim Razzek Khiar Om Rabia Nasr Mean
Sp
ecif
ic w
eig
ht
(Kg
/hl)
Variety
DD CD
Specific weight (%) of five cultivars of durum wheat conducted in direct and conventional drillings and for three seasons of study
DD* : Direct Drilling CD* : Conventional Drilling
Specific weight
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Comparison of the performance of the durum wheat conducted under direct and conventional drillings shows that the grains yield over all varieties was in favor of the CD, with 17% increase.
This difference was not stable and it varied from one season to another, making DD competing well when it is relatively a dry season such as the case of the second season
During the first season of study, results showed that grains yield was lower in direct drilling than conventional method (1.97 and 2.88 t/ha respectively).
During the second season, the expression of grains yield does not seem to be affected by the conduct method (1.21 t/ha conventional drilling and 1.19 t/ha direct drilling).
Conclusion
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During the third season, the grains yield is slightly higher for the benefit of DD compared to CD (2.22 and 2.20 t/ha respectively).
This improved performance of durum wheat in direct drilling is due to better water availability in the soil through the effect of mulching (more infiltration. less evaporation. better water reserve).
Finally and based on results of this experiment, Om Rabia has an important potential for being used in DD, with regard to the grains yield (1.94 t/ha), thousand kernel weight (40.08 g), protein (13.32 %/DM), gluten (16.32 %) and specific weight (79.49 kg/hl).
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Conventional drilling
Direct drilling
Source: INGC, 2006
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Thank you for your attention