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Defense Nuclear AgencyAlexandria, VA 22310,3398

DNA-TR-90-101

Comparison of the RF Frequency Spectraof HEMP and Lightning

Martin A. UmanUniversity of FloridaDepartment of Electrical EngineeringGainesville, FL 32611

DTIC&%ELECTE

March 1991 '%APRO8 9 01II

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Comparison of the RF Frequency Spectra of HEMP C 1DNA 001-87-C-0180and Lightning PE 2 -62715H

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Martin A. Uman WU d oDH041260

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3ASAREPORT NUMBERUniversity of FloridaDepartment of Electrical EngineeringGaltnesvhlla, Fl 32611

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13 ABSTRACT (MaxOIumE200 words)

Cloud pulses of the type described by LeV(nR (1988) and W2llett et al. ()1989) are much morecommon than these earlier studies Indicate. Our spetra of the largest overhead cloud pulsesare nearly parallel to but significantly below the 14EMP spectrum from I MHz to 50 MHz.while those from Willett et al (1989) obtained from lightning tens of kilometer offshore oversalt water show a faster relative decay with increasing frequency. are significantly below oursS~ between 10 and 50 MHz. and are about equal to ours between 3 and 10 MHz. The shortestrlsetime to initial peak value of overhead lighting pulses arc of the order of 0.3 its. A broader

-- bandwidth system than that used would allow measurement of the rapid field variation occur-Sring throughout the cloud pulses associated with frequencies above about 50 MAHz but wouldS• . observe essentially the same risetime to initial peak. That is. the higher frequency content of

the cloud pulses is contained In the rapid field variation throughout the overall waveformsand not in the Initial rise to peak value.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page

CONVERSION TABLE .......... .......................... I.I

FIG U RES ............ ...................... ... ... ... v

I INTRODUCTION ........................................ I

1.1 MOTIVATION FOR THE PRESENT PROGRAM ............. I

1.2 TECHNICAL BACKGROUND. ................. 1

2 PREVIOUS LIGHTNING/HEMP COMPARISON .................. 3

3 NEW DATA ACQUIRED FOR PRESENT CONTRACT ........... 4

4 CONCLUSION ........................................... 6

Appendix

BIBLIOGRAPHY ..... ........ ...................... ......... 7

iv

FIGURES

Figure Page

I Frequency spectrum of cloud pulses normalizcd to a distance of 50meters and HEMP spectrum ... .......................... 13

2 Frequency spectrum of return strokes normalized to a distance of 50meters and HEMP spectrum ........... 14

3 Basic recording configuration of the system used during 1989 at theKennedy Space Center ................. ......... 15

4 Method for generating a composite electric field wavcform from the

dE/dt and E-field signals ....... ....................... 16

5 An electronically integrated E-field waveform recorded on day 269 . 17

6 dE/dt waveformn recorded simultaneously with the E-field waveformshown in Figure 5 .............................. ....... 18

7 Waveform obtained by numerically integrating the dE/dr waveformshowrn in Figure 6 .. ........... ........ ........ .............. 19

8 Composite electric field waveform obtained using the methoddescribed in Figure 4 ....................................... 20

9 50 Mtiz VIIF radiation recorded simultaneously with the cloud pulseshown in Figures 5 to 8 ..................................... 21

10 225 MIIz VIIF radiation recorded simultaneously with the cloud pulseshown in Figures 5 to 8 .................................... 22

I1 HEMP time-domain waveform (from Lee 119861) . ......... 23

12 Comparison of the average power spectrum of the ten largest cloudpulses recorded at KSC during the 1989 experiment, normalizedto 50 meters, and HEMP spectrum ........................ ... 24

13 Example of a cloud pulse recorded on day 269 ................ 25

14 Example of a cloud pulse recorded on day 269 .................... 26

15 Example of a cloud pulse recorded on day 269 .................... 27

16 Example of simultaneously recorded waveforms .................. .28

17 Example of simultaneously recorded waveforms ................ .29

18 Example of simultaneously recorded =aveforms............... 30

19 Example of simultaneously recorded waveforms ................. 31

20 Example of simultaneously recorded waveforms .................. 32

v

FIGURES (Concluded)Figure Page

21 Example of simultaneously recorded waveforms ..................... 33

22 Comparison of HEMP spectrum (dashed line) with availablelightning narrowband spectral data ................................ 34

Ai

SECTION 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 MOTIVATION FOR THE PRESENT fined in the unclassified literature (Lee.PROGRAM. 1986). Most of the problems in compar-

ing lightning and HEMP have arisen be-

Frequently. the question arises as to the cause of an inadequate understanding of

degrec to which a system's exposure to the various lightning processes and of

lightning can be used to Infer Its vulncr- the electrical current and the rf radiation

ability or lack of vulnerability to high-al- associated with each.titude nuclear EMP (HEMP). As will bediscussed in Section 1.2. various limita- Wideband electric current measure-tions In the instrumentation and con- ments of lightning made at the ground

duct of past lightning experiments have strike point have generally suffered from

made comparisons with HEMP difficult. deficiencies In measurement technique

In connection with the development of a which have not allowed the higher frc-

time-of-arrival lightning location and quenclcs to be properly represented

characterization system, the University (Uman ct al.. 1982: Vance and Uman.

