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A COMPILATION OF REVIEWERS FOR THE ORAL COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION COMPILED BY: SEM. WILSON B. MANDIN II

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Page 1: Compilation of Reviewers for the Oral Comprehensive Examination

A COMPILATION OF REVIEWERSFOR THE ORAL COMPREHENSIVE

EXAMINATION

COMPILED BY: SEM. WILSON B. MANDIN II

Page 2: Compilation of Reviewers for the Oral Comprehensive Examination

SEPTEMBER, ACADEMIC YEAR 2013-2014

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Sem. Wilson B. Mandin IICamillian Seminarian

Sem. Wilson B. Mandin II is currently studying at St. Camillus College Seminary on his Fourth Year, AB Philosophy studies. He first became the Vice-President of the Student Body when he was in Second Year College, and lately became the President of the Student Coordinating Council, Academic Year 2012-2013. He has interest in music, especially in singing. In addition, he loves to compile his notes taken in his Philosophy classes because it’s also a way for him to review. That is why he came up with this compilation as his review for the Comprehensive Examination, comes November 2013. Recently (September 2013), Wilson topped the Seniors’ Syntheis Writing, synthesizing his philosophical thoughts on questioning in the realm of mystery towards knowledge. He entitled his synthesis as: Pilosopiya: Pagtatanong sa Larangan ng Hiwaga Tungo sa Kaalaman.

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CONTENTS

COURSES PROFESSORSPAGE

ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY…………………….….MR. PJ STREBEL05

MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY……………………. .MR. PJ STREBEL14

MODERN PHILOSOPHY………………………. .FR. RODEL, MI22

CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY……………. .MR. PASCO27

MORAL PHILOSOPHY…………………………. .MR. GUEVARRA32

PHILOSOPHY OF BEING……………………….DR. HERMIDA39

PHILOSOPHY OF THE DIVINE BEING……...DR. HERMIDA47

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION…………………..MR. LAGLIVA56

PHILOSOPHY OF KNOWLEDGE…………...…MR. PJ STREBEL58

PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON…...DR. DY66

ORIENTAL PHILOSOPHY………………………DR. DY72

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My self-indebtedness and heartfelt gratitude

to the St. Camillus College Seminary Community, for providing the best and effective formation in knowing God and myself, that led me serve others with love and compassion,

to my philosophy teachers, who shared their wisdom with us in our philosophical inquiry and in our search for life's meaning,

to Doc. Dy, the "Simpleng Tao", for allowing me to include his lecture notes in Philosophy of the Human Person and Oriental Philsophy in this compilation,

to Mr. Pasco, for reviewing us in our preparation for the Oral Comprehensive Examination "Thanks for the patience!",

to my classmates, who also contributed and shared their notes with me for the completion of this compilation especially Nhel Agpay, JV Agting, RV Veronilla, and Bertz Gimentiza,

and to all, thanks a lot... God bless us all!

Sem. Wilson B.

Mandin II

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DEDICATION

This compilation is based on my old notes and this present's review in preparation for the Oral Comprehensive Exam with Mr. Oliver Pasco.

This compilation is first and foremost dedicated to my philosophy professors, chaired by Prof. Manny Dy, Jr., head of the Department, whom I owe so much for their dedication in teaching in this institution.

I dedicate this also to my classmates, the BATCH EXODUS, hoping that this compilation may help in our preparation for the Oral Comprehensive Examination.

Sem. Wilson B. Mandin IIStudent

Mr. Marc Oliver Pasco Mr. Manny Dy, Jr., Ph.D.

Adviser Head, Philosophy Department

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I. Pilosopiya ng mga Sinaunang Griyego (Ancient Greek Philosophy)

1. Kay Hiwaga, kay yaman ng daigdig! Katotohanan man o aletheia, parehong-pareho ang nararanasan, ibang iba ang nararanasan: nagkaka-angkop, nagkakaiba, nagsasalubungan, naghihiwalayan, nakakahilo!Paliwanag:

Hiwaga-pagkakaiba ng pagpapakita ng mundo (umaga at gabi)

Aletheia – ang hindi pagkakubli, nagpapakita, isang kilos ng pagpapakita, pagpapakita ng nagpapakita

Physis – pagtubo ng sangtumutubo Katotohanan – talagang umiiral, meron Kailangan maging alisto at mapagmatyag ang tao sa

pagpapakita ng meron Nakakahilo dahil pinagtatakahan natin ang mga

nagpapakita sa mundo Hindi nauubusan ng pagpapakita ang cosmos/daigdig Lanthano -- nakakubli Meron – patuloy pang nagpapakita, it is an unfinished

event, palaging meron pa Kailangan ng masusing pagmamatyag at pag-aantabay Ang daigdig ay isang konkretong manipestasyon ng meron Hindi ko alam kung ano ang lalabas sa susunod kaya

nakakahilo Katotohanan at Aletheia Katotohanan

o "Itong-ito" – nag-iisa akong naghahanap o nakikipagtagpo sa katotohanan, nakakatakot

Katotoo Kasamahan ko sa pagdanas sa katotohanan,

kasamahan ko na gumagalaw sa mundoo Sama-sama kaming humahanap at tumutuklas sa

daigdigo Abot-kaya - mamumulat tayo na tayo ay marupok sa

paghahanap ng katotohanan, may mga bagay tayong hindi alam, dito makikilala natin ang ating mga "katoto" ubod lakas na naghahanap sa meron, nabubuhay sa mundo ng katotohanan

Aletheia o Ang hindi pagkakubli, nagpapakita, nakalantad

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o Siksik, mayaman, malawak at maraming landas, nagkakamali, magkahidwaan sa landas ngunit sila'y nagkakasalubungan, nagtutulungan, nagbibigay liwanag sa isa't-isa ang kanilang pagkasari-sari (harmoniya)

o Nagpapaakita sa taoo May mga urong pagpapakita ang meron (doxa), dito

tayo nagkakatao (kuro-kuro)

2. Herakleitos: Nag-uumpugan, nagkakasundo; at mula sa hindi pagkakasundo, ang napakatumpak na pag-aangkop (labi 8). Hindi nila matanto kung papaanong nabubuo ang hiwalay sa sarili: paghihidwaan ang pag-aangkop gaya ng busog at lira (labi 51.)Paliwanag:

Harmoniya Heirakleitos: Sinubukan niyang pagmunihan ang mundo

bilang patuloy na nagbabago o tumutubo (physis) - pagtubo ng sangtumutubo, lahat ay nagbabago ngunit iyon at iyon pa rin.

Isa sa mga bantog na labi ni Heirakletos sa pagsasapangkat ng kanyang mga labi ay ukol sa "pag-aangkop"

Ang katutubong buod ng mga umiiral ay isang hidwaan:pag-uumpugan at hindi pagkakasundo, hidwaan na nakakarating sa pagkakawasak, hidwaan na nakakarating sa katipunan (logos) - salita, meron

Pagbubuo ng paghihidwaan ay katutubong buod ng bawat umiiral tungo sa isang kagandahan

Sarili: "nabubuo ang hiwalay sa sarili"o Kung paanong ang nahahati ay umaangkop sa sarili,

paghihiwalay na pag-aangkop sa kinahihiwalayano Gabay: pagmasdan natin ang katutubo ng bawat

umiiral, pagmasdan man natin o hindi ay iyon at iyon pa rin, talagang nandoon na

Mahalagang pag-usapan ang logos Logos –

o Hidwaang nabubuo, nagbibigay ng katuturan sa lahat, pinapakinggan

o Legein – gathering ng naglalabanan, to collect, isang kilos ng pagtitipon at sa pagtitipon na yon, may nabubuo, it has to be a collection para may masabi

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tayo, pagbubuo ng hidwaan, paghihiwalay, pag-aangkop sa kinahihiwalayan

Ang pagbubuo ay may dialektikal na relasyon sa pagwawasak

Pakinggan natin ang logos May nabubuo sa paghihidwaan Ang katutubong buod ng bawat umiiral ay isang hidwaan Kilos-logos- iniipon ang hindi nagkakasundo at mula noon

ay lumilikha Halimbawa, strings ng guitar, voicing ng choir-musika,

busog at lira Aletheia

o Siksik, mayaman, malawak at maraming landas, nagkakamali, magkahidwaan sa landas ngunit sila'y nagkakasalubungan, nagtutulungan, nagbibigay liwanag sa isa't-isa ang kanilang pagkasari-sari (harmoniya)

Talinhaga: busog at lira Busog at lira:

o May tamang target, may sukat, may tamang pag-unat, may hidwaan ngunit may sukat at may tamang timbang

Gitara:o Himig ng kaayusan, tamang kuwerdas, naghihidwaan

ayon sa tamang sukat, angkop na pagkakasunod-sunod

3. Parmenides: May nag-uudyok sa iyo na magtanong ukol sa buong bilog at walang nginig na puso ng katotohanan at pati sa pag-aakala ng mga mamamatay na hindi talagang mapagkakatiwalaan. Ngunit matututuhan mo rin ito, sapagkat ang mga nagpapakita’y kailangang talagang magmeron sa pagsubok sa lahat sa pamamagitan ng lahat (labi 1). Paliwanag:

Buong bilog o Perpektong hugis, parehas ang sukat ng bawat suloko Landas ng katotohanan, di masalang ang lahat ng

sukat Mahalagang pag-usapan: landas ng kuro-kuro (doxa) Landas ng karahasan - mandirigma

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Landas: ipinahiwatig ni Parmenides ang isang salitang talinhaga bilang isang uring galaw na pananbik na makarating sa katotohanan - landas sa pilosopiya

Sa landas ng pilosopiya, tayo ay nakikipagsapalaran, sinusubukan nating makita ang katotohanan

Nakikipagsapalaran tayo gamit o dala-dala ang ating mga kuro-kuro (doxa) sumasabak tayo sa digmaan dala ang mga pag-aakala ng namamatay sa ating hangganan, ating napanghahawakan, ay titindi sa pagsubok sa lahat-lahat

Ang landas ng pilosopiya ay landas ng paghahanda, pag-eensayo, pagsusumubok, lampasan ang hangganan ng ating sarili

Talinhaga ng meron bilang hugis-bola: Hugis-bola

o Timbang na timbang o Di masalango Hudyat ng katotohanan

Bola - katotohanan (walang hanggan)o Ang napanghahawakan lamang natin ay ang hudyat

ng katotohanano Isa sa mga huyat na ito ay ang katotohanang mortal

tayoo Gayon pa man, kaya nating mahuli ang hangganan o

magbigay ng hangganan sa hangganano Ex. Pintor o iskultor - kaya niyang malampasan ang

hangganan o ang kanyang sarili (pagbibigay hanggananan sa walang hanggan)

Ang hawak ng tao ay doxa, kuro-kuro Ang nag-uudyok ay ang pagnanais na makita ang liwanag,

katotohanan Meron- dalisay na karanasan, pagtanggi sa wala o kawalan Tao ka lang! Ang laki-laki ng meron! May tamang landas ang pag-uurong sa pagsubok sa lahat

sa pamamagitan ng lahat Being and thinking are the same; they belong together Pagsubok sa lahat-do your best! Wag mong sabihing wala ang meron Lahat- ang lahat-lahat, lahat na kaya mong gawin Subok lang nang subok Subukang sumubok sa lahat sa pamamagitan ng lahat Wala naman kasi tayong ibang gawin kundi ang sumubok

sa lahat

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We’ll never know unless we try

4. Natanggap ni Sokrates ang kanyang misyon mula sa hindi malalansag ng tawag ng katotohanan at katarungan. Para kay Sokrates, ang katarungan na sinasabi at ginagawa ng isang tao ang tanging nararapat na tanawin at tuunan ng isip. Sapagkat ang katarungan ang kanyang pinagtiyagaang isabuhay, matibay niyang nakita na mas mabuting maapi dahil sa katarungan, kaysa mang-api. Paliwanag:

Katarungan (dike) Mas mabuting maapi kaysa mang-api, iyon ang angkop sa

tao Sa panawagan ng katwiran, dapat gumawa tayo ng tama

kaysa mali Mas masarap naman iyong mang-api kaysa maapi, di ba?

Gayun pa man, sumang-ayon ka sa pangkalahatang kaayusan kaysa sumalungat ka

Kapag gumagawa ka ng masama o inhustisya, binabaliktad mo ang kalooban ng soul, nangingibabaw ang appetite

Kapag nang-aapi ka, sinisira mo ang sarili mo! Gawin kung ano ang makatarungan Pumanig ka sa totoo at makatarungan dahil yun ang mabuti Kahit hanggang kamatayan, makatarungan ka parin dahil

namatay ka sa katarungan Ipaglaban ang katarungan kahit hahatulan pa tayo ng

kamatayan dahil dahil ang taong makatarungan ay ang taong mabuti

Mas dakila ang taong may integridad sa sarili Mas marapatin ko pang mamatay na makatarungan kaysa

tangkilikin ang hindi makatarungan Mas mabuti pang mamatay na may dangal (ginagawa ang

tungkulin) kaysa mamuhay nang walang dangal (inutil at padiin sa lupa)

Dakila: may paninindigan Dikalos: tawag sa taong handang mamatay sa katotohanan Ang naging misyon ni sokrates ay ang bumaling sa meron.

hindi niya sinayang ang pagkakataon na saliksikin ang buhay na yaon rin ang ibig sabihin ng tinig ng Diyos

Patuloy siyang nagtaya at nakipagsapalaran para sa talagang totoo, sa tunay na liwanag

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5. Sokrates: Naniniwala akong walang masamang maaring sumapit sa mabuting tao, buhay man siya o patay.(page 101)Paliwanag:

Panindigan ang katarungan at panghawakan ang katotohanan

Wala namang nakakaalam sa akin kung ano man ang mangyayari sa akin kapag namatay ako

Kung mabuting tao ka, walang masamang sasapit sa iyo Kapag nasa liwanag ka, makikita at makikita mo ang

kabutihan at kaya mong maiwasan ang kasamaan

6. Maaring ituring ang ironiya ni Sokrates bilang huwaran para sa nagsisikap tumalima sa katotohanan. Sa kanyang mapagkumbabang pag-amin na alam niya na wala siyang alam, tumubo ang kanyang pagka-maaring bumaling sa tunay na liwanag. Bagaman sa lahat ay agaw dilim, maliban lamang na…sa diyos maliwanag,meron pa ring pag-uunawa at pagsasagawang angkop sa tao.Paliwanag:

Ironiya – alam niya na wala siyang alam Kuweba ni Platon Aminin natin at unawain natin na nasa kadiliman tayo nang

sa gayon ay kikilos tayo na angkop sa tao Hindi masama ang nasa kadiliman sapagkat ito talaga ang

pangkalahatang katayuan ng sangkatauhan, this is really the condition of the human person

Palaging kulang ang kaalaman natin ang that’s okey! Ang pag-amin na wala akong alam, meron akong alam

ngunit hindi sapat kumpara sa kaliwanagan ng Diyos (agaw-dilim)

Diyos – tunay na dunong Ironiya ni Sokrates:

o Ubod-lakas na sa pagtanggap ni Sokrates sa kanyang misyon ay ubod-lakaw niyang itinuon ang kanyang sarili sa pilosopiya-landas ng pilosopiya

o Ang pagiging malay na wala siyang alam ay ang pagtalima sa isang mabuti at nakahihigit

o Sa kanyang pananatili sa kanyang paninindigan, ang pag-aapirma na wala akong alam ay ang pag-aapirma sa karunungan ng Diyos-na siyang hawak sa lahat

o Si sokrates ay tila naging tanda lamang sa mga tao

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"Ang pinakamarunong sa inyo ay ang sinuman na gaya ni Sokrates natatauhan na sa katotohanan na wala siyang halaga sa harapan ng karunungan."

Ang naging misyon ni sokrates ay ang bumaling sa meron. hindi niya sinayang ang pagkakataon na saliksikin ang buhay na yaon rin ang ibig sabihin ng tinig ng Diyos

Patuloy siyang nagtaya at nakipagsapalaran para sa talagang totoo, sa tunay na liwanag

Tumubo ang kanyang sarili:o Sa ubod-lakas niyang saliksikin ang kanyang sarilio Iniwan niya ang kanyang nakaugaliang pamumuhay

upang tupdin ang tinig o ang itinalaga sa kanya kahit kamatayan may hindi makahahadlang nito

o Ito ang pag-uunawang angkop sa taoo "Ang buhay na hindi sinasaliksik ay hindi buhay tao"

Pagpapakatao:o Paggamit ng katutubong o likas na talino't katinuan

an siya ay tanga (pag-angkin at pagmulat)o Tao: gagamitin ang kanyang katutubong talino't

katinuan at aangkinin na siya ay tanga. o Tanga: tungo sa pagpapakatao, likas na katinuan

7. Sa Politeia ni Platon, humulma si Glaukon ng imahen ng tao bilang likas na ganid; kung meron mang katarungan, sapilitan lamang itong ipinapataw sa mga mamayanan. Minumungkahi ng alamat ng singsing na kung makagagawa ng masama ang tao mang hindi siya mahuhuli, susunggaban niya ang pagkakataon. Tumugon si Sokrates sa hamong ito sa pamamagitan ng alamat ng yungib. Paliwanag:

Balikan ang kuwento ng sing-sing at alamat ng yungib Ang taong gumagawa ng masama ay gumagawa ng

masama hindi dahil gusto niyang gumawa ng masama bagkus hindi niya alam kung ano ang mabuti

Lahat ng kasamaan ay bunga ng kahangalan Kung alam ko na ang mabuti at patuloy pa rin akong

gumagawa ng kasalanan at masama, nababagabag at naguguilty ako!

