compendium review cells part 1

8/14/2019 Compendium Review Cells Part 1

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Compendium ReviewCompendium ReviewMajor Topic One: CellsMajor Topic One: Cells

Table of Contents Table of ContentsPart 1Part 1

Life and CharacteristicsLife and Characteristics

Humans Relation to AnimalsHumans Relation to Animals

Scientific MethodScientific Method

Science, Technology, and Human ResponsibilityScience, Technology, and Human Responsibility

Part 2Part 2Atoms and MoleculesAtoms and Molecules

Living Things and WaterLiving Things and Water

Molecules and Their FunctionsMolecules and Their Functions

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and NucleicCarbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic



Part 1Part 1

Life and CharacteristicsLife and Characteristics Humans Relation to AnimalsHumans Relation to Animals

Scientific MethodScientific Method Science, Technology, and HumanScience, Technology, and Human

ResponsibilityResponsibility



Life and its CharacteristicsLife and its Characteristics Biology:Biology: “The science of life and of living“The science of life and of living

organisms, including their structure, function,organisms, including their structure, function,

growth, origin, evolution, and distribution. Itgrowth, origin, evolution, and distribution. Itincludes botany and zoology and all theirincludes botany and zoology and all theirsubdivisions.”subdivisions.” <<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/biologyhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/biology>>

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversi<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organi

2.2. OrganizedOrganized

3.3. Obtain Materials andObtain Materials andEnergyEnergy

4.4. ReproduceReproduce

5.5. Grow and DevelopGrow and Develop6.6. HomeostaticHomeostatic

7.7. React to StimuliReact to Stimuli8.8. Evolutionary HistoryEvolutionary History

There are Seven Distinct Characteristics of LivingThere are Seven Distinct Characteristics of Livin

g

ThingsThin

gs

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Fungi_in_Borneo.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/biology



All Living Things are OrganizedAll L

iving Things are OrganizedATOM: “smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons.”

MOLECULE: “Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements.”

CELL: “The structural and functional unit of all living things.”

TISSUE: “A group of cells with a common structure and function.”ORGAN: “Composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task.”

ORGAN SYSTEM: “Composed of several organs working together”

ORGANISM: “An Individual; complex individuals contain organ systems.”

POPULATION: “Organisms of the same species in a particular area.”

COMMUNITY: “Interacting populations in a particular area.”

ECOSYSTEM: “A community plus the physical environment.”

BIOSPHERE: “Regions of the Earth’s crust, waters, and atmosphere inhabited by livingthings.”

All quoted information on this page isfrom Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader(Page 3)

..

Picture fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule

Picture fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle

Picture fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_system Picture from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosyst

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Atisane3.png

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Male_lion_on_savanna.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Male_lion_on_savanna.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:SystemExample.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Illu_muscle_tissues.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Atisane3.png



This Picture is from page 3 of Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader

1.1. WhenWhen ATOMSATOMS merge together they formmerge together they formMOLECULES which createMOLECULES which create CELLSCELLS. There. There

are several different types of are several different types of CELLSCELLS, each, each

with their own function. When a livingwith their own function. When a livingthing is organized of numerousthing is organized of numerous CELLSCELLS,,

they are said to bethey are said to be MULTICELLULARMULTICELLULAR..2.2. When a collection of relatedWhen a collection of related CELLSCELLS carrycarryout a specific function together, they areout a specific function together, they are

known as aknown as a TISSUE TISSUE. When multiple types. When multiple typesof of TISSUE TISSUE combine to execute acombine to execute aspecialized task, they are known as anspecialized task, they are known as an

ORGAN SYSTEMORGAN SYSTEM..3.3. Living things which contain an assemblyLiving things which contain an assemblyof of ORGAN SYSTEMSORGAN SYSTEMS are known asare known as

ORGANISMSORGANISMS; furthermore, a collection of ; furthermore, a collection of organisms which are able to breed andorganisms which are able to breed andproduce offspring are known as aproduce offspring are known as a SPECIESSPECIES..

In any particular location, occupants of theIn any particular location, occupants of thesamesame SPECIESSPECIES are called aare called a POPULATIONPOPULATION..

