comparch lec0 intro

8/13/2019 CompArch Lec0 Intro

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Lecture 0. Introduction

Instructor: Weidong Shi (Larry), PhD

Computer Science Department

University of Houston

COSC3330 Computer Architecture


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Course Information

Web page:http://i2c.cs.uh.edu/class/spring2014-

cosc3330

Will be constantly updated, so check it out regularly

Prerequisite: COSC 2410 and MATH 3336

Textbooks

Patterson and Hennessey, Computer Organization &Design: The Hardware/Software Interface.


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Objectives To Learn

Core concepts of computer logics Numbers

Logic gates

Combinational logic

Sequential logic

Core concepts of microprocessorarchitecture ISA (instruction set architecture)

Pipelining

Hazards

Cache/Memory hierarchy

Multiprocessor


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Grading Policy

3 Assignments: 35% (two with programming) Individual work, no collaboration

Due in the first 5 min before class starts

No late turn-in will ever be accepted

Exams 2 in-class exams: 40% (20% each, dates TBD)

Final: 20%

Class participation 5%

Final grade is relative to your peer in class


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Happy Hacking

FPGA Bitcoin Mining


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Previous Years

Homebrew computerfrom microchips FPGA (embedded CPU)


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Two Programming Assignments

Branch prediction

Cache analysis


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Cache Timing Analysis

Break encryption software using cache timinganalysis


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Augmented Reality


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Introduction


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Introduction

Rapidly changing field:

vacuum tube -> transistor -> IC -> VLSI (see section 1.4)

doubling every 1.5 years:memory capacityprocessor speed (Due to advances in technology and

organization)

Things youll be learning:

how computers work, a basic foundation

how to analyze their performance

issues affecting modern processors (caches, pipelines)

Why learn this stuff?

you want to call yourself a computer expert


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Why Learn This Stuff?

you need to make a purchasing decision or offer expert advice


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Why Learn This Stuff?

you want to build software people use (need performance)


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Why Computer Architecture?

Exploit advances in technology Make things Faster, Smaller, Cheaper,

Which enables new applications 3D games 10 years ago?

Make things possible Defeat world chess champion using your home computer

Finance modeling

Weather forecasting and disaster simulation

Personalized medicine Large scale services

The advancement of computer architecture is vital for theadvancement of all other areas of computing!


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The Growth Engine

Computinghardware with

increasedcapabilities atthe same cost

(Moores Law)

Our abilities to

leverage the newcapabilities for

innovations


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Google Server Count


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Who Owns The Most Servers


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IBM Brain Simulation Project


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What Is a Computer?

Components: Processor(s) Co-processors (graphics, security)

Memory (disk drives, DRAM, SRAM,CD/DVD)

Input (mouse, keyboard, mic)

Output (display, printer) Network

Our primary focus: The processor (datapath and control)

implemented using millions oftransistors

Impossible to understand by lookingat each transistor

We need...


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Row-binary Card for IBM 701

Punched Cards for Computer Programs. by Douglas W. Jones


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HP Basic Card

Punched Cards for Computer Programs. by Douglas W. Jones


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Why Are Programs Not Written inAssembly?

Why Are Programs Not Written in


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Why Are Programs Not Written inAssembly?


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Great Virtues of a Programmer


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Great Virtues of a Programmer

Laziness: The quality that makes you go to great

effort to reduce overall energy expenditure. Itmakes you write labor-saving programs.

Impatience: The anger you feel when thecomputer is being lazy.

Hubris: The quality that makes you write (andmaintain) programs that other people won't wantto say bad things about.


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Who Still Writes in Assembly?


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HP LaserJet Rootkit

FIRMWARE REVERSE ANALYSIS KONSOLE


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32


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33


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High Speed Trading?

34

Inline Assembly

GPU

FPGA


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Stack of A Computing Problem

Problems

Algorithms

Programming Languages

Compilers

ISA

MicroArchitecture

System Architecture

Implementation

Logic and Circuits

Transistors

Manufacturing

Architects

Territory


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A Typical PC System Architecture


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A Typical PC Motherboard (D975XBX)


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A Typical PC Motherboard (D975XBX)


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ENIAC built in World War IIwas the first general purposecomputer

Used for computing artillery firingtables

80 feet long by 8.5 feet high andseveral feet wide

Each of the twenty 10 digitregisters was 2 feet long

Used 18,000 vacuum tubes

Performed 1900 additions persecond

Historical Perspective


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First Reported Computer Bug


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Transistors

Invented at Bell Laboratories in 1947.

John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and WilliamSchockly

received Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 for

Inventing Transistors.

First application: telephone signal amplification

Replaced cumbersome and inefficient vacuum tubes

Smaller

Cheaper

Less heat dissipation

i


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Transistors

Made from Silicon (Sand)

Transistors can now be found on a single siliconwafer in most common electronic devices

Model of First Transistor Silicon Wafer

0 l C


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IBM 701 to Intel Core I7

701 - IBMs first stored program computer

Scientific calculations

IBM 701 Pluggable Unit

8 vacuum tubes

one bit for each of the storage,

accumulator and multiplier quotient

registers.

274 similar electronic units

731,000,000 Transistors

8-Core Xeon2.3 Billion Transistors

701 Pluggable UnitIBM 701 Intel Core i7 Die

I l F d


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Intel Founders

Robert Noyce (1927~1990) Nicknamed Mayor of Silicon Valley

Cofounded Fairchild Semiconductor in1957

Cofounded Intel in 1968

Co-invented the integrated circuit (IC)

Gorden Moore (1929~) Cofounded Intel in 1968 with Robert

Noyce.

