Comparison of

Ballast Water Treatment Systems

INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting

Debra DiCianna Senior Environmental Solutions Consultant

Stamford, CT

18 March 2013

2

Overview

Ballast Water Management (BWM) Convention Status

Ballast Water Management System (BWMS) Approvals

Statistics on BWMS

Processes used for Ballast Water Treatment

Comparison of BWMS

Limitations of Systems

Available Data from

Performance Testing

Conclusion

3

BWM Convention Status

As of 6 March 2013, ratified by:

36 Member States/Parties

29.07% of World Tonnage

Entry into Force – 12 months after ratification by:

30 States

35% of World Tonnage

Needed

5.93% of World Tonnage

4

BWMS Approvals

BWMS No. of Systems

Available or In-Development 70+

MEPC.174(58) Type Approval Certificate ~33*

Type Approved BWMS – Explosion Proof 3

IMO Final Approval 6

IMO Basic Approval 16

USCG Type Approval 0

USCG Alternate Management System (AMS) 0

The number reflects verified approvals for a BWMS manufacturer –

not the number of specific models approved and excludes 2 systems

removed from the market

5

BWMS Statistics

Category Value

No. of BWMS Requiring Treatment during Intake & De-Ballasting 29

No. of BWMS using Active Substances 19

No. of BWMS Requiring Storage of Chemicals 15

No. of BWMS Requiring Storage of Waste Products 1

Minimum Capacity (m3/hr) 0

Maximum Capacity (m3/hr)* 16,200

*Maximum capacity only includes specific models listed in documentation.

6

Processes Used for Treatment

Separation Technology

Natural physical differences

in organisms

Chemically “induced” differences

(i.e., coagulation, flocculation)

Disinfection Technology

Killing organisms; or

Altering organisms such that

they cannot reproduce or

are no longer viable

7

BWMS: Without Filtration

Four IMO Type Approved Systems do not use any type of

separation technology

Treatment technologies included:

Electrolytic Chlorination

Ozone

Deoxygenation

Vacuum Reactor + UV

8

Breakdown of Filter Size in Type Approved BWMS

No Filter (4)

10 μm Filter (1)

20 μm Filter (2)

40 μm Filter (9)

50 μm Filter (9)

55 μm Filter (1)

No Details (7)

29 Type Approved BWMS use

some type of separation

technology.

Note: Some BWMS use multiple sized filters.

The smallest filter size is noted in the chart.

9

Variety of Separation Technology Used

Disk

Drum

Hydrocyclone

Mesh

“Smart Pipe”

Screen

Stacked Disk

Stacked

Photo Source: http://www.filtersafe.net

10

Disinfection Technologies

Chlorination (12 BWMS)

Electrolytic Chlorination (9 BWMS)

Addition of Chlorinated Compounds (i.e., Purate®, Calcium hypochlorite, Sodium

hypochlorite) (3 BWMS)

Ozone (2 BWMS)

Oxidation (2 BWMS)

Deoxygenation (1 BWMS)

Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation (12 BWMS)

Plasma Arc + UV (1 BWMS)

Ozone + UV (1 BWMS)

Vacuum Reactor + UV (1 BWMS)

11

“Chlorination” Chemistry in Seawater

In seawater, these chlorination processes generate hypobromous

acid (HOBr) which is a highly effective biocide/germicide

Bromine substances are more effective biocides/germicides than

chlorine substances

Chlorination

Electrolytic generator produces

NaOCl

NaOCl →Na+ + OCl-

OCl- + Br- → OBr- + Cl-

OBr- + H+ → HOBr

Ozone

Bromide ion in seawater

decomposes O3.

O3 + Br- → O2 + OBr-

O3 + OBr- →2O2 + Br-

O3 + 2Br- + OH--→HOBr + BrO3-

12

UV Radiation

Organisms are inactivated by the absorption of light that causes a

photochemical interaction altering molecular components essential

to cell function – resulting in injury or death of exposed cells

No chemical interaction

Disinfection by products (DBP) formation

rates are not significantly impacted

when chlorine and related

products are used

Photo Source: http://www.gloen-patrol.com

13

Breakdown of BWMS Model Capacities

0

5

10

15

20

25

No

. o

f S

ys

tem

s

BWMS Capacity (m3/hr)

Ozone

Deoxygenation

Oxidation

UV

Flocculation

Chlorination

14

Technical Specification Comparison

Capacity

(m3/h)

Footprint (m2) Power (kW) Weight (kg)

Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum

BWMS with Chlorination

300 3.7 7.0 12 29 1113 2145

500 2.0 7.6 3 40 1700 3360

1000 6.4 12.5 30 92 1933 3650

1500 7.1 18.9 45 137 2473 4885

2000 6.8 23.5 60 182 3321 6330

3000 4.1 43.0 97 272 5151 9330

4000 4.7 20.7 119 320 8200 11040

5000 5.3 23.8 157 400 8800 13600

BWMS with UV

250 2.4 8.0 11 33 900 2300

500 1.3 16.0 15 77 1386 3300

1000 2.8 29.0 30 154 3941 5500

3000 13.9 48.0 90 462 13000 13170

15

Limitations: Final Approval & Type Approval

Specific limitations listed in IMO

Final Approval and Type Approval

Certificates

Salinity

Temperature

UV intensity

Dosage

Holding time

Need consistency in level

of detail in Type Approval

certificates

16

Type Approval Limitations for BWMS with Chlorination

Treatment Concentration (mg/L) Limitations Notes

10 mg/L Total Residual Oxidants (TRO) 1 PSU,

Less than 40 °C

Additional protection needed if installed on deck

and exposed to heavy seas.