4.4. The The POPULATIONSPOPULATIONS of diverseof diverse SPECIESSPECIES living together make up aliving together make up a COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY,,and any particularand any particular COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY interactinginteracting

with their physical environment forms anwith their physical environment forms an

ECOSYSTEMECOSYSTEM

. Lastly, all of the different

. Lastly, all of the different

ECOSYSTEMSECOSYSTEMS which inhabit the planetwhich inhabit the planet

Chart of Levels of Organization



Obtain Materials and EnergyObtain Materials and

Energy

Living things require materials and energy from nature in order to live. TheLiving things require materials and energy from nature in order to live. Thecells of an organism need the proper nutrients to carry out their specificcells of an organism need the proper nutrients to carry out their specific

functions and help the organism to perform daily tasks.functions and help the organism to perform daily tasks.

ReproduceR

eproduce

Cells are created by cells; thus, all living thisCells are created by cells; thus, all living thisreproduce. The act of producing offspring helps toreproduce. The act of producing offspring helps to

ensure a species existence. All living things can createensure a species existence. All living things can createmore of themselves due to the replication of genesmore of themselves due to the replication of genes(DNA molecules). DNA contains information which(DNA molecules). DNA contains information which

dictates how new cells will be organized anddictates how new cells will be organized andmetabolize.metabolize.

P i c t u r e

f r o m

h t t p : / / w

w w . o u t o f a f r i

c a p a r k . c o m l

Picture fromhttp://neatorama.cachefly.net/images/2007-

Grow and DevelopGrow and Develo

p

All living things undergo aAll living things undergo adevelopment process fromdevelopment process from

birth to death.birth to death.Development of anDevelopment of an

organism includes growthorganism includes growth

and repair.and repair.

Picture from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader Page 5

Food=Energy

Mother & Offspring

Acorn to

Tree

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wiki_tarantula.jpg



HomeostaticHomeostatic

Respond toRespond to

StimuliStimuliLiving things respond to the

internal and externalenvironments. A plant may growtowards an area which provides

better sunlight and a person mayscream out of fear during a movie.

P i c t ur ef r om h t t p: / / en.wi k i p e

d i a. or g / wi k i / H om e o s t a s i s

EvolutioEvolutio

nnEach organism is unique because Each organism is unique because it can adapt to changingit can adapt to changingenvironments. A species willenvironments. A species will

modify throughout generation tomodify throughout generation toconform to changingconform to changingenvironments. For example,environments. For example,some frogs can change theirsome frogs can change theircolors depending on physical orcolors depending on physical orpsychological surroundingspsychological surroundings

which may help them hide fromwhich may help them hide fromredators or blend in durinredators or blend in durin

Can yousee

Picture http://science.howstuffworks.com/animal-

The normal conditions upheld in a cell The normal conditions upheld in a cellor organism is known as Homeostasis.or organism is known as Homeostasis.For example, the organ systems of For example, the organ systems of

humans all work together to performhumans all work together to performcertain functions such as absorbingcertain functions such as absorbingnutrients and oxygen, and excretingnutrients and oxygen, and excretingwaste. They also adjust their processeswaste. They also adjust their processesto maintain regularity such as sweatingto maintain regularity such as sweatingwhen the body temperature starts towhen the body temperature starts to

rise.rise.

cold-blooded tarantula on warmhand

http://www.indexstock.com/store/202','1102230','3915','138','92','Portrait%20of%20a%20young%20woman%20with%20her%20mouth%20wide%20open','5061','7%20427%20958%20994%201271%201552%201562%202402%202405%202511%202918%204632%204956%205608%205834','1','1',%20false,%20'',%20'',%20'',%20'59743368',%20'1




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wiki_tarantula.jpg





HUMANS RELATION TO ANIMALSHUMANS RELATION TO ANIMALS

Scientific MethodScientific Method Science, Technology, and HumanScience, Technology, and Human


t t



ow are umans e ate toow are umans e a e oAnimals?Animals?

