“The Effectiveness of Neem Tree (Azadirachta Indica) Leave

Extract in the Mortality Rate of Cockroach”

An Investigatory Project Presented to

The Faculty of Don Felix Serra National High School

San Joaquin, Iloilo

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

Research II

Angelie Santolaja

And

Mary Rose Siva

SSC - IV

ABSTRACT

            This study was conducted to determine the

insecticidal effect of the Neem tree (Azaradichta indica)leaf

extract against cockroaches. The study was conducted at Don Felix

Serra National High School from November 15, 2008 to January 15,

2009. Cultured cockroahes were used as the subjects of the study.

They were treated with different levels of concentration of Neem

tree leaf extract to find out if this substance has any

insecticidal effect on them. Three trials for each level of

concentration were made to determine the consistency of the

effect of the Neem tree leaf extract at different levels of

concentrations. It was found out that Neem  tree leaf extract was

effective in killing cockroaches at all levels of concentration

It was concluded that Neem tree leaf has a very high insecticidal

effect against cockroaches.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to express their sincere and deepest

gratitude to all who generously offered their valuable assistance

and supervision at the beginning and the end of the writing and

making of this research study.

To our Almighty God for the enlightenment, for giving the

authors the good health and disposition they badly need to

accomplish this requirement.

To Dr. Aurora N. Saquibal, school principal, for approving

the conduct of this study;

To Mrs. Mae Setubal, research paper adviser, for sharing her

time, untiring support, guidance, encouragement and patience in

the completion of this study;

To the computer teachers of DFSNHS for allowing us to use

the computer in researching and editing this paper.

To the family of the authors, for their financial and moral

support for the realization of the study

In addition, to those people who the investigators fail to

mention who contributed a lot for the completion of this study.

Again, a million thanks to all!

Angelie and Mary Rose

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Abstract i-ii

Acknowledgement ii-iii

CHAPTER I

Background of the Study 1-2

Statement of the Problem 3

Hypotheses 6

Significance of the Study

5-6

Definition of Terms 7

Scope and Delimitations 4

Conceptual Framework 2

CHAPTER II – RELATED LITERATURE 8-25

CHAPTER III – METHODOLOGY

Research Materials and Equipments

Procedure/Experimental Design

Gathering Data

Treatment of Data

CHAPTER IV – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Findings

Analysis of Data

CHAPTER V – SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation

APPENDIXES

A

B

C

D

Schematic Diagram

Pictures

Introduction

Background of the study

In recent years, the study of herbal plants has become a

great interest among scientist and researchers. The variety of

products that may be obtained, along with its uses is one major

factor that leads to its unique importance in today’s modern

living. On the other hand, the use of insecticides has become

common. Its discovery has shifted medical technologists focus

from a broad point to a less fine direction considering the

possibilities that herbal plants may give.

In the vast island of the Philippines, herbal plants are

widely found because of the favorable climate. Different parts of

these plants are being used such as the roots, bark and leaves as

a substantial remedy for their illnesses as well as for other

things.

Neem tree contains certain components and properties that

can poison and paralyzed insects. Neem tree leaves for instance

can irritate mosquitoes.

Disease causing insects are present practicably anywhere and

everywhere and best of all in places where grime and dirt makes

it residence. Although tiny as they maybe, one should consider

their potential in blaring havoc to its victim.

1

The first means of preventing the spread of diseases brought

about by these pests is through proper home management and

sanitation. From this point, it is important that people should

learn to sanitize. In this connection the researchers wants to

find out the pesticidal activity of Neem tree leaves extract to

cockroach.

Conceptual Framework

Independent Moderator Dependent Variable

Variable

amount

of

extract

Mortality rate

Neem tree

Leave

Extract amount

Of

water

2

Statement of the Problem

This research study aims to find out the effectiveness of

Neem tree leave extract in the mortality rate of cockroach.

Specific Objective

This study has the following specific objectives:

1. To find out if Neem tree leave is effective as cockroach

killer.