of Florida has evolved a modern, broad- 1988). while recent aircraft lightning

band instrumentation system capable of current measurements at the time of a

identifying and characterizing all of the lightning strike that have had the neces-

Important processes in a lightning flash. sary frequency response have been in-

This instrumentation has been employed volvecd in only relative small discharges

on the present program to study fast (e.g.. Nanevicz ct al., 1988: Rustan.

electric field pulses from cloud lightning 1987).

flashes occurring directly overhead. The Lightning rf measurements fall into twostudy of overhead lightning avoids the general categories: (1) wideband electricattenuation of high frequency field com- and magnetic field measurements in theponents resulting from propagation ever frequency range below some tens ofland and. to a lesser extent, over salt wa- MHz, from which spectra are obtained byter. Fourier analysis: and (2) narrowband

electromagnetic measurements fromElectric field wavcforms from over 1000 about 10 MHz to about 1 GHz. Wldebandflashes were recorded. This report de- field measurements. the first category.scribes the instrumentation. the conduct have generally been directed at specificof the experiments, and discusses the lightning processes, most often the re-significance of the experimental results turn stroke in ground discharges (e.g..with regard to HEMP. Serhan ct al. 1980; Prcta ct al.. 1985:

Weidman Ct al,, 1981; Weidman and1.2 TECHNICAL BACKGROUND. Krldcr. 1986: Wlllctt ct al.. 1990). but

the spectra of pulses from other light-Several recent studies have addressed ning processes such as the stepped lead-the issue of the relationship of the light- er. the preliminary breakdown, andning radio frequency (rf) spectrum to the certain types of cloud discharges haverf spectrum of HEMP (Uman ct al.. 1982: also been dci ivcd from these widebandGardner ct al.. 1985; Vance and Uman. measurements (Weidman ct al.. 1981:1988; Rustan. 1987: Nanevicz et al.. Willett et al.. 1989: Willctt ct al.. 19901.1988). The HEMP spectrum is well de- The second category. narrowband field

measurements. generally have not been as indicated above. it is in this regiondirected at specific processes and are of- above 10 MHz that the lightning data aretel suspect regarding knowledge of the the least reliable.distance to the lightning, the type oflightning event. propagation effects, call- Recc-ntly. a new In-cloud lightning pro-bration techniques, and assumptions re- cess has been identified which radiatesgarding the physical characteristics of more strongly than any otler lightningthe lightning VHF noise (Nanevicz ct al.. process at frequencies from 10 Mllz to1987. LcVine. 1987. Boulch and Hame- 50 MHz and perhaps at even higher fre-lin. 1985) It Is very important to be able 4ucneces (Willett et al , 1989, LeVinc.to Identify and discuss specific individu- 1980) This process, associated with Inal lightning processes because only tracloud flashes, produces isolatedthese individual processes. weil localized pulses whose spectrum at 20 MHz ex-in space, can have their radiation fields cecds that of first return strokes inproperly scaled with distance for an ade- ground discharges. previously viewed asquate comparison with HEMP. Narrow- the lightning process with the largest fre-band measurements may potentially quency output in that range (Willett ctreceive maximum noise levels from sev- al . 19891 Data taken as part of theeral spatially separated sources radiat- present contract work will be presentedIng at the same time. If. for example. In this report to add to the existing datathese separate sources are 1 km apart, it on this type of lightning cloud pulseis not valid to extrapolate the maximumnoise level measured at. say. 10 km. to a Our primary conclusion relative to the

distance of. say. 50 m since an observer frequency spectra of various lightning

can only be at that range from one of the processes including the cloud pulses we

several sources (Vance and Uman. have studied, based on all available cvi-1988). Further. narrowband measure- dence (Uman. 1987). Is that no lightning

ments made with too narrow a band- process has a time-domain risetime to

width can suffer from "pulse stacking." Initial peak value much faster than

leading to erroneously high observed sig- about 0. 1 s and hence that light-nals assumed to be from single pulses ning-process risetlmes to Initial peak do

(Naneviez ct al . 1987). The published not contribute significantly to frequency

narrowband data have been compiled In components above about 10 MHz (asreviews by Oh (1969). Oetzel and Pierce does the 5 to 10 nsec risetime of IIEMP.(19691. Pierce (19771. Boulch and Hame- Lee. 1986). but tW-at the lightning

Ihn (1985), LeVine (1987). and others. time-domain waveforms for many

where questionable assumptions are in-cloud processes contain bursts of rap-

necessarily made in comparing the data ic. field variation throughout those wave-from various Investigators. forms, most evident on electric fieldderivative records. which serve to en-

han~ce the spectrum above !0 Mllz.In comparing lightning and HEMP spec-

tra. It Is the region above about 10 MHz A complete listing ofJournal papers inwhich is the most important because it the reviewed literature concerning light-Is at these higher frequencies that air- ning rf spectra and a separate listing ufcraft resonances occur and that coupling those papers containing a comparison ofthrough apertures on the surface of the those spectra with the HEMP spectrumaircraft Is most efficient. Unfortunately. arc found in the Appendio.

