complete 8086 instruction set - ckk.com.tr 03 assembly uygulama.pdf · klavyeden okuyup belleğe...

Assembly Uygulama

Dr Cahit Karakuş

ESENYURT UumlNİVERSİTESİ

2020

İccedilindekiler

1 Assembly programlama komutları 5

11 Data transfer instructions 5

12 Aritmatik işlemler 16

13 Logical operands and Bits manipuumllasyon 17

14 Doumlnguuml komutları 23

15 String Manipulation Instructions 29

16 Karşılaştırma ve atlama 30

17 Alt program 39

18 Flags and Process Control Instructions 42

19 Kesme komutları 45

2 Oumlrnekler 65

21 Aritmetik İşlemler 72

1 Assembly programlama komutları

11 Data transfer instructions Instructions that are used to transfer data address in to registers memory locations and IO

ports Generally involve two operands Source operand and Destination operand of the same

size The size should be a either a byte or a word

Source Register or a memory location or an immediate data

Destination Register or a memory location

A 8-bit data can only be moved to 8-bit register memory and a 16-bit data can be moved to

16-bit register memory

Copies the second operand (source) to the first operand (destination)

the source operand can be an değişken value general-purpose register or memory

location

the destination register can be a general-purpose register or memory location

both operands must be the same size which can be a byte or a word

Segment adres transferinde kurulum iccedilin CS ve IP e veri transferi yapılamaz

Mnemonics MOV XCHG PUSH POP IN OUT

Mov Op1 Op2 Op2 deki veriyi Op1 e transfer eder

Klavyeden okuyup ekrana yazılması

ORG 100h

mov ah1h Klavyeden character okur

int 21h

mov dhal

mov dl= EKRANA = YAZAR

mov ah2h

int 21h

endp

Klavyeden okuyup belleğe yazılması

ORG 100h

MOV AX 02000h

MOV DS AX


int 21h

MOV BX 0000h

MOV [BX] al

endp

Here is a short program that demonstrates the use of MOV instruction

ORG 100h this directive required for a simple 1 segment com program

MOV AX 0B800h set AX to hexadecimal value of B800h

MOV DS AX DS B8000000

MOV BX 0000h set BX to 15Eh

MOV CH 10011100b set CH to binary value (Renk kodu seccedililir)

MOV CL C CL register na A nn ASCII kodu yazlr it is 41h

MOV [BX] CX copy contents of CX to memory at B800015E

MOV CL a

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL h

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL i

MOV [BX+6]CX

MOV CL t

MOV [BX+8]CX

ENDP returns to operating system

Example

ORG 100h

MOV AX 02000h

MOV DS AX

MOV BX 0000h

MOV [BX]55h

inc BX

Mov [BX] 0AAh

inc BX

Mov [BX] 007h

inc BX

MOV AX 0AA55h

Mov [BX] Ah

inc BX

Mov [BX] Al

inc BX

MOV AX 0ccddh

Mov [BX] AX

endp

Oumlrnek calculate the sum of elements in vector

name calc-sum

org 100h directive make tiny com file

mov cx 5 number of elements

mov al 0 al will store the sum

mov bx 0 bx is an index

next add al vector[bx] sum elements

inc bx next byte

loop next loop until cx=0

ret

store result in al

vector db 5 4 5 2 1 variables

Oumlrnek 1 den Nrsquoe kadar sayıların toplanması

name calc-sum


mov cl 15 number of elements


next add al cl sum elements


mov bh al store result in bl

ret

Oumlrnek this example calculates the sum of a vector with another vector and saves result in

third vector

name add-2

you can see the result if you click the vars button

set elements for vec1 vec2 and vec3 to 4 and show as signed

org 100h

vec1 db 1 2 5 6

vec2 db 3 5 6 1

vec3 db

lea si vec1

lea bx vec2

lea di vec3

si=0100

bx=0104

di=0108

DS=700h

vec1=7000h + 100h=7100h

vec2=7000h + 104h=7104h

vec3=7000h + 108h=7108h

mov cx 4

sum

mov al [si]

add al [bx]

mov [di] al

inc si

inc bx

inc di

loop sum

end

Example

ORG 100h

MOV AL 5

MOV AH 2

XCHG AL AH

XCHG AL AH

MOV AX 0B800h


MOV SI 0000H

MOV [SI] 4145H

MOV DX 2021H

XCHG DX [BX]

RET

PUSH - stores 16 bit value in the stack

PUSH REG

PUSH SREG

PUSH memory

PUSH değişken

POP - gets 16 bit value from the stack

POP REG

POP SREG

POP memory

Notes

PUSH and POP work with 16 bit values only

Note PUSH değişken works only on 80186 CPU and later

The stack uses LIFO (Last In First Out) algorithm this means that if we push these values one

by one into the stack 1 2 3 4 5 the first value that we will get on pop will be 5 then 4 3 2

and only then 1 The stack memory area is set by SS (Stack Segment) register and SP (Stack

Pointer) register Generally operating system sets values of these registers on program start

PUSH source instruction subtracts 2 from SP register and writes the value of source to the

address SSSP

POP destination instruction writes the value at the address SSSP to destination and adds