2.5 mg/L TRO None

20.0 mg/L TRO None Discharge TRO = 0.03 mg/L

10 mg/L TRO 3 PSU,

Minimum Temperature 5 °C

Intake - 2.5 mg/L TRO;

Deballasting - 0.15 mg/L TRO None

2.0 mg/L TRO None

10 mg/L TRO 10 PSU

15.0 mg/L TRO 15 - 35 °C

3.0 mg/L TRO None

9.5 mg/L TRO;

(TA states 7.4 mg/L TRO)

3 PSU or

High Salinity Source Needed Discharge Concentration = 0.1 mg/l

9 mg/L TRO 15 PSU

5 mg/L Cl02 0 - 50 °C Minimum Holding Time: 48 hours

17

Type Approval Limitations for BWMS with UV

Limitations

5 - 45 °C

45% (10 mm) minimum UV transmittance at 254 nm

0-50 °C

UV-Intensity Minimum Level: 100 mJ/cm2

Wavelength - 254 nm

Minimum Radiation Dosage of:

83% for 250 m3/h model, 85% for 50 m3/h model, and 93% for 1500 m3/h model.

Additional protection needed if installed on deck and exposed to heavy seas.

UV Intensity Meter: 10.39 - 150 W/m2;

Intensity below 10.39 implies ballast water not treated in accordance with TA certificate

UV Intensity Meter Acceptable Range: 100 - 2500 W/m2;

Intensity below 100 implies ballast water not treated in accordance with TA certificate

Pressure: 10 bar

18

Testing of BWMS

Testing

Land-based

Shipboard

Limited data publicly-available for

Type Approved BWMS

Need to verify untreated ballast

water meets requirements for the

number of organisms

Issues with USCG requirements

19

IMO vs. USCG Requirements

IMO USCG

Testing G8 ETV Protocol

Discharge Standard

Terminology

Regulation D-2 states

“discharge less than 10 viable

organisms per cubic meter

greater than or equal to

50 micrometers in minimum

dimension”

33 CFR 151.2030 states

“For organisms greater

than or equal to

50 micrometers in

minimum dimension:

Discharge must include

fewer than 10 organisms

per cubic meter of ballast

water”

20

ETV vs. G8: Land-based Tests

ETV G8

Test Cycles

3 Valid Test Cycles at each salinity

(USCG requires 5 consecutive, valid and

successful Test Cycles)

2 Test Cycles each with different

salinity (Δ10 PSU)

Test Cycle = 5 replicates

Salinity Definition

Freshwater

Brackish water

Saltwater

<1 PSU

10 – 20 PSU

28 – 36 PSU

<3 PSU

2 – 32 PSU

> 32 PSU

Challenge Conditions

DOC

POC

TSS

6 mg/l

4 mg/l

24 mg/l

Varies with Salinity

> 1 mg/ to > 5 mg/l

> 1 mg/ to > 5 mg/l

> 1 mg/ to > 50 mg/l

Sample Location

- Before Treatment

- After Treatment

- After 1 day of holding or required

treatment time

- Before Treatment

- After Treatment

- Upon discharge

Sample Volume

Organisms ≥ 50 µm

50 µm > Organisms ≥ 10 µm

Bacteria

10 m3

3 m3

1000 ml *Depends on desired precision

1 m3

10 l

500 ml

21

Availability of Data

Technology Data in

TA Certificate

Data in

MEPC

Document

Land-based

Testing

Reports

Shipboard

Testing

Reports

Chlorination

(12)

5 with Land-based

and Shipboard;

1 with Land-based

Only

6 with Land-based

and Shipboard 7 6

UV (12) 3 with Land-based

and Shipboard

5 with Land-based

and Shipboard 2 2

Other (9) 2 with Land-based

and Shipboard

4 with Land-based

and Shipboard 1 1

22

Example of the Data Available

Parameter Value

Salinity (PSU) 21.5 33.6 SW SW 33.1 20.7 18.7 20.6 19.9 20.2 33.46 21.43

Temperature (°C) 15.7 10.9 11.3 9.3 11.0 14.3 23.06 16

ORGANISM TYPE

≥ 50 µm ( per m3) 1.3 1 1.0 0 <1 5.3 <1 <1 <1 <1 5.0 1.8

10 - 50 µm (per ml) 0 0 0.4 0.4 <0.01 0.76 <0.01 0.03 <0.01 0.08 3.8 3.0

Hetero bacteria

(per ml) 90 0.6

Vibro cholerae

(per 100 ml) <1 <1 0 0 0 0

Enterococcus

(CFU/100 ml) <1 0 0.5 16.2 ND ND 0.35 2.3 0.21 ND 9 13

E. Coli

(CFU/100 ml) 2 0 0 0 6 23

23

Key Data Issues

Confirm that influent concentrations are

above requirements

Attempt to obtain actual data – not “less

than” or “non-detect”

Obtain data for temperatures and

salinities required for ship’s operation

Photo Source: Fisheries and Oceans Canada www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca

24

Final Points

Generally two types of treatment – “chlorination”

and UV

Inconsistent amount of information included in

Type Approval Certificates

Important to review data and ask vendors

questions

More publicly-available performance data are

needed

www.eagle.org