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Ang punto ay ang pag-ahon mula sa yungib ang siyang tutulong sa mga taong nasa loob pa ng yungib.

Yungib-mundo ng pag-aakala Ano ba ang nagyari sa kuweba? May puppets na nakaproject sa wall, nakagapos, tapos may

apoy Anino lang ang kanilang nakikita Sokrates: lumabas tayo sa kuweba kasi nandoon ang tunay

na mabuti, matuto tayong lumipad Totoong kalikasan ang nasa labas ng kuweba Masasaktan tayo kapag lumingon tayo dahil nasanay na

ang ating mga mata sa anino, conversion ni St. Paul Kailangan nating isabuhay kung ano ang katotohanan The truth will set you free Ang alamat ng Sing-sing Bukal sa lahat ang masama Gyges: ninuno ng mga taga Lydia Sing-sing:

o Natagpuan niya sa loob ng bronseng kabayong hungkag na may binata, suot ng binata ang sing-sing

o Bato, paloob (mawawala), palabas (sisipot, lalabas) Kung suot-suot niya ang sing-sing:

o Walang mananatiling sintigas ng bakal at mananatiling kabaitan

o Walang kabaitan na kusang loob kundi sapilitano Ang kabaitan ay nag-aanyo lamang hindi para maging

mabait kundi para tumanggap ng karangalan at biyaya

o Ang taong mabuti ay wala siyang sinagawang kabaluktutan, dito masusukat ang kanyang pagkatig sa katarungan o kabutihan

Mamumuhay siyang maligaya na walang pagpapanggap

Gumagalaw siya sa katotohanan - katinuan Tugon ni Sokrates: Alamat ng Yungib: Pag-ikot ng tao Taong nakagapos, may apoy Ang nakikita nila ay anino bilang totoo na Kung may isa mang kakalagan at pipiliting palinungin ang

leeg at humakbang at tumingala sa langit (liwanag), mahihirapan siya

Liwanag: kislap na nakakasilaw, malilito siya

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Sasakit ang kanyang mga mata at iikot siya upang siya'y makatakas at makabalik sa mga bagay na kaya niyang tingnan

Ngunit kung kakaladkarin siya patungo sa matarik hangga't matablan siya ng lianag ng araw, masasaktan siya

o Kailangan niyang masanay (pag-aasa)o hindi siya derektang tumingin sa araw, titingin muna

siya sa mga bagay na pinagbabahayan ng araw, sa huli'y hahantong din siya sa araw

Pagbaling sa totoo:o Mangangatwiran siya tungkol sa arawo Dadakilain niya ang araw bilang sukdulan

Pero kailangan niyang bumalik para iligtas ang iba

8. Platon: May kapangyarihan makaalam at makaunawa na nananatili sa loob ng bawat isa, sa tunay na sarili. At ang kakayahang ito ay gaya ng mata: hindi makakakita ang mata kung hindi ibabaling ang buong katawan mula sa dilim tungo sa liwanag. Ganoon din, kailangang ikutin ang buong tunay na sarili; talikdan ang daigdig na umiiba at pa-iba-iba, hanggang sa nakatalab na at nagpapatalab sa nagmemeron…hanggang sa kaya na niyang manatiling palaging tumitingin sa pinakamaliwanag na nagmemeron. Sabi natin ito ang mabuti. Paliwanag:

Proseso ng pagbaling Psyke – tunay na sarili From a life of sensation to a life of reason—contemplation Masakit subalit masusulyapan natin ang talagang totoo Ang angkop sa tao ay isang buhay na makatotohanan Anamnesis-pag-aalaala, pagbabalik-isip, recollection,

muling pagbubuo Talakayin ang yungib - isang mundong napagkamalan at

puro pag-aakala, walang katotohanan Lumabas ka sa yungib dahil nandoon ang totoo Huwag kang makuntento sa mga aninong nagpapakita

dahil meron pang totoo na nasa labas ng yungib, lumabas ka doon at kapag nakalabas ka na, bumalik ka para iligtas ang iba.

Ang tao ay may kakayahang tumingin: mata

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Bukal sa kanya ang kakayahang makita ang liwanag, kailangan lang niyang ituon ang kanyang pagtingin sa liwanag

Subalit, kailangan niyang ikutin ang buong katawan niya, buong sarili, at katauhan

Ito ay isang mahirap na pagsasanay at malayang pagpapasya subalit kailangang gawin dahil ito ang landas ng kabutihan -- sakit at pagtitiis, mapait na katatawanan at panglalait

Ito ang nananatiling kapangyarihang umalam o umunawa ng tao sa kanyang tunay na sarili

Ito ang landas ng pilosopiya:o Pagbaling sa katotohanan at pagtalikod sa

nakaugaliang karunungan (anino) at pagpapalaya ng sarili sa pamamagitan ng pagsasanay, paglalakbay, at pagtataya

Tayo ay ipinanganak na nakagapos Nakagapos: naniniwala siya na ang kanyang nakikita ay

totoo (anino) Kapag nakabalik na siya sa tunay na liwanag, kailangan

niyang paglingkuran at isagawa ang liwanag, patay man siya o buhay, mananatili ang liwanag ng kabutihan, mananaig ang kabutihan

9. Maaaring basahin ang Politeia bilang pagharap ni Platon sa tanong na kung bakit nagpasya ang Malaya at demokratikong Athenai na patayin ang makatarungang si Sokrates. Bagaman maaring ituring ang kaso ni Sokrates bilang pagkukubli ng katotohanan at kabiguan ng demokrasya, nagtiwala pa rin si Platon na ang pagbuo ng isang makatarungang polis as posible. Paliwanag:

Likas na sa tao ang mabuti Kung likas sa tao ang mabuti, may pag-asang makabuo pa

tayo ng makatarungang polis o lipunan o sociedad, kaya nga lang merong proseso at yaon ay ang pagbaling sa totoong kabutihan at liwanag

May kakayahang umalam ang tao sa mabuti Hinatulan si Sokrates hanggang kamatayan at hinarap ni

sokrates iyon dahil alam niyang nasa mabuti siya Ang mangyayari sa polis ay mangyayari din sa indibidwal. Ang nangyayari sa indibidwal ay mangyayari rin sa polis.

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Politeia ni Platon:o Sumasaklap sa pamayanan ng isang polis o bayano Polis na pinapalibutan ng katarungano Pagmumuni-muni hinggil sa bagay na pampubliko o

katarungan at sa dike na gumagalaw sa daigdigo Dike: kaayusan at kagandahano Ang pilosopiya ni platon ay ang pagsusumikap na

pagtatanong sa kanyang bayang Athenai

10. Mababakasan sa pagmumuni-muni ng mga sinaunang palaisip ang pagkilala sa kakayahan at hangganan ng tao sa kanyang paghahagilap sa katotohanan at katarungan. Ang kaligayahan ng tao ay nakasalalay sa kanyang pagpupursiging iangkop ang kanayng tunay na sarili sa kaayusan at kagandahan ng daigdig. Bagaman palaging bitin at kapos, ang gawain ng paghahanap at paghahagilap ang buod ng pagpapakatao. Paliwanag:

"Ang buhay na hindi sinasaliksik ay hindi buhay tao." -Sokrates

Paghahanap at paghahagilap - tunay na pagpapakatao, saliksikin ang buhay

Makikita natin ang hangganan ng taong kilalanin ang karunungan

Ang kawak ng tao ay guni-guni lamang doxa Kailangan nating umahon sa yungib (Platon) at bumaling sa

tunay na liwanag Ang ating mundong ginagalawan ay isang mundong

napagkamalan Ang tunay na dunong ay sa Diyos lamang Maayos at maganda ang daigdig, subalit, palaging bitin,

kumukupas, at naglalaho, hindi pangmatagalan at panghabambuhay, temporary

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II. Pilosopiya sa Panahong Medyebal (Medieval Philosophy)

1. Agustin ng Hippo: Fecisti nos ad te inqietum est cor nostrom donec in te requiescat. Paliwanag:

Linikha Mo kami upang sa Iyo ri’y makauwi at hindi mapapalagay ang aming puso hangga’t hindi namamahinga sa Iyo.

Kakayahan at pagnanais ng tao na bumaling sa katotohanan

Unahin ang pagpapaliwanag sa pangalawang bahagi Ang pusong hindi natatahimik at napapalagay ay isang

kalagayan ng sangkatauhan Hindi mo kailangang maging isang Kristiyano para

maintindihan ang pangalawang linya, ito ang pinakamadaling ipaliwanag

Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makakarating sa paroroonan

Hindi mo makikilala ang sarili mo kung hindi mo alam ang pinanggalingan mo

Unang linya: nasa byahe ang tao, isang pagpapalagay Byahe: hangga’t hindi ka pa nakakarating sa iyong

patutunguhan ay hindi ka mapapalagay Modern World’s response: Sige lang basta naaaliw ka Ang karanasan ng isang tao ay namulat lamang siya

habang nagbabyahe siya at walang makakasagot sa kanya kung saan siya papunta

Hindi sa meron tayong patutunguhan kundi lahat kasi tayo ay pauwi

Nakakalimutan natin ang lumikha dahil masyado tayong nahuhumaling sa mga linikha.

Dapat umuwi ka. Nakatambay ka ei! Ang limitadong umiiral ay dapat nagmula sa walang

hanggang lumikha. Ang pamimilosopiya ng panahong medyebal ay

pagsasaliksik kung bakit patuloy nagkakasala ang tao. o Sagot: Dahil ang tao ay nasa byahe

2. Natuklasan ni San Agustin na hitik ang daigdig sa mga bagay na lumilipas at nagbabago. Ang kagalakan ng tao ay hindi dito nakasalalay. Ang siyang hindi lumilipas ni

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nagbabago ang tunay na umiiral. Samakatuwid, ang Diyos ang vere esse. Paliwanag:

Kung hindi vere esse ang Diyos, mawawalan ng saysay ang buhay ng tao

Parang wala tayong patutunguhan Kaya kailangang ipagpalagay na merong “meron” sa ating

pananampalataya May pagpapalagay na may nakakataas May pagnanasa tayong makakauwi Mananampalataya tayo na doon natin mararanasan ang

tunay na kaligayahan – Diyos Para makabalik, conversio, isang pagbaling, isang

pagbabago ng sarili at isip Nawawala ang sarili dahil masiyadong nakatutok sa

daigdig Wala-kakulangan sa meron Masama-kakulangan ng mabuti Gumagalaw tayo sa larangan ng napagkamalan Ginagawa nating “wala” ang dapat sana “meron” Conversio-tinalikuran ng tao ang daigdig, isang pagtalikod

sa mababaw Daigdig: foras Sarili: intus Ad interiora: papasok sa sarili Ad superiora: kaibigan na siya ng Diyos Nawawala ang sarili dahil masyadong nakatutok sa

daigidig Wala-kakulangan ng meron Masama-kakulangan ng mabuti Sino ang kaibigan ni Agustin? Alipios Hindi nakikita sa paggawa ng masama ang tunay na

kaligayahan Napagkamalan natin ang masama bilang mabuti Hindi sa paggawa ng masama nakasalalay ang kaligayahan

ng tao Hindi sa mabubuting mga bagay nakasalalay ang

kaligayahan ng tao. Bakit?o Nasaan ang kabutihan ng Diyos?o Bakit niya pinatay ang aking kaibigang si Alipios?o “Ipinagkaloob ng sa’yo, bakit Mo pa nanakawin?”

Palaging magkakasama ang mga tao

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Sa pag-angkin natin ng mabuti, may mga taong hindi nakinabang. Halimbawa, pagkain – kabusugan

3. Makikita sa pagmumuni-muni ni San Anselmo na walang hidwaan sa pagitan ng katuwiran at pananalig. Lumulitaw na sa larangan ng lohika, hindi maari ang ateismo. Iulat ang mga kaganapan sa Kabanata 2 hanggang 4 ng Proslogion. Paliwanag:

Bakit hindi maaaring konsepto lang iyon? Kasi, kung konsepto lang siya, talo pa siya sa balakubak! Hahahah….

Proslogion- paggamit ng isip upang (masakyan) mapatunayan ang pag-iral ng Diyos

Unum argumentum- tatlong pilosopikong pangalan ng Diyos subalit iisa lamang

Merong pagpapalagay na ang in re, nasa katalagahan, ay higit pa sa in intellectum, nasa isip

Kapitulo 2: panalangin bilang tinapay, pamimilosopiya bilang palaman; para matikman ang palaman, kailangan munang kainin ang tinapay

Ang mga patunay ni Anzelmo ay napapaloob sa panalangin Napapaloob ang kanyang pamimilosopiya sa panalangin Bakit kailangang manalangin? Kasi hindi matarok Unang pilosopikong pangalan: Id quo majus cogitari

nequit (iyon na wala ng maiisip na nakahihigit) Pamantayan ng unang pilosopikong pangalan: kakayahang

mag-isip ng tao…Kung ang tao ay may kakayahang mag-isip batay sa kanyang pag-iisip, iyon ang kanyang maiisip.

Pangalan: Kapag iniisip mo iyon, hindi ka na makakaisip na higit pa doon (sa naiisip mo) e.g. variable na X, wala ka ng maiisip na higit pa sa X

Paano kung wala talagang Diyos? Malay natin tama pala ang hangal o ang tanga?

Kahit sabihin ng hangal na walang Diyos, kaya pa rin niyang isipin kahit wala namang ganoon

Hindi posible ang sinabi ng hangal.

4. Ipinakita ng Proslogion ang nagkakaisang kilos ng pananampalataya at pangangatwiran, paghahangad at pag-uunawa. Ang id qou majus cogitari nequit ay hindi isang malinaw at tumpak na konseptong pinagbabatayan ng pag-iral ng Diyos, bagkus, isang pilosopikong pangalan

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na gumigising sa tao ang katutubong kakayahang maging bukas sa walang-hanggan. Higit itong mauunawaan kaugnay ng id quod summum omnium est at quiddam quam cogitari posit. Paliwanag:

Proslogion – paggamit ng isip upang (masakyan) mapatunayan ang pag-iral ng Diyos

Unum argumentum – tatlong pilosopikong pangalan subalit iisa

Unang pangalan: Id quo majus cogitari nequit (Iyon na wala ng maiisip na nakahihigit) – via-negativa

Kayang masakyan ng isip na merong yaong nakahihigit Pangalawang pangalan: Id quod summum omium est –

positibong pangalan Ibig sabihin: Iyong nakahihigit sa lahat Iyong nagpapairal sa lahat Pinakahigit sa lahat Pinagmulan ng lahat “Pinaka” sa lahat Pangatlong pangalan: Quiddam Majus Cogitare Posit

(Nakahihigit sa lahat na maaaring isipin, Iyong nakahihigit sa anumang maiisip)

Ipapakita ang kakulangan ng kaalaman at kakayahan ng tao ng pangalan ng Diyos

Pangalan – isang pagbubukas ng landas patungo sa walang hanggan

5. Ang Proslogion ni San Anselmo ay gumagalaw sa larangan ng fides quarens intellectum. Nagtatalaban ang fides at intellectum at ang hantungan ng pagnanais ay gaudium. Pananalig ang lupang tinutubuan ng pag-uunawa ngunit sa pamamagitan ng unum argumentum,maaari pa ring makilahok ang hindi naniniwala sa pilosopikong paghahanap sa Diyos. Paliwanag:

Fides Quaerens Intellectum: Ang pananampalataya na naghahanap ng pag-uunawa

Fides- pilosopikong paghahanap ni Anzelmo sa Diyos Pananampalataya, pananalig, fidelity, fidel, fe Quaerens- Naghahanap, naghahangad, nagnanais,

nagnanasa Quest, question, pagtatanong

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“Sa pagtatanong, meron kang alam at meron kang ewan na alam mo ewan mo” - Ferriols

Intellectum- pag-uunawa Pagnanais- alam mo kung ano at sino ang pupuno pero

hindi pa puno Hinahangad mo kasi hindi mo pa taglay Pananalig- parang nagpapautang, hindi ka sigurado kung

babayaran ka (Marcel) Gaudium- kagalakan, kasiyahan, joy Ang kinahahantungan ng paghahangad ay gaudium May kasiyahang nararanasan sa pag-uunawa sa

pinanampalatayaan natin Maaari ko palang makita ang Diyos na may kasiyahan

6. Lumalabas sa mga pagmumuni nina San Anselmo at sto. Tomas na walang hidwaan sa pagitan ng pananalig at katuwiran. Sa larangan ng lohika imposible ang atheismo. Sa pagmamatyag sa pisikal na daigdig, makararating ang katuwiran ng tao sa katotohanan ng pag-iral ng Diyos. Paliwanag:

Sto. Tomas: kayang patunayan ang pag-iral ng Diyos sa paggamit ng obserbasyon sa karananasan na lalapatan ng katwiran

o Paggalaw Pagbabago: may nagpapataw ng puwersa sa

mga bagay para gumalaw Potensiya - nagpagalaw Act - patunay na gumalaw na Dapat merong unang nagpagalaw

o Causa Efficiens Nagpapaaktwal (kaganapan) sa potensiya Ex. upuan, karpintero May ideya ako ng upuan, (silbi, purpose,

material) sabay ginagawa ko ito Paano nasasabing upuan ang upuan?