2 to SP register

The current address pointed by SSSP is called the top of the stack

It is very important to do equal number of PUSHs and POPs otherwise the stack maybe

corrupted and it will be impossible to return to operating system As you already know we

use RET instruction to return to operating system so when program starts there is a return

address in stack (generally its 0000h)

PUSH and POP instruction are especially useful because we dont have too much registers to

operate with so here is a trick

Store original value of the register in stack (using PUSH)

Use the register for any purpose

Restore the original value of the register from stack (using POP)

ORG 100h

MOV AX 1234h

PUSH AX store value of AX in stack

MOV AX 5678h modify the AX value

POP AX restore the original value of AX

RET

END

Another use of the stack is for exchanging the values here is an example

ORG 100h

MOV AX 1212h store 1212h in AX

MOV BX 3434h store 3434h in BX


PUSH BX store value of BX in stack

POP AX set AX to original value of BX

POP BX set BX to original value of AX

RET

END

Oumlrnek Push ndash Pop Komutları

ORG 100H

MOV AX55H

MOV BX0AAH

PUSH BX

PUSH AX

MOV AX 0CCH

MOV BX 0DDH

ADD AXBX

MOV [720H] AX

POP AX

POP BX

RET

ORG 100h

MOV AX 1234h



MOV BX 1000h

ADD BX AX


RET

END

Example

Using of the stack is for exchanging the values

ORG 100h







RET

END

LEA (Load Effective Address)

Getting the Address of a Variable

LEA BX VAR1

There is LEA (Load Effective Address) instruction and alternative OFFSET operator Both

OFFSET and LEA can be used to get the offset address of the variable

LEA is more powerful because it also allows you to get the address of an indexed variables

Getting the address of the variable can be very useful in some situations for example when

you need to pass parameters to a procedure

12 Aritmatik işlemler Mnemonics ADD ADC SUB SBB INC DEC MUL DIV CMP

There are 3 groups of instructions

Grup-1 ADD SUB

These instructions affect these flags only CF ZF SF OF PF AF

ADD - add second operand to first

SUB - Subtract second operand to first

CMP - Subtract second operand from first for flags only

Grup-2 MUL IMUL DIV IDIV

MUL and IMUL instructions affect these flags only CF OF

When result is over operand size these flags are set to 1 when result fits in operand size

these flags are set to 0

Grup-3 INC DEC

INC DEC instructions affect these flags only ZF SF OF PF AF

13 Logical operands and Bits manipuumllasyon

AND - Logical AND between all bits of two operands These rules apply

As you see we get 1 only when both bits are 1

OR - Logical OR between all bits of two operands These rules apply

As you see we get 1 every time when at least one of the bits is 1

XOR - Logical XOR (exclusive OR) between all bits of two operands These rules apply

As you see we get 1 every time when bits are different from each other

NOT instruction does not affect any flags

NEG instruction affects these flags only CF ZF SF OF PF AF

TEST - The same as AND but for flags only

Example

Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b

AND AL BL

MOV CL AL

MOV CH BL

OR CL CH

NOT AL

NOT BL

RET

Accedilıklama CS0700 -gt Fiziksel adres07000h Yazılan kodrsquoun başlangıccedil adresi 07000h + IP

=07000 +100=7100h

Example

Org 100h

mov ax 0CCDDH

and ax 0AAEEH

RET

Oumlrnek mov ax 0C123H or ax 8 turn on bit 3 ax = C12BH and ax 0FFDFH turn off bit 5 ax = C10BH xor ax 8000H invert bit 31 ax = 410BH or ax 0F00H turn on nibble ax = 4F0BH and ax 0FFF0H turn off nibble ax = 4F00H xor ax 0F00FH invert nibbles ax = BF0FH xor ax 0FFFFH 1rsquos complement ax = 40F0H The TEST instruction performs an AND operation but does not store the result It only sets the FLAGS register based on what the result would be (much like how the CMP instruction performs a subtraction but only sets FLAGS)

Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b

TEST AL BL ZF 0 -gt 1 PF0 -gt1

TEST AL 00H

TEST BL 0FFH

RET

Bit manipuumllasyon

Oumlrnek

mov ax 0C123H

rol ax 1 ax = 8247H CF = 1

rol ax 1 ax = 048FH CF = 1

rol ax 1 ax = 091EH CF = 0

ror ax 2 ax = 8247H CF = 1

ror ax 1 ax = C123H CF = 1

There are two additional rotate instructions that shift the bits in the data and the carry flag

named RCL and RCR For example if the AX register is rotated with these instructions the

17-bits made up of AX and the carry flag are rotated

mov ax 0C123H

clc clear the carry flag (CF = 0)