2

SECTION 2

PREVIOUS LIGHTNING/HEMP COMPARISON

Lightning/HEMP rf spectra comparisons the results of some of these comparisnnshave been made using both theoretical for cloud pulses including the results ofanalyses with model currents and fields Wlllett ct al. (1989) on the rf spectrum of(e g.. Uman ct al.. 1982; Gardner et al.. the newly discovered type of cloud1985; Vance and Uman. 1988) and ac- pulses referred to in the Introduction.tual experimental data from lightning and In Figure 2 we present similar datastrikes to aircraft that were also sub. for return strokes in ground flashes. Tit,-jected to an EMP simulator or other EMP lightn!r.g spectra in Figures 1 and 2 arecalibration (e.g.. Rustan. 1987. Nanevicz a!! normalized Wo a distance of 50 m us-ct al.. 19881. in Figure 1 we summarize ing an inverse distance relationship.

3

SECTION 3

NEW DATA ACQUIRED FOR PRESENT CONTRACT

Measurements of wideband electric field were transferred to a 80386-based corn-and narrowband VHF radiation from puter and stored on a hard disk. Whenoverhead cloud pulses were made during the hard disk capacity was reached, thethe summer and fall of 1989 at the Ken- information was transferred to magneticnedy Space Center. The wideband elec- tapes for permanent storage.tric field recordings consisted of anelectronically integrated "slow-decay" A composite electric field waveform wasE-field sensor with a bandwidth of 6 Hz generated digitally using the schemeto 7 MHz, a "fast-decay" E-field sensor shown in Figure 4. The digitized E-fieldwith a bandwidtit of 16 kHz to 7 Mhz, waveform was passed through a 3 MHzand a dE/dt sensor with an upper fre- digital low-pass filter, thus removing fre-quency response of 100 MHz. The nar- quency components above that frequen-rowband VHF receivers were centered at cy. The digitized dE/dt waveform was50 and 225 MHz. Each of these VHF re- numerically integrated and then passedceivers had a bhndwidth of 10 MHz. All through a 3 MHz high-pass filter, thussystems were Jr' altaneously triggered removing frequency compe -ents belowby either the 226 MHz radiation alone or this frequency. The filtered waveformsby a combination of that radiation, elec- were then added together to create thetric field derivative. and electric field sig- composite electric field waveform. Thenals. actual frequency and phase response of

the filters were tested by applying aThe frequency spectra of the wideband square wave at the input of each filterelectric field waveforms have been calcu- and adding the outputs of the filters tolated for the range of a few Hz to 50 produce a composite waveform. TheMHz. The electric field signals used I ir composite wavefi'rm was a square wavethe spectrum calculations are genera led of exactly the same amplitude as the in-from both the direct field waveforms atad put waveform.the numerically integrated dE/dt wave.forms. The basic recording configuration The following sequence of figures illus-is presented in Figure 3. The sensors trates the procedure described in thewere on the ground at a distance of previous paragraph. An electronically-about 130 m from the closest structure, integrated E-field waveform Is shown inana were connected to the recording sta- Figure 5. A simultaneously recorded dE/tion by means of fiber optics. The fiber dt figure is presented in Figure 6. Afteroptics had a bandwidth to 150 MHz. The performing a numerical integration onoutput of a fiat plate antenna was Inte- the dE/dt signal, we obtain the wave-grated using an electronic integrator and form shown in Figure 7. The compositesubsequently digitized. The electronic in- signal, obtained after scaling, filtering.tegrators used in our experiment have and adding together both E-field wave-an upper -3dB frequency of about 7 forms is presented in Figure 8. Record-MHz. The output of the other fiat plate ings of the envelope of the narrowbandantenna, which is proportional to the de- VHF radiation at 50 and 225 MHz for therivative of the electric field, was simulta- same cloud pulse whose wideband fieldsneously digitized along with both VHF are found in Figures 5 to 8 are presentedreceiver outputs. The digitized signals in Figures 9 and 10, respectively.

4

The power frequency spectrum of the Figures 13 through 15 show calibratedwideband E-ficld wavcforms was ob- records of 3 additional cloud pulses Fig-tained using FFf techniques The wa~c- ures 16 through 21 are an uncalibratedforms were properly windowed to prevent collection of different types of cloudintroduction of high frequency compo- pulses with their associated VHF radi-ncnts in the spectrum A HEMP wave- ation and E-field records Each figureforn. from Lee (1986) is presented in shows from top to bottom:Figure 11. Figure 12 compares theHEMP spectrum with the average spec- * Fast electric field integrato!tra of the largest ten cloud pulses, out ofa total of 250 cloud pulses analyzed to *VIIF radiation at 50 MHzdate. with the cloud pulse fields normal-ized to 50 meters assuming the sources * dE/dt recordto be directly overhead and at an altitudeof 5 km. *VHF radiation at 225 MHz

