comparison of male and female pelves
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Comparison of Male and Female Pelves. Female pelvis Adapted for childbearing True pelvis (inferior to pelvic brim) defines birth canal Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity. Comparison of Male and Female Pelves. Male pelvis Tilted less forward - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Comparison of Male and Female Pelves
• Female pelvis• Adapted for childbearing
• True pelvis (inferior to pelvic brim) defines birth canal
• Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Comparison of Male and Female Pelves
• Male pelvis• Tilted less forward
• Adapted for support of male’s heavier build and stronger muscles
• Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep
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Comparison of Male and Female Pelves
Characteristic Female MaleBone thickness Lighter, thinner, and
smootherHeavier, thicker, and more prominent markings
Pubic arch/angle 80˚– 90˚ 50˚– 60˚
Acetabula Small; farther apart Large; closer together
Sacrum Wider, shorter; sacral curvature is accentuated
Narrow, longer; sacral promontory more ventral
Coccyx More movable; straighter Less movable; curves ventrally
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 7.4
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 7.4
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 7.4
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The Lower Limb
• Carries the weight of the body
• Subjected to exceptional forces
• Three segments of the lower limb• Thigh: femur
• Leg: tibia and fibula
• Foot: 7 tarsal bones in the ankle, 5 metatarsal bones in the metatarsus, and 14 phalanges in the toes
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Femur
• Largest and strongest bone in the body
• Articulates proximally with the acetabulum of the hip and distally with the tibia and patella
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.31
Neck Foveacapitis
Greatertrochanter
Inter-trochantericcrest
Head
Intertrochantericline
Lesser trochanter
Gluteal tuberosity
Linea aspera
Lateralcondyle
LateralepicondyleIntercondylar fossa
Medial andlateral supra-condylar lines
Medial condyle
Medialepicondyle
Adductortubercle
Anterior view Posterior view(b) Femur (thigh bone)
Lateral epicondylePatellar surface
Posterior
Facet formedialcondyleof femur
Facet for lateralcondyle of femur
Surface forpatellarligament
ApexAnterior
(a) Patella (kneecap)
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Bones of the Leg
• Tibia• Medial leg bone• Receives the weight of the body from the femur and
transmits it to the foot
• Fibula• Not weight bearing; no articulation with femur• Site of muscle attachment • Connected to tibia by interosseous membrane• Articulates with tibia via proximal and distal tibiofibular
joints
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.32a
Medial condyle
Articular surface
Tibial tuberosity
Interosseous membraneAnterior border
Tibia
Medial malleolus
Intercondylar eminence
Proximal tibiofibularjoint
Distal tibiofibularjointLateral malleolus
Lateral condyle
Fibula
Head
(a) Anterior view
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.32b
Medial condyle
Articular surface oflateral condyle
Articular surfaceof medial condyle
Articular surface
Interosseousmembrane
Tibia Fibula
Head of fibula
Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus(b) Posterior view
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Foot: Tarsals
• Seven tarsal bones form the posterior half of the foot
• Talus transfers most of the weight from the tibia to the calcaneus
• Other tarsal bones: cuboid, navicular, and the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms
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Foot: Metatarsals and Phalanges
• Metatarsals:• Five metatarsal bones (#1 to #5)
• Enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms the “ball of the foot”
• Phalanges• The 14 bones of the toes
• Each digit (except the hallux) has three phalanges
• Hallux has no middle phalanx
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.33a
Medialcuneiform
Phalanges
Metatarsals
TarsalsNavicular
Intermediatecuneiform
Talus
Calcaneus(a) Superior view
Cuboid
Lateralcuneiform
Proximal54321
MiddleDistal
Trochleaof talus
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.33b
Facet formedialmalleolus
Calcanealtuberosity(b) Medial view
Intermediatecuneiform Sustentac-
ulum tali(talar shelf)
Talus
Navicular
First metatarsal
Medialcuneiform
Calcaneus
PLAY Animation: Rotatable bones of the foot
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Arches of the Foot
• Arches are maintained by interlocking foot bones, ligaments, and tendons
• Arches allow the foot to bear weight
• Three arches• Lateral longitudinal
• Medial longitudinal
• Transverse
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.34a
Medial longitudinalarch
Transverse arch
Laterallongitudinal arch
(a) Lateral aspect of right foot
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Developmental Aspects: Fetal Skull
• Infant skull has more bones than the adult skull
• Skull bones such as the mandible and frontal bones are unfused
• At birth, skull bones are connected by fontanelles• Fontanelles
• Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes between fetal skull bones
• Four fontanelles
• Anterior, posterior, mastoid, and sphenoid
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.35
Frontal bone
Ossificationcenter
Occipital bone(a) Superior view
Posterior fontanelle
Parietal bone
Anteriorfontanelle
Frontal suture
(b) Lateral view
Posteriorfontanelle Mastoidfontanelle
Parietal boneOssificationcenter
Occipital bone
Temporal bone(squamous portion)
Frontal bone
Sphenoidalfontanelle
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Developmental Aspects: Growth Rates
• At birth, the cranium is huge relative to the face
• At 9 months of age, cranium is ½ adult size
• Mandible and maxilla are foreshortened but lengthen with age
• The arms and legs grow at a faster rate than the head and trunk, leading to adult proportions
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Developmental Aspects: Spinal Curvature
• Thoracic and sacral curvatures are obvious at birth• These primary curvatures give the spine a C
shape
• Convex posteriorly
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.37
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Developmental Aspects: Spinal Curvature
• Secondary curvatures• Cervical and lumbar—convex anteriorly
• Appear as child develops (e.g., lifts head, learns to walk)
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Developmental Aspects: Old Age
• Intervertebral discs become thin, less hydrated, and less elastic
• Risk of disc herniation increases
• Loss of stature by several centimeters is common by age 55
• Costal cartilages ossify, causing the thorax to become rigid
• All bones lose mass