comparison of the optical components of the simple camera with those of the human eye
DESCRIPTION
Comparison of the Optical Components of the Simple Camera with those of the Human Eye. Retina. Film Plane. Jensen, 2000. The f /stops for a Camera Lens and the Size of the Aperture Openings. Jensen, 2000. Profile View of A Metric Camera and System Components. Jensen, 2000. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Comparison of the Comparison of the Optical Components of Optical Components of the Simple Camera with the Simple Camera with those of the Human Eyethose of the Human Eye
Comparison of the Comparison of the Optical Components of Optical Components of the Simple Camera with the Simple Camera with those of the Human Eyethose of the Human Eye
Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000
Eye
Camera
Lens
Iris
Lens
Aperture
Film
Pla
ne
Ret
ina
Object
Object
Image
Image
Between- the-lens shutter
Roll of film
Focal Length
Eye
Camera
Lens
Iris
Lens
Aperture
Film
Pla
ne
Ret
ina
Object
Object
Image
Image
Between- the-lens shutter
Roll of film
Focal Length
Fi l
m P
lane
Ret
ina
The The ff/stops for a Camera /stops for a Camera Lens and the Size of the Lens and the Size of the
Aperture OpeningsAperture Openings
The The ff/stops for a Camera /stops for a Camera Lens and the Size of the Lens and the Size of the
Aperture OpeningsAperture Openings
Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000
2.8 4 85.6 11 16 22
f = 80 mm
f / stop
Lens
f / 2.8
f / 4
f / 5.6
f / 8 f / 11
f / 16
f / 22
f / 2.8 4 @ f / 5.6
2.8 4 85.6 11 16 22
f = 80 mm
f / stop
Lens
f / 2.8
f / 4
f / 5.6
f / 8 f / 11
f / 16
f / 22
f / 2.8 4 @ f / 5.6
Profile View of A Profile View of A Metric Camera and Metric Camera and
System ComponentsSystem Components
Profile View of A Profile View of A Metric Camera and Metric Camera and
System ComponentsSystem Components
Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000
Unexposed film reel
Shutter
Filter
Lens
Platen vacuum
film flattener
Film
Focal length, f
Focal plane Optical axis
Lens front nodal point
Diaphragm
Lens rear nodal point
Take-up reel
Camera
Body
Film Magazine
Lens Cone Assembly
Unexposed film reel
Shutter
Filter
Lens
Platen vacuum
film flattener
Film
Focal length, f
Focal plane Optical axis
Lens front nodal point
Diaphragm
Lens rear nodal point
Take-up reel
Camera
Body
Film Magazine
Lens Cone Assembly
Aerial Camera Lens Angle-of-ViewAerial Camera Lens Angle-of-ViewAerial Camera Lens Angle-of-ViewAerial Camera Lens Angle-of-View
Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000
2,000ft
b.
a.
1,000ft
2,000ft
b.
a.
1,000ft
Density and Size of Silver Halide Crystals Density and Size of Silver Halide Crystals Density and Size of Silver Halide Crystals Density and Size of Silver Halide Crystals
Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000
Film A
1 unit distance
Two Films with Different Sizes and Densities of Silver Halide Crystals
Film B
1 unit distance
Silver halide crystals
Backing
a. b.
Electron Microscope Photograph of Silver Halide Crystals
Film A
1 unit distance
Two Films with Different Sizes and Densities of Silver Halide Crystals
Film B
1 unit distance
Silver halide crystals
Backing
a. b.
Electron Microscope Photograph of Silver Halide Crystals
Generalized Cross-sections of Black & White Panchromatic, Generalized Cross-sections of Black & White Panchromatic, Black & White Infrared, Color, and Color-infrared FilmBlack & White Infrared, Color, and Color-infrared Film
Generalized Cross-sections of Black & White Panchromatic, Generalized Cross-sections of Black & White Panchromatic, Black & White Infrared, Color, and Color-infrared FilmBlack & White Infrared, Color, and Color-infrared Film
Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000
Blue sensitive layer [yellow dye-forming layer]
Green (and blue) sensitive layer [magenta dye-forming layer]
Yellow internal filter blocks blue light
Red (and blue) sensitive layer [cyan dye-forming layer]
Base
Anti-halation layer
Panchromatic — blue, green, and red sensitive emulsion of silver halide crystals
Base
Anti-halation layer
Black-and-White Film
Normal Color Film
a.
c.