A wide variety of pulses were recorded • Slow electric field integratorduring the 1989 measurements. Pulseswith 10 to 90 percent risetimes faster It is Important to note that some trainsthan 0.5 Its were common'y observed, of cloud pulses have a duration greaterThe fastest cloud pulse rlsetime to Initial than 100 ps. Also. some records showpeak was about 0.3 vs. Since the significant radiation at 225 MHz whilesources of at least some of the cloud exhibiting little at 50 MHz.pulses could be more or less horizontallyoriented, the magnitude of the radiation We have not as yet calibrated the VHFdetected at the horizontal flat plate sen- channels at 50 MHz and 225 MHz. Whensor. the vertical field component, would, that is done, we will be able to present aIn those cases, be reduced from the comparison of HEMP and the cloudsource value. Additionally. since the pulse spectrum to 225 MHz along withcloud sources are assumed to be at the narrowband lightning data from previousclosest possible distance, 5 km. the field investigators. In lieu of that comparison,values normalized to 50 m are smaller we show in Figure 22 the available nar-than if the actual sources were some- rowband lightning data taken from Ohwhat farther away. as is likely the case. (19691 along with the same HEMP spec-The sum of these two effects might cause trum shown in Figures 1 and 2 All light-the actual field observed at 50 m for ning data and the HEMP spectrum havelarge pulses to be an underestimate, per- been normalized to a bandwidth of 1haps of a factor of 2 or 3. from the val- kHz. The lightning data are normalizedues plotted in Figure 12. Such a change to a distance of 1 mile. The reliability ofwould be hardly noticeable on the loga- the narrowband lightning data has beenrithmie scale. disctssed in Section 1.2.

S. .. .... . .. ... . ... ...... :• - . .. .

SECTION 4

CONCLUSION

The shortest risetimc to initial peak val- Ing a narrowband signal In the 3 to 18uc of overhead lightning pulses arc of MHz range while we employed a 225the order of 0.3 Its. A broader bandwidth MHz trigger. often in combination withsystem than that used would allow mca- electric field and electric field derivativesur-tncnt of the rapid field variation oc- signals. Different portions of the cloudcu,, throughout the cloud pulses pulse spectrum (i.e., 50 MHz vs 225associated with frequencies above about MHz) may occur at different times and50 MHz but would observe essentially presumably originate from different (al-the same risetime to initial peak. That Is, though not much different) spatial loca-the higher frcquence content of the tions during the ten microseconds or socloud pulses is contained in the rapid of the cloud pulse duration. Our spectrafield variation throughout the overall of the largest overhead cloud pulses arewaveforms, a time duration of about 10 nearly parallel to but significantly belowlis, and not In the Initial rise to peak the HEMP spectrum from 1 MHz to 50value. MHz. as shown in Figure 12. while those

from Willett ct al. (1989) obtained fromlightning tens of kilometer offshore over

Cloud pulses of the type described by Le- salt water and pletted in Figure 1 show aVine (1988) and Willett et al. (1989), faster relative decay with increasing fre-which we have analyzed In this report, quency. are significantly below ours be-are much more common than these ear- tween 10 and 50 MHz, and are aboutlier studies indicate, probably because equal to ours between 3 and 10 MHz.their technique of triggering involved us-

6

APPENDIX

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Lightning - EMP Comparison Vance. E.F.. Electromagnetic-lnterfcr-ence control, IEEE Trans. Electromagnet-

Gardner. R.L.. L. Barker. J.L. Gilbert, Ic Comp., EMC-22, 1980.C.E. Baum, and D.J. Andersh, Compari-son of published HEMP and natural Vance, E.F.e and M.A. Umanu Differenceslightning on the surface of an aircraf. between lightning and nuclear electro-Proc. 10th int. Aerospace Ground Confer- magnetic pulse interactions. IEEE Trarm.ence Lightning and Static Electricity. 108 Electromagnetic Comp., 30, 54-62. 1988.

pp., Paris. France. June 10-13. 1985. II. Lightning Frequency Spectra

Lee, K.S.H., Ed., EMP Interaction: Princi- Aiya, S.V.C., Measurements of atmo-ples. Techniques, and Reference Data, spheric noise interference to broadcast-Hemisphere. Washington. DC. 1986. ing. J. Atmos. Terrest. Phys.. 5. 230,

1954.Nanevicz, J.E.. E.F. Vance. W. Radsky.M.A. Uman, G.K. Soper, and J.M. Pierre, Aiya, S.V.C., Noise power radiated byEMP susceptibility insights from aircraft tropical thunderstorms. Proc. IRE, 43,exposure to lightning, IEEE Trans. Elec- 966-974, 1955.tromagnetic Comp.. 30. 463-472. 1988. Alya. S.V.C.. Structure of atmospheric

radio noise. J. Science Ind. Res., 21D.Rustan. P.L.. Description of an aircraft 203-220, 1962.lightning and simulated nuclear electro-magnetic pulse (HEMP) threat based on Aiya. S.V.C., Spring thnderstorms overexperimental data. IEEE Trans. Electro- Bangalore, Proc. IEEE, 51. 1493-1501,magn. Comp.. EMC-20, 49-63. 1987. 1963.

