Comparing Time Domain Electromagnetics (TEM) Comparing Time Domain Electromagnetics (TEM) and Early-Time TEM for Mapping Highly and Early-Time TEM for Mapping Highly Conductive Groundwater in Mars Analog Conductive Groundwater in Mars Analog

EnvironmentsEnvironments

Jørn Atle JernslettenJørn Atle Jernsletten

joern@jernsletten.namejoern@jernsletten.name

http://water-on-Mars.info/http://water-on-Mars.info/

( Abstract #P21D-( Abstract #P21D-06 )06 )

Transient Electromagnetics (TEM)Transient Electromagnetics (TEM)

( Adapted from Zonge, 1992 )( Adapted from Zonge, 1992 )

( Reynolds, 1997;( Reynolds, 1997;

Grant and West, 1965 )Grant and West, 1965 )

Arizona TEM Line 2 Field DataArizona TEM Line 2 Field Data

Soundings sensitive to Soundings sensitive to noise from high power noise from high power lines along US Hwy. 86:lines along US Hwy. 86: Station 50, located ~50 m Station 50, located ~50 m

from the power linesfrom the power lines Station 150, located ~150 Station 150, located ~150

m from the power linesm from the power lines

No noise removalNo noise removal

Pima County TEM Model DataPima County TEM Model Data

Water table at ~120 m depth (subhorizontal blue lines)Water table at ~120 m depth (subhorizontal blue lines) Consistent with depth to water table from USGS test wellsConsistent with depth to water table from USGS test wells

100 m x 100 m Tx loop, ferrite-core H100 m x 100 m Tx loop, ferrite-core Hzz coil Rx antenna coil Rx antenna 16 Hz sounding frequency16 Hz sounding frequency Depth of investigation ~550 mDepth of investigation ~550 m

Line 1Line 1

Line 2Line 2

Aggressive noise removalAggressive noise removal

Aggressive noise removalAggressive noise removal

Mars Analog Site at Peña de Hierro Mars Analog Site at Peña de Hierro ––Nerva / Minas de RNerva / Minas de Rííotinto, Andalucia, Spainotinto, Andalucia, Spain

Fernández-Remolar et al. (2003)Fernández-Remolar et al. (2003)

Fernández-Remolar et al. (2003)Fernández-Remolar et al. (2003)

Peña de Hierro, Main Source AreaPeña de Hierro, Main Source Area

A.k.a. MER-B in the Late Hesperian?A.k.a. MER-B in the Late Hesperian?

Jarosite = Jarosite = KFeKFe3+3+33(SO(SO44))22(OH)(OH)66

Basic hydrous potassium iron sulfateBasic hydrous potassium iron sulfate Yellow-brown, brown, orange-brownYellow-brown, brown, orange-brown Light yellow streaksLight yellow streaks

Morris et al. (2004)Morris et al. (2004)

Kargel and Marion (2004)Kargel and Marion (2004)

Stoker et al. (2003, 2004)Stoker et al. (2003, 2004)

Fernández-Remolar et al. (2003, 2004a,b)Fernández-Remolar et al. (2003, 2004a,b)

Peña de Hierro, Field ConditionsPeña de Hierro, Field Conditions

MARTE Drill Site 4 Fast-Turnoff TEM DataMARTE Drill Site 4 Fast-Turnoff TEM Data

Water table at ~90 m depthWater table at ~90 m depth Consistent with initial drilling results (MARTE Drill Site Consistent with initial drilling results (MARTE Drill Site

#4)#4)

40 m x 40 m Tx loop, 10 m x 10 m Rx loop40 m x 40 m Tx loop, 10 m x 10 m Rx loop 32 Hz sounding frequency32 Hz sounding frequency Depth of investigation ~100-270 mDepth of investigation ~100-270 m

Line 7Line 7

Line 4Line 4

( Adapted from Zonge, 2001 )( Adapted from Zonge, 2001 )