rcl ax 1 ax = 8246H CF = 1

rcl ax 1 ax = 048DH CF = 1

rcl ax 1 ax = 091BH CF = 0

rcr ax 2 ax = 8246H CF = 1

rcr ax 1 ax = C123H CF = 0

Oumlrnekler

BİT OumlTELEME

org 100h

mov ax700h

mov dsax

mov bx0200h

mov [bx]0c0h

mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

ror al2

ret

ROL - ROR

ORG 100h

mov ax 100h

mov dsax

mov bx100h

mov [bx]0c0h

Mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

mov bl04h

div bl

RET

ROL KOMUTU

ORG 100h

mov al1

mov cl1

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

mov cl5

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

rol al6

ror al6

ret

2 nin ustu ile carpma ve boumllme

ORG 100h

2 nin ustune bolme

mov al64

mov cl5

ror alcl

2 nin ustu ile carpma

mov al2

mov cl5

rol alcl

ret

14 Doumlnguuml komutları

instruction operation and jump condition opposite

instruction

LOOP decrease CX jump to label if CX not zero DEC CX and JCXZ

LOOPE decrease cx jump to label if cx not zero and equal

(zf = 1) LOOPNE

LOOPNE decrease cx jump to label if cx not zero and not

equal (zf = 0) LOOPE

LOOPNZ decrease cx jump to label if cx not zero and zf = 0 LOOPZ

LOOPZ decrease cx jump to label if cx not zero and zf = 1 LOOPNZ

JCXZ jump to label if cx is zero OR CX CX and

JNZ

loops are basically the same jumps it is possible to code loops without using the loop

instruction by just using conditional jumps and compare and this is just what loop does

all loop instructions use CX register to count steps as you know CX register has 16 bits

and the maximum value it can hold is 65535 or FFFF however with some agility it is

possible to put one loop into another and another into another two and three and etc

and receive a nice value of 65535 65535 65535 till infinity or the end of ram or

stack memory it is possible store original value of cx register using push cx instruction

and return it to original when the internal loop ends with pop cx for example

org 100h

mov bx 0 total step counter

mov cx 5

k1 add bx 1

mov al 1

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k2 add bx 1

mov al 2

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k3 add bx 1

mov al 3

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

loop k3 internal in internal loop

pop cx

loop k2 internal loop

pop cx

loop k1 external loop

ret

Oumlrnekler DİZİ ORTALAMA BULMA

ORG 100h

mov clN

lea dxa

mov bx offset a

mov al0

mov si0

don

add ala[si]

inc si

loop don

div N

ret

a db 563278545

N db 9

Nrsquo E KADAR SAYILARIN TOPLAMINI BULMA

ORG 100h TOP= N(N+1)2

mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret

DİZİ TOPLAMI BULUR

org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cx 4

mov al 0

sum

add al [bx]

inc bx

loop sum

ret

vec1 db 3 6 1 5

LOOP KOMUTU

ORG 100h

TOP= N(N+1)2

mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret

DİZİDE AYNI OLAN SAYIYI BULMA

org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret

vec1 db 23h 26h 22h 35h 39h 0ach0bch

VERİLEN SAYI DİZİDE VARMI

org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret


Klavyeden character okur

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

15 String Manipulation Instructions

Mnemonics REP MOVS CMPS SCAS LODS STOS

String Sequence of bytes or words

8086 instruction set includes instruction for string movement comparison scan load

and store

REP instruction prefix used to repeat execution of string instructions

String instructions end with S or SB or SW S represents

string SB string byte and SW string word

Offset or effective address of the source operand is stored in SI register and that of

the destination operand is stored in DI register

Depending on the status of DF SI and DI registers are automatically updated

16 Karşılaştırma ve atlama Controlling the program flow is a very important thing this is where your program can make

decisions according to certain conditions (If then else While Switch Repeat until Do while

For)

Koşulsuz atlama (JMP Label)

The basic instruction that transfers control to another point in the program is JMP To declare a label in your program just type its name and add to the end

Heres an example of JMP instruction

org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret

We can easily avoid this limitation using a cute trick

Get an opposite conditional jump instruction from the table above make it jump to

label_x

Use JMP instruction to jump to desired location

Define label_x just after the JMP instruction

label_x - can be any valid label name but there must not be two or more labels with

the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5

cmp al bl compare al - bl

je equal there is only 1 byte

jne not_equal jump if al ltgt bl (zf = 0)

jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data

db 256 dup(0) 256 bytes

skip_data

putc n if it gets here then al ltgt bl

jmp stop so print n and jump to stop

equal if gets here

putc y then al = bl so print y

stop

ret

Generally when it is required to compare numeric values CMP instruction is used (it

does the same as SUB (subtract) instruction but does not keep the result just affects the

flags)

Koşullu atlama (CMP Label)

CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h

mov al 25 set al to 25

mov bl 10 set bl to 10


je equal jump if al = bl (zf = 1)

mov al bl if it gets here then al ltgt bl


equal if gets here

Mov blal then al = bl so print y

stop

ret gets here no matter what

Another yet rarely used method is providing an değişken value instead of label When

değişken value starts with $ relative jump is performed otherwise compiler calculates

instruction that jumps directly to given offset For example

org 100h unconditional jump forward skip over next 3 bytes + itself the machine code of short jmp instruction takes 2 bytes jmp $3+2 a db 3 1 byte b db 4 1 byte c db 4 1 byte conditional jump back 5 bytes mov bl9 dec bl 2 bytes cmp bl 0 3 bytes jne $-5 jump 5 bytes back ret

Short Conditional Jumps

Unlike JMP instruction that does an unconditional jump there are instructions that do a conditional jumps (jump only when some conditions are in act) These instructions are divided in three groups first group just test single flag second compares numbers as signed and third compares numbers as unsigned