Tesche. F.M.. and P.R. Barnes, A multi- Aiya, S.V.C., A.K.R. Sastri, and A.P.conductor model for determining the re- Shiaprasad. Atmospheric radio noisesponse of power transmission and measured in India, Ind•on J. Rad. Spacedistribution lines to a high altitude elec- Phys.. 1. 1-8. 1972.tromagnetic pulse (HEMP). IEEE Trans.Power Del.. 4. 1989. Atlas. D., Radar lightning echoes and at-

mospherics in vertical cross-section, in

Tesche. F.M.. and P.R. Barnes, the Recent Advances in Atmospheric Electric-HEMP response of an overhead power ity. L.G. Smith. Ed.. pp. 441-459. Perga-distribution line IEEE Trans. Power Del.. man. Oxdord. 1959.4. 1989. Barlow, J.S., G.W. Frey. Jr.. and J.B.

Newman, Very low frequency noise powerUman. M.A., M.J. Mas!cr, and E.P. Krid- from the lightning discharge. J. Frankliner, A comparison of lightning electromag- Inst.. 27. 145-163, 1954.netic fields with the nuclearelectromagnetic pulse in the frequency Bhattacharya. J., Amplitude and phaserange 104 to 107 Hz, IEEE Trans. EMC. spectra of radio atmospherics. J. Atmos.EMC-24. 410-416, 1982. Terrest. Phys., 25. 445. 1963.

7

Bradley, P.A.. The spectra of lightning Clarke. C.. P.A. Bradley. and D.E. Mor-discharges at very low frequencies. J. At- timer. Characteristics of Atmospheric ra-mos. Terrest. Phys., 26. 1069-1073. dio noise observed at Singapore. Proc.1964. Inst. Elec. Eng. London. 112. 849-860.

1965.Bradley. P.A.. The VLF energy spectra offirst and subsequent return strokes of Croom, D.L., The spectra of atmospher-multiple lightning discharges to ground, ics and propagation of very low frequen-J. Atmos. Terrest. Phys.. 27. 1045-1053, cy radio waves. Ph.D. Thesis. University1965. of Cambridge. England, 196 1.

Bradley, P.A.. and C. Clarke. Atmospher- Croom. D.L.. The frequency spectra and

Ic radio noise and signal received on di- attenuation of atmospherics in therangerectonal aerials at high frequencies, I- 15KC/S. J. Atmos. Terrest. Phys.. 24.

Proc. Inst. Elec. Eng. London. 11. 1015-1046. 1964.

1534-1540. 1964. Dennis. A.S.. and E.T. Pierce. The return

stroke of the lightning flash to Earth as aBrook, M., and N. Kitagawa. Radiation source of VLF atmospherics, Radio Sci-from lightning discharges in frequency ence. 68D. 779-794. 1964.the range 400 to 1,000 MC/s. J. Geo-phys. Res., 69, 2431-2434. 1964. Devan. K.R.S., Electric field spectra of

lightning return-strokes in the intervalChauzy, S.. and K. Kably, Electric dis- from 2 to 500 lHz. Inst. Elec. & Tele-charges between hydrometers. J. Geo- comm. Eng.. 32. 382-388, Sept.-Oct.phys. Res.. 94. 13.107-13.114. 1989. 1986.

Clands. N.. Oetzel. G.N.. Pierce. E.T.. GaleJs. J.. Amplitude statistics of light-Structure of lightning noise-especially ning discharge currents and ELF andabove HF, Lightning and Static Electric. VLF radio noise. J. Geophys. Res.. 72.ity Conference, Wright Patterson AFB. 2943-2953. 1967.December 1972.

Gardner. R.L.. Effect of the propagationClarke. C., A study of atmospheric radio path on lightning-induced transientnoise In a narrow width band at I I MC/ fields. Radio Science. 16, 377-384. 1981.s. Proc. Inst. of Elec. Eng. London, Pt. B, Gardner. R.L., L. Baker, J.L. Gilbert.pp.107.1960. C.E. Baum. and D.J. Andersh, Compari-

son of published HEMP and naturalClarke. C., Atmospheric radio noise stu- lightning on the surface of an aircraft,dies based on amplitude probability Proc. I Oth International Aerospacemeasurements at Slough. England, dur- Ground Conference Lightning and Staticing the international geophysical year. Electricity. pp. 108. Paris, France, JuneProc. IEE, London. Pt. B47, pp. 109, 10-13. 1985.1962.

Garg. M.B., K.C. Mathpal. J. Rai. andClarke. C., and P.A. Bradley, Discussion N.C. Varshneya, Frequency spectra ofon 1) atmospheric radio noise and sIg- electric and magnetic fields of differentnals ieceived on directional aerials at forms of lightning, Ann. Geophys. T., 38.high frequencies and 2) characteristics FASC. 2. 177-188, 1982.of atmospheric radio noise observed atSingapore, Proc. Inst. Elec. Eng. London, Gupta, S.P., VLF spectral characteristics113. 752-754. 1966. on leader pulses, lEE Proc. A. Phys. Scl.