MARTE Drill Site 1 Fast-Turnoff TEM DataMARTE Drill Site 1 Fast-Turnoff TEM Data

Water interface at ~15 m depthWater interface at ~15 m depth Consistent with initial drilling results (MARTE Drill Site Consistent with initial drilling results (MARTE Drill Site

#1)#1)

20 m x 20 m Tx loop, 10 m x 10 m Rx loop20 m x 20 m Tx loop, 10 m x 10 m Rx loop 32 Hz sounding frequency32 Hz sounding frequency Depth of investigation ~40-60 mDepth of investigation ~40-60 m

Line 15Line 15

Line 14Line 14

Recommended Drill Site RelocationsRecommended Drill Site Relocations

Comparisons with GPRComparisons with GPR

Parameter GPR TEM

Physical process Wave propagation Diffusive spreading

Spatial resolutionHigher

( < 1 m possible )Lower

( m – 10’s of m )

Depth of investigation

m – 10’s of m m – km

Sensitivity to highly conductive layers

More Less

Sounding frequencies

1 MHz – 1 GHz 1 Hz – 64 Hz

Logistical efficiency

Higher Lower

Appropriate applications

Shallow groundwater, near-surface clays,

etc.

Very deep water tables, aquifers, etc.

Fernández-Remolar, D. C., N. Rodriguez, F. Gómez, and R. Amils (2003), Geological record of an acidic environment driven by Fernández-Remolar, D. C., N. Rodriguez, F. Gómez, and R. Amils (2003), Geological record of an acidic environment driven by iron hydrochemistry: The Tinto River system, iron hydrochemistry: The Tinto River system, J. Geophys. Res., 108J. Geophys. Res., 108(E7), 16-1 – 16-15.(E7), 16-1 – 16-15.

Fernández-Remolar, D. C., J. Gómez-Elvira, F. Gómez, E. Sebastian, J. Martíin, J. A. Manfredi, J. Torres, C. González Kesler, and R. Fernández-Remolar, D. C., J. Gómez-Elvira, F. Gómez, E. Sebastian, J. Martíin, J. A. Manfredi, J. Torres, C. González Kesler, and R. Amils (2004a), The Tinto River, an extreme acidic environment under control of iron, as an analog of the Terra Meridiani Amils (2004a), The Tinto River, an extreme acidic environment under control of iron, as an analog of the Terra Meridiani hematite site on Mars, hematite site on Mars, Planet. Space Sci., 52Planet. Space Sci., 52, 239-248., 239-248.

Fernández-Remolar, D. C., O. Prietos-Ballesteros, and C. R. Stoker (2004b), Searching for an acidic aquifer in the Rio Tinto Fernández-Remolar, D. C., O. Prietos-Ballesteros, and C. R. Stoker (2004b), Searching for an acidic aquifer in the Rio Tinto basin, first geobiology results of MARTE project, Abstract no. 1766, 35.th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, basin, first geobiology results of MARTE project, Abstract no. 1766, 35.th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas, March 15-19.Houston, Texas, March 15-19.

Grant. F. S., and G. F. West (1965), Grant. F. S., and G. F. West (1965), Interpretation Theory in Applied GeophysicsInterpretation Theory in Applied Geophysics. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York.. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York.

Kargel, J. S., and G. M. Marion (2004), Mars as a salt-, acid-, and gas-hydrate world, Abstract no. 1965, 35.th Lunar and Kargel, J. S., and G. M. Marion (2004), Mars as a salt-, acid-, and gas-hydrate world, Abstract no. 1965, 35.th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas, March 15-19.Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas, March 15-19.