Jump instructions that test single flag

Instruction Description Condition Opposite

Instruction

JZ JE Jump if Zero (Equal) ZF = 1 JNZ JNE

JC JB JNAE Jump if Carry (Below Not Above

Equal) CF = 1 JNC JNB JAE

JS Jump if Sign SF = 1 JNS

JO Jump if Overflow OF = 1 JNO

JPE JP Jump if Parity Even PF = 1 JPO

JNZ JNE Jump if Not Zero (Not Equal) ZF = 0 JZ JE

JNC JNB

JAE

Jump if Not Carry (Not Below

Above Equal) CF = 0 JC JB JNAE

JNS Jump if Not Sign SF = 0 JS

JNO Jump if Not Overflow OF = 0 JO

JPO JNP Jump if Parity Odd (No Parity) PF = 0 JPE JP

as you may already notice there are some instructions that do that same thing thats

correct they even are assembled into the same machine code so its good to remember

that when you compile JE instruction - you will get it disassembled as JZ JC is assembled

the same as JB etc

different names are used to make programs easier to understand to code and most

importantly to remember very offset dissembler has no clue what the original

instruction was look like thats why it uses the most common name

if you emulate this code you will see that all instructions are assembled into JNB the

operational code (opcode) for this instruction is 73h this instruction has fixed length of

two bytes the second byte is number of bytes to add to the IP register if the condition is

true because the instruction has only 1 byte to keep the offset it is limited to pass

control to -128 bytes back or 127 bytes forward this value is always signed

jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret

Jump instructions for signed numbers


Instruction

JE JZ Jump if Equal (=)

Jump if Zero ZF = 1 JNE JNZ

JNE JNZ Jump if Not Equal (ltgt)

Jump if Not Zero ZF = 0 JE JZ

JG JNLE Jump if Greater (gt)

Jump if Not Less or Equal (not lt=)

ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)

Jump if Not Greater or Equal (not

gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE

JGE JNL Jump if Greater or Equal (gt=)

Jump if Not Less (not lt) SF = OF JNGE JL

JLE JNG Jump if Less or Equal (lt=)

Jump if Not Greater (not gt)

ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG

ltgt - sign means not equal

KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret

MESAJ db MERHABADUNYA$


Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)

Jump if Not Below or Equal (not

lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)

Jump if Not Above or Equal (not

gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC

Jump if Above or Equal (gt=)

Jump if Not Below (not lt)

Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB

JBE JNA Jump if Below or Equal (lt=)

Jump if Not Above (not gt)

CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA

Oumlrnekler Karşılaştırma yapar

ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK

EBEN mov dx offset msg2

TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET

msg2 db AL 5 den buyuk veya esit $

msg1 db AL 5 den buyuk ve esit degil $

17 Alt program İki ayrı kısımdan oluşur ana program ve alt program

Ana programda

Org 100h

Call alt program ismi

Ret

Alt program tarafından kullanılacak girişi verileri data reg değişkenler memory te

kayıtlıdır Alt program buralardan verileri alır yine tanımlı kayıt alanlarından ana

programa doumlner

Alt program ismi PROC

Alt program ismi ENDP

END

Ana program ve alt program birlikte sonlandırılması END komutu ile yapılır

Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2

RET return to operating system

m1 PROC

MOV BX 5

RET return to caller

m1 ENDP

END

The above example calls procedure m1 does MOV BX 5 and returns to the next instruction

after CALL MOV AX 2

There are several ways to pass parameters to procedure the easiest way to pass parameters

is by using registers here is another example of a procedure that receives two parameters in

AL and BL registers multiplies these parameters and returns the result in AX register

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

In the above example value of AL register is update every time the procedure is called BL

register stays unchanged so this algorithm calculates 2 in power of 4

so final result in AX register is 16 (or 10h)

Here goes another example

that uses a procedure to print a Hello World message

ORG 100h

LEA SI msg load address of msg to SI

CALL print_me


==========================================================

this procedure prints a string the string should be null

terminated (have zero in the end)

the string address should be in SI register

print_me PROC

next_char

CMP b[SI] 0 check for zero to stop

JE stop

MOV AL [SI] next get ASCII char

MOV AH 0Eh teletype function number

INT 10h using interrupt to print a char in AL

ADD SI 1 advance index of string array

JMP next_char go back and type another char

stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================

msg DB Hello World 0 null terminated string

END

b - prefix before [SI] means that we need to compare bytes not words When you need to

compare words add w prefix instead When one of the compared operands is a register

its not required because compiler knows the size of each register

18 Flags and Process Control Instructions

STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0

CMC Complement carry CF CF

STD Set direction flag DF 1

CLD Clear direction flag DF 0

STI Set interrupt enable flag IF 1

CLI Clear interrupt enable flag IF 0

NOP No operation

HLT Halt after interrupt is set

WAIT Wait for TEST pin active

ESC opcode mem reg Used to pass instruction to a coprocessor which shares the address and data bus with the 8086

LOCK Lock bus during next instruction

Most Arithmetic and Logic Instructions affect the processor status register (or Flags)

As you may see there are 16 bits in this register each bit is called a flag and can take a value

of 1 or 0

Carry Flag (CF) - this flag is set to 1 when there is an unsigned overflow For example

when you add bytes 255 + 1 (result is not in range 0255) When there is no

overflow this flag is set to 0

Zero Flag (ZF) - set to 1 when result is zero For none zero result this flag is set to 0