Causa formalis - porma (ideya ng upuan), esensiya, chairness

Causa materialis - materya o sangkap, kahoy, nagbibigay pakakilanlan sa upuan (iba sa iba ang materya)

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Causa finalis - lahat ng bagay ay may layuning nakadikit sa kanyang porma (ideya)

Causa efficienso Necessarium

Pangangailangan Hindi maaaring wala, dapat meron Hindi pweding sumulpot ang meron sa wala Ang pag-iral ng meron ay dapat nagmula sa

MERON na dapat ay umiral sapagkat hindi pweding hindi umiral

Ang MERON na ito ay wala sa panahon, siya ang nagpapameron sa lahat ng nagmemeron

o Pag-aantas/ Argument of perfection Kung may minimum ay may maximum Sa antas ng mga umiiral (minimal-tao) ay may

ginaganap na kalikasan, sa tuwing ginaganap nila ito, sila'y nagiging ganap (perpekto) batay sa kanilang natura - limitado (a limited perfection)

Limitado ang perpeksyon ng lahat ng bagay. nakikisalo lamang tayo sa purong PERPEKSYON (walang nginig) sa di matitinag

PERPEKSYON: wala sa nibel o antas ng mga umiiral

o Pamamahala Order Ang lahat ay may disenyo ng pagka-organisado Kosmos: may pagkaorganisado, di

nababanggaan, may sinusundang disenyo Mahirap isipin na walang Perpektong intelekto

na siyang nag-aayos at nag-oorgania sa organisadong mundo

PUON: namamahala at nagdedesenyo sa lahat, matatablan ako ng kanyang kaisa-isang batas upang mapanatili ang kaayusan

Batas eternal: pagsunod sa gustong mangyari ng Puon

Metodo na ginamit ni Anzelmo:o Reductio ad absurdum

Kunin ang paninindigan ng katunggali

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Ipakita kung paanong magbubunga ito ng absurdong resulta (kontradiksyon)

Samakatuwid, tunay ang kasalungat nito Mag-isip ka para sa iyong sarili Hindi pweding nasa isip lang ang IQMCN, dapat nasa

katalagahan din, umiiral din Absurdo - hindi katanggap-tanggap Pagpapalagay ni Anzelmo: In re is greater than In

intellectum

7. Tinatanggap ni Sto. Tomas ang kakayahan ng katuwiran ng tao upang makarating sa kaalaman ukol sa mga bagay-bagay sa mundo. Nakita niyang ang parehong kakayahang ito na sinuri ni Aristoteles ay makapaghahatid sa atin sa tarangkahan ng kaalaman ukol sa Diyos. Ngunit dahil nga may hangganan ang kakayahan ng tao, nangangailangan ng biyaya (gratia) upang matupad ang ninanais nito. Paliwanag:

Aristoteleso Materyao Buhay

Nagsusupling Nagpapatubo ng katawan Nakikinabang sa sustansiya

o Pandama - hayop Ang hayop ay nakakaramdam Sentient beings

o Pag-uunawa - tao Animal rationale

o Diyos Hindi dapat lumitaw ang pag-uunawa kung ang lumukha ay

walang pag-uunawa Ang tao ay animal rationale Dapat may pinanggalingan na mas matindi pa diyan. hindi

pa ito ang pinakatuktok Meron pa, Diyos, ang sanhi ng lahat Ang pinaka sa mga bagay-bagay ay dapat ang sanhi ng iba

pang mga bagay-bagay Hal. Apoy, ang apoy ang sanhi ng pagkainit Sto. Tomas - Limang Landas

o Argumento sa paggalaw

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Pisikal na akto ng paggalawa Ang daming gumagalaw sa mundo Sanhi ng paggalaw - saan galing iyon? Dapat mayroong unang nagpapagalaw na siya

mismo hindi na kailangang gumalaw - Godo Pinagpalagay ng paggalaw na may gumagalaw

(uncaused cause) Dapat maroong unang causa efficiens na hindi

nangangailangan ng isa pang causa efficiens Pareho sa argumento mula sa "causa

efficiens ni Aristoteleso Necessarium

Dapat nagsimula ang contingens sa necessarium Hindi maaaring lahat na lang contingens Hindi maaaring contingens ang unang

nagpapagalawo Argumentum mula sa pag-aantas

Pwede kang mag-isip ng mas mabuti Kaya mong mag-isip na mas magandang,

matinding, maayos na sitwasyono Pamamahala

Kapag nakakakita ka ng kalikasan, hindi pweding chamba lang

Hal. Seminaryo; malinis. Automatic, based on reason, may naglinis

May katwiran ang tao ngunit hindi tao ang naglagda ng kaayusan sa mundo

Dapat may namamahala sa lahat - Diyos Nilagda ang lahat sa isang tagapamahala sa

mundo mula sa kanyang katwiran na higit pa sa katwiran ng tao - Diyos

Ang Diyos ang arkitekto ng lahat Apat na antas: Argumento mula sa "causa efficiens ni

Aristoteleso Causa formalis

Porma, may anyo Ang lahat ng bagay sa mundo ay nagtatagpo

dahil sa sanhi na itoo Causa efficiens

Gumagalaw, kinetico Causa materialis

Pisikal na katawan

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o Telos, causa finalis Patutunguhan, causa finalis, Diyos

8. Makikita sa kilos ng pagmumuni-muni nina San Agustin, San Anselmo, at Sto. Tomas ng ang buod ng pilosopiyang medyebal ay maaaring tignan bilang pagpapaimbulong ng pagnanais ng taong masulyapan ang mukha ng Diyos. Paliwanag:

Nabanggit na ang sagot sa mga naunang thesis statements

Ano ba ang problema ng panahong medyebal?o Madilim na panahon

Para bagang walang nangyari Madilim pero hindi ibig sabihin na walang

nangyari. Ang kanluran ay ignoranteo Renaissance – bagong silango Agham – napag-aaralano Giyera sa Impiyerno Romano

Pagpapaimbulong ng pagnanais ng taong masulyapan ang mukha ng Diyos

o Anong uri ang kanilang pamimilosopiya? Pagtatagpo ng Jerusalem at Athenai Kaisipang

Griyego/Kristiyanismo/Pananampalataya Rason at pananampalataya

Naging Kristiyano ang Europa sa panahong medyebal

Athenai – pag-iisip Nasakop ng mga Griyego ang kultura ng

mga Romano

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III. Pilosopiya ng Modernong Panahon (Modern Philosophy)

1. Enumerate and explain the Contributory Factors that led to the coming of the Modern Period. (Great Voyages, Reformation & Counter-Reformation, Invention of the Movable Type, National Consciousness, Vernacular, Naturalism, Individualism, Modern Experimental Science). Explanation:

Great voyages: the voyages led to a discovery of the other races that challenged the order or mentality set in the medieval consciousness.

Led to a shift in thinking and means of control of the society

The discovery of the America by Columbus Reformation and Counter-Reformation: Reformation of

faith, Christianity The time that set the greatest challenge to the Catholic

Church A shift from one Christendom, one Kingdom for all

Christians as signifies by the Catholic Church Invention of the Movable Type: Johannes Guttenberg,

the printing press From the use of manuscript (simple use of hand in writing),

to the mass production of books especially the Holy bible Made possible to the masses and easy eccess was made

which gave way to an intellectual revelution National Consciousness: A shift from being one Europe

to the different states A change from the popular use of Latin as the lingua franca

to the use of the vernacular language Naturalism: A shift from heavenly-ventered to the

mentality of the temporal A growing interest of the human body, in nature, planets,

etc. Onset of modern medicines and astronomy The age of modern experimental science Individualism: stresses the idea of Renaissance man A shif from medieval world to the individual man Philsophy then became individual

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From impersonal treatises to personal miditations and confessions

2. Rene Descartes intended to establish a new prima philosophia that would be based on clear and distinct ideas and thus give indubitable knowledge. The first certainty Descartes discovered through his universal methodic doubt was the indubitable existence of the res cogitans and, secondly, the certitude of its cogitations or ideas. Thirdly, to avoid the danger of solipsism Descartes also proved the existence of God through the “idea of the Infinite.”Explanation:

To doubt explicitly and systematically as a tool for reaching certainty

Intended not to use existing thoughts believing that if these ideas were also fault then his new ideas will also be invalid or ellogical

To doubt, all will be the best beginning First Meditation: Concerning those things that can be

called to doubt "To achieve my bold quest for an absolute certain

philosophy, let me cast down upon all my beliefs." The emergence of science puts into question what can be

perceived by the senses As an effect, he doubted our way of looking at reality if we

really experience the real reality Examinded his beliefs and sense perception E.g to see is to believe Descartes claims that the sense were untrustworthy as a

source of certainty What about beliefs in material things or the existence of

the physical world? What about beliefs from natural sciences? What about beliefs in Mathematics? A need to doubt everything: the Universal Methodic Doubt Universal because it doubts everything Methodic becasue its not arbitrarily but methodically Doubth becasue it searches for the foundation of truth Second Meditation: Concerning the Nature of the human

mind: that it is better known than the body

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I cannot doubt the belief that i am doubting, therefore, i exist

Cogito ergo sum (I think therefore I am) I am, I exist Third Meditation: Concerning God, that He exists "By the name God, I understand a substance that is infinite,

independent, all-knowing, all powerful, and which I myself and everything else that exist have been created."

Descartes has 3 arguments for the existence of God First, efficient causality argument I have an idea of God, the idea must have a cause. There

cannot be less reality in the cause than in the effect. If the cause of my idea of God were anything but God, there will be less reality in the cause than in the effect. Therefore, God exists

Second, idea of perfection argument By definition, God has all perfections. Existence is

perfection. Therefore, God exists. The one who made me is therefore the very One whose

idea I carry within me, at once the author of my being and of this idea who is someway causes Himself with an infinity of perfections

Third, ontological proof God is my idea of a supremely perfect being but existence

is a perfection of all perfections. It is, therefore, contained in the notion of supreme perfection and required by it. Therefore God exists.

To summarize, whenever one affirms that he exists, he must also affirm that God exists. The existence of the world and others are dependent on the veracity of God. There can be nothing certain unless one finds God as truthful that one can trust and only then can his senses perceive regarding the world can be ascertained.

3. Troubled by the fact that there were many different and even contradicting species of philosophy, David Hume sought to show what man can really know through an inquiry concerning human understanding. There are two kinds of perceptions: thoughts or ideas, and sense impressions. Hume’s radical empiricism states that all ideas should be traced back to their sense impressions because our senses alone can attain to certain knowledge.

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Knowledge that is not empirical, like the principle of cause and effect, cannot be called true knowledge and is only based on custom or habit and belief. Explanation:

You will never know what is behind to what you feel Knowledge starts not with the world but with

consciousness What we have is not knowledge of the things themselves

but only sense impressions of those things A bundle of impressions E.g. table. I don't have the knowledge of the table but the

bundle of impressions of a table Strictly speaking, there is no truth. What we call truth

depends on the way we bundle together our sense impressions.

How do you know? I knwo through my sense impressions Perceptions: Sense Impressions and Ideas Sense impressions: immediate impressions, yaong may

talab agad, more alive, direct contact with the object Ideas: copies, faint, images of sense impressions, ideas of

sense impressions, memory, liss alive E.g. room, closing my eyes 3 laws of association Iyon lang ang malalaman mo sa talagang nangyayari Association of continuity - Classroom story, seeing one

student implies the presence of all the students Cause and Effect - a matter of custom and tradition, e.g

lightning and thunder

4. The goal of Immanuel Kant’s critical philosophy was to set the limits of reason so as to show what man can really know. In his so-called “Copernican revolution,” Kant discovered that it is the objects themselves that conform to the subject who organizes sense experiences through its categories and concepts. “Thoughts without content are empty, intuitions without concepts are blind.” Only the phenomenon, or how a thing shows itself to us, and not the noumenon, or the object itself, can be known. In doing so Kant establishes the fundamental importance of the subject in the history of philosophy. Explanation:

I can know but I cannot know everything

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I can only know the object as it appears to me, ayon sa abot ng aking kakayahan

All knowledge is accorded in accordance in space and time You can only know the phenomenon not the nuomenon Kant: Transcendental idealism Descartes: Rationalism Hume: Empiricism Kant: A priori structure of Consciousness, categories of

understanding Knowledge is never pure, it is contaminated Knowledge is known in a very humane way You don't have an access to reality as it really is

5. Immanuel KantWhat can we know?What ought I do?What can I hope for?Explanation:

What can we know? o Only the phenomenono I don't have an access to the thing in itself I know it

through human knowingo Manifold of sensibilities: the common ground where

all knowledge will starto Space and time: the first step towards knowledge

What ought I do?o Ethics, moral levelo Categorical Imperative: Act according to the maxin

that the action becomes universalo Universalisability of the actiono Yaong mabuti ayon sa dikta ng katwirano I have the obligation to do moral duty in accordanece

to the categorical imperativeo Universality of the actiono Dapat maaaring gawin din ito ng iba

Hypothetical imperative: If I want X, I do Y Categorical imperative: If I want X, I do X What can I hope for?

o There is something to hope foro Kingdom of ends

Everyone follows the categorical imperative

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o Hope is directed towards something that does not exist yet

Question: why do we need to follow the categorical imperative (why be moral) if we all end in death? Is there a sense of hope?

For Kant, YES! - By acting in view of the categorical imperative

There must be a greater meaning to life What then is to live the kingdom of ends? "By kingdom, I understand a systematic union of different

rational beings through common laws. Now, laws determined ends with regards their universal validity; therefore, if one abstracts from the personal differences of rational beings and also from all content of their private ends, then it will be possible to think of a whole of all ends in systematic connection (a whole both of rational being as end in themselves and also of the particular endswhich each may set forth himself; that is, one can think of a kingdom of ends that is possible on the aforesaid principles." (Groundwork, 433)

“In the kingdom of ends, every person would act in accordance with the categorical imperative, which means that he would act rationally and in accordance with the conduct of every other person. Everyone would be at the same time sovereign and subject. Consequently the laws of such kingdom would be willed by every one and obeyed by everyon. it is viewed like a community where everybody is treated as equal with one another. Existence of positive laws for the society's welfare is a must and the goods of nature must benefit its people.” Fr. Rodel’s lecture

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IV. Kontemporaryong Pilosopiya (Contemporary Philosophy)

1. May apat na aspeto ang alyenadong paggawa ayon kay Marx. Sa alyenadong paggawa, naihihiwalay ana tao sa kanyang isensya b]lang isang mapanlikhang nilalang at napapababa sa nibel ng hayop at makina. Paliwanag:

Alyanasyon mula sa produktoo Nagiging alipin ang manggagawa sa produkto, slaveo Dinidiktahan na ng produkto ang tao na parang

nagsasabing, "hoy! Gawin mo na ako!" Makatao ba iyon?

o Utos-utusan na lang ang tao sa produktoo Wala na siyan ibang iisipin kundi ang lumikha nang

lumikha ng produkto kahit lumalabag na sa kanyang kalikasan bilang isang taong malikhain at masining

Alyanasyon mula sa proseso ng paggawao Nawawala ang pagkamalikhain ng taoo Isipin mo na ang araw-araw nating ginagawa ay

paulit-ulit lango Walang lugar para ilabas ang pagkamalikhain ng taoo Guardiya, iyon na lang ang gagawin niya, wala ng iba,

parang tanga!o O kaya, taga tahi ng pantalon, iyon lango Nagiging alyanado ang tao sa proseso ng paggawa

Alyanasyon mula sa uring kalikasan (sarili)o Likas sa tao ang pagkamalikhain at masiningo Poet - has something to do with making, human

creativity and creativeness - philo of languageo Alyanado ang tao sa kalikasan ng sarilio Dapat kasi lalabas ang pagkamalikhain ng taoo Pero sa alyanasyon ng uring kalikasan ay nawawala

ang pagkatao ng tao dahil hindi na siya nagiging tao--isang taong mapaglikha, bagkus nagiging makina na lamang siya

Alyanasyon mula sa kapwa o Ang punto dito ay nagiging alyanado ang tao sa

kapwao May kompetisyon kasi "pataasan ng ihi" - fr. rey

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o Hindi na naiingatan ang ugnayan sa kapwa taoo Pagalingan at pagandahan ng produktoo Sa produkto pa rin nakatutok at nawawalan ng saysay

ang halaga ng kapwa Ano ba ang alyanasyon?

o Nilalayo ko ang sarili ko sa mismong sarili koo Hindi naipapakita ang "ako" sa sarili koo I don't become who i am because i am alienatedo Hindi ko naipapakita ang aking pagkamalikhain at

masiningo Ako ba iyon? Parang hindi kasi alyanado ako eo Alienated, deviated from who i amo A worker cannot own his own workso Ang nakikinabang palagi ay ang mga kapitalista

Pilosopiya ni Marx: bakit may mga mayayaman at mahihirap?