8

Meas. Instrum. Manage. Educ. Rev. (UK). cloud-to-cloud lightning. IEEE Trans.

134. 789-792. December 1987. Geosci. Elec.. GE-5. 1. 26-30. 1967.

Gupta. S P.. M. Rao. and B.A.P. Tantry. Kawasaki, Z-I. M Nakano. T Takcuti. M.

VLF spectra radiated by stepped leadcrs. Nagatanil. H Nakada. Y Mizuno. and T

J. Geophys. Res.. 77. 3924-3927. 1972. Nagal. Fourier spectra of positive light-ning fields during winter thunderstorms.

Hallgrcn. R.E.. R.B. McDonald. Atmo- Res. Lett. Aimos. Elec.. 7. 29-34. 1987.

sphcrlcs front lightning from 100 to 600MHz. Rep. No. 63-538-89. IBM Fcderal Kimpara. A.. Electromagnetic cncrgy ra-

Systems Division. 1963 diated from lightning. in Problems of At-mospheric and Space Electricity. S.C.

IHarwood. J.. and B.N. Harden. The inca- Coroniti. Ed . pp. 352-365. American El-

surement of atmospheric radio noise by sevier. New York. 1965.

an aural comparison mcthoJ in therange 15-500 KC/s. Proc. Ins(. of Etec. Kosarev. E.L.. V.G. Zatscpin. and A.V.

Eng. London. 1307. 53-59. 1960. Mitrofanov. Ultrahigh frequency radi-ation front lightnings. J. Geophys. Res..

Hewitt, F J.. Radar echoes from in- 75. 7524-7530. 1970.

tcr-stroke processes in lightning. Proc. Labaunc. G.. P. Richard. and A Bon-Phys. Soc. London. Sect.-B. 70. 961-979.1957. Sdiou. Electromagnetic properties of light-1957. ning channels formation and

Horner. F. Narrowband atmospherics propagation, Electromagnetics. 7.

from two local thunderstorms. J. Atmos. 361-393. 1987

Terrest. Phys.. 21. 13-15. 1961 Lanzcrotti. l..J.. D.J. Thomson. C G. Ma-

Horner. F.. Atmospheric of near lightning clMUman. K. Ri secrt. E.P Kradir. and

discharges. in Radio Noise of Terrestrial M.A Uman. Power spectra at radio fre-

Orgin. F Horner. Ed . pp. 16-17. Amned- quency of lightning return stroke wave-

can Elsevier. New York. 1962. forms. J. Geophys. Res.. 94.13.221-13.227. 1989.

Horn.r. F.. Radio noise from thunder- Le Boulch, M . and J. Hamelin. Ray-storms: in Advances in Radio Research 2. onneent en ondes metriques et dcci-J.A. Saxton. Ed.. pp 122-215. Academic mctriqucs des orages. Ann. Telecommun..Press. New York, 1964. 40. 277-313. 1985.

Horner. F. and C. Clarke. Radio noise Le Boulch. M.. J. Hamelin. and C. Weld-from lightning discharges. Nature. 181. man. UtlF-VHF radiation from lightning.688-690. 1958. Electromagneiics. 7. 287-331. 1987.

Horner. F.. and P A. Bradley. The spectra Lee. K.S.. Ed . EMP Interacting: Princi-of atmospherics from near lightning. J. ples. Techniques, and Reference Data.Atmos. Terrest. Phys.. 1155-1166, 1964. Hemisphere. Washington. DC. 1986.

Iwata. A.. and M Kanada. On the nature Leteinturier. C.. and J. Hamelin. Exper-of the frequency spectrum of atmospher- Imental study of the electromagneticIc source signal. Proc. Res. Inst. Atmos.. characteristics of lightning discharge in14, 1-6. 1967. the 200 llz 20 MHz band. Electromagnet-

ics 7. 195-204. 1987.Jones. H.L.. R.L. Calkins. and W.L.

Hughes, A review of the frequency spec- Le Vine. D.M.. The effect of pulse intervaltrum of cloud-to-ground and statistics on the spectrum of radiation

9

from lightning. J. Geophys. Res.. 82. Trans. on Antepna and Propagation.1773-1777. 1977. AP-I 1. 339-343, 1963.

Le Vine. D.M, Sources cf the strongest Nakal. T.. On the timc and amplitudeRF radiation from lightning. J. Geophys. properties of electric fields near sourcesRes.. 85. 4091-4095. 1980. of lightning in the VLF. HF, and LF

bands, Radio Science. 12. 389-396.Le Vine, D.M., Review of measurements 1977.of the RF spectrum of radiation fromlightning. Meteorol. Aimos. Phys.. 37. Nakal, T.. The frequency spectrum of at-195-204. 1987. mospherics. Proc. Res. Inst. Atmos., Na-

goya Univ.. 3. 1955.Le Vine. D.M.. and E.P. Krlder. The tem-poral structure of HF and VHF radi- Nanevicz. J.E.. E.F. Vance. and J.M.ations during Florida lightning return Hamm. Observation of lightning in thestrokes. Geophys. Res. Lett.. 4. 13-16. frequency and time domains. Electro-1977. magnetics. 7, 267-268, 1987.