Sign Flag (SF) - set to 1 when result is negative When result is positive it is set to 0

Actually this flag take the value of the most significant bit

Overflow Flag (OF) - set to 1 when there is a signed overflow For example when

you add bytes 100 + 50 (result is not in range -128127)

Parity Flag (PF) - this flag is set to 1 when there is even number of one bits in result

and to 0 when there is odd number of one bits Even if result is a word only 8 low bits

are analyzed

Auxiliary Flag (AF) - set to 1 when there is an unsigned overflow for low nibble (4

bits)

Interrupt enable Flag (IF) - when this flag is set to 1 CPU reacts to interrupts from

external devices

Direction Flag (DF) - this flag is used by some instructions to process data chains

when this flag is set to 0 - the processing is done forward when this flag is set to 1

the processing is done backward

CLC No operands Clear Carry flag Algorithm CF = 0

STC No operands Set Carry flag Algorithm CF = 1

CLD No operands

Clear Direction flag SI and DI will be incremented by chain

instructions CMPSB CMPSW LODSB LODSW MOVSB

MOVSW STOSB STOSW Algorithm DF = 0

STD No operands

Set Direction flag SI and DI will be decremented by chain



CLI No operands Clear Interrupt enable flag This disables hardware interrupts

Algorithm IF = 0

STI No operands Set Interrupt enable flag This enables hardware interrupts

Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands

Complement Carry flag Inverts value of CF

Algorithm

if CF = 1 then CF = 0


Oumlrnek RCR ve RCL ORG 100h STC set carry (CF=1) CLC STC CMC CMC MOV AL 3h AL = 00011100b RCL AL 2 AL = 00111001b CF=0 RET

19 Kesme komutları Interrupts make the programming much easier instead of writing a code to print a character

you can simply call the interrupt and it will do everything for you There are also interrupt

functions that work with disk drive and other hardware We call such functions software

interrupts Interrupts are also triggered by different hardware these are called hardware

interrupts

To make a software interrupt there is an INT instruction it has very simple syntax INT value

Where value can be a number between 0 to 255 (or 0 to 0FFh) generally we will use

hexadecimal numbers You may think that there are only 256 functions but that is not

correct Each interrupt may have sub-functions To specify a sub-function AH register should

be set before calling interrupt Each interrupt may have up to 256 sub-functions (so we get

256 256 = 65536 functions) In general AH register is used but sometimes other registers

maybe in use Generally other registers are used to pass parameters and data to sub-

function

The following example uses INT 10h sub-function 0Eh to type a Hello message This

functions displays a character on the screen advancing the cursor and scrolling the screen as

necessary

x86 assembler emulator tarafından desteklenen kesme (INT) komutları

INT 10h 11h 12h 13h 15h 16h 19h 1ah 20h 21h 33h

INT 10h

Set video mode

AL = desired video mode these video modes are supported

00h - text mode 40x25 16 colors 8 pages


13h - graphical mode 40x25 256 colors 320x200 pixels 1 page

mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h

set text-mode cursor shape

CH = cursor start line (bits 0-4) and options (bits 5-7)

CL = bottom cursor line (bits 0-4)

when bit 5 of CH is set to 0 the cursor is visible when bit 5 is 1 the cursor is not

visible

Mov ch cursor başlama satırı

Mov cl aşğıdaki cursor başlama satırı

Mov ah01h

INT 10h

hide blinking text cursor

mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h

show standard blinking text cursor

mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h

show box-shaped blinking text cursor

mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h

note some bioses required CL to be gt=7

otherwise wrong cursor shapes are displayed

set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h

get cursor position and size

BH = page number

CH = cursor start line CL = cursor bottom line

DH = satır DL = suumltun

Mov ah03h

INT 10h

select active video page

AL = new page number (07) the activated page is displayed

Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h

AH = 06h - scroll up window AH = 07h - scroll down window

input

AL = number of lines by which to scroll (00h = clear entire window)

BH = attribute used to write blank lines at bottom of window

CH CL = row column of windows upper left corner

DH DL = row column of windows lower right corner

INT 10h AH = 08h - read character and attribute at cursor position

BH = page number AH = attribute AL = character

write character and attribute at cursor position

AL = character to display BH = page number BL = attribute

CX = number of times to write character

Mov Ah09h

INT 10h

write character only at cursor position

AL = character to display BH = page number CX = number of times to write character

Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h

Change color for a single pixel

AL = pixel colori CX = column DX = row

Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h set graphics video mode

mov al 1100b pixel color

mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel

Get color of a single pixel

CX = column DX = row

output AL = pixel color

Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h

Teletype output ndash Write character

This function displays a character on the screen advancing the cursor and scrolling the

screen as necessary the printing is always done to current active page

Mov AH 0eh AH = 0Eh - teletype output

Mov AL lsquoArsquo AL = character to write

INT 10h

example

ORG 100h directive to make a simple com file The sub-function that we

are using Does not modify the AH register on Return so we may set it only

once

MOV AH 0Eh select sub-function

MOV AL H ASCII code 72

INT 10h print it

MOV AL e ASCII code 101

INT 10h print it

MOV AL l ASCII code 108

INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it

MOV AL o ASCII code 111

INT 10h print it

MOV AL ASCII code 33

INT 10h print it

RET returns to operating system

note on specific systems this function may not be supported in graphics mode

Write string

Mov AH 13h AH = 13h - write string

MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode

bit 0 update cursor after writing

bit 1 string contains attributes

BH = page number

BL = attribute if string contains only characters (bit 1 of AL is zero)