2. To determine the concentration that would be most

effective in killing cockroach.

100% solution

50% solution and 50% water

75% solution and 25% water

3. To find out a significant difference in the effect of the

different concentrations of the Neem tree leave extract as

cockroach killer based on the mortality rate of the

cockroaches.

3

Scope and Delimitation

The solution to be used in the experiments is not

commercially prepared ones. It was simply prepared in the

compound of the researcher’s school. Thus, it could be guaranteed

that the said sample could not compete in terms of desirable

properties with the commercially prepared ones. Moreover, the

leaves used are not constantly fine, young and in some case

contains deformed or damaged parts. This may have interfered with

the results expected.

The study was restricted for cockroach use only and not

including other house pests as it may not be effective. The

variables in this study were limited to 100 grams of leaves. The

respondents were 18 cockroaches respectively.

This study will be conducted at Don Felix Serra National

High School, Real St. Purok 1 San Joaquin, Iloilo. The study was

started October 28 2008 and will last on February 2009.

4

Significance of the Study

Many people find ways in order to control the growth or

spreading of pests that may harm family’s health. Different use

of alternative such as insecticide and pesticide has been used to

control pests. Neem tree leaves compared to chemical in stores is

an alternative and environment friendly pest busters. Moreover

Pollution in land, water and air is lessened because the

concentrations are all biological materials. Hence these are some

of the beneficiaries of the said study;

Housewives – they can save money and restrain from spending

too much for the use of insecticides because these alternative

insecticide cost nothing and is very abundant in the locality.

Farmers – It would give them idea about other plants in the

community which could halter or control the growth of insects

which could destroy their crops. It would mold them to be

observant and resourceful.

Agriculturist – it would give them the inspiration to

discover and investigate other species of plants to be used in

the development of new products for the purpose of bringing

harmony in both home and agricultural industry.

5

Other Researcher – it would give them new ideas and

furthermore it would pursue them to add or improve the study and

advances it to the next level prior to the increasing demands of

the society.

Lastly, government officials may be able to use and improve

this product for distribution and or production for further

economic income of the country and thus saving funds spent for

importing such products.

Hypotheses

The following hypotheses were assumed in the study:

1. There is no significant difference in the mortality rate of

cockroaches between the commercial insecticide and the

different concentrations in each extracts.

2. There is no significant difference in the time interval

between the commercial insecticide and the different

concentrations in each extracts for which the cockroaches

died.

6

Definition of terms

Extract – juice from a plant

As used in the study, extract is the juice obtained

from the leaves of neem tree and mahogany leaves.

Leaves – a part of a plant

As used in the study, leaves are where the extract is

obtained.

Cockroach – nocturnal beetle-like insect

As used in the study, cockroach is the respondents to

be used in the experiment.

Mortality – the condition of being sure to die sometime

As used in the study, mortality is the number or

frequency of deaths in a given period of time relative to the

population of the cockroaches in every trial.

Neem - Is a tree in the mahogany family Meliaceae. It is one of

two species in the genus Azadirachta, and growing in tropical and

semi-tropical region.

As used in the study, neem refers to a plant where its

leaves are used to obtain extract.

7

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

Neem tree is a typical forest tree that is popular to people.

It has many uses and is vary helpful to the society. Many people

use Neem tree as an alternative mosquito killer for they use the

leaves of it and eventually burn it. Besides of it, this tree

also cures diseases.

Neem

Azadirachta indica

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Magnoliophyta

Order: Sapindales

Genus: Azadirachta

Species: Indica

Binomial name

Azadirachta indica

Neem (Azadirachta indica, syn. Melia azadirachta L., Antelaea

azadirachta (L.) Adelb.) is a tree in the mahogany family

8

Meliaceae. It is one of two species in the genus Azadirachta, and

is native to India, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Pakistan

growing in tropical and semi-tropical regions. Other vernacular

names include Nimba (Sanskrit and Marathi), DogonYaro (Nigerian),

Margosa, Nimtree, Vepu, Vempu, Vepa (Telugu), Bevu in Kannada,

Vempu in Tamil, arya veppu in Malayalam and Indian-lilac. In East

Africa it is also known as Mwarobaini (Swahili), which means the

tree of the 40; it is said to treat 40 different diseases.