Morris, R. V., S. W. Squyres, R. E. Arvidson, J. F. Bell, P. C. Christensen, S. Gorevan, K. E. Herkenhoff, G. Klingelhöfer, R. Rieder, Morris, R. V., S. W. Squyres, R. E. Arvidson, J. F. Bell, P. C. Christensen, S. Gorevan, K. E. Herkenhoff, G. Klingelhöfer, R. Rieder, W. Farrand, A. Ghosh, T. Glotch, J. R. Johnson, M. Lemmon, H. Y. McSween, D. W. Ming, C. Schroeder, P. de Souza, M. W. Farrand, A. Ghosh, T. Glotch, J. R. Johnson, M. Lemmon, H. Y. McSween, D. W. Ming, C. Schroeder, P. de Souza, M. Wyatt, and the Athena Science Team (2004), A first look at the mineralogy and geochemistry of the MER-B landing site in Wyatt, and the Athena Science Team (2004), A first look at the mineralogy and geochemistry of the MER-B landing site in Meridiani Planum, Abstract no. 2179, 35.th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas, March 15-19.Meridiani Planum, Abstract no. 2179, 35.th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas, March 15-19.

Reynolds, J. M. (1997), Reynolds, J. M. (1997), An Introduction to Applied and Environmental GeophysicAn Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, England.s. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, England.

Stoker, C. R., L. Lemke, H. Mandell, D. McKay, J. George, J. Gómez-Elvira, R. Amils, T. Stevens, and D. Miller (2003), Mars Analog Stoker, C. R., L. Lemke, H. Mandell, D. McKay, J. George, J. Gómez-Elvira, R. Amils, T. Stevens, and D. Miller (2003), Mars Analog Research and Technology Experiment (MARTE): A simulated Mars drilling mission to search for subsurface life at the Rio Research and Technology Experiment (MARTE): A simulated Mars drilling mission to search for subsurface life at the Rio Tinto, Spain, Abstract no. 1076, 34.th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas, March 17-21.Tinto, Spain, Abstract no. 1076, 34.th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas, March 17-21.

Stoker, C. R., S. Dunagan, T. Stevens, R. Amils, J. Gómez-Elvira, D. C. Fernández-Remolar, J. Hall, K. Lynch, H. Cannon, J. Stoker, C. R., S. Dunagan, T. Stevens, R. Amils, J. Gómez-Elvira, D. C. Fernández-Remolar, J. Hall, K. Lynch, H. Cannon, J. Zavaleta, B. Glass, and L. Lemke (2004), Mars analog Rio Tinto experiment (MARTE): 2003 drilling campaign to search for Zavaleta, B. Glass, and L. Lemke (2004), Mars analog Rio Tinto experiment (MARTE): 2003 drilling campaign to search for a subsurface biosphere at Rio Tinto Spain, Abstract no. 2025, 35.th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, a subsurface biosphere at Rio Tinto Spain, Abstract no. 2025, 35.th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas, March 15-19.Texas, March 15-19.

Zonge, K. L. (1992), Introduction to TEM, in Zonge, K. L. (1992), Introduction to TEM, in Practical Geophysics II, for the Exploration GeologistPractical Geophysics II, for the Exploration Geologist, edited by R. van Blaricom, , edited by R. van Blaricom, Northwest Mining Assoc., Spokane, Washington.Northwest Mining Assoc., Spokane, Washington.

Zonge, K. L. (2001), NanoTEM – a very fast-turnoff TEM system, Zonge, K. L. (2001), NanoTEM – a very fast-turnoff TEM system, case studycase study, Zonge Engineering and Research Organization, Inc., , Zonge Engineering and Research Organization, Inc., Tucson, Arizona.Tucson, Arizona.

Acknowledgements & References CitedAcknowledgements & References Cited Kenneth L. Zonge, Owner and President, Zonge Engineering and Research Organization, Inc., Tucson, ArizonaKenneth L. Zonge, Owner and President, Zonge Engineering and Research Organization, Inc., Tucson, Arizona

Carol R. Stoker, NASA Ames, Principal Investigator, Mars Analog Research and Technology Experiment (MARTE)Carol R. Stoker, NASA Ames, Principal Investigator, Mars Analog Research and Technology Experiment (MARTE)