CX = number of characters in string (attributes are not counted)

DLDH = column row at which to start writing

ESBP points to string to be printed

example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b

mov cx msg1end - offset msg1 calculate message size

mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end

INT 10h AX = 1003h - toggle intensityblinking

input BL = write mode

0 enable intensive colors

1 enable blinking (not supported by the emulator and windows command prompt)

BH = 0 (to avoid problems on some adapters)

example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table

character attribute is 8 bit value low 4 bits set fore color high 4 bits set background color

note the emulator and windows command line prompt do not support background blinking

however to make colors look the same in dos and in full screen mode it is required to turn

off the background blinking

HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red

D 1101 light magenta

E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white

note use this code for compatibility with doscmd prompt full screen mode

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0 disable blinking

int 10h

INT 11h - get BIOS equipment list

return AX = BIOS equipment list word actually this call returns the contents of the word at

0040h0010h

Currently this function can be used to determine the number of installed number of floppy

disk drives

Bit fields for BIOS-detected installed hardware

bit(s) Description

15-14 Number of parallel devices

13 Reserved

12 Game port installed

11-9 Number of serial devices

8 Reserved

7-6 Number of floppy disk drives (minus 1)

00 single floppy disk

01 two floppy disks

10 three floppy disks

11 four floppy disks

5-4 Initial video mode

00 EGAVGAPGA or other with on-board video BIOS

01 40x25 CGA color

10 80x25 CGA color (emulator default)

11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved

2 PS2 mouse is installed

1 Math coprocessor installed

0 Set when booted from floppy

INT 12h - get memory size

return AX = kilobytes of contiguous memory starting at absolute address 00000h this call

returns the contents of the word at 0040h0013h

Floppy drives are emulated using FLOPPY_0(3) files

INT 13h AH = 00h - reset disk system

INT 13h AH = 02h - read disk sectors into memory

INT 13h AH = 03h - write disk sectors

input

AL = number of sectors to readwrite (must be nonzero)

CH = cylinder number (079) CL = sector number (118)

DH = head number (01) DL = drive number (03 for the emulator it depends on quantity

of FLOPPY_ files)

ESBX points to data buffer

return

CF set on error

CF clear if successful

AH = status (0 - if successful)

AL = number of sectors transferred

Note each sector has 512 bytes

INT 15h AH = 86h - BIOS wait function

input

CXDX = interval in microseconds

return

CF clear if successful (wait interval elapsed)

CF set on error or when wait function is already in progress

Note

the resolution of the wait period is 977 microseconds on many systems (1 million

microseconds - 1 second)

Windows XP does not support this interrupt (always sets CF=1)

INT 16h AH = 00h - get keystroke from keyboard (no echo)

return

AH = BIOS scan code AL = ASCII character

(if a keystroke is present it is removed from the keyboard buffer)

INT 16h AH = 01h - check for keystroke in the keyboard buffer

return

ZF = 1 if keystroke is not available ZF = 0 if keystroke available


(if a keystroke is present it is not removed from the keyboard buffer)

INT 19h - system reboot

Usually the BIOS will try to read sector 1 head 0 track 0 from drive A to 0000h7C00h The

emulator just stops the execution to boot from floppy drive select from the menu virtual

drive -gt boot from floppy

INT 1Ah AH = 00h - get system time

return

CXDX = number of clock ticks since midnight

AL = midnight counter advanced each time midnight passes

notes

there are approximately 1820648 clock ticks per second

and 1800B0h per 24 hours

AL is not set by the emulator

INT 20h - exit to operating system

INT 21h INT 21h AH=1 - read character from standard input with echo result is stored in AL

if there is no character in the keyboard buffer the function waits until any key is pressed

example

mov ah 1

int 21h

INT 21h AH=2 - write character to standard output

entry DL = character to write after execution AL = DL

example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h

INT 21h AH=5 - output character to printer

entry DL = character to print after execution AL = DL

example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h

INT 21h AH=6 - direct console input or output

parameters for output DL = 0254 (ascii code)

parameters for input DL = 255

for output returns AL = DL

for input returns ZF set if no character available and AL = 00h ZF clear if character available

AL = character read buffer is cleared

example

mov ah 6

mov dl a

int 21h output character

mov ah 6

mov dl 255

int 21h get character from keyboard buffer (if any) or set ZF=1

INT 21h AH=7 - character input without echo to AL


example

mov ah 7

int 21h

INT 21h AH=9 - output of a string at DSDX String must be terminated by $

example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret

msg db hello world $

INT 21h AH=0Ah - input of a string to DSDX fist byte is buffer size second byte is number

of chars actually read this function does not add $ in the end of string to print using INT

21h AH=9 you must set dollar character at the end of it and start printing from address