Hindi galit si Marx sa mga mayayaman, galit lang siya sa sistema ng lipunan na kung saan ang mga mayaman ay lalo pang nagpapayaman at ang mga mahihirap ay lalong naghihirap

Naputol ang kultura dahil sa pagpasok ng mga panibagong paraan ng pagkuha ng pera

Halimbawa, pagsasaka – traktor na ngayon Steam engine – hastened the process of production, mass

production Bourgese (kapitalista) proletariat (consumers)

2. Ayon kay Levinas, ang natural na kilos ng Ka-tulad ay asimilasyon, nagnanais mapanatili ng sarili gamit ang iba’t-ibang pamamaraan. Tanging ang kagyat ng pagpapakita ng Mukha, na sabay nag-uutos at nagsusumamo ang maaring magpakita sa sarili ang ka walang-katawan nito. Paliwanag:

Conatus essendi-panatilihin ang sarili bilang sarili Asimilasyon- “Same, sameness” I want to make something

similar to me Epiphany of the face- reflection of the other to the same

o Kagyat na pagpapakitao Bulaga

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o Natural sa tao ang kumain subalit hindi na natural sa tao ang gumawa ng masama sa iba

o Phenomenology to moral discourseo A phenomenological discourse to moral discourse

happens when there is the epiphany of the faceo Face: Utos sabay pagsusumamo na nagsasabing

hiwag kang papatayo Hindi niya sinasabi kung ano ang gagawin mo sa

kapwa mo subalit pinapakita lang niya ang pundasyon at pinag-uugatan ng moralidad

o E.g. Fernando Poe Jr. movieso Without the experience of the face, morality is

impossibleo Pinapakita ni Levinas kung ano ang kondisyon ng

posibilidad kung bakit kailangan itong gawin dahil may kapwa—maaari tayong makaapekto sa kapwa

o Ginagawa niyang katulad ang iba na hindi niya katulad

o Malay man ang tao o hindi, ginagawa tayo na katulad nila mag-isip

o Likas ito sa taoo Mali man ito o hindi, hindi ito mahalaga dahil likas ito

sa taoo E.g. kaibigan, “kapag nakikirelate ako sa kaibigan ko,

parang nakikirelate na lang ako sa sarili ko”o Hindi ko na kailangan alamin ang iniisip niya kasi

pareho kaming nag-iisipo Kilos na likas sa atin, likas sa lahat ng umiiralo E.g bulaklak, ginagawang katulad ng bulaklak ang

lahat ng ka-ibao “Whatever we are enjoying, we are enjoying

ourselves”o E.g. guyabano, hindi ako nag-eenjoy sa

kaguyabanohan ng guyabano kundi nag eenjoy ako sa pag eenjoy ko sa pagkain ng guyabano

o “Kasex ko ang sarili ko” hahah Mga iba pang paliwanag ukol sa asimilasyon

o Ang pundamental na pinag-uugatan ng karahasan ay asimilasyon

o Likas ito sa lahat ng umiiral

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o Ito ay pag-aayon sa mga bagay-bagay ayon sa ating mga pangangailangan

o Kailangan ko ito kaya papataw ako ng konsepto para ipasok sa aking isip ang bagay na iyan na kailangan ko

o Ang mga tao ay may kanya-kanyag kahiligan na magpataw ng mga konsepto ayon sa sariling mga ibig para mas maintindihan ang mga bagay-bagay

o Halimbawa, pagpunta sa alemanya, hindi pa ako nakapunta doon pero kaya kong magpataw at bumuo ng konsepto tungkol sa alemanya at ipapasok ko ito sa aking isipan para makita kung ano ang itsura ng alemanya

o Hindi tayo mulat sa ganitong uri ng kilos pero tiyak, nararanasan at nangyayari ito sa atin

o Tanong: tama ba ito o hindi? moral ba ito o hindi? hindi ito sinagot ni Levinas sinabi lang niya na likas ito sa lahat ng umiiral, hindi maiiwasan

o Likas sa tao na panatilihin ang kanyang sarili bilang sarili

o Ibig sabihin, nakatutok palagi ang tao sa kung ano ang nakabubuti sa sarili para mapanatili ang kanyang sarili bilang sarili

3. Walang-Hanggan ang pananagutan ng ka-tulad sa Ka-iba. Hindi kailanman nauubos ang kabutihang maaaring idulot ng aking pagkanandito sa harap ng panawagan ng Mukha. Paliwanag:

Face: “utos” sabay “pagsusumamon” na nagsasabing huwag kang pumatay

Pinapakita ditto ni Levinas kung ano ang kondisyon kung bakit ko kailangang gumawa ng mabuti – dahil may kapwa, maari akong makaapekto sa iba

Hindi sinasabi kung ano ang dapat kong gawin sa kapwa ko. Pinapakita lang dito kung ang ano ang pinag-uugatan ng moralidad

Without the experience of the face, morality is impossible To see the face is to hear the commandment When you see the face, you see him/her both height

(kataas-taasan) and humility (dukha)

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Dukha: halimbawa, bugbugan. Ang karukhaan niya ang nag-uutos na huwag mo siyang patayin

To see the face is to hear the commandment Comparison: Face: ideya ng walang hanggan ni Descartes Ideatum: tinutukoy ng ideya ko (the object of my idea) I have the idea of the others but it does not capture in

themselves Ang mukha ay hindi mo kailan man malalagom, malalamon

sa iyong ideya doon sa mukha We can understand some parts of God but never God

Himself We cannot get the idea of God because He is infinite When you see the face, pinapamukha ng mukha mo na

makapal ang mukha mo Here I am, Send me! , Ibig sabihin, walang hanggan, hindi

mo na mababawi Morality is a personal affair Everything that we achieve is the product of other people’s

sacrifices kasi may ibang nagsasabing “ikaw muna” We also have to work for the other Responsibility is for life Responsibility is infinite Your true and authentic identity will shine forth and will

blossom when you respond to a certain call Naging Pedro si Simon nang tumugon siya sa tawag ni

Hesus Thus, identity is purely relational Goodness is loyalty to the good Maintenance: Doon sa paulit-ulit niyang pag-mamap, doon

siya nagiging siya. Doon niya mapananatili ang kanyang identidad.

4. Ang tao ay lubusang Malaya ayon kay Sartre. Sapagkat hindi umiiral ang Diyos, ang tao lang ang may hawak ng kanyang sarili at ang kanyang hinaharap. Sa kabila ng kalayaang ito, nakararanas din ang tao ng pagkabahala (anguish) , forlornness ( pangungulila), at kawalan ng maasahan (despair). Paliwanag:

Existence precedes essence Hindi naniniwala si Sartre sa isang espesipikong Diyos—

Diyos na siyang lumikha ng lahat

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Tinatanggihan niya ang Diyos bilang creator at law giver Para sa kanya, kung umiiral ang Diyos bilang creator at law

giver, nawawala ang kalayaan ng tao E.g. bintilador – nilikha

o Meron munang planoo Planong electricfan in the mind prior to its existence o Its essence precedes its existenceo Tanong: ganito din ba sa tao?

For Sartre, existence precedes essence If God exists as a creator and law giver, man can also be

compared to an electric fan I am making myself this way Gusto ko ito It happens because I allow it to happen I am like this because I choose to be like this Dignity comes in Bagay: - en soi (being-in-itself)

o It is what it is and cannot be something else! Iyon na iyon!

o Tumpak, iyon na! Tao – pour soi (being-for-itself)

o Consciousnesso It is what it is not and it is not what it is not yeto Iyong pwede pa niyang maging – posibilidad

You are but you are not; you are not but you are Pinipili ko lahat The moments that rules are established, that rules must be

ready to be broken In choosing not to choose, you are already making a choice Absolute freedom also comes absolute responsibility Anguish: pagkakabahala

o Why? Kasi pasan ko ang daigdig. Nagdedesisyon ako para sa lahat. I am a representative of humanity

o Nababahaga kasi wala tayong guide sa pagpapakataoo Hindi lang ako nababahala sa buhay ko kundi

nababahala ako sa sangkatauhan Forlornness: Pangungulila

o Bahala ka sa buhay moo Timbangin mo ang mga bagay-bagay kung ano ang

mahalaga para sayoo Mag-isip ka para sa sarili mo

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o Wala kaming pakialam para sa iyo, buhay mo yano Mag-isip ka para sa buhay mo

Despair: kawalan ng maaasahano Ang kalayaan ng tao ay may limitasyono Tandaan: ang katabi ko ay Malaya rin, lahat tayo ay

Malayao Hindi ko makokontrol ang ibang taoo Ang kaya ko lang kontrolin ay ang sarili ko

Ikaw pa rin ang magdesisyon para sa sarili moyes, lahat pwede pero hindi lahat dapat

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V. Pilosopiyang Moral (Moral Philosophy, Ethics)

1. “Ethics is the conscious reflection on our moral beliefs with the aim of improving, extending, or refining those beliefs in some way.” (Hinman)Explanation:

In some ways, kasi sa abot kaya lang natin Makamalayang pagninilay, mulat na pagninilay ETHICS is an expression of values Ethics is multi-cultural What is ethics for?

o Description of a societyo It critiques (why are we doing this?) valueo Reevaluates our own expressions of valueso Consolationso Wonder

Why do we do ethics?o To judge other peopleo For personal evaluation/guidanceo To evaluate ourselves, to judge ourselves, and to

improve ourselves

2. Ethics can never and must never be separated from culture. Yet we must guard ourselves from the pitfalls of cultural relativism. Explanation:

“Morality differs in every society, and is a convenient term for socially approved habits.” – ruth benedict (patterns of culture, 1934)

Different cultures have dirrefent moral codes – the key to understand morality

The customs and traditions cannot be said to be correct or incorrect for this implies we have an independent standards of right And wrong by which they may be judges

No special status; one among the many No universal truth The moral code of a society determines what is right within

that society; that is, if the moral code of a society says that a certain action is right, then the action is right at least within that society

Cultural relativism is a theory about the nature of morality

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Example: the Greeks believed it was wrong to eat the dead, whereas the Galatians believed it was right to eat the dead – therefore, eating the dead is neither objectively right nor objectively wrong. It is merely a matter of opinion, which varies from culture to culture

Right and wrong are only matters of opinion, and opinions vary from culture to culture

Ethics is multi-cultural Cultural relativism is there, but it should not be our

position

3. Alain de Botton: To be ethical is to be “unpopular”. Explanation:

Socrates’ life What is to be ethical for Socrates?

o To stick to the trutho To question

In doing what is right and just, one becomes unpopular – socrates

Unthinking – popular Thinking/good – unpopular Sokrates-gawin ang tama kahit kontra sa popularity If you question, you are unpopular Discuss about show business; celebrities are actually

popular because of what they are doing but those who are ethical and silent are not or seldom being talked about

4. Ethics is man’s conscious to be happy. The good life and happiness are co-immediate. The tyrannical man can never be happy. Explanation:

What is the good life? To be ethical – reason Happiness is to be a man of reason A tyrant can never be happy for he only does good things to

please others What is good? What is the true nature of justice? Glaucon: the nature of good and justice

o To commit injustice is good and to suffer injustice is evil

o Being wronged is lesser than doing wrongo Excess of evil is greater than good

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o Mas mabuting gumawa ng masama, hindi siya papayag na siya ang maaapi

o May nakukuha ako kapag nagnakaw ako, badtrip ako kapag nanakawan ako

o Ako nalang ang gagawa ng masama kaysa ako ang magsusufer

So why do good?o Only from constraint

I control myself becasue people will see meo People see me

People will praise me, awknowledge, mabati, benefits, esteem, etc

o Happiness I become happy becasue people praise me

ARE WE REALLY HAPPY? Glaucon: True happiness is when we can do what we want

to do Socrates: we have to do what is right Unjust – binaliktad ang kabuuan ng soul Sagot ni sokrates kay glaucon: ang nangyayari sa

indibidwal ay nangyayari din sa polis; ang nangyayari sa polis ay nangyayari din sa tao

Soulo Reason-goodo Spirit/will-goodo Appetite-libog ng katawan

Areteo Passiveo Active

Nakakakita ka din ng kamalian (kung ano ang tama o mali) dahil nakakaramdam ka kung ano ang dapat gawin.

Dapat nasa ilalim ng reason ang appetite Polis

o Rulerso Soldierso Masses

Areteo Wisdomo Courageo Moderation

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Individualo Reasono Will o Appetite

Ito ang mangyayari kapag nauuna ang appetite: for a tyrannical man

o Appetites – lawless desireso No true friendo No freedom

THIS IS MIRERABLE for Socrates

5. Nietzsche’s immoralism tells us to go beyond the religious and platonic concepts of good and evil—that we ground morality on human history and face ourselves as the ultimate question. Explanation:

Let’s stand on our own feet because we have nowhere to go but ourselves

Life is a tragedy Let life be Magpakatotoo ka! Tumungin ka sa liwanag Ano ba talaga ang totoo? Glaucon: constraint/hadlang Nietzsche: Christianity-fear, in living with fear, we can’t be

happy Religion: religare – nakatali May paninidigan si Neitzsche Life is the central concern Life refers to the freedom in spirit “The greatest person is the person who can inflict the

greatest pain” Life is a tragedy, life is a comedy Life is not rational Life has to be enjoyable Life is not a teleserye Dapat magloko din pag may time “Music with lyrics is not truly a music becasue we

understand it by the lyrics. Music is symphony orchestra becasue we are moved by it even without lyrics”

You have to face misery becasue that’s what life is “You run to your own self; stand on your own feet; you

don’t have anywhere to go; you only have yourself.”

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Huwag mong takasan ang buhay Walang masama, walang mabuti. Gawin lang natin iyon

kasi that’s life Pwede ba, wala tayong structures? Sa sobrang traggic ng buhay, nagiging comedy na ang

buhay Mabuti – allowing others to be “The greatest achievement is to live dangerously” Malungkot talaga siya at talagang nakakatawa “Laughter is ability to laugh at yourself” “ We do not know what good and bad are; all we have is

ourselves” “GOD IS DEAD” Death is opposed to life To live is to die; to die is to live We have killed God Gumagawa tayo ng batas tapos hindi natin sinusunod Sinasamba natin ang Diyos na hindi naman talaga ang

Diyos Hypocricy of people—believing in God yet they do not live

the teacings of Christ Sa pagkakamatay ng Diyos, nabubuhay ang tao I want to create a “SUN” on my own Create your own destiny Walang masama o mabuti, ginagawa lang natin iyon dahil

iyon ang buhay Huwag kang seryoso, namamatay ka din naman ei! Ang buhay ay dapat maging masaya, hindi dapat parang

teleserye Palayain mo ang sarili mo You shall a person you are What is bad?

o Those who want to put to shame by imposing rules to others

What is good/humane?o Iligtas ang tao sa kahihiyano Mark of liberation/happiness; you will no longer feel

the shame-shame in front of others and the self “Ang tunay na kaligayahan ay tatak ng kalayaan” Life: a combination of appoline mentality, that means

everything should be in order; and Dyonysiac

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meantality, that means walang sistema, walang oder, pwede bang walang structures?

6. Kant: “A man is morally good, not as seeking to satisfy his own desires or to attain his own happiness, but as seeking to obey a law valid for all his men and to follow an objective standard not determined by his own desires. (Platon)Explanation:

Inner moral worth Dapat may pangkalahatang-bisa, universalisability of the

action The maxim behind the action, not the action itself Kant: deontological ethics; out of duty, responsibility from

duty Malaya akong magpapasailalim sa batas dahil batas iyon at

hindi lamang imposed ng simbahan at lipunan The categorical imperative is from own reason; sariling

katwiran Kant: ingatan ang freedom, magtulong-tulong tayo para

maingatan ang freedom ng individual Are we free? Freedom – paano tayo nagiging malaya kung ang lahat ay

gumagalaw sa determinism or natural causality (cause and effect) ?

Parang wala na tayong ibang choice dahil lahat ay pre-selected na

There are options already that we can choose from However, ang tao, becasue of his reason, chooses

otherwise. he can say NO Refers to that person who should have be taught about

before doing something Kaya mong hindian ang rason Reason – that which is outside of the causality of things Moral reason – kaya kong mag-isip ng tama regardless of

how i was nortured by my parents “We can be free from natural determinism when we use

our reason, when we think, and when we follow what reason tells us.” – categorical imperative

Walang kinalaman ang rason sa kung ano man ang bunga nito

Reason is good in itself

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The basis of good and bad is the act itself through the categorical imperative

Dapat sundin ang categorical imperative “I will do this” is not equal to “i ought to do this” Out of duty, universal laws, categorical imperative Reason-gumagalaw sa nuomenon Freedom-gumagalaw sa phenomenon Plato-the book shares the bookness of the book Kant-i understand the book but i cannot know it Kant: morality is reasoning Ang taong malaya ay ang taong sumusunod sa rason at

duty regardless of its effect Yes, I am determined but i have the right to choose Hal. Bagsak sa exam. i can still say to myself that i can

study well next time Free? Ang malayang tao ay ang sumusunod sa batas moral Moral-necessary, unconditioned Kant: importante ang means kaysa sa ends. ends as the

morality Morality-derived by pure reason, naiisip mo lang naturally,

coming from experiences Ano ang talagang “dapat lang?” – ought – categorical

imperative Categorical imperative – universalizability – consistent and

not self-contradictory Categorical Imperative:

o “Act according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time, will that it should become a universal law.”

o “Act to such a way as to trust humanity, in your own person or in the person of another”

o “The command must not come from outside but within”

Hindi ko gagawin ang isang bagay dahil sinabi ito sa akin

Gagawin ko ang isang bagay dahil ito ang gusto ko

Self-legislators, ako ang didikta ng buhay ko, kaya kong gumawa ng desisyon bilang malaya

Autonomy

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7. Any formal ethics must not preclude a non-formal ethic if one were to uphold the dignity of the human person and the beauty of each culture. Explanation:

Formal ethics – wala akong pakialam sa ends, matter Formalism in ethics and the non-formal ethics of values –

Scheller Mundo ng mga halaga Tao – nakakaramdam ng halaga sa likod ng mga bagay Hindi ko malalaman ang halaga ng karunungan kung

walang libro Values are aspects of the real that draw the will to action Ano ba ang mas mahalaga? Values – pinupukaw ka na kumilos dahil ito ay may halaga HEIRARCHY OF VALUES:

o SENSIBLE VALUES/ PANDAMA Feelings, pleasure, pleasurable – ice cream, sex

(pleasure-pain)o UTILITY/PRAGMATIKO

Gamit ng isang bagay, success (success-failure)o LIFE

Vitality, may buhay ka muna bago ka umupo, pambuhay

o MIND/SPIRIT Spiritual joy Elevation of the spirit

Aesthetic (beauty) Juridical (justice) Philosophic (truth)

o HOLINESS/BANAL Communion, bliss, oneness

o HAPPINESS Man is love – a movement from a lower value to a higher

value Hindi ko pweding lokohin ang puso mo. kapag sinabi ng

puso mo na hindi iyon mahalaga, hindi iyon mahalaga Scheller: mahalaga ang motibasyon Call of the moment: minsan kailangan nating bumaba para

makaakyat tayo Ang lahat ng bagay ay may positive at negative values Kailangan nating maghiwalay para tayo ay magsama -

banal!