Description

Neem is a fast-growing tree that can reach a height of 15-20 m

(about 50-65 feet), rarely to 35-40 m (115-131 feet). It is

evergreen but in severe drought it may shed most or nearly all of

its leaves. The branches are wide spread. The fairly dense crown

is roundish or oval and may reach the diameter of 15-20 m in old,

free-standing specimens.

The trunk is relatively short, straight and may reach a diameter

of 1.2 m (about 4 feet). The bark is hard, fissured or scaly, and

whitish-grey to reddish-brown. The sapwood is grayish-white and

the heartwood reddish when first exposed to the air becoming

reddish-brown after exposure. The root system consists of a

strong taproot and well-developed lateral roots.

9

The alternate, pinnate leaves are 20-40 cm (8 to 16 in.)long,

with 20 to 31 medium to dark green leaflets about 3-8 cm (1 to 3

in.) long. The terminal leaflet is often missing. The

petioles are short. Very young leaves are reddish to purplish in

colour. The shape of mature leaflets is more or less asymmetric

and their margins are dentate with the exception of the base of

their basiscopal half, which is normally very strongly reduced

and cuneate or wedge-shaped.The (white and fragrant) flowers are

arranged axillary, normally in more-or-less drooping panicles

which are up to 25 cm (10 in.)long. The inflorescences, which

branch up to the third degree, bear from 150 to 250 flowers. An

individual flower is 5-6 mm long and 8-11 mm wide. Protandrous,

bisexual flowers and male flowers exist on the same individual.

The fruit is a smooth (glabrous) olive-like drupe which varies in

shape from elongate oval to nearly roundish, and when ripe are

1.4-2.8 x 1.0-1.5 cm. The fruit skin (exocarp) is thin and the

bitter-sweet pulp (mesocarp) is yellowish-white and very fibrous.

The mesocarp is 0.3-0.5 cm thick. The white, hard inner shell

(endocarp) of the fruit encloses one, rarely two or three,

elongated seeds (kernels) having a brown seed coat.Commercial

plantations of the trees are not considered profitable.

10

Ecology

The neem tree is noted for its drought resistance. Normally it

thrives in areas with sub-arid to sub-humid conditions, with an

annual rainfall between 400 and 1200 mm. It can grow in regions

with an annual rainfall below 400 mm, but in such cases it

depends largely on ground water levels. Neem can grow in many

different types of soil, but it thrives best on well drained deep

and sandy soils . It is a typical tropical to subtropical tree

and exists at annual mean temperatures between 21-32 °C. It can

tolerate high to very high temperatures and does not tolerate

temperature below 4 °C . Neem is a life giving tree, especially

for the dry coastal, southern districts. It is one of the very

few shade-giving trees that thrive in the drought prone areas.

The trees are not at all delicate about the water quality and

thrive on the merest trickle of water, whatever the quality. In

Tamil Nadu it is very common to see neem trees used for shade

lining the streets or in most people's back yards. In very dry

areas like Sivakasi, the trees are planted in large tracts of

land, in whose shade fireworks factories function.

11

Chemical compounds

The active principles of the plant were brought to the attention

of scientists in 1942 while working at the Scientific and

Industrial Research Laboratory at Delhi University, for the first

time extracted three bitter compounds from neem oil, which he

provisionally named as nimbin, nimbinin, and nimbidin

respectively. The seeds contain an extremely complex secondary

metabolite azadirachtin.

It is considered a major component in Ayurvedic medicine and is

particularly prescribed for skin disease.

All parts of the tree (seeds, leaves, flowers and bark) are

used for preparing many different medical preparations.

Neem oil is used for preparing cosmetics (soap, shampoo,

balms and creams), and is useful for skin care such as acne

treatment, and keeping skin elasticity.