DSDX + 2

example

org 100h

mov dx offset buffer

mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print

buffer db 10 10 dup( )

print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $

mov dx offset buffer + 2

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret

INT 21h AH=0Bh - get input status

returns AL = 00h if no character available AL = 0FFh if character is available

INT 21h AH=0Ch - flush keyboard buffer and read standard input

entry AL = number of input function to execute after flushing buffer (can be

01h06h07h08h or 0Ah - for other values the buffer is flushed but no input is attempted)

other registers as appropriate for the selected input function

INT 21h AH= 0Eh - select default drive

Entry DL = new default drive (0=A 1=B etc)

Return AL = number of potentially valid drive letters

Notes the return value is the highest drive present

INT 21h AH= 19h - get current default drive

Return AL = drive (0=A 1=B etc)

INT 21h AH=25h - set interrupt vector

input AL = interrupt number DSDX -gt new interrupt handler

Sistemin Tarihini Oumlğrenme

Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h

return CX = year (1980-2099) DH = month DL = day AL = day of week (00h=Sunday)

Sistemin Saatini Oumlğrenme

Mov ah2ch

INT 21h

return CH = hour CL = minute DH = second DL = 1100 seconds

INT 21h AH=35h - get interrupt vector

entry AL = interrupt number

return ESBX -gt current interrupt handler

INT 21h AH= 39h - make directory

entry DSDX -gt ASCIZ pathname zero terminated string for example

org 100h

mov dx offset filepath

mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret

filepath DB Cmydir 0 path to be created

end

the above code creates cemu8086vdriveCmydir directory if run by the emulator

Return CF clear if successful AX destroyed CF set on error AX = error code

Note all directories in the given path must exist except the last one

INT 21h AH= 3Ah - remove directory

Entry DSDX -gt ASCIZ pathname of directory to be removed

Return

CF is clear if successful AX destroyed CF is set on error AX = error code

Notes directory must be empty (there should be no files inside of it)

INT 21h AH= 3Bh - set current directory

Entry DSDX -gt ASCIZ pathname to become current directory (max 64 bytes)

Return

Carry Flag is clear if successful AX destroyed

Carry Flag is set on error AX = error code

Notes even if new directory name includes a drive letter the default drive is not changed

only the current directory on that drive

INT 21h AH= 3Ch - create or truncate file

entry

CX = file attributes

mov cx 0 normal - no attributes

mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system

mov cx 7 hidden system and read-only

mov cx 16 archive

DSDX -gt ASCIZ filename

returns

CF clear if successful AX = file handle

CF set on error AX = error code

note if specified file exists it is deleted without a warning

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0

mov dx offset filename

mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k

filename db myfiletxt 0

handle dw

err

k

ret

INT 21h AH= 3Dh - open existing file

Entry

AL = access and sharing modes

mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return



note 1 file pointer is set to start of file

note 2 file must exist

example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret

INT 21h AH= 3Eh - close file

Entry BX = file handle

Return

CF clear if successful AX destroyed

CF set on error AX = error code (06h)

INT 21h AH= 3Fh - read from file

Entry

BX = file handle

CX = number of bytes to read

DSDX -gt buffer for data

Return

CF is clear if successful - AX = number of bytes actually read 0 if at EOF (end of file) before

call

CF is set on error AX = error code

Note data is read beginning at current file position and the file position is updated after a

successful read the returned AX may be smaller than the request in CX if a partial read

occurred

INT 21h AH= 40h - write to file

entry

BX = file handle

CX = number of bytes to write

DSDX -gt data to write

return

CF clear if successful AX = number of bytes actually written


Note if CX is zero no data is written and the file is truncated or extended to the current

position data is written beginning at the current file position and the file position is updated

after a successful write the usual cause for AX lt CX on return is a full disk

INT 21h AH= 41h - delete file (unlink)

Entry

DSDX -gt ASCIZ filename (no wildcards but see notes)

return

CF clear if successful AX destroyed AL is the drive of deleted file (undocumented)


Note DOS does not erase the files data it merely becomes inaccessible because the FAT

chain for the file is cleared deleting a file which is currently open may lead to filesystem

corruption

INT 21h AH= 42h - SEEK - set current file position

Entry

AL = origin of move 0 - start of file 1 - current file position 2 - end of file

BX = file handle

CXDX = offset from origin of new file position

Return

CF clear if successful DXAX = new file position in bytes from start of file


Notes for origins 1 and 2 the pointer may be positioned before the start of the file no error

is returned in that case but subsequent attempts to read or write the file will produce errors

If the new position is beyond the current end of file the file will be extended by the next

write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h

int 21h write to file

mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh

int 21h read from file

mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files

data_size=$-offset data

buffer db 4 dup( )

INT 21h AH= 47h - get current directory

Entry

DL = drive number (00h = default 01h = A etc)

DSSI -gt 64-byte buffer for ASCIZ pathname

Return

Carry is clear if successful

Carry is set on error AX = error code (0Fh)

Notes

the returned path does not include a drive and the initial backslash

INT 21h AH=4Ch - return control to the operating system (stop program)