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Good is a possitive value that is attached in the realization of the possitive value in the sphere of willing

Evil is a lower value that is attached in the realization of the lower value in the sphere of willing

8. “To love another person is to see the face of God.” (Kretzmer)Explanation:

Towards salvation Kapag gutom, kakain ako – salvation, a feeling of heaven,

being saved from hunger Discuss scheller’s “halaga” hierarchy of values Meron akong nararamdaman, dapat may pagtugon

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VI. Metapisika (Philosophy of Being, Ontology)

1. Explain the possibility of metaphysics against the contention that it has no distinctive subject matter and the objections of modern restrictive theories of knowledge. Explanation:

What is Metaphysics or Philosophy of Being anyway?o A branch in Philosophy that deals with the study of

the whole of realityo Being is the whole of reality, includes absolutely

everything, transcendentalo A vision of reality in its totalityo Knowing the whole of totalityo Every single thing that exists has the right to existo Found to lie beyong physical nature and explanations o “A philosopher is not a philosopher if he is not a

metaphysician” Jacques Maritain First Objection: No distinctive subject matter Response: Metaphysics does not have a distinctive subject

matter since it treats of all beings, but it does have a distinctive point of view from which it studies them.

o E.g being as being; man as man Seinvergassenheit- forgetfulness of being Not of what things are, their essences, but of the radical

fact that they are at all, standing out from nothingness and shining forth to us, it means a whole lot

Second Objection: We, as parts of the whole cannot comprehend the whole

Response: The human person is not just a part of the universe but a whole within a whole

Man is a microcosmos Capax totius entis – capacity of the whole being – Thomas

Aquinas By space, the universe contains me like a speck, but by

thought, I contain the universe – Blaise Pascal Third Objection: Empiricism: All knowledge is derived

from experience. There is no knowledge that transcends it Response: The objection disregards the very knowing

subject or self

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Fourth Objection: Kantianism: There is no knowledge of all the neumenon, only of the phenomenon. Everytime we perceive a thing, we perceive it in space and time. What I know allows my mind to know.

Response: This objection does not account for the power of action and cannot make sense of interpersonal dialogue and relationship

Fifth Objection: Relativism: There can be no metaphysical knowledge of real being with any claim to universally valid and objective truth.

Ang pananaw ng tao ay relatibo sa sitwasyon Response: Human knowledge is capable of transcending

the limits of culture and history Thus, to deny metaphysics as the study of being is to start

with a metaphysical stance in looking over the entire field of human knowing and its relation to reality

To refuse metaphysics is to take for granted our own existence – Heidegger

2. Discuss the specific and distinctive contribution of the following concepts of our understanding of the meaning of being: Ousia (Aristotle), Esse (Thomas Aquinas), Sein (Martin Heidegger.)Explanation:

Aristotle’s Ousia Being as substance That which exists by itself, independent Actualitas Some things do not exist by themselves Example: Does green exist? No! A board happens to be a

green exists. Example: Does a circle exist? No! A clock happens to be a

circle exists. Beings should exist by themselves You cannot find a being that is not a definite something –

Aristotle Substance has a matter and a form – definite being Ousia: static ang pag-uunawa Pinagkakabitan ng mga accidents Hypokeimenon: Heidegger’s understanding of Aristotle’s

ousia

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Means the condition of the possibility of the existence of everything

That which lies before, underneath, under Aquinas’ Esse The act of existence It reveals itself in the act of presenting and presencing Makasaysayan; may kilos ng paglalantad sa panahon It is the presencing of what is present Anwesen- presencing, nagpepresensiya, kailangang

tumalab sa atin ang pagpepresensiya ng nagpepresensiya Ens – actual existence Why is it ENS? It is ens because it has an esse E.g. What makes a fire? What makes a water? ESSE Most basic act: to exist, to make present the very presence Heidegger’s Sein Sein:

o Is that by which seienden areo There is seienden because of Seino It’s the Sein that makes the seienden shine fortho Sein has to be a continual presence of the seienden

e.g. gasoline of the vehicleo Each seined exists because of the Seino The being endures in time as long as it has a Being

Angst: beings are sleeping away into nothingness Kapag natatakot ka sa kawalan, nagmemeron ang kawalan Dasein: katangi-tanging pag-iral ng tao Real Esse is God Himself Everything that exists is a seienden Only manis the being who has the metaphysical vocation The relationship between Sein and Dasein defines human

existence

3. Every being is a unity so that the denial of ontological unity leads to the conclusion that everything is pure nothingness. Explanation:

Metaphysical structure of finite being, p. 182 An effort to preserve itself Dynamic self-coherence—unity—unification The fundamental unity in life Every being is one Every being insofar as it is a being is one

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If we divide everything, it leads to pure nothingness Lahat ng pinapangalanan natin ay isang kabuuan Paano magkakaroon ng essence-existence kapag ito ay

sabog at wasak? Hindi ka pweding mag-isip ng hindi buo! Tama? Subukan

mo ngang mag-isip ng hindi buo? hehehehe If we deny the ontological unity,-------WALA! Ontological unity --- whole Ang bawat meron, ISA! Unity - undivided in itself, it is the inner coherence of

something as Unity is a way by which a being presents is by way of unity Unity implies individuality Individuality means the ontological subjective uniqueness

of the existential being, each being cannot be duplicated, every existential is also an individual

Unidivided in itself/Individuality Divided from all all others/Distinctiveness Every being is present as a unity Unity is the inner coherence of something as undivided in

itself and divided from all others I am me not because I am different from you; I am me

because everything belongs to me 2 Kinds of Unity:

o Intrinsic Unity The unity within a very being of a single being

so that it exists or is actively present with a single act of existence and acts as a unit controlling its actions from a single canter of action

It is the unity of the being per se or itselfo Extrinsic Unity

It is the unity not in the internal being of a thing but between two or more distinct beings, each its own distinct act of existence and the center of the action

It is united by various types of extrinsic relations All the parts are directed towards the whole

4. The ontological truth of the contingent being is ultimately dependent on the practical mind of God. Explanation:

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Contingent – pwede namang wala, it may or may not exist Necessary – God, should exist, should not not exist My existence as a contingent being depends on the

existence of the necessarium—God, the practical and creative mind of God

My existence should correspond to the idea of God Essence precedes existence

o The point of this thesis statement is somehow the opposite of Sartre’s existence precedes essence but it’s not really what it is. According to Mr. Pasco, “I was just making a point!”

o Essence and existence should be together (sabay) dahil nakakatawa kapag sasabihin ng Diyos na “oi, ito na ang essence mo tapos isusunod ko na lang ang exisence mo” hahaha, common sense lang di ba?

“naisip na ako kahit wala pa ako” "Self-causation is impossible because it is a contradiction/it

is contradictory." The cause must be other than itself The ontological truth of contingent beings:

o "Contingent and finite beings depend causally in the necessary and infinite being. They are not the measures of their own reality becasue that would not be possible. Their nature is a limited imitation of and a participation in the Divine nature. They depend on the creative action of God, hence, contingent beings ultimately draw from and depend on the practical mind of God. This means that the practical mind of God is the measure of the ontological reality of the contingent beings." Wilson's notes on Dr. Hermida's lecture on the the ontological truth of contingent beings

5. Every being is good in some way because of its act of existence—the root of all perfection of which the essence is only the limiting mode. Explanation:

Nagiging limitado ang being dahil hindi niya kayang lampasan ang kanyang essence

Existence is the root of all perfections being is composed of:

o Existence and essence

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o Act and potencyo Matter and form

6. The origination from nothing of the contingent being has metaphysical implication in so far as the being cannot enjoy perfection except by way of ontological composition and limitation. Explanation:

Metaphysics of defectibility Individual contingent beings originate form non-beings that

is, from the original nothingness of their being as a starting point

The whole ensemble of contingent reality also originally emerged from ontological nothingness

Origination from nothing is the ultimate reason why creaturely beings must be emergent, contingent, existential proper, limited, and composed

Every perfection that we have is a limited perfection Defectibility – the metaphysical possibility of the

contingent being to undergo and sustain defect or the privation of evil

Why did God create? We don’t know If to share his goodness, he makes us liable to evil If the said possibility of creatures to undergo and to sustain

evil is not traceable to God, then neither, their sustaining defect or evil is traceable to God

“God must have created us not from Himself but from nothingness”

Dati, wala tayo Dahil dati, wala tayo, doon nagkakaroon ng posibilidad ng

kawalan Defect must not come from God as a perfect being There is a possibility that I dissapear and turn to

nothingness and God does not care about it because I did not come from God but from nothingness

Galing ako sa pagkananggaling sa wala/kawalan Non-being is prior to being Wala ka muna bago ka nagmemeron Lahat ng nilikha ng Diyos ay mabuti subalit hindi kasinbuti

ng Diyos We only participate in the goodness of God

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Ang defect/bahid ang dahilan ng pagkananggaling natin sa wala

Ang bahid ay nanggagaling sa pagkananggaling sa wala Galing talaga ako sa wala, nag emerge lang ako Hindi maaaring Diyos ang pinanggalingan ng evil, pero

may evil tayo I can only attribute my existence to God We are composit and limited Kahit nilikha ako ng Diyos, bago ako nilikha, galing muna

ako sa wala Ontological composition: essence—existence

7. Every real being compared to every other is both like every other thing in that it actually is or exist and yet unlike in that it is this being and not that one. Explanation:

This thesis statement focuses on the principles of similarity and dissimilarity

o Similarity and dissimilarity are opposite and irreducible attributes and so it is impossible for both to be roted in one and the same time identical principles within each of the beings possessing this opposing attributes

o Every real being must be made up of two really distinct metaphysical co-principles: One, the principle of similarity – existence, and the principle of dissimilarity – essence

Real being: o That which is present by its own intrinsic act of

existence outside of an ideao Being is real because it has its own principle of

existence Essence—existence principle Essence: The limiting mode, it gives specification Existence:

o It gives actualityo A state of actuality/existenceo The fact that things existo The process of emergence/coming to beo A being does not exist only in the mind but it also

exists in the world A is, B is, and A is not B

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Parehas tayong umiiral pero iba-iba ang ating pag-iral We all share in the perfection of existence

8. Each member of the species can be both like all the others, in possessing the same specific nature or mode of being, and unlike all the others in that it is this unique individual and not any other.Explanation:

Matter and form principle is located precisely within the essence component

The matter-form structure answers the question of how many different beings can be similar within the narrower order of the same specific essence as members of the same species, sharing equally in the same qualitative essential form

Form – the principle of unity Matter – the principle of maniness (limiting principle) “Man is an intersection of various lines of events” “No one person is more person than the other.” The multiplication on the quantitative level does not

change the qualitative degree of perfection, but allows all the members of a species to be equal in ontological value and dignity

The uniqueness to each human being is not absolute Thorugh every person is unique, he is never totally

different from every one else Every person is always a human being, thus essentially like

the other human beings. It may therefore be said that among human beings, and other members of a species, there are more things that unite than diide them from one another

Matter and Form Principle Ex. Mangoes Form: They’re all mangoes Matter: Parehas ba ang lasa? Ex. Fish Form: They’re all fishes Matter: But I am referring to this fish and not that Ex. Human person Form: Same appearances, parehas ang atay natin Matter: Ang atay niya ay atay niya; ang atay ko ay atay ko

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Limitation: Parang magkakamukha lang pero hindi pa rin iyon iyon dahil iba ang matter

Each member of the species may be both “like all the others” when it comes to forms. Glasses, for example, they’re all glasses regardless of the brand, however, glasses still differ when it comes to matter.

9. Every being undergoing real change must have within it a real metaphysical composition of two principles, related to each other as act and potency. Explanation:

Act and Potency The process of change is through act and potency Act and potency can only be found in beings that truly

exist. Existence is already and act but to change is a potency, a possibility

That’s why we are here because we want to be, our only goal is to change and nothing else until death

Act – isang kilos (an action), to exist, and act of presencing The most basic and fundamental act of everything is

existence; when it exists, it changes We exist as acts, from our existence, we have lots of

potencies (possibilities) Potency - possibility “We will never notice the change when there is no

continuity of the subject” There must be a sense of “before and after” To change, there must be continuity (From-----To

relationship) Correlative principle: ang pagmemeron ay isang kilos,

kapag kumilos ang dati ng kumikilos ay nagbabago When we were born as a child, we already had the potency

to become teenagers

10. Profound changes that are not merely accidental occur in our world; if the active properties of being change radically after a change, this is a sign of a change in its nature. Explanation:

Accidental changeo Only the appearance changes pero hindi nag-iiba an

pagkatao

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o “Pwede pang bumalik sa dati”o Ex. body parts, kahit wala ang iba, ako pa rin naman

iyon eo The subject remains the sameo Nag-iiba lang ang mukhao What changes is the appearance only not the entire

beingo Parang nagkataon lang na naging ganoon siya, pero

hindi naman talaga nagbago ang “siya” bilang “siya” Profound change (substantial, essential, or radical)

o To transform to essentially different o A change so deep and radical that the very essence of

the being undergoing change no longer remains intact but is transformed into something essentially different from what is was before

o The atomic structure changes o Ex. from life to death, from wood or tree to ashes if

burnedo When it dies, it’s a substantial changeo Death: Hindi na niya magagawa ang nagagawa niya

dati

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VII. Pilosopiya ng Diyos (Philosophy of the Divine Being, Theodicy)

1. The existence of emergent and composed beings implies the existence of the original and first cause that is neither emergent nor composed. Explanation:

Emergento Has a start in existenceo Nag-exist na lang, ginawa, linikha, nag emergeo Dati wala, pero dahil nang nag emerge siya,

nagmeron siyao Ang mundo ay emergent, linikha, ginawa, dati wala

Composedo Bears constituent components

The First Cause is no other than God In other words, the existence of the universe implies or

even proves the existence of God Everything that exists now is caused by the first cause who,

by His nature does not have to be caused, God caused everything, God, then must exist and should not not exist

Ang Diyos ay hindi bahagi ng mundo dahil ang Diyos ay sumasaibayo, He transcends

Virtuality – Halos ganoon pero hindi ganoon, iba pa rin pero parang ganoon

The creativity of God works in my own creativity. That’s why I can also compose insofar as I am also creative

Virtuality – Makikita natin ang kamay ng Diyos sa tao, kawangis ng Diyos ang tao

2. The creatures are the genuine and adequate causes of the effects although they act ultimately from the virtuality of the creator. Explanation:

Virtuality – Halos ganoon pero hindi ganoon, iba pa rin pero parang ganoon

The creativity of God works in my own creativity. That’s why I can also compose insofar as I am also creative

Virtuality – Makikita natin ang kamay ng Diyos sa tao, kawangis ng Diyos ang tao

Man as creative

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Virtuality – Halos ganoon pero hindi ganoon, iba pa rin pero parang ganoon

The creativity of God works in my own creativity. That’s why I can also compose insofar as I am also creative

Virtuality – Makikita natin ang kamay ng Diyos sa tao, kawangis ng Diyos ang tao

3. The existence of evil does not negate but can in fact be seen as an argument to establish the existence of God. Explanation:

May kilos na ayon at angkop sa kanyang (tao) kalikasan bilang isang linikha nang mabuti. Subalit may mga pagkakataon, buhat ng kanyang kalayaan, ay gumagawa siya ng ga bagay na taliwas sa mabuti.

The free will Theodicyo Although God knows that we sometimes willfully

choose to do wrong, God grants us the free will anyway because a world of free creatures is more valuable than a world of automatous.

o Automatous: rebolto! Evil is a reparate entity As long as I am alive, evil is possible because it’s possible

that I lack something for I am just man Evil – A lack of goodness Privation – An absence of some good for which I am

supposed to have. Ex. I lost my legs. I am supposed to have my legs. Tha’s something evil.

God tolerates rather than allow evil in the world To allowsomething is to approve of it, to tolerate something

is not to prevent it One who tolerates is not the cause but the victim of

injustice or wrong Parents, tolerating a child, they would feel victims of

injustice or something wrong “The present state and course of nature are not the original

ones designed and established by God but the aftermath and a kind of salvage job after the original plan of God for mankind has been disrupted from the insubordination of the first humans and from their failure to cooperate with the original bountiful designs of God” Wilson’s notes on Dr. Hermida’s lecture

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The presece of evil in the world does not thereby undermine but instead enhance the wisdom, power, and goodness of God

The evils in the world enhance the wisdom of God becasue he can make work together the demands of His justice with the designs of his mercy

the power of God appears all the more remarkable because he is not hampered from carrying out the merciful designs of his goodness by the shortcoming of these evils

The Principle for the solution of the religious problem of evil

o A wise and a good governor does not and should not eliminate altogether all the evils, if by doing so, he would eliminate the greater good or benefits from his subjects:

Analogy: Removing vehicles on streets, men will be deprived of transportation

Now that God cannot eliminate evil but he tolerates it in order not to sacrifice the greater common good

Man is not given ownership in this world but only give stewardship in this world

4. The world can be said to be the best possible not in the absolute but in the relative sense with regard to the purpose of God. Explanation:

God has a purpose why He tolerates evil. It’s because He wants that despite the presece of evil in the world, the good, in the end, will shine forth.