Besides its use in traditional Indian medicine the neem tree

is of great importance for its anti-desertification

properties and possibly as a good carbon dioxide sink.

Practictioners of traditional Indian medicine recommend that

patients suffering from chicken pox sleep on neem leaves.

12

Neem gum is used as a bulking agent and for the preparation of

special purpose food (those for diabetics)

Aqueous extracts of neem leaves have demonstrated

significant antidiabetic potential.

Extract of neemtree leaves are thought to be helpful as malaria

prophylaxis despite the fact that no comprehensive clinical

studies are yet available. Private initiatives in Senegal were

successful in several cases to prevent malaria [2]. However, major

NGOs such USAID are not supposed to use neemtree extracts unless

the medical benefit has been proved with clinical studies.

Horticultural usages

Neem is a source of environment-friendly biopesticides. The

unique feature of neem products is that they do not directly kill

the pests, but alter the life-processing behavior in such a

manner that the insect can no longer feed, breed or undergo

metamorphosis. However, this does not mean that the plant

extracts are harmful to all insects. Since, to be effective, the

product has to be ingested, only the insects that feed on plant

tissues succumb.

13

Those that feed on nectar or other insects such as butterflies,

bees, and ladybugs hardly accumulate significant

concentrations of neem products.

Uses in pest and disease control

Neem is deemed very effective in the treatment of scabies

although only preliminary scientific proof exists which still has

to be corroborated, and is recommended for those who are

sensitive to permethrin, a known insecticide which might be an

irritant. Also, the scabies mite has yet to become resistant to

neem, so in persistent cases neem has been shown to be very

effective. There is also anecdotal evidence of its effectiveness

in treating infestations of head lice in humans. A tea made of

boiled neem leaves, sometimes combined with other herbs such as

ginger, can be ingested to fight intestinal worms.

The oil is also used in sprays against fleas in cats and dogs.

Neem leaves are used to treat chickenpox and warts by directly

applying to the skin in a paste form or by bathing in water with

neem leaves. In order to increase immunity of the body, neem

leaves are also taken internally in the form of neem capsules or

made into a tea. The tea is traditionally taken internally to

reduce fever caused by malaria. This tea is extremely bitter. It

is also used to soak feet for treating various foot fungi. 

14

It has also been reported to work against termites. In Ayurveda,

neem leaves are used in curing neuromuscular pains. Neem leaves

are also used in storage of grains.

Neem (leaf and seed) extracts have been found to be spermicidal

and thus research is being conducted to use neem extracts for

making contraceptives. Neem produces pain relieving, anti-

inflammatory and fever reducing compounds that can aid in the

healing of cuts, burns, earaches, sprains and headaches, as well

as fevers.

Pesticide (Insecticide and Fungicide)

Although Neem extract/oil has been under use for centuries

for control of insects, the major work on Neem oil and its

impact on insects started in 1959. A German Entomologist

observed that during a plague of locust in Sudan, the only

greenery left untouched despite the devastation by billions

of winged locusts was the Indian Neem tree. He noticed that

although the locust had landed on the tree and its leaves,

they did not feed. The anti-feedant properties of Neem tree,

which was well known in India, was the reason. This attracted

the attention of the developed world which triggered research

on such a powerful tree.The natural properties of Neem oils

pose no danger of toxic reactions in the environment.

15

The seeds and leaves are now the source of a class of

pesticide named soft pesticides (Non Toxic and Natural). The

main mode of action of Neem oil is anti-feedant. Insects

pests usually refuse to eat any plant covered with Neem oil.

Its other derivatives include insect repellent and a reducer

of an insect ability to reproduce. Its active ingredient,

Azadirachtin, is similar to insect hormone (Ecdysones) which

have naturally insect growth regulators which then interfere

with the molting (shedding and regeneration of outer body

layer) and metamorphosis (a process of insect birth). It is

natural safe and biodegradable product which is extensively

used in various parts of world as insecticide.