Le Vine. D.M., J.C. Willett, and J.C. Nanevicz, J.E.. E.F. Vance. W. Radsky.Bailey. Comparison of fast electric field M.A. Uman, G.K. Soper, and J.M. Pierre.changes from subsequent return strokes EMP susceptibility insights from aircraftof natural and triggered lightning, J. exposure to lightning. ElectromagneticGeophys. res., 94, 13.259-13,265, 1989. Comp., 30. 463-472. Nov. 1988.

Le Vine, D.M., The spectrum of radiation Obayashl. T., Measured frequency spec-tra of VLF atmospherics. J. Res. Nationalfrom lightning. International Symposium Bra of Standards. 6. 414. 1960.on Electromagnetic Compatibility. Bureau of Standards, 64D, 41-48, 1960.249-253, Oct 1980. Oetzel, G.N.. and E.T. Pierce. Radio

emissions from close lightning: in Plane-L in d .M .A ., J .S . H a r tm a n , E .S . T a k le . a y E e t o y a ic , 1 . . C r n tand J.L. Stanford. Radio noise studies of tary Electrodynamics. 1. S.C. Coronitiand J. Hughes. Eds., pp. 543-570. Gor-several severe weather events in Iowa in don and Breach. New York. 1969.197 1. J. Atmospheric Scl., 29,1220-1223. 1972. Oh. L.L.. Measured and calculated spec-

tral amplitude distribution of lightningMalan. D.J.. Radiation from lightning sferics. IEEE Trans. on Electromagneticdischarges and its relation to discharge Compatibility. EMC-I 1. 125-130, 1969.processes; in Recent Advances in Atmo-spheric Electricity, L.G. Smith. Ed.. pp. Pawsey. J.L., Radar observation of light-557-563, Pergamon Press, London, ning on 1.5 meters, J. Atmos. Tern Phys.,1958. 11. 289-290, 1957.

Marney. G 0., and K. Shanmugam. Ef- Pierce, E.T.. Atmospherics: their charac-feet of channel orientation on the fre- teristics at the source propagation: Inquency spectrum of lightning discharges. Radio Science 1963-1966, Pt. 1. pp.J. Geophys. Res.. 76. 4198-4202. 1971. 987-1039, International Scientific Radio

Union. Berkeley. Calif.. 1967.Maxwell. E.L., Atmospheric noise from

20 Hz to 30 KHz, Radio Science, 2. Pierce, E.T., The thunderstorm as a637-644. 1967. source of atmospheric noise at frequen-

cies between I and 100 KHz. StanfordMaxwell. E.L., and D.L. Stone. Natural Research Institute Technical Report,noise fields from I CPS to 100 KC. IEEE Project 7045, NASA 2299, June 1969.

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Pierce. E.T., Atmospherics and radio Shumpert. T.H.. M.A. Honnell. and G.K.noise; In Lightning. I (Physics of Light- Lott. Jr.. Measured spectral amplitude ofnling, R.H Golde. Ed.). pp. 351-384. Aca- lightning sferics in the VHF, and UHFdemic Press. New York, 1977. bands, IEEE Trans. on Electromagnetic

Compatibility, EMC-24. 368-372. 1982.Pierce. E.T.. Spherics (sferics); in Ency-clopedia of Atmospheric Sciences and As- Srivastava, K.M.L., and B.A.P. Tantry.trogeology. R.W. Fairbridge. Ed.. pp. VLF characteristic of electromagnetic ra-935-939, Reinhold Publishing. 1967. diation from the return stroke of light-

ning discharge, Ind. J. Pure and Appl.Preta. J.. M.A. Uman. and D.G. Childers. Phys.. 4. 272-275, 1966.Comment on "The electric field spectra of Stanford. J.L.. M.A. Lind, and G.S.first and subsequent lightning returnstrokes in the 1- to 200-km range- by Takle. Electromagnetic noise studies of"Serhan et al., Radio Science. 20, severe convective storms in Iowa: The143-145. 1985. 1970 storm season, J. Atmos. Scl.. 28.

436-448. 1971.

Richard. P.. A. Delannoy. G. Labaune. Steptoe. B.J.. Some observations on theand P. Laroche. Results of spatial and spectrum and propagation of atmospher-temporal characterization of the ics. Ph.D. Thesis. University of London.VHF-UHF radiation of lightning. J. Geo- England, 1958.phys. Res.. 91, 1248-1260. 1986.

Takagi. M., VHF radiation from groundRust, W.D., P.R. Krehbiel. and A. Shlan- discharges; in Planetary Electrodynam-ta. Measurements of radiation from ics. S.C. Coroniti and J. Hughes, Eds.,lightning at 2200 MHz. Geophys. Res. pp. 535-538. Gordon and Breach. NewLett.. 6. 85-88, 1979. York, 1969a.