The best possible worldo Because Gos is perfect God, He must have chosen the

best possible worldo We can only talk the best possible world in a relative

sense Thomas Aquinas:

o It belongs to the best agent to produce an effect that is best in the totality; although not that each part should be simply best, but best according to the relation to the whole. Hence, God constituted the whole uuniverse best according to the manner of the creation, but not as to each creature but one is better than the other.

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Relative: Because it depends to the person Absolute: It’s not the whole of it

5. All contingent beings are instruments of God, in general, with regard to their causal action, and with regard to doing their specific roles and attaining their natural aims. Explanation:

Virtuality of the Creator Parang ganoon – almost as if It is in man’s essence to decide what he has to do

according to his roles towards his natural aims Whatever happens on this earth ultimately depends on the

creativity of God but He allows it to happen for we, too, are co-creators for that matter

Instruments: No power and actions on their own Extensions of power of the one using the instrument We become extensions of the creative mind of God but

we’re not instruments mechanically because we’re also free

Sa lahat ng umiiral, nandoon palagi ang mukha at kamay ng Diyos

Example: Nail Cutter Parang anak: I am an extension of my parents but I am

who I am because I have the freedom Parang electricity at suckets --- gudgets, electricfan We becomes extensions because we have potencies, we

have the possibilities to become We have the power to actualize our potencies All contingent beings are instruments of God with regards

to their causal action and with regards to doing their specific roles and attaining their natural aims

With regards to the exercise of their specific action inasmuch as the causal virtuality of God puts them to act for attainment of their natural end

With respect to their action, in general, inasmuch as they partake of the virtuality of the power of God for that effect

All creaturely agents act from a dynamism which they ultimately derive from the causal virtuality of the universal primary cause

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The universal primary cause is the universal first cause whose power communicates in the ultimate manner, dynamic virtuality to the narture of contingent beings for the exercise of their causal action

Thomas Aquinas:o “God is the cause of the action of each thing,

inasmuch as He gives the power for action, and inasmuch as He maintains it, and inasmuch as He applies it to action, and inasmuch as by His power, every other power works.”

6. God in the absolute is the Primary cause of all the effects of creaturely agents, inclusive of the causal action of said agents. Explanation:

Virtuality Primary cause: God Agents: man If I act, there is what we call the causal action I, as an effect can also be the cause of other things to be We affect the world to be – potencies, potentials Primary cause and agents = Virtuality “Everything happens in the world is a reaction of the

primordial act of generousity.” Mr. Pasco Generousity – the greatness of God Agents: Creative, have potentials, and free Primary cause: an agent which either through its causal

power or theough its formal application, or both, puts a subordinate causal agent to work out an effect

7. Explain the possibility of theodicy against the contention that the intellect is incapable of demonstrating the existence of God. Explanation:

“Philosophy of God is a natural theodicy.” Theodicy: Trying to provide a universal concept of the

idea of God, and not personal at all times Theodicy tries to prove or convince that there is a sense to

believe that God exists, that there is God Proving the existence of God

o There is no neeed for such a proof since the existence of God is self-evident.

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o There can be no proof because God, if indeed He exists, transcends the capacity of human knowledge.

o The existence of God can be proved through a metaphysical demonstration

Theodicy as Wisdom:o “Those men are called wise who direct things

themselves and govern them well. Now, the rule of all things must be taken from their end for then is a thing well disposed when it is directed to the end, since the end of everything is its good. Hence in a special manner, the title of wise man is reserved to him who considers the supreme end.” Wilson’s notes on Dr. Hermida’s lecture

Good – the purpose of somethingo The pen is good as a writing material

A wise man can lead his thinking to the highest form of thinking

The mind of man is to attain the truth The Philosophy of God or the Natural Theology, which

deals with the study of God, is the highest human scientific endeavor

Scientific – the highest possible knowledge of man, the highest human form of knowing

Theology: The study not based on reason but based on Divine Revelation

Objects of Theodicy:o Material object: The subject matter of the studyo Formal object: The scientific aspect of the subject

Theodicy/Philosophy – makes use of reason aloneo God as He iso God as the cause of beings

If we get an effect, we have an idea of its cause. The effect gives knowledge to a cause. If we know the truth and the good, therefore we know God. There is no need to prove the existence of God because we already have immidiate knowledge of Him.

Human reason cannot acquire the knowledge of God. Only God is known by Himself. The Divine essence is relative to creatures and participated by them. In this may we see things about God.

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“Metaphysics is ordered to the knowledge of God as to its last end; for this reason, it is called Scientia Divina, a Divine Science.”

8.) Discuss the impossibility of an infinite series of essentially ordered causes and thus the necessity to conclude that the First Cause exists. Explanation:

The Five Ways of St. Thomas Aquinaso These are metaphysical demonstrations of the

existence of God; they are existential proofs The First Way: The first and more manifest

way is the argument from motion It is evident that things in this world

indeed move “Whatever is moved is moved by another,

for nothing is moved except as it is in potency to that to which it is moved; whereas a thing moves something inasmuch as it is in act.” Dr. Hermida’s lecture notes

Whatever is moved must have been moved by another

“Therefore, it is necessary to arrive at a first mover moved by no other, and this everyone understands to be God” Dr. Hermida’s lecture notes

The Second Way: The second way is from the nature of efficient cause

We see in this world the order of efficient causes

Self-causation is impossible because it’s contradictory

In other words, I cannot cause myself to be; the cause should be other than myself

There must be the first cause of everything, who, in Himself is not caused by another – God

The first uncaused cause is the first Being – God – Ipsum Esse

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The Third Way: The third way is taken from the possible and the necessary and runs thus

Discuss contingent and necessarium There are things in this world are possible

to be and not to be, to exist and not to exist, since they are found to be generated; and consequently, it is possible for them to be and not to be

But it is impossible for these to always exist, for that which cannot be possible at some time is not

If everything can not-be, then at one time there was nothing in existence

If at one time there was nothing in existence, it would have been impossible for anything to have begun to be

Hence, not beings are merely possible; there must be some necessity in things

“Therefore, we cannot but admit the existence of some being which is of itself necessary, not having the cause of its necessity from another, but which is the cause of necessity in others.” Dr. Hermida’s lecture notes

Hindi pweding lahat ng umiiral ay posibleng umiral; dapat merong dapat umiral

The Fourth Way: The fourth way is taken from the gradation to be found in things

Among beings, it is noticeable that there are some more and some less good, true, noble, and the like

There must be something that is truest, something best, etc., or something most being

As it is written in Metaphysics: “Now the maximum in any genus is the cause of all in that genus, as fire, which is the maximum of heat, is the cause of all hot things, as is said in the same book.”

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“Therefore, there is something which is to all beings the cause of their “esse,” goodness, and every other perfection; and this we call God.” Dr. Hermida’s lecture notes

Absolutely perfect: “Mas (nakahihigit)” There must be standards

The Fifth Way: The fifth way is taken from the governance of things

Supreme end: How can something govern itself?

Some intelligent being exists by whom all natural things are directed to their end, and this being we call God

“The supreme end, the “why of all existing beings, must be an intellectual nature which is pure existence….” Dr. Hermida’s lecture notes p. 43

9.) All the divine perfections are entirely one and the same thing in God but they are different in their meanings because of every nature of God himself. Explanation:

“The plurality of notions comes from the fact that the thing known, namely God, exceeds our intellect. Our intellect cannot receive in one concept all the different modes of divine perfection. First, because the intellect receives this knowledge from creatures, in which there exists different modes of perfection according to forms of natures; second, because that which in God is one and simple is multiplied in our intellect.” Dr. Hermida’s lecture notes, p. 57

The essence of God is everywhere Ince God, according to one and the same thing, His Divine

essence, is perfect with all the modes of perfection, our intellect in one concept cannot integrally grasp His perfection not can it give this perfection one name. To know God requires many and different concepts conveying menay and different meanings. And so there are different names for these meanings. These names are not synonyms because they signify different notions or manings. To the plurality of these notions there does correspond something in a thing, but there does not correspond a plurality of the

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thing. To the plurality of notions there corresponds the fullness of perfection of the thing, so that all these different names and notions are aptly applied to it.” Dr. Hermida’s lecture notes

“If our intellect were able to see God in Himself, it could give to His understanding of God one single name. And this name would not signify merely goodness or wisdom, and so forth, but would include the signification of all these things.” Dr. Hermida’s lecture notes

Divine perfections:o Simplicityo Infinityo Goodnesso Omnipresenceo Eternityo Willo Knowledgeo Immutability

10.) Even those who go to hell still have God as the end of their being for they also manifest God especially His justice. Explanation:

God is a just God God as the end of their beings Beatific vision: We can know God by knowing ourselves

and we can love God by loving ourselves. We can possess God God is our ultimate end God is not the only first efficient cause of the

universe. He is also the final term or goal of all created beings. There are three different kinds of ends:

o Finis Operantis End of the agent The end or goal of the one performing the action

o Finis Operis End of the act The end or goal of the action or work performed

o Finis Quo Means to the end

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That by which the finis operis is attained “The three different ends can be illustrated

by this example. A man makes a watch. The finis operantis is the end or goal he had in making the watch. It is that which moved him to make the watch. It could be to sell the watch and earn a living. The finis operis of the watch is to tell time. The finis quo of the watch is to move its hands according to some measure or rhythm.” Dr. Hermida’s lecture notes, p. 61

“When applied to God’s creative act, the finis operantis could not be anything other than God Himself. God is His own end. The only end that could attract His will to the making of anything is Himself. What moved God to create the world was His own infinite goodness not considered in itself but as communitable to others. The finis operantis of God in creating the world is the infinite goodness as communitable to creatures. Once this goodness is actually communicated to creatures by way of participation, these multiplied and finite participations will automatically and necessarily mirrir forth the uncreated goodness of God.” Dr. Hermida’s lecture notes

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VIII. Pilosopiya ng Relihiyon (Philosophy of Religion)Only for those who took the tutorial for Philosophy of Religion by Mr. Albert Lagliva 1. Ang pagdanas sa personal na presensya ng Banal ay nagbibigay-balangkas sa malay tao na mailalahad sa mga aspektong mysterium, mystrium tremendum, mysterium fascinosum, mysterium familiare, mysterium ludens.

2. Ang presensya ng Banal ay maaring magpaaninag sa material na daigdig, sa mga paraan namatatawag na hieropaniya; hieropaniya ng langit, ng bato, ng buhay seksuwal ng tao, atbp.

3. Ipaliwanag ang ebolusyon mula kay Descartes, Kant, hanggang sa neo-Kantianismo. Ano ang atitud neo-Kantiano? Ano ang epekto nito sa pilosopiya ng relihiyon? Ano ang kahinaan nito?

4. Ano ang ugat at sanhi ng pilosopiya ng siyentismo? Ano ang atitud siyentismo at ano ang epekto nito sa pilosopiya ng relihiyon? Ano ang kahinaan nito?

5. Sa pagmumulat sa meron bilang paksa, maaring matauhan sa daigdig bilang mga baytang ng kaganapan. At sa tulong ng mga baytang ay maaring matuklasan ang sukdulan na lampas sa sukdulan, ang Meron na Meron na siyang paksa ng mga paksa.

6. Maari tayong mamulatan na ang mga limitadong meron na pumapaligid at sumasakop sa atin araw-araw, ay marupok at maaring huwag magmeron. Ngunit matibay na nagmemeron pa rin. Mula rito’y maari nating matuklasan ang Meron na Meron na lubus-lubusang meron, hindi maaring huwag magmeron, at nagpapameron sa lahat ng mga limitadong meron.

7. Meron tayong sinaunang pagmumulat at pananalig sa meron bilang maayos. Ito’y nakikita sa mga maliliit na detalye ng buhay, sa walang sawang paggawa ng mga sistema ng agham, sa udyok ng “dapat” ng etika. Mula rito’y maari tayong matauhan na ang meron ay

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katutubong maayos, at matuklasan ang sukdulan at lampas sa sukdulan ng kaayusan, ang mismong Kaayusan, na siyang Meron na Meron.

8. Ang pag-asa ay isang lakas-loob na pagpupunyagi (nisus) na bumaling sa liwanag at kalayaan na wala pa mula sa kalagayan ng kadiliman at pagkabilanggo. Masasabing ang pagbaling na ito ay isang mahiyain at a-teknikong kilos.

9. Ang dalisay na porma ng pag-asa ay hindi maiuuwi sa mga kilos gaya ng naturalismo, optimismo, pesemismo, gnostisismo at istowismo. May elemento ng aba-ako (moije) ang gumagabay sa mga kilos na nabanggit. Humahantong ang mga ito sa pagtingin sa kadiliman mula-sa-malayo.

10. Bagaman ang pag-asa ay hindi mahihiwalay sa tukso na mawalan ng pag-asa, patuloy itong humihindi sa pagkakalat at sa pagsuko sa inaakalang fatum. May pagtanggap ang pag-asa sa kadiliman bilang sangkap ng muling paglikha at pagtubo ng sarili.

11. Sa pagbubukas-loob sakapwa lamang nagiging possible na ang kadiliman ay hindi maging ang huling salita ng buhay. Ang tinutunguhan ng pag-asa ay isang pakikisangkot sa ugnayan sa iba bilang ikaw. Dahil ditto hindi maaring mabigo ang taong umaasa.

12. Isang pagtawag sa ganap na Ikaw ang bukal ng kilos ng pag-asa. Dalisay na panalangin ang ginaganap ng kilos na ito: “Inaasahan kita alang-alang sa amin.” 13. San Agustin: “Fecisti nos ad te inqietum est cor nostrom donec in te requiescat.”

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IX. Pilosopiya ng Kaalaman (Philosophy of Knowledge, Epistemology)

1.Di hamak na naiiba ang uri ng pagtatanong ng epistemolohiya (“Ano ang kaalaman?”/ “Paano ako nakasisigurado?”) sa uir ng pagtatanong ng metapisika (“Meron ba?”/”Ano ang meron?”).Paliwanag:

Epistemolohiya: Sensing (pagdama), Understanding (Pag-unawa), Judgment (Paghusga)

Balikan ang sintesis ni Wilson Mandin II, nandoon ang sagot - pagtatagpo ng isip at ng bagay

Metapisika:o Pag-iral ng bagayo Buod ng mga bagayo Meron bang aklat?o Ang sentro ng usapan ay ang bagay.

Epistemolohiya:o Sigurado ba ako na may aklat?o Paano ako nakasisigurado na may aklat?o Ang sentro ng usapan ay sa tao

Iwasan ang mala-Descartes na pagtalakay sa thesis statement na ito ha?

2. Sa pagpasok ng modernidad sa kasaysayan ng kanluran, nawala ang daigdig sa tao at kinailangan niyang buuin ito muli sa kanyang sarili. Kaya’t marami sa mga modernong pilosopo ang nagbuo ng mga sistema ng kaalaman upang malunasan ang kawalan ng daigdig. Paliwanag:

Ancient: cosmological o Cosmos, daigdig, mundo

Medieval: theologicalo Diyos, relihiyon, pananampalataya

Modern: ontologicalo Man-centeredness, sentro na ang tao sa usapan

Ano ang punto ni Tassi?o Sa modernong diwa, merong natuklasang bagong

kaalaman na iba Paano ba nawala ang lugar ng tao sa daigdig?

o Para bagang gumuho ang daigdig

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Paano ba gumuho ang daigdig? Kung titingnan natin kung paano mag-isip

si Agustin kaysa sa mga sinaunang tao, tila kakaiba na talaga ang paraan ng kanyang pag-iisip

Sinauna ------ Medyebalo Katotohanan – simbahano Ano ang meron?

Modernoo Kaalaman (Agham)o Ano ang kahulugan ko?o Ano ang tao?o Tao na ang nagbibigay ng kapangyarihano Tao na ang sentro sa usapan

3. Talakayin ang mga salik at kalagayang ginalawan ng Meditationes de prima philosophia ni Rene Descartes (1596-1650) ayon sa sarili niyang karanasan at sa ebidensyang hatid ng kasaysayan. Paliwanag:

Maraming mga katotohanan na tinanggap si Descartes noong bata pa siya

Natanto niya na mali pala ang mga iyon at sinubukan na niyang pagdudahan ang lahat para makarating sa pilosopiya gamit ang pundasyon na tiyak at tumpak

4. Cigito, ergo sum. Gaano man katindi ang hamon ng pagdududa, hindi nito kailanman mapatutumba ang pinaka-sanhi ng pag-iral nito: ang pag-iral ng nagdududa. Paliwanag:

I think, therefore I exist The discovery of the cogito Paano narrating ni Descartes ang cogito? Ano ba ang cogito? Hindi ko maaaring pagdudahan na ako ay umiiral Nararanasan ko ang aking pag-iral sa pag-iisip Nararanasan ko ang aking pag-iisip sa aking pag-iral Nag-iisip ako bilang umiiral Ang pag iral ay nararanasan ng tao bilang pag-iisip Kuwento:

o Mag-aaral: umiiral ba talaga ako?o Norris Clarke: sino ang nagtatanong?