Active Ingredients

The neem tree contains more than 100 bio-active ingredients and

it is rich in proteins. Its bitter taste is due to an array of

complex compounds called "limonoids". The most important bio-

active principal is azadirachtin (repellent); other compounds are

gedunin (anti-malarial), nimbin (anti-inflammatory, anti-

pyretic), nimbidin (antibacterial), nimbidol (anti-malarial,

anti-pyretic), quercentin (anti-malarial), salannun (repellent),

and sodium nimbinate (spermicide). Young neem leaves contain 60%

water, 23% carbohydrates, 7% proteins, more than 3% minerals, and

1% fat. [MotherNature, 1999; Neem Company-2;

16

Use of Neem as Insect Repellent

Neem oil has been found to be an effective mosquito repellent.

Studies have shown that one neem compound is a more effective

insect repellent than DEET, a chemical widely used in commercial

mosquito repellents. Also neem oil treated mosquito nets are

becoming popular. Apart from mosquitoes neem also repels a great

variety of other insects which are main storage pests. [icipe,

1998-2, S. 187; Neem Foundation, 1997-1; VillagePharmacy]

Home made mosquito repellent from neem 

To use neem as a mosquito repellent, mix 1 to 2 parts of neem oil

with 98 to 99 parts of coconut oil. Applied to the body, the

mixture repels mosquitos for up to 12 hours and is especially

effective against the malaria type.

Kerosene lamps containing 0.01-1% of neem oil, also reduce

mosquito biting activity.

Use of Neem as Insecticide

Neem derivates neutralise nearly 500 pests worldwide, including

insects, mites, ticks, and nematodes, by affecting their

behaviour and physiology. Neem does not normally kill pests right

away, rather it repels them and affects their growth.

17

As neem products are cheap and non-toxic to higher animals and

most beneficial insects, it is well-suited for pest control in

rural areas. The most commonly used products in pest control are

extracts from seeds or leaves. The seeds have about twice the

potency of the leaves, but they are only available for 3-4 months

each year. Leaves have to be dried in the shade, because the

sunlight will break done some active ingredients. The powder

obtained from crushed leaves can be used directly for dusting

crops or as powder in stored foods. It can also be mixed with

water on sprayed on crops. If the kernels are used they should be

soaked in water overnight. The extract can be filtered and

applied by a hand-pump sprayer. As the active compounds of neem

decompose rapidly, drops under attack have to be treated weekly.

Properties of Neem

Since ancient times, neem has been associated with healing in the

sub-continent of India. A large number of medicinals, cosmetics,

toiletries and pharmaceuticals are now based on neem derivatives

because of it's unique properties.

Bark: Neem bark is cool, bitter, astringent, acrid and

refrigerant. It is useful in tiredness, cough, fever, loss of

appetite, worm infestation. It heals the wounds and is also used

in vomiting, skin diseases and excessive thirst.

18

Leaves: According to Ayurveda, Neem leaves help in the treatment

of vatik disorders (neuro muscular pains). Neem leaves are also

reported to remove toxins, purify blood and prevent damage caused

by free radical in the body by neutralising them. Neem leaves are

reported to be beneficial in eye disorders and insect bite

poisons. It treats Vatik Disorders ( neuroand muscular pains )

Fruits: Neem fruits are bitter, purgative, antihemorrhodial and

anthelmintic in nature.

Flowers: Neem flowers are used in vitiated conditions of pitta

( balancing of the body heat ) and kapha ( cough formation). They

are astringent, anthelmintic and non-toxic.

Seeds: Neem seeds are also described as anthelminitic,

antileprotic, antipoisonous and bitter in taste.

Oil: derived from crushing the seeds is antidermatonic, a

powerful anthelmintic and is bitter in taste. It has a wide

spectrum of action and is highly medicinal in nature.

Mixture: Five parts of Neem tree ie. Bark, Root, Fruit, Flower

and Leaves together are used in diseases of blood. It is also

used in vitiated conditions of excess heat, itching, wound,

burning sensation in body and skin diseases.