Near-infrared sensitive layer
Base
Anti-halation layer
b.
Black-and-White Infrared Film
Base
Anti-halation layer
Red (and blue) sensitive layer [magenta dye-forming layer]
Green (and blue) sensitive layer [yellow dye-forming layer]
Near-infrared (and blue) sensitive layer [cyan dye-forming layer]
Color-Infrared Film
d.
Blue sensitive layer [yellow dye-forming layer]
Green (and blue) sensitive layer [magenta dye-forming layer]
Yellow internal filter blocks blue light
Red (and blue) sensitive layer [cyan dye-forming layer]
Base
Anti-halation layer
Panchromatic — blue, green, and red sensitive emulsion of silver halide crystals
Base
Anti-halation layer
Black-and-White Film
Normal Color Film
a.
c.
Near-infrared sensitive layer
Base
Anti-halation layer
b.
Black-and-White Infrared Film
Base
Anti-halation layer
Red (and blue) sensitive layer [magenta dye-forming layer]
Green (and blue) sensitive layer [yellow dye-forming layer]
Near-infrared (and blue) sensitive layer [cyan dye-forming layer]
Color-Infrared Film
d.
Creation of An Aerial Photography Negative by Exposing Creation of An Aerial Photography Negative by Exposing and then Developing Silver Halide Crystalsand then Developing Silver Halide Crystals
Creation of An Aerial Photography Negative by Exposing Creation of An Aerial Photography Negative by Exposing and then Developing Silver Halide Crystalsand then Developing Silver Halide Crystals
Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000
Negative after development
Latent image before
development
Dense (dark) Clear (light)
Camera lens
Little radiant flux leaving the scene
Non-turbid ocean water absorbs much of
the incident radiant flux
Lots of radiant flux leaving the scene
Sandy beach reflects much of the
incident radiant flux
Backing
Exposed but not developed silver halide crystals
Developed silver halide crystals
Negative after development
Latent image before
development
Dense (dark) Clear (light)
Camera lens
Little radiant flux leaving the scene
Non-turbid ocean water absorbs much of
the incident radiant flux
Lots of radiant flux leaving the scene
Sandy beach reflects much of the
incident radiant flux
Backing
Exposed but not developed silver halide crystals
Developed silver halide crystals
Creation of A Positive Print from an Aerial Photography NegativeCreation of A Positive Print from an Aerial Photography NegativeCreation of A Positive Print from an Aerial Photography NegativeCreation of A Positive Print from an Aerial Photography Negative
Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000
Negative after development
Dense (the beach) Clear (the ocean)
Enlarger lens
Little radiant flux passing through the
negative
Lots of radiant flux passing through the
negative
Developed silver halide crystals
Ocean Sandy beach
Undeveloped latent image on
photographic paper
Paper after development
Positive print of the landscape with dark water and bright sandy beach
White light from the enlarger
Negative after development
Dense (the beach) Clear (the ocean)
Enlarger lens
Little radiant flux passing through the
negative
Lots of radiant flux passing through the
negative
Developed silver halide crystals
Ocean Sandy beach
Undeveloped latent image on
photographic paper
Paper after development
Positive print of the landscape with dark water and bright sandy beach
White light from the enlarger
Sensitivity of Selected Black & White Films and Printing Paper Sensitivity of Selected Black & White Films and Printing Paper Sensitivity of Selected Black & White Films and Printing Paper Sensitivity of Selected Black & White Films and Printing Paper
Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000
0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
UV
Wavelength, m
Blue Green Red Reflective infrared
Panchromatic film Infrared film Printing paper
Log
Sen
siti
vity
HF3
filter
0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
UV
Wavelength, m
Blue Green Red Reflective infrared
Panchromatic film Infrared film Printing paper
Log
Sen
siti
vity
HF3
filter
Log
Se n
siti
v ity
Characteristic Curves of Two FilmsCharacteristic Curves of Two FilmsCharacteristic Curves of Two FilmsCharacteristic Curves of Two Films
Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000
toe
1.0
2.0
1
2 3 0 Relative Log Exposure, E
Den
sity
(Dmin = gross fog) a
b
c
d Dmax
shou