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May dalawang uri ng bagay sa mundoo Res cogitans – bagay na naiisip

Cogito – ako, sarilio Res extensa – bagay na nakaunat

May haba, espasyo Pisikal, material Nararanasan lamang bilang katawan Hated lamang ng mga pandama Ito ay pweding pagdudahan

5. Ang epistemolohiya ay supling ng modernidad. Paliwanag:

Ano ang modernong panahon?o Sentro sa usapan ang taoo Ako nalang palagio Saging: ano ang pakinabang ng saging sa akin?o Maraming nagbago (karunungan, pagtanaw ng tao sa

daigdig)o Paradigm shift

Paano naging supling ng modernidad ang modernong panahon?

o Ang epistemolohiya ay bagay sa modernidado Isang sangay ng pilosopiya na pinag-aaralan ang

kaalaman ng taoo Pagsusuri ng mga kaalamano Pagtatagpo ng mga kaalaman sa isip at bagayo Isip at bagay: hanggang sa ang dalawa ay iisa na

lamang Ano ba ang Epistemolohiya?

o Sangay ng pilosopiya na kung saan pinag-aaralan dito ang ating mga kaalaman

o Isang paraan na kung saanbaliktanawin ang mga nakasanayang kaalaman na maaari nating ipagpalagay na isang pagsubok na paghiwalayin kung ano ang matibay at marupok na kaalaman

o Ang hamon dito ay kung paano tayo makahanap ng sapat na pundasyon upang ang paghihiwalay na ito ay maisasagawa

6. Mula sa pag-iisip na ang pag-alam ay di naiba sa pagtingin, naisilang ang teorya ng katotohanan bilang

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ebidensyang nakapaskil. Ipinagpapalagay ang paghihiwalay sa kalawakan ng obheto ng kaalaman at ang suhetong umaalam. Nakikita ang ganitong pag-iisip sa loob ng agham at sistema ng paglilitis sa hukuman. Paliwanag:

Container – contained relationship Hukuman: ebidensiya, witnesses, proofs, evidences Pagtingin bilang modelo ng pag-uunawa, basta lang

malinaw tayong tumutingin makikita natin ang puwersa na ipinapakita ng ebidensiya

Ebidensiyang nakapaskil-parang billboard, o kaya picture Hindi sapat ang ebidensiya sa hukuman, kailangang nakita

talaga ng tao ang pangyayari Kaya ang nangyayari sa hukuman ay isang uri ng pag-iisip

na may paghihiwalay ng suheto at obheto sa mga ebidensiyang ipinapakita

Bagama’t hindi man sapat ang ebidensiya, meron din siyang sariling puwersa para tumayo sa sarili niyang mga paa

Danasin mo para maiwasan ang katotohanan bilang ebidensiyang nakapaskil

Huwag kang makuntento sa larawan ng Amerika kundi puntahan mo doon para maranasan mo talaga nang bongang-bongga, di ba? hahaha

7. Iginigiit ni Gallagher na eksistensyal ang katotohanan kung kaya’t sa tulong ng suhetismo ni Kierkegaard at kaalaman bilang anamnesis ni Sokrates, lumalabas na hindi nahuhuli ng obhetibong pag-iisip ang katotohanan. Paliwanag:

Anamnesis ni Sokrates:o Pag-aalaala, pagbabalik-isipo Ang pinaka-problema ng tao ay pagka-ignorante

Dati na tayong namuhay sa mundong ibabaw o sa mundo ng mga ideya, subalit, nang bumagsak tayo sa mundo ng mga pandama, lubos nating nakalimutan ang dati nating kaalaman. Subalit malinaw pa rin kay Sokrates na ang tao ay may kakayahang magbalik-isip at masumpungan ang katwiran o karunungan

Para kay Sokrates, ang tao ay may kakayahan na kilalanin ang katwiran. Pero minsan, Malabo

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kasi ang katwiran ay naiiba sa karungan, na ang Diyos lamang ang may dunong

Suhetismo ni Kierkegaard:o Tatlong antas ng buhay ng tao

Estetiko Ayaw masaktan, kasarapan, lugod,

iniiwasan ang masakit Halimbawa, mga bata. Gusto palaging

masaya, kapag bigyan mo ng kendi, sasaya na iyan siya

Etikal Ano ba ang nakabubuti para sa buong

sambayanan? Hal. Masarap matulog subalit kailangan kong bumangon kasi meron na akong responsibilidad at tungkulin. Ito ang kailangan kong gawin!

Relihiyoso Halimbawa dito ay ang mga Santo. Lampas

sa estetiko at etikal Personal na relasyon at ugnayan sa Banal Halimbawa: Si Abraham na sinabihan ng

Diyos na paslangin ang sarili niyang anak So, ano ang punto? Magkakaiba ang karanasan ng tao sa bawat antas ng

buhay. Halimbawa, para sa mga estetiko, kabaliwan ang ginagawa ng mga Santo kasi ang katotohanang kanilang nararanasan ay isang katotohanang puro saya at sarap lamang sa buhay. Para rin sa mga taong puro kahirapan at kaparusahan ang nararanasan sa buhay, paano natin sabihin sa kanya na mahabagin at maawain ang Diyos? Maaaring hindi nila masasabi na meron Diyos dahil puro na lang kahirapan ang kanilang nararansan.

Ang katotohanan ay dinadanas ng suheto Suheto:

o Taong nagmamasido Taong umaalamo Taong tumitingin

Mahalaga para kay Soren ang karanasan ng indibidwal Dito papaltos ang teorya ng ebidensiya bilang nakapaskil Hindi naman niya binabasura ang katwiran, gusto lang niya

maibabalik ang katotohanan sa tamang ginagawalan

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Ang katotohanan ay nakahain na, nakalantad na, at nagpapakita na kaya’t hindi na kailangan ng puwersa ng suheto

Nalalaman lamang ang katotohanan kung kailan handa na ang tao

Ang katotohanan ay nakikilalala rin sa taong tumatanaw, kaya katotohanang eksistensiyal

Eksistensiyal ang katotohanan dahil sinasabayan nito ang paggawa

Kailangan nating dumaan sa tatlong antas ng buhay para malaman natin ang katotohanan na hindi lamang sa pamamagitan ng ebidensiya at sa taong tumitingin sa ebidensiya

Mga paliwanag ukol sa teorya ng katotohanan bilang ebidensiyang nakapaskil

o Ebidensiya bilang nakapaskilo Kitang-kita o lantad sa taoo Ebidensiya: maaaring ihambing sa pagtingin

Kaalaman bilang pagtingin, pagtingin bilang modelo ng pag-uunawa

o Ang ebidensiya ay sapat na o Parang “billboard”

Pinagpalagay dito na may gustong sabihin Inilagay para maintindihan ng mga tao ang

anunsiyoo Ano ang mga implikasyon nito?

Rasyonalismoo Pag-unawa sa lohikao Lohika: paggalawa sa ebidensiyao Meron itong inaasahan na kilos ng

katwiran at may apirmasyon na gagawin sa huli

o Ang teorya ng ebidensiya ay makikita din natin sa agham

o Ang isip ng matinong tao ay walang iba kungi umuo sa inihain ng ebidensiya

o Hindi mahalaga ang taong tumataya sa ebidensiya dahil may sariling puwersa ang ipinapakita ng ebidensiya

o Ang ebidensiya ay nakatayo sa kanyang sarili. Hindi kailangan ng suheto

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o Ang sentro ng usapan sa teoryang ito ay ang ebidensiya, ang cogito ay tagapamasid lamang

Gallagher: o Ang katotohanan ay nararanasan at eksistensiyal, ito

na ang katotohanan, parang piture ng Alemanya, huwag ka lang makontento sa picture, puntahan mo ang lugar na yaon at danasin mo, iyon ang katotohanan

o Para rin kay Marcel, hindi maaaring idaan sa ebidensiya ang pag-unawa sa katotohanan

o Walang “QED” sa katotohanan, (remember, Logic? QED?)

8. Hinahati ni Marcel sa dalawang uri ang pagmumuni upang ipaghiwalay ang mga tanong sa larangan ng problema sa mga tanong sa larangan ng hiwaga. Mahalaga kay Marcel ang sarili bilang nakasangkot. Samakatuwid, ang katotohanan sa penomenolohiya ni Marcel ay eksistensyal at nararanasan. Paliwanag:

Larangan ng problema:o Parang “ipinaskil” at hiwalay sa taoo Problema: hadlang sa daan, naiipit ka, hindi

makapagpatuloy ang tao dahil may hadlang.o Sinusubukang lutasin ang problemao Pinagpalagay na may kalutasano Halimbawa, problemang matematiko, maaaring

masolusyunan sa pamamagitan ng mga pormulao Hiwalay ang problema sa taoo Maaring isipin na hiwalay ako sa hinaharap ko

Larangan ng hiwaga:o Hindi maaaring isipin na hiwalay ako sa hinaharap koo Hindi napatotohanan bagkus pinapasok at

isinasabuhayo Nalalagpasan lamang ang problema kapag

pumapasok sa hiwagao Halimbawa: pag-iral ng Diyos, hindi maaaring idaan

sa malinaw at tumpak na usapan dahil mahiwaga. Kailangang pasukin at danasin

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Mahalaga ito kay Marcel dahil napapansin niya ang tao ay masyadong sanay na gumalaw sa unang-pagmumuni/larangan ng problema

Nalalampasan lamang ang problema kapag nakapasok na sa hiwaga

9. Kung didibdibin natin ang mga implikasyon ng katotohanang eksistensyal, makararating tayo sa tinatawag na malayang kasiguraduhan kung saan sangkot ang kalayaan at pagkamalikhain ng tao. Tuluyang nabubuwag ang konseptwal at empirical na pagtanaw sa kaalaman sapagkat ang kaalaman ng tao ay palaging may eksistensyal na dimension. Paliwanag:

Teorya ng ebidensiya: may sariling paa, bilang “nakapaskil”

First point: Hindi mahalaga ang suheto sa pagmamasid dahil may sariling puwersa ang ebidensiya. Subalit hindi sapat ang ebidensiya

Discuss keirkeguard at Marcel Hiwaga – hindi mapatotohanan Malayang kasiguraduhan

o Ginagamitan niya ng kanyang pagkamalikhain sa pagtingin niya sa ebidensiya

o Malaya dahil nanawagan na katotohanan at malaya ka kung paano ka tutugon sa katotohanang iyon

Mga paliwanag ukol sa teorya ng katotohanan bilang ebidensiyang nakapaskil

o Ebidensiya bilang nakapaskilo Kitang-kita o lantad sa taoo Ebidensiya: maaaring ihambing sa pagtingin

Kaalaman bilang pagtingin, pagtingin bilang modelo ng pag-uunawa

o Ang ebidensiya ay sapat na o Parang “billboard”

Pinagpalagay dito na may gustong sabihin Inilagay para maintindihan ng mga tao ang

anunsiyoo Ano ang mga implikasyon nito?

Rasyonalismoo Pag-unawa sa lohikao Lohika: paggalawa sa ebidensiya

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o Meron itong inaasahan na kilos ng katwiran at may apirmasyon na gagawin sa huli

o Ang teorya ng ebidensiya ay makikita din natin sa agham

o Ang isip ng matinong tao ay walang iba kungi umuo sa inihain ng ebidensiya

o Hindi mahalaga ang taong tumataya sa ebidensiya dahil may sariling puwersa ang ipinapakita ng ebidensiya

o Ang ebidensiya ay nakatayo sa kanyang sarili. Hindi kailangan ng suheto

o Ang sentro ng usapan sa teoryang ito ay ang ebidensiya, ang cogito ay tagapamasid lamang

10. Veritas est adequatio rei et intellectus: Ilahad ang pagbabagong-anyo ng pormulang ito sa pagpasok ng modernidad at paghalili dito ng eksistensyalismo. Paliwanag:

Salin: Ang katotohanan ay pagtutugma ng mga isip at bagay

Pagbibiro – kailangang makuha mo ang biro para tumawa ka ng bonggang-bongga at todo-todo

Medyebal – pagtatagpo ng Hari at ng Papa Moderno – Individualistic Ang uring pag-iisip ng modernong tao ay may sistema Eksistensiyalismo – nararanasan, personal na pagdanas ng

katotohanan Ayon kay Platon at Sokrates, ang tao ay may kaayusan na

kailangan lang tuklasin sa pamamagitan ng kanyang sarili. Kung matuklasan niya ang katotohanan, alam niya kung ano ang dapat niyang gawin dito sa mundo.

Adequatio – ito ay teorya na ibig sabihin, pagsasapat sa pangangailangan

Sapat sa isip doon sa bagay Ang sandali ng aletheia ay sandali ng pagpapakita at kapag

nasalo mo ang pagpapakita, magaganap ang adequatio, may nagaganap na pagtutugma sa isip at sa bagay

Halimbawa: o Pagbibiro

Kapag nasalo mo ang biro, tatawa ka. Mag adequatio na nangyayari

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X. Pilosopiya ng Tao (Philosophy of the Human Person)

1. Isang uring pananaw ang penomenolohiya, pagtingin sa mundo mula sa sariling buhay-na-karanasan, at bilang isang pamamaraan, gumagamit ng epoche, reduksiyong eiditiko at transedental upang isalarawan ang sariling karanasan.Paliwanag:

Penomenolohiyao Pagtingin sa kabuuano Paglalarawan sa tao bilang buo mula sa taglay niyang

pagkataoo Pamamaraan naiiba sa nakaugaliano Isang uring "pagbabalik sa tunay o sa mismong

bagay" sa tunay na sariling karanasanang mismong pilosopiya at lahat ng katwiran ay nagmumula sa buong larangan ng ating "binuhay na karanasan"

o Ito ay pagtatangkang bumalik sa phenomenon (nagpapakita o naglalantad ng kanyang sarili)

o Pagtanaw sa tunay na mga anyo ng mga bagayo Pag-aaral ng mga phenomenono Walang katapusan dahil naglalarawan ito sa kabuuan

Husserlo Matematiko at naging pilosopoo Gawin o maglatag ng maayos at tiyak na agham at ito

ang pilosopiyao Hindi siya nasiyahan sa agham sa panahon niya

Epoche: o Bracketing, seeing the world with new eyes, natural

attitude, to set asideo What I bracket in the epoche is the natural attitude

towards the objecto I suspend judgment on ito It’s important to see the world with “new eyes” and

return to the original experience from where our conceptual nature attitude was derived

o Example: doing phenomenology of loveo I start by bracketing my biases on love. Then I reduce

the object to the phenomenon of love. In eidetic reduction, I begin with an example of a relationship of

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love between two people. I change their age, race, social status, and all these do not matter in love. What is it I cannot change? Perhaps, the unconditional giving of self to the other as he is. this then forms part of the essence of love.

Eidetic reduction: one of the important reductions in the phenomenological method. Eidetic is derived from “eidos” which means essence. In eidetic reduction, I reduce the experience to its essence

Ang layunin ng penomenolohiya ay mailarawan ang karanasan

Describing what appears as it appears Transcendental pays attention to ones experience Phenomenology as a method is a method in which the

relation between the investigator and the investigated object is considered to belong essentially to the object itself

Ulan----Precipitation----everybody agreeso Transcendental: ano ang ulan para sa mga

magsasaka? Para sa mga bata? Etc

2. Sa unang pagmumuni-muni, binuwag ang kabuoan ng orihinal na karanasan. Sa kabilang dako, binabalikan ng pangalawang pagmumuni-muni, ang Tao ay sumasakatawang-diwa at hindi isang pagkakaisa ng kaluluwa at katawan.Paliwanag:

Primary reflection breaks the unity of experience and is the foundation of scientific knowledge.

Secondary reflection recuperates the unity of original experience. It does not go against the data of the primary reflection but refuses to accept it as final. Experience is unifies

Examples:o Who am I?