19

Temperature Range:

The neem tree originated in India and loves growing in a tropical

to subtropical climate. It needs and positively thrives in hot

weather, but it can handle the occasional cold spell.

Temperatures up to 50°C (120F) are fine for growing neem trees.

So is the occasional drop down to about 5°C (35F). Below that the

neem tree will shed its leaves. Longer exposure to cold weather

can cause permanent damage or kill a neem tree. The younger the

tree, the more vulnerable it is to cold weather.

(For readers from non-tropical and cooler climates: learn how to

grow neem as a house plant.)

Sunlight:

The more, the better. Especially young neem trees cannot handle

shade.

Soil:

Clay soils or sandy soils, rocky or saline soils, it does not

matter. Like most plants neem trees grow best in deep, rich, dark

soils with lots of nutrients and good water holding capacity, but

it is amazing to see how well neem trees grow on the poorest,

shallowest rocky slopes as well.

Neem trees don't care much about pH either. Up to 8.5 is fine,

and so are acidic soils.

20

In fact, growing neem trees can help bring acidic soils back to a

neutral range, and improve the water holding capacity and

nutrient level of poor soils. (See agricultural uses of neem

tree. Coming soon.)

Water:

An ample supply of water is good when growing neem trees, but the

tree can make do with very little.

The areas where neem trees grow naturally receive between 450 and

1200 mm of rain per year, but neem has been planted in drier

regions as well. There are neem trees growing in areas that

receive as little as 200 mm annual rain.The one single thing that

neem trees can't handle are soggy, waterlogged soils. The plant

roots need to breathe, so don't try growing neem trees in swamps.

Propagation:

The most common propagation method is to grow neem trees from

seed.

There have been trials using cuttings, suckers, roots and tissue

culture, and it all works, but planting seed is by far the

easiest and the most common method.

As long as the seed is fresh it germinates readily in about a

week.

21

Neem trees develop a very deep and strong tap root. Leaving them

in pots or polythene bags for too long will lead to stunted and

distorted roots, and it is also very easy to damage roots when

the tree is planted out. So if you start them in pots, get them

out in the garden as soon as they are big enough.

Growth And Life Span:

Neem trees grow slowly during their first year, but they reach

maturity fast. You can expect to harvest your first neem fruit

after three to five years. It takes about ten years for a neem

tree to get to full production.After that it will produce 30 to

50 kg of fruit a year. A neem tree can be expected to live 150 to

200 years.

Cockroach

Cockroach, common name for an order of insects, the most familiar

of which are characterized by their oval shape, foul odor, and

their status as household pests. About 4000 species are known

worldwide; most inhabit the warm tropical regions of the globe.

About 25 species have attained worldwide distribution due to

accidental transport in commerce and their affinity for human

habitation. Among these are most of the important pest species.

Cockroaches are an ancient group, having changed little in

appearance in 320 million years.

22

Fossil records indicate that they were the predominant insects

during the Carboniferous period 360 to 290 million years ago.

Characteristics

Cockroaches in general are flat and oval in outline. The

head points downward and is protected by the enlarged flanges of

the thorax. In many other respects they are similar in morphology

to grasshoppers, crickets, katydids, stick insects, and mantids,

their closest relatives. Cockroaches may be winged or wingless,

but even winged species do not always fly.

Adults range from 1 mm (0.04 in) to more than 9 cm (3.6 in) in

length. They are sensitive to light; most species prefer

darkness, being largely nocturnal. Their long, hairlike, highly

sensitive antennae and sensory bristles enable them to detect

tiny amounts of food and moisture. The cerci, sensory structures

extending from the rear of the abdomen, can sense minute air

movements, enabling the cockroach to rapidly detect and flee from

potential danger. Most cockroaches can run very rapidly and are

difficult to catch due to their soft, slippery outer skin, called

the cuticle. They can hide in very narrow crevices. The oily

cuticle also protects them from dehydration.