lder
line
ar
sect
ion
4
Film X Film Y
log E
D
fog 0.2
0.9
0.5
1.6
speed point
0.3 above gross fog 0.8
0.6
0.4
D
log E gamma
2.27
log E
D
toe
1.0
2.0
1
2 3 0 Relative Log Exposure, E
Den
sity
(Dmin = gross fog) a
b
c
d Dmax
shou
lder
line
ar
sect
ion
4
Film X Film Y
log E
D
fog 0.2
0.9
0.5
1.6
speed point
0.3 above gross fog 0.8
0.6
0.4
D
log E gamma
2.27
log E
D
Den
sity
Color TheoryColor TheoryColor TheoryColor Theory
Additive ColorAdditive ColorAdditive ColorAdditive Color Subtractive ColorSubtractive ColorSubtractive ColorSubtractive Color
Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000
Spectral Sensitivity of Spectral Sensitivity of Normal Color and Normal Color and Color-Infrared FilmColor-Infrared Film
Spectral Sensitivity of Spectral Sensitivity of Normal Color and Normal Color and Color-Infrared FilmColor-Infrared Film
Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000
0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
UV
Wavelength, m
Log
Sen
siti
vity
Blue Green Red Reflective infrared
Spectral Sensitivity of the Three Layers of Normal Color Film
Cyan dye layer (controls red light on the image)
Yellow dye layer (controls blue light on the image)
0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
Wavelength, m
Blue Green Red Reflective infrared
Spectral Sensitivity of the Three Layers of Color-Infrared Film
Magenta dye layer (controls red light on the image)
Cyan dye layer (controls near-infrared light on the image)
Yellow dye layer (controls green light on the image)
a.
Magenta dye layer (controls green light on the image) L
og S
ensi
tivi
ty
b.
Wratten 12 Yellow filter
UV
HF3
filter
0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
UV
Wavelength, m
Log
Sen
siti
vity
Blue Green Red Reflective infrared
Spectral Sensitivity of the Three Layers of Normal Color Film
Cyan dye layer (controls red light on the image)
Yellow dye layer (controls blue light on the image)
0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
Wavelength, m
Blue Green Red Reflective infrared
Spectral Sensitivity of the Three Layers of Color-Infrared Film
Magenta dye layer (controls red light on the image)
Cyan dye layer (controls near-infrared light on the image)
Yellow dye layer (controls green light on the image)
a.
Magenta dye layer (controls green light on the image) L
og S
ensi
tivi
ty
b.
Wratten 12 Yellow filter
UV
HF3
filterL
og S
ensi
tivity
Log
Sen
sitiv
ity
Normal Color Normal Color FilmFilm
Normal Color Normal Color FilmFilm
latent image
B. Film after exposure
Blue
Green and blue
Red and blue
C. Film after color reversal
processing
Blue Red
A. Scene reflectance
Blue Green Red
D. Colors in the Positive Transparency Viewed by the Photo-interpreter
Exposure, Development, and Color Formation on Color Film
Green Blue
blue - the complementary color of yellow
green - the complementary
color of magenta
red - the complementary color of cyan
clear
Activated
Black
Black
White
B G R B G R B G R B G R B G R
White
B G R B G R
white light
Yellow dye layer
Cyan dye layer
Magenta dye layer
Activated
Activated
Activated
Activated
Activated
Internal Yellow filter (blue-blocking)
Yellow Yellow Yellow
Magenta Magenta
Cyan Cyan Cyan
Magenta
latent image
B. Film after exposure
Blue
Green and blue
Red and blue
C. Film after color reversal
processing
Blue Red
A. Scene reflectance
Blue Green Red
D. Colors in the Positive Transparency Viewed by the Photo-interpreter
Exposure, Development, and Color Formation on Color Film
Green Blue
blue - the complementary color of yellow
green - the complementary
color of magenta
red - the complementary color of cyan
clear
Activated
Black
Black
White
B G R B G R B G R B G R B G R
White
B G R B G R
white light
Yellow dye layer
Cyan dye layer
Magenta dye layer
Activated
Activated
Activated
Activated
Activated
Internal Yellow filter (blue-blocking)
Yellow Yellow Yellow
Magenta Magenta
Cyan Cyan Cyan
Magenta
Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000
Color-Infrared Color-Infrared FilmFilm
Color-Infrared Color-Infrared FilmFilm
latent image
B. Film after
Infrared sensitive layer
Green sensitive layer
Red sensitive layer
C. Film after color reversal processing
Blue Green
Blue Green Red
Exposure, Development, and Color Formation on False-Color Infrared Film
Blue
blue - the complementary color of yellow