Living Things Fall into 3 CategoriesLiving Things Fall into 3 Categories CultureCulture

Biosphere MembersBiosphere Members

Biosphere ThreatsBiosphere Threats

Picture from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader Page 6



How are Humans Related toHow are Humans Related to

Animals?Animals?Living Things Fall Into Three DomainsLiving Things Fall Into Three Domains

3.3. Domain Eukarya (membrane-bounded nucleus)Domain Eukarya (membrane-bounded nucleus)

A.A. Kingdom Animalia (Vertebrates)Kingdom Animalia (Vertebrates)

B.B. Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

C.C. Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi

D.D. Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista

2. Domain Archaea and2. Domain Archaea andBacteriaBacteria

(no membrane-boundednucleus)

Pictures from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader page 6



CultureCultureSpecies, such as human beings, havecertain behaviors, beliefs, values andskills which are typically passed down

from generations. They can also beacquired through interaction with

others. Some examples are language,tool use, and religion.

Biosphere MembersBiosphere Members

Living things are found on the surface

of Earth, in its waters and air. We allinhibit the biosphere and depend onthe biosphere’s natural ecosystems

for waste decomposition, break downof pollutant particles, crop irrigation,

drinking water, food, and beauty.

Biosphere ThreatsBiosphere ThreatsHuman activity is alteringEarth’s biodiversity; resulting inthe extinction of differentspecies on a daily base.Anytime a natural ecosystem is

modified for human use it candecrease certain species

Picture from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth

Picture from

Human Biologyby Sylvia S.

Mader Page 7

Picture fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity

Earth

Jesus: Sermon on theMount

Alterationof whatwas oncenatural

ecosystem

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:AYool_topography_15min.png




Humans Relation to AnimalsHumans Relation to AnimalsScientific MethodScientific Method Science, Technology, and HumanScience, Technology, and Human




Scientific MethodScientific Method

SCIENTIFIC THERORIES help us to understand the different orders of,SCIENTIFIC THERORIES help us to understand the different orders of,and in, the natural world. For theories to be proved or disproved,and in, the natural world. For theories to be proved or disproved,information must be collected and processed by a SCIENTIFIC METHOD.information must be collected and processed by a SCIENTIFIC METHOD.

The scientific method has different steps which must be completed The scientific method has different steps which must be completedbefore answering a theory.before answering a theory.

• Observation: A scientist will study new data, as well as previous data,and ask questions to help form a hypothesis.

• Hypothesis: Theory which is proposed after making observations.

• Experiment: Process to test the hypothesis with further observation.• Conclusion: Analyzing the results from the experiment. They will either

support or reject the hypothesis.

Picture fromhttp://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-

Diagram showingstep-by-step

explanation of

scientific methodprocedure

http://bp3.blogger.com/_V2sSjKmKGgk/RuVe9itqVXI/AAAAAAAAAAU/dn05Na4u6P0/s1600-h/overview_scientific_method2.gif

http://bp3.blogger.com/_V2sSjKmKGgk/RuVe9itqVXI/AAAAAAAAAAU/dn05Na4u6P0/s1600-h/overview_scientific_method2.gif




Humans Relation to AnimalsHumans Relation to Animals

Scientific MethodScientific MethodScience, Technology, andScience, Technology, and

Human ResponsibilityHuman Responsibility

S i T h l d HS i T h l

d H



Science, Technology, and HumanScience, Technology, and HumanResponsibilityResponsibility

• ““ The branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use The branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and useof technical means and their interrelation with life, society, andof technical means and their interrelation with life, society, andthe environment, drawing upon such subjects as industrial arts,the environment, drawing upon such subjects as industrial arts,

engineering, applied science, and pure science…engineering, applied science, and pure science…

• The terminology of an art, science, etc.; technical The terminology of an art, science, etc.; technicalnomenclature…nomenclature…

• A technological process, invention, method, or the like…A technological process, invention, method, or the like…• The sum of the ways in which social groups provide themselves The sum of the ways in which social groups provide themselves

with the material objects of their civilization.”with the material objects of their civilization.” Terminology from Terminology from

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/technologyhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/technology

Technology can be described as many different things; however one Technology can be described as many different things; however one

thing that is constant about technology is it contains benefits andthing that is constant about technology is it contains benefits andrisks. From the manmade effects on natural ecosystems to GM foodsrisks. From the manmade effects on natural ecosystems to GM foodsor stem cell research, human values will always contradict peoplesor stem cell research, human values will always contradict peoples

opinions of what is right or wrong.opinions of what is right or wrong.

In the end it is human responsibility to listen to what science tells usIn the end it is human responsibility to listen to what science tells us

compendium review cells part 1

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