23

Individual species may be restricted to very specific habitats

such as leaf litter, bromeliads, the splash zone of waterfalls,

or bat caves. Some species are brightly colored, defying the

stereotype of the drab, brown or black household roach. Some

species, including the Madeira cockroach, can produce sound.

Life Cycle and Reproductive Behavior

Courtship patterns vary with the species. When the American

cockroach is ready to mate, the female produces a chemical odor,

or pheromone, that attracts males. The males flap their wings and

probe for females with their abdomens when they sense the

pheromone; eventually, they back into a female and mating ensues.

Other species have more elaborate mating displays, including

hissing noises, bobbing and waving of the abdomen, or nibbling.

The males of one African species form dominance hierarchies, and

the females preferentially mate with the dominant

male.The fertilized eggs that result from mating are cemented

together by the female in a sausage-shaped egg case known as the

ootheca. The American cockroach simply deposits the ootheca in a

protected place and abandons it. German cockroaches keep the

ootheca extended from their egg-laying organ, known as the

ovipositor, depositing it only when the eggs are ready to hatch.

An ootheca contains from 16 to 32 eggs, depending on the species.

24

Female ootheca-tending cockroaches sometimes display maternal

care. The nymphs that emerge from the eggs often remain around

their mother for several days. Nymphs undergo gradual

metamorphosis—that is, they grow and mature in stages, each

separated by a molt of the exoskeleton. Each successive stage, or

instar, comes to resemble the adult insect more and more. The

final molt gives rise to a winged, sexually mature individual.

25

Chapter III

Methodology

The Research Design

The method used in this study was experimental methods of

research. The study consisted of three treatments; namely, (A)

100% neem tree leave extract, (B) 50% neem tree leave extract and

(C) 75% neem tree leave extract. Each treatment had been

replicated 3 times in a Randomize Complete Block Design.

Source of Materials

Freshly harvested Neem tree leaf were obtained from our

backyard at San Joaquin Iloilo (for trials 1,2, and 3). The

laboratory equipments used in this study aws provided by the

science teachers of Don Felix Serra National High School.

Table 3.1

3 cockroaches each concentration

Trials 50% 75% controlled

Alive Died Alive Died Alive Died

First 2 1 0 3 0 3

Second 2 1 0 3 0 3

Third 2 1 0 3 0 3

26

Identify the problems and gather information about the study.

Experimental Procedure

General steps in the conduct of the study.

27

Culturing of the cockroaches and gathering of Neem leaves.

Preparation of materials and tools.

Pounding of Neem tree leaves and preparation of treatments.

Weighing of pounded Neem tree leaves extract and the control (water) for treatments.

Analyze and interpret results.

Application of various treatments in the set-ups.

Observation and gathering of data.

Form conclusion and recommendation.

28

Chapter IV

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

            Table 1 shows the number of cockroaches that were

killed after having been treated with Neem tree (Azaradichta

indica) leaf extract.

            Table 1 shows that when cockroaches were treated with

Neem tree leaf extract in different concentration levels, for

100% concentration, 3 died in the first trial,3 in the second

trial and 3 in the third trial with an average of  3.00. For the

75% concentration,  2 died in the first trial, 3 died in the

second trial and another 3 died in the third trial. In 50%

concentration, 1 died in the first trial, 3 in the second trial

and another 3 in the third trial. This means that the Neem

tree leaf extract can effectively kill cockroaches at all levels

of concentrations.  This further implies that 50% to 100%

concentration of Neem tree leaf extract has the potential as an

insecticide against cockroaches. Table 1 is shown below.

29

Table 1. Number of Cockroaches That Died After Having Been

Treated With Neem Tree ( Azaradichta indica) Leaf Extract for

Three Trials

Concentrations Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean

100% 3 3 3 3.00

75% 2 3 3 2.67

50% 1 3 3 2.33

 

There is no significant difference in the number of

cockroaches killed using different levels of concentrations as

indicated by the asymptotic significance value of  .125, which is

greater than .01, the level of significance set for this study.