green - the complementary
color of magenta
red - the complementary
color of cyan
Cyan
Activated
Activated
Activated
Infrared
B G R B G R B G R B G R
clear
Yellow
Magenta
Red
B G R
white light
Cyan dye layer
Magenta dye layer
Yellow dye layer
Yellow Wratten 12 filter (blue-blocking)
Cyan Cyan
Yellow Yellow
Magenta Magenta
Black
A. Scene reflectance
D. Colors in the Positive Transparency Viewed by the Photo-interpreter
latent image
B. Film after
Infrared sensitive layer
Green sensitive layer
Red sensitive layer
C. Film after color reversal processing
Blue Green
Blue Green Red
Exposure, Development, and Color Formation on False-Color Infrared Film
Blue
blue - the complementary color of yellow
green - the complementary
color of magenta
red - the complementary
color of cyan
Cyan
Activated
Activated
Activated
Infrared
B G R B G R B G R B G R
clear
Yellow
Magenta
Red
B G R
white light
Cyan dye layer
Magenta dye layer
Yellow dye layer
Yellow Wratten 12 filter (blue-blocking)
Cyan Cyan
Yellow Yellow
Magenta Magenta
Black
A. Scene reflectance
D. Colors in the Positive Transparency Viewed by the Photo-interpreter
Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000
Aerial PhotographyAerial PhotographyAerial PhotographyAerial Photography
Normal ColorNormal ColorNormal ColorNormal Color False-color Infrared Using False-color Infrared Using Wratten #12 filterWratten #12 filter
False-color Infrared Using False-color Infrared Using Wratten #12 filterWratten #12 filter
Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000
Terrestrial PhotographyTerrestrial PhotographyTerrestrial PhotographyTerrestrial Photography
Normal ColorNormal ColorNormal ColorNormal Color False-color Infrared Using False-color Infrared Using Wratten #12 filterWratten #12 filter
False-color Infrared Using False-color Infrared Using Wratten #12 filterWratten #12 filter
Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000
Goosenecks Goosenecks of the San of the San
Juan River Juan River in Utahin Utah
Goosenecks Goosenecks of the San of the San
Juan River Juan River in Utahin Utah
Vertical Aerial PhotographyVertical Aerial PhotographyVertical Aerial PhotographyVertical Aerial Photography
Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000
Altitude above-ground- level (AGL)
Vertical Aerial Photograph Over
Level Terrain
Principal point (PP)
Optical axis
Camera film plane
field of view
Altitude above-ground- level (AGL)
Vertical Aerial Photograph Over
Level Terrain
Principal point (PP)
Optical axis
Camera film plane
field of view
Low-oblique photograph of a bridge on Low-oblique photograph of a bridge on the Congaree River near Columbia, SC.the Congaree River near Columbia, SC.
Low-oblique photograph of a bridge on Low-oblique photograph of a bridge on the Congaree River near Columbia, SC.the Congaree River near Columbia, SC.
Low-oblique Aerial PhotographyLow-oblique Aerial PhotographyLow-oblique Aerial PhotographyLow-oblique Aerial Photography
Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000
Low-Oblique Aerial Photograph Over
Flat Terrain
Horizon is not shown in photograph
Optical axis
field of view
Low-Oblique Aerial Photograph Over
Flat Terrain
Horizon is not shown in photograph
Optical axis
field of view
Low-oblique photograph of the grand Low-oblique photograph of the grand Coulee Dam in Washington in 1940Coulee Dam in Washington in 1940
Low-oblique photograph of the grand Low-oblique photograph of the grand Coulee Dam in Washington in 1940Coulee Dam in Washington in 1940
High-oblique Aerial PhotographyHigh-oblique Aerial PhotographyHigh-oblique Aerial PhotographyHigh-oblique Aerial Photography
Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000
High-Oblique Aerial Photograph Over
Flat Terrain
Horizon is shown in the photographOptical
axis
field of view
High-Oblique Aerial Photograph Over
Flat Terrain
Horizon is shown in the photographOptical
axis
field of view
Reflection and TransmissionReflection and TransmissionReflection and TransmissionReflection and Transmission
Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000
Annotation on the Perimeter of An Aerial PhotographAnnotation on the Perimeter of An Aerial PhotographAnnotation on the Perimeter of An Aerial PhotographAnnotation on the Perimeter of An Aerial Photograph
Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000