Rustan. P.L.. Description of an aircraft Takagi. M., VHF radiation from groundlightning and simulated nuclear electro- discharges. Proc. Res. Inst. Atmos.. Na-magnetic pulse (HEMP) threat based on goya Univ.. Japan. 16. 163-168. 1969b.experimental data, IEEE Trans. Electro-magn. Comp.. EMC-20, 49-63, Feb. 1987. Takagi. M.. and T. Takeuti, Atmospher-

ics radiation from lightning discharge.

Schafer. J.P.. and W.M. Goodall. Peak Proc. Res. Inst. Atmos.. Nagoya Univ.. 10.

field strengths of atmospherics due to 1o- P. 1, 1963.

cal thunderstorm at 150 megacycles. Taylor. W.L.. Radiation field characteris-Proc. IRE. 27, 202-207, 1939. tics of lightning discharges in the band I

KC/s to 100 KC/s. J. Res. National Bu-Sen, A.K.. and M.K. Das Gupta. Atmo- reau of Standards. 67D. 539-550. 1963.spherics in relation to source phenome-na and radio wave propagation in the Taylor. W.L., Lightning characteristics asVHF, UHF. microwave and millimeter derived from spherics: In Problems of At-wave bands. Ind. J. Radio Space Phys.. mospheric and Space Electricity, S.C. Co-16. 127-135. February 1987. roniti. Ed.. pp. 388-404, American

Elsevier, New York. 1965.Serhan, G.I.. M.A. Uman, D.G. Childers.and Y.T. Lin, The RF spectra of first and Taylor. W.L., Electromagnetic radiationsubsequent lightning return strokes In from severe storms in Oklahoma duringthe 1-200 km range. Radio Science. 15. April 29-30. 1970. J. Geophys. Res.. 78.1089-1094, 1980. 8761-8777, 1973.

11

Taylor. W.L.. and A.G. Jean. Very low fre- Watt, A.D.. and E.L. Maxwell. Character-quency radiation spectra of lightning dis- istics of atmospherics noisc from I tocharges. J. Res. National Bureau of 100 KC, Proc. Inst. Radio Engineers. 45,Standards, 63D, 199-204, 1959. 55-62, 1957.

Thomas, H.A.. and R.E. Burgess. Survey Weidman, C.D., The submicrosccondof existing information and data on radio structure of lightning radiation flclds.noise over frequency range 1-30 MC/s. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Arizona, 1982.Radio Res. Special Rep., 15, 1947.

Weidman. C.D., and E.P. Krider.The am-Uman, M.A., and E.P. Krider. The elec- plitude spectra of lightning radiationtromagnetic characteristics of lightning, fields in the interval from 1 to 20 MHz,J. Defense Research, Special Issue B4-1, Radio Science, 21, 964-970, 1986.343-361, 1984.

Weidman. C.D., Krider. E.P., and M.A.Uman. M.A.. and E.P. Krider. A review of Uman. Lightning amplitude spectra innatural lightning: Experimental data and the interval 100 KHz to 20 MHz. Geo-modeling, IEEE Trans. EMC. EMC-24. phys. Res. Lett.. 8. 931-934, 1981.79-112. 1982.

Willett, J.C., J.C. Bailey. and E.P. Krlder.Uman. M.A.. M.J. Master, and E.P. Krid- A class of unusual lightning electric fielder, A comparison of lightning clectromag- waveforms with very strong HF radi-netic fields with the nuclear ation. J. Geophys. Res.. 94.electromagnetic pulse in the frequency 16,255-16,267, 1989.range 104 to 107 Hz, IEEE Trans.EMC-24. EMC-24, 410-416, 1982. Williams. J.C., Thunderstorms and VLF

radio noise. Ph.D. Thesis, Harvard Uni-Vance, E.F.. and M.A. Uman, Differences versity. Cambridge. Mass.. 1959.between lightning and nuclear electro-magnetic pulse interactions, IEEE Trans. Zonge. K.L., and W.H. Evans, PrestrokeElectromagnetic Comp., 30. 54-62. Feb- radiation from thunderclouds, J. Geo-ruary, 1988. phys. Res., 71, 1519-1523. 1966.

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28

FILE 26801141.P89 TIME 21.24.24.907670# POINTS: 16384 163.84 Isecs

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Figure 17. Example of simultaneously recorded waveforms.

29

FILE 26801083.PB9 TIME 21: 22:49.858734# POINTS: 16384 163.84 Isecs

FAST E-FIELO. INTIG. # 2 (RACK). PLATE 0 4 5 VFSO

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30

FILE 26601058.P89 TIME 21. 21: 57.957315# POINTS: 16284 163.84 1secs

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Figure 19. Example of simultaneously recorded vaveforms.

31

FILE 26800380.P,89 TIME 20: 21:48.885808b# POINTS: 16384 163.84 )secs

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Figure 20. Example of simultaneously recorded waveforms.

32

FILE 26800881.P89 TIME 21: 16.57.,756252# POINTS: 16384 163.84 1secs

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Figure 21. Example of simultaneously recorded waveforms.

33

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