Moores Law: the number of transistorson a computer chip doubles every year(observed in 1965)

Since 1975, transistor counts havedoubled every two years

Moores Law 90 nm


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Moores Law

Exponential growth

Transistor count will be doubled every 18 months

Gordon Moore, Intel co-founder

42millions

2,250

10 m

3.5mm2

1.7 billions

Montecito

90 nm

596 mm2

I t t d Ci it C it


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Integrated Circuits Capacity

F t Si


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Feature Size


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G P ti


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Gamers Perspective

CPU chip:

8-bit processorproduced by RicohPPURAM:2KB RAM,2KB VRAM

1984

NES

CPU chip:

Motorola 68K16/32-bitProcessor7.67 MHzRAM:64KB RAM,64KB VRAM

1989

SEGA GENESIS

CPU chip:

MIPS R300032-bit CPUat 33.8688MHzGraphicsengineRAM: 2MB

1994

PS1

CPU chip:

Emotion Engineclocked at294.912 MHzGraphicsSynthesizerRAM: 32 MBRDRAM

1999

PS2

CPU chip:

Triple-core 64-

bit PowerPC, at

3.2GHz.ATI GPURAM:512MB GDDR3

2005

XBOX 360

CPU chip:

Fairchild F8,1.79 MHz

RAM:64 bytes,2 kB VRAM

1976

Channel F

86 Hi t ( f 2008)


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x86 History (as of 2008)

86?


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x86?

What is x86?

Generic term referring to processors from Intel, AMD and VIA Derived from the model numbers of the first few generations of

processors: 8086, 80286, 80386, 80486x86

Now it generally refers to processors from Intel, AMD, and VIA x86-16: 16-bit processor x86-32 (aka IA32): 32-bit processor * IA: Intel Architecture x86-64: 64-bit processor

Intel takes about 80% of the PC market and AMD takesabout 20% Apple also have been introducing Intel-based Mac from Nov. 2006

x86 History (Cont )


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x86 History (Cont.)

32-bit(i386)

32-bit(i586)

64-bit(x86_64)

32-bit(i686)

8-bit 16-bit4-bit

Core i7

2009

P6 Story


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P6 Story

Robert Colwell. Chief IA-32 architect on thePentium Pro, Pentium II,

Pentium III, and Pentium4 microprocessors.

The Pentium Chronicles: The People,

Passion, and Politics Behind Intel'sLandmark Chips

ARM


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ARM

ARM Holdings PLC, a

technology companyheadquartered in England.

ARM architecture

32 bit RISC processor

Simple design and low power

The most widely-used 32-

bit microprocessor family inthe world

ARM headquarters at Cambridge, UK

ARM History


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ARM History

1978: Cambridge Processor

Unit Founded in 1978 by HermannHauser & Chris Curry

First contract was with ACECoin Equipment to developFruit Machine hardware!

1979: Acorn Computer Ltd Changed its name to Acorn

Computer Ltd

ARM Founded in 1990 Joint venture between Apple,

VLSI, and Acorn (IP andengineers)

First ARM Chip: 1985


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First ARM Chip: 1985

1985: ARM1

3.0m 25K Transistors

6MHz

120mW

50mm2

2005: ARM7TDMIr4 65nm

100K Transistors

350MHz (60x speed)

9mW (1/780thenergy)

0.1mm2(1/500tharea)

Retrospective


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Retrospective

"Steve is one of the brightest guys I've

ever worked with - brilliant; but whenwe decided to do a microprocessor onour own,I made two great decisions -I gave them [Steve Furber and SophieWilson] two things which National,Intel and Motorola had never given

their design teams: the first was nomoney; the second was no people. Theonly way they could do it was to keep itreally simple."

-- Hermann HauserThe Founder of Acorn Computer Ltd.

Steve Furber. Principledesigner of ARM.

Sophie Wilson. Designerof ARM ISA.

ARM Powered Mobile Devices


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ARM Powered Mobile Devices

The ARM was designed to be small and cheap

So low power was a happy accident!

The need for low power was driven by batterypowered mobile consumer electronics

Active Book

ARM2aS

Newton Message

Pad, ARM610

Nintendo DS

ARM946E-S &

ARM7TDMI

Game Boy Advance

ARM7TDMI

Kindle

ARM1136J

iPhone3G

ARM1176JZ

iPad and Droid-X

Cortex-A8

1993 19932001

2005 2007

2008

2010

IP Licensing


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IP Licensing

ARM CPUs

Account for over 75% of all 32-bit embedded CPUs. 1.7 billion chips based on ARM design were manufactured in

2005.

Use in portable devices, and computer peripherals PDAs, mobile phones, media players, handheld gaming units, and

calculators. Hard drives and desktop routers.

But none of the chips is manufactured by ARM HoldingsPLC

Unlike Intel, AMD, etc. ARM only licenses its technologyas IP (Intellectual Property)

Getting Smaller


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Getting Smaller

Getting More Powerful


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Getting More Powerful

Where We Are Headed


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Where We Are Headed

Logic gates

Combinational logic

Sequential logic

Arithmetic and how

to build an ALU

Where We Are Headed


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Where We Are Headed

Performance issues

Instruction setarchitecture

Instructions

pipelining to improveperformance

Superscalarprocessor

Memory: cachesand virtual memory

Where We Are Headed


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Where We Are Headed

VLIW

Vector machine

GPU

I/O and bus

Storage devices Magnetic disk, flash, solid state drive

Virtualization

Future trend I will try to cover as much as possible

comparch lec0 intro

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