Primary relection: I am so and so, born on this day, in such a place, with height and weight, etc. items on the ID

Secondary reflection: I am more than the items above, I enter into my inner core

o My body

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Primary reflection: a body like other bodies, detached from the “I”, the body examined by the doctor, studies by medical students, or the body sold by a prostitute

Secondary reflection: I am my body. I feel pain when the dentist pulls my tooth. My body is not separated from the “I”

Phenomenology as a method is a method in which the relation between the investigator and the investigated object is considered to belong essentially to the object itself

3. Sa pangalawang pagmumuni-muni sa buhay-na-karanasan (lived experience), natuklasan ko ang di-mapagdudang “umiiral ako!.” Umiiral-ako-sa-mundo-kasama-ang-kapwa dahil sa aking katawan. “Meron akong katawan.”Paliwanag:

Marcel: buong pagkatao ang dumaranas Lived experience: an emidiate exclamatory of one’s

existence Ang katawan ang namamagitan ng paggawa ng mga bagay

na tanging katawan lamang ng tao ang may kakayahang gumawa

Halimbawa: Diyos—nagsakatawang-tao, pagpapakita ng halaga ng katawan

Our starting point is the “I exist” which is a unity, that is to say, is also I manifest, to myself and to others

This is due to my body My body lies between having and being I have my body; I am my body Meron akong katawan, bilang obheto, kagaya ng ibang

katawan, subalit ang katawan ko ay ako rin. Ang “ako” ay nagmamanipesta. Hindi ko masasabi na meron akong katawan kagaya ng pagsasabing meron akong aso kasi walang paghihiwalay sa pagitan ng “ako” at ng katawan

Ako ang aking katawan, bilang suheto, isang bukod-tanging katawan, subalit hindi ko maaaring iugnay nang buo ang aking sarili sa katawan lamang. Hindi ko masabi nang ganap na ako ang aking katawan dahil lumalagpas din ako sa pagpapakita ng aking katawan

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The way I exist my body is one of incarnate subjectivity, embodies subjectivity

Walang paghihiwalay ng aking katawan at kamalayan (consciousness)

Because of my body, I am a being-in-the-world-with-others Dialektikal na ugnayan: parang saging at unggoy

4. Bilang sumasakatawang-diwa, ang Tao ay sumasaibayong pagkakatakda (facticity-trancendence), sumasapanahon, sumasakasaysayan. Ang lahat ng ito ay makikita sa Tao bilang manggagawa (homo faber).Paliwanag:

Sumasakatawang-diwa- lived experience Ang katawang ang pumapagitan ng “Ako” at “Mundo” Being-in-the-world Facticity: Ponty

o Here and nowo Sitwasyono I am born in Loboc….. etc

Transcendence: Pontyo Paggawa ng desisyono Hanggang dito na lang ba ako?o Paano ako tutugunan ang facticity (here and now)? o Maaaring mag-iba ang pananaw natin

Sumasapanahon: Pontyo Past, present, futureo Meron tayong ideya ng nakaraan at hinaharap

sapagkat nagmemeron tayo sa kasalukuyano Ipaliwanag ang daloy ng ilogo Hindi tayo nakakulong sa eternal presento Ang pagiging manggagawa ng tao ay konektado sa

pangangailangan ng katawano Ang anumang ginagawa natin ay nagaganap dahil

nandoon yaong posibilidad na maaaring mangyari Sumakasaysayan/Historicity: Ponty

o Being in the world with otherso Sharing the past, present, and the futureo May nangyayaring interseksyon dahil may nagaganap

Dahil ditto nagiging mulat ang tao sa kanyang mga posibilidad (creativity)

Ang tao ay kayang gumawa ng kasaysayan

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May pangangailangan ang tao upang mabuhay: kailangan niyang magtrabaho

Sumasapanahon: Hindi tayo nakukulong sa eternal present. We hope and regret

Ang pagiging manggagawa ng tao ay konektado sa pangangailangan ng katawan

Ang anumang ginagawa natin, nandoon iyong posibilidad na maaaring mangyari

Historicity: cultures, limited because of cultures Ang paggawa ay may inspirasyon sa panahon, katawan, at

kasaysayan

5. Sa pagtatrabaho, pinapahayag at pinapalaya ko ang aking sarili, at pinapakatao ang mundo. Maaring makatao od di-makatao ang pagtatrabaho. Nagtatalaban ang trabaho at kultura sa buhay ng TaoPaliwanag:

Marx Malikhain ang tao, ang tao sa kanyang kalikasan ay isang

manggagawa Pagtatrabaho na walang alyanasyong nagaganap Malaya ang tao sa pagtatrabaho Lumalabas ang kanyang pagka masining at malikhain Hindi nahahadlangan ng produkto ang mismong paggawa

ng tao Paano pinapakatao ang mundo? Ang mundo ay produkto ng pagkatao ng tao dahil

sinasalamin ng tao, bilang masining at malikhain ang sandaigdigan

Hindi nagiging alipin ang tao sa mundo, bagkus pinapatao ng tao ang mundo

6. Sa unang tingin, nangangahulugan ang kalayaan at pananagutan ng kakayahang pumili, kusang-loob na kumilos, at mapananagutan at kahihinatnan ng pagkilos. Subalit, sa pagpapakatao ng Tao sa mundo, hindi lang siya Malaya bagkos nagiging Malaya siya at response-able. Tuloy, hindi hiwalay ang kalayaan at pagtataya sa isang obhetibong mithiin ng buhayPaliwanag:

Freedom of choice – to sleep or to study Fundamental option – beauty or learning

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Bumubuo sa pagpapakatao Autonomiya: self-rule, kayang ipaliwanag ang kilos na ayon

at angkop (sa pagpapakatao) sa obhetibong hinihingi ng sitwasyon

The ability to respond to the situation Response-able – responsibilidad ng tao sa hinihingi ng

sitwasyon Accountability – pananagutan sa alinmang kahihinatnan

7. Hindi magkapareho ang diyalogo at pagmamahal ngunit kinakailangan ang diyalogo sa pagmamahal. Kasalungat ang diyalogo sa monologo. Hinahadlangan ang diyalogo ng pagwawari, pagdadada at pagpataw.Paliwanag:

1st sentence: pagmamahal – nararamdaman; dialogo – pag-uusap, salita

Pagwawari - seeming, pagkukunwari Pagdadada – ako lang ang nagsasalita Pagpapataw – imposing, pagpataw ng sarili sa iba Dialogue: an appreciation of someone before me that I do

not want to reduce himself Pag-usbong, pagpayabong ng thou Dialogo – may pagkilala sa kapwa E.g. prayer

8. Ang pagmamahal ay isang walang-pasubaling pag-aalay ng sarili sa kapwa bilang “Ikaw” na pinapataas ang bukod-tanging halaga ng kapwa at sa gayun, napapataas din ang sariling halaga. Kung kaya’t, hindi magkatunggali ang pagmamagal sa kapwa at pagmamahal sa sarili. Paliwanag:

I love you because I want you to become you I love you because you are you Pagpapayabong ng sarili at kapwa, minamahal Dahil nagmamahal ka, handa kang mahalin ang sarili mo

kahit mahirap Ang isa sa mga pinakamahirap gawin ay ang mahalin ang

sarili sa wastong paraan

9. Ang pagmamahal ay siyang galaw na sa loob nito’y ang bawat indibidwal na obhetibong nagtataglay ng halaga ang pinakamataas na halagang alinsunod sa kanyang

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kalikasan at minimithing bokasyon, o nasa loob nito’y matatamo ang ulirang kalagayan ng halagang katutubo sa kanyang kalikasan. (Scheler). Paliwanag:

Ang pag-ibig ay isang galaw Pagbibigay ng buong kalooban sa minamahal Ang pag-ibig ay isang kilos at galaw Ang mataas na halaga ang isensiya ng pag-ibig

10. Ang katarungan ang minimong kinakailangan ng pagmamahal na naka-ugat sa di-malabag na pagtao ng Tao.Paliwanag:

True justice has to do with the humanity of laws Giving what is due Ang ganap na katarungan ay may kaugnayan sa respeto sa

karapatan ng tao Nakadepende ang katarungan sa spiritu ng pag-ibig Ang katarungan ay hindi katarungan hangga’t ito ay

simulain ng pag-ibig

11. Ang Tao ay umiiral-tungo-sa-kamatayan. Ang di-tunay na pag-iral-patungo-sa-kamatayan ay pagtakas nito; ang tunay pag-iral-patungo-sa-kamatayan ay ang pag-aantabay sa posibilidad nito. (Hiedigger). Isang pagsubok ng pagmamahal at kondisyon ng kamalayan ang kamatayan. Paliwanag:

Ang kamatayan ay wala pa (not yet, possibility) na magiging (which will be), na kung saan ang tao ay magiging akin

Because this not-yet has to be, then this not yet is already accessible to the huiman being

Analogy, the ripeness of the papaya is the end of its lack-of-ripeness, the end of the not-yet of the papaya. As long as the papaya is not ripe, it is already a not-yet

Authentic: death should be faced Inauthentic: pagtakas sa kamatayan] If you know how to die, you know how to live “Death is to love what wind is to free. It extinguishes the

weak but intensifies the strong.” Death ends life, not the relationship

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Ang pinakadakilang sakripisyo ng kamatayan ay paghihiwalay

Ang kamatayan ay hindi nararamdaman bilang ganap na kawalan/absence bagkus pinapakita nito ang kalaliman ng ating pagmamahalan

Ang kamatayan ay isang pagsubok ng pagmamahal: ang tugon ko ditto ay ipinapakita ang limitasyon sa katawan or my leap to go beyond

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XI. Pilosopiya ng Silanganin (Oriental Philosophy)

1. Confucianisma. Rectification of Nameb. The four Cardinal Virtues: Ren (human

heartedness or love) I (righteousness)c. Chi (wisdom) and Li (propriety)d. The two aspects of Ren; Chung

(conscientiousness) and Shu (the Golden Rule)e. Mencius’ understanding of human naturef. The 3 aims and 8 steps in the Great Learningg. The Doctrine of the Mean

Explanation: Rectification of name: Responsibility The four cardinal virtues:

o Ren (human-heartedness or love): Various translations: benevolence, human-

heartedness, humanity, because it is the most important virtue, “the virtue”

For Confucious, Ren is to love human beings Has its root in filial piety and botherly respect Begins in the family but extends to the

community and the worldo I (righteousness):

Doing what is right because it is right not because of reward or profit, nor because of fear or punishment

Mencius: The importance of motivation in action

What is important in action is the motivationo Chih (Wisdom):

Chih means “to know man” Wang Yang-Ming: “Knowledge is the

beginning of action, action is the completion of knowledge”

Humanism What is important is not the knowledge of

things but the knowledge of men Knowledge is never for knowledge sake, it is

for the sake of action It is the beginning of action Action is the foundation of knowledge

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o Li (Propriety) Means “ritual, good manners, and right

conduct” There is a proper way of behaving in every

occasion For Kong Zi, what is important is the spirit of

sincerity and respect for others and the spirits

Li is for the sake of Li, meaning order and principle of society

Two Aspects of Reno Chung (Conscienciousness)

Be true to yourself Composed of the bottom character, the heart,

meaning center or middle Literally means, put your heart at the center

of what you are doing Translated as fidelity to oneself or

conscienciousness The duty to oneself Magpakatotoo ka

o Shu (The Golden Rule) Composed of the bottom character hsin,

meaning heart and the top character ru, meaning as. Literally means “as the heart dictates”

“do not do unto others what you do not want others to do unto you”

Misinterpretation: MENCIUS is negative Positive formulation of the GR: If you want to

succeed, you must help others to succeed Chung and shu cannot be separated just as

genuine love for oneself cannot be separated from love of others

Kant separates the GR. GR cannot be universal. Kant is wrong!

You can’t be true to others if you are not true to yourself

Mencius’ understandong of human natureo Man by nature is neutralo What makes man a human being is his nature—

reason, for Aquinas

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o For Mencius, what distinguishes of man from animal is the mind-heart

o When we were born, we were born into a cultureo We have the heart—sentient beingso I caanot bear to see other suffer—sympathetic

The 3 aims and 8 steps in the Great Learningo Manifesting clear character (virtue)

To “manifest one’s illustrious virtue”o Loving the people (Wang Yang-Ming) or Renewing

the people (Chu His) To love the people is the way to manifest

one’s illustrious virtueo Abiding in the Highest Good

To abide in the highest good is to manifest one’s illustrious virtue

8 Stepso Investigation of things – to correct o Extension of knowledgeo Sincerity of the willo Rectification of the mind-hearto Culticvation of the personal lifeo Regulation of the familyo National ordero Worlds peace

Are really one Steps preceding cultivation of personal life

are ways of cultivating one’s self and the steps following it are the steps to bring it to the highest perfection

The doctrine of the mean (Chung Yung)o Pangalagaan mo ang smaller parts para mas

mapangalagaan pa ang mga wider parts. E.g. body parts. We have to take care of our cells to maintain the whole body, family to society, to nations, etc

o The self is a micro-universe2. Taoism

a. Lao Tze’s notion of Taob. The Law of Reversionc. Wu Wie (acting by non-acting)d. Chuan-Tze’s way of achieving happiness

Explanation:

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Lao Tze’s notion of Taoo Literally means “road, way”o Namelesso It is responsible for the coming to being of the

universeo The nameless is the origin of heaven and eartho Its unnameable because it is the origin of all

beings, it is no-thingo Essence of tao is nothingo Its function: to make all beings be, the principle

that makes all beings beo It’s a name and is not a name

The Law of Reversiono The movement of Tao is reversion: when a thing

reaches one extreme, it reverts from ito E.g. going far away is returning, upon calamity,

hapinness rests, upon happiness, calamity restso The extreme does not have a limito Too much happiness comes too much sadnesso Stay in the middle

Wu Wie (acting by non-acting)o Doing nothing

But not doing absolutely nothing But acting spontaneously/naturally

o By doing nothing, one is doing something—naturally

o When I dance, I dance through the musico Be natural, Self-forgetfullness o “Tao does not do, yet there is nothing that is not

done” Chuan-Tze’s way of achieving happiness

o Live naturallyo Simplicity is the guiding principle of lifeo One must live prudently, must be meek to preserve

strength, humble to avoid arrogamce, easilty content to safeguard from reaching the extreme

o This does not mean doing absolutely nothing, but lesser activity or doing less

3. Hinduisma. Brahman and Atmanb. Yoga

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Explanation: The philosophy of Hinduism is a way of seeing Brahman

o Derived from "brh" or "himha": to grow or increase or evolve

o The permanent, the enduring in the changingo Brahman and the universe are dual (opposed) but

they are one - ugnayan ng pagkakaisao God of Hinduism

Absolute The identity of God within us

Atmano Selfo Originally from "an" meaning "to breathe" or "at"

meaning "to go"o Life breatho Atman is the self in the heart of thingso Nakaugat ang lahat sa atmano Sarili - nasa loob ng lahat (buod ng lahat)o Soul and the heart of things

Brahman and atman are one and the same Brahman - absolute outside Atman - absolute inside within They enter into union into brahman Atman is your brahman - there is union

4. Buddhisma. The Four Noble Truth and the Eightfold Pathb. The Law of Dependent Origination

Explanation: The Four Noble Truth and the Eightfold Path

o Life is Dukkha Dukka - pain "An axle that is off center is a wheel" Misery, pain that seeps away at the depths of

human existence Life is absurd Life is sad Budda, not pessimistic, becasue there is also

joy in this life, but this joy is superficial - mababaw lang

Life's dislocation: Trauma of birth - iyak agad

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Pathology of sickness - masakit magkasakit

Morbidity of decrepitude - dis-able Phobia of death - takot sa kamatayan To be tied to what one abhors - pinilit

lang ng magulang To be separated form what one loves

There are hazards of one's existence: birth, decay, death, uncertainty with regards to the things of the world

o Cause of Life's desolation is Tanha Tanha - desire for one's own private

fulfillment at the expense of other forms of life

Cycle of becoming caused by craving and grasping or clinging

Nasa - sanhi ng dukkha Craving leads not only to suffering here and

now but also to further suffering in the future, in form of rebirth

o Cure lies in overcoming craving and attachment

o The way to eliminate craving ang clinging is the eightfold path

The Eightfold Patho Right view (knowledge, faith)

To understand the true doctrine, that life is suffering, there is a cause to suffering, there is an end to suffering, and there is a means to suffering

o Right thought (aspiration, focus) Making up our hearts to what we really want To have a clear perception of the true

doctrine and free oneself from lust, ill will, and cruelty

o Right speech Watching our speech Speech towards charity Avoiding and abstaining from telling a lie Speak the truth Avoid tale-bearing (chismis), harsh language

and vain talk

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o Right action (behavior) Do not kill Do not steal Do not lie To not be unchaste Do not drink intoxidants

o Right living To gain livelihood by right means Do not be engaged in such occupations as

butcher, person-peddler, slave dealer, armament-maker, prostitution

o Right effort To strive to avoid the arising of evil Will power and timing Maintain meritorious conditions that have

already ariseno Right mindfulness (attentiveness, know

yourself) Alertness, self-knowledge To be clearly conscious and attentive to

objects of comtemplation Separating authentic and abiding from trivia

o Right concentration Fixation of mind on single object Similar to raja yoga

5. Mahatma Gandhia. Ahimsab. Satyagraha

Explanation: Ahimsa

o Man ha innate desire for peace, justice, order, freedom, and personal dignity

o Non-violenceo The basic law of our beingo It can be used as the most effective principle for

social actiono Himsa or violence degrades and corrupts mano Ahimsa, on the contrary restores or heals man's

nature or beingo Ahimsa gives means to restore social order and

justice

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o It’s not a policy for the seizure of power, but a way of transforming relaitonships so as to bring out peaceful transfer of power, affected freely and without compulsion by all concerned, because all have come to recognize it as right

o Ahimsa is in man's nature itselfo It can be learned by everybody though Ghandhi does

not expect every one to practice ito "Man as animal is violent but the spirit is non-violent.

The moment he awakes to the spirit within, he cannot remain violent. Either he progresses towards ahimsa or rushes to his doom"

o "Non-violence, which is a quality of the heart, cannot come by an appeal to the brain"

o True non-violence implies the highest form of bravery; a kind of charismatic gift; a "creed" and a "passion" for which one sacrifices everything

o It is a complete way of life in which the satyagrahi is totally dedicated to the transformation of his own life, of his adversary, and of society by means of love

o Non-violence is more natural to man than violence Satyagraha

o It is a process of education public opinion such that it covers all the elements of society and in the end makes itself irresistible

o The conditions necessary for the success of satyagraha are:

It should not have hatred in his heart aginst the opponent

The issue must be true and substantial It must be prepared to suffer till the end

o The root of styagraha is prayer; it relies upon God for protection against the tyranny of the brute force

o The art of dying for a satyagrahi consists in facing death cheerfully in the performance of one's duty

o Satyagrahi is the one who is consecrated to non-violent defense of the truth

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Printed: October 02, 2013, St. Camillus College Seminary, Marikina City - W. Mandin II

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