Thus, the null hypothesis of no significant difference is

acepted. This means that Neem tree leaf extract is  effective at

all levels of concentration.  Data imply that all levels of

concentration of Neem tree leaf extract could kill cockroaches.

Table 2 is shown below.

30

 

Table 2. Difference in the Number of Cockroaches Killed When

Treated with Different Levels of Concentration of Neem Tree Leaf

Extract

 

  Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square

F Sig.

Between

Groups

2.000 2 1.000 3.000 .125

Within

Groups

2.000 6 .333    

Total 4.000 8      

 

 

 

 

31

Chapter V

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

Summary

            This study aimed to determine the insecticidal effect

of  Neem tree leaf extract against cockroaches. It also provided

answers to the following questions:

1. How many cockroaches were killed by the Neem tree leaf

extract using different levels of concentrations?

2. Is there a significant difference in the number of

cockroaches killed using different levels of concentrations?

Results showed that all levels of concentration of Neem tree

leaf extract was able to kill 3 termites in the first trial, 2 in

the second trial and 1 in the third trial.  For 75% and 50%

levels of concentration, 3 died during all three trials. It was

also found out that there is no significant difference in the

number of cockroaches killed using different levels of

concentration.

32

Conclusion

            Based on the findings of the study, it can be

concluded that the Neem tree leaf extract is effective in killing

cockroaches at all levels of concentration. Therefore, Neem tree

extract is very effective in killing cockroaches.

Recommendation

            It is highly recommended that other parts of the Neem

tree plant be tested to discover

which is the most potent at all levels of concentration. Also, the extract could also be used

against other harmful insects and pests to find out if it could have more fatal effect on other

harmful insects and pests.

33

Literature Cited

1. ^ S. Ganguli (2002) Neem: A therapeutic for all seasons,

Current Science, Vol. 82, No. 11, June. pp. 1304

2. ^ Al Jazeera report on neemtree treatment in Senegal [1]

3. Neem medical uses, dosage, cautions and details

Neem Foundation

Neem Benefits

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neem"

Categories: Medicinal plants | Sanskrit words and phrases

Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from November 2008 |

All articles lacking sources

The Neem Foundation: http://www.neemfoundation.org

The Neem Company:  http://www.neemcompany.com

The Village Pharmacy: http://www.aijsc.com/neemtree.htm

MotherNature:

http://www.mothernature.com/articles/neem/article1.stm

Laurie Borgman http://members.ams.chello.nl/l.borgman

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The below link will give you wonderful information on .

http://www.neemaura.com/ 

Date: Sun, 18 Mar 2001 21:07:09 EST

From: Olatou@aol.com  Burkill, J.H. 1966. A dictionary of

economic products of the Malay peninsula. Art Printing

Works, Kuala Lumpur. 2 vols.

Chaurasia, S.C. and Jain, P.C. 1978. Antibacterial activity

of essential oils of four medicinal plants. Indian J. Hosp.

Pharm.15(6):166–168.

C.S.I.R. (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research).

1948–1976.

The wealth of India. 11 vols. New Delhi.

Hartwell, J.L. 1967–1971. Plants used against cancer. A

survey. Lloydia 30–34.

N.A.S. 1980a. Firewood crops. Shrub and tree species for

energy production. National Academy

Jarvie, J.K. and Ermayanti (1996 onwards). `Tree Genera of

Borneo - Descriptions and Illustrations' URL

http://django.harvard.edu/users/jjarvie/Borneo.htm .

The Benefits of the Neem Tree

35

Neem Foundation

Neem

Turmeric

Organic Agriculture

Retrieved from "http://www.copperwiki.org/index.php/Neem"

Category: Health And Spirituality

Subject: Re: eczema story Well, this is not about

aromatherapy, but it is about success with eczema.

Allen, O.N. and Allen, E.K. 1981. The Leguminosae. The

University of Wisconsin Press. 812 p.

Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006

Microsoft Corporation.

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