INT 21h AH= 56h - rename file move file

Entry

DSDX -gt ASCIZ filename of existing file

ESDI -gt ASCIZ new filename

Return



Note allows move between directories on same logical drive only open files should not be

renamed

mouse driver interrupts -- INT 33h

INT 33h AX=0000 - mouse ininialization any previous mouse pointer is hidden

returns

if successful AX=0FFFFh and BX=number of mouse buttons

if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h

see also mouseasm in examples

INT 33h AX=0001 - show mouse pointer

example

mov ax 1

int 33h

INT 33h AX=0002 - hide visible mouse pointer

example

mov ax 2

int 33h

INT 33h AX=0003 - get mouse position and status of its buttons

returns

if left button is down BX=1

if right button is down BX=2

if both buttons are down BX=3

CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler

DİZİ OKUR EKRANA YAZAR

ORG 100h

mov si0h

MOV BX OFFSET a get address of VAR1 in BX

atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2

int 21h dlrsquonin iccedileriğini ekrana yazar

cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret

a db 41h42h43h44h 45h46h47h48h49h4ah4bh 4ch4dh 0h

Accedilıklama Dizinin yerinin DSrsquode bulunması DS0700 Bxrsquoin iccedileriği yazıldığında dizinin yeri

bulunur

SAYI OKUR BELLEĞE YAZAR

org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h

donnmov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK

HATA mov dx offset MESAJ1

mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET

MESAJ db 0dh0ahLED ICIN 10 GIRIN $

MESAJ1 db HATALI GIRDIN 10 GIRIN $

Değişken tanımlama

ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h

Belleğe dizi elemanlarını yazma okuma ve toplamını bulma

DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla

git mov bxoffset msg

mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret

msg db HEP SEN EZILEN $

EKRANA YAZI YAZAR



MOV DS AX copy value of AX to DS

MOV CL A set CL to ASCII code of A it is 41h

MOV CH 10011100b set CH to binary value

MOV BX 15Eh set BX to 15Eh


MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX


KLAVYEDEN KAREKTER OKUMA VE EKRANA YAZMA

org 100h Example 3 Reading and displaying a character

mov ah01h keyboard input subprogram

int 21h read character into al

mov dlal copy character to dl

mov ah 02h character output subprogram

int 21h display character in dl

mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h

21 Aritmetik İşlemler Oumlrnek İki kompleks sayının toplanması ve ekrana yazılması

Oumlrnek İki kompleks sayının ccedilarpılması ve ekrana yazılması

Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ1

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret

MESAJ1 db Input Number -1$


Aritmetik işlem - 1

org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch

add axbx for addition

sub axbx for subtraction

mul bx for multiplication

div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov ax 5 load 5 into ax

add ax 3 add 3 to the contents of ax and ax now contains 8

inc ax add 1 to ax and ax now contains 9

dec ax subtract 1 from ax and ax now contains 8

sub ax 6 subtract 4 from ax and ax now contains 2

ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret

1rsquoden Nrsquoe kadar toplamı bulma

org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h

0 ile 99 arasinde desimal sayi girer

don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl

faktoriyel bulur ( 8 e kadar)

mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret

DİZİDE BUumlYUumlK ELAMANI BULMA

org 100h

mov cl1

mov chN dizi uzunlugu

lea bxvec dizinini baslangic adresi

mov dh[bx] max=vec[1]

L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]

cmp dhdl max gt vec[i]

ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8

vec db 43h 1h 3h75h 9h7h2h66h

end

DİZİDE BUumlYUumlK BULAN

org 100h

max bulur

mov cl dizi_n dizi uzunlugu

lea bx vec dizinini baslangic adresi

mov dl[bx] max=vec[1]

dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]

cmp dlal max gt vec[i]

ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex

max index led icin rol bulur

mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1


8 BIT PORT KONTROLUumlNDE ONOFF CcedilALIŞTIRMA

program port control yapar

org 100h

mov bx 0200h ledlerin durumu yazildigi ram gozleri

mov cl30h ledler 18

don2

mov dx offset mesaj1 mesaj1 yazar

mov ah 09h

int 21h

led no ascii karekter ekrana yazar

mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h

don1 mov ah1h led durumu 0 mi 1 mi kontrol eder

int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1

sub al030h led durumu al de

mov [bx] al ram e led durumunu yazar

inc bx ram arti

inc cl led artirildi

cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret

mesaj1 db 0dh0ahLED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

BİLGİSAYAR PARELEL PORT KONTROL


org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18

cursor set bilgileri ram e yazilir

mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h

led ascii karekter ekrana yazar

mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

mov [250h]bh register lar ram e yazilir

mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl

cursor set bilgileri ram den okunur

mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h

register lara ram den tekrar data tarsfer edilir

mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h

mov dl 0ah satir besle

mov ah2

int 21h

cmp cl039h led 8 den buyudumu

je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2

mov bx0200h ram den okur

mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-3 to print a Hello World message

ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

CHARACTER TO HEX CONVERTER

org 100h

0 15 RAM gozune yazildi

mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don

ram den okur ekrana yazar

mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1

mov ah1h KAREKTER OKUR

int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255

don mov dlcl keyboard input subprogram

mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret

İccedilindekiler

1 Assembly programlama komutları 5

11 Data transfer instructions 5

12 Aritmatik işlemler 16

13 Logical operands and Bits manipuumllasyon 17

14 Doumlnguuml komutları 23

15 String Manipulation Instructions 29

16 Karşılaştırma ve atlama 30

17 Alt program 39

18 Flags and Process Control Instructions 42

19 Kesme komutları 45

2 Oumlrnekler 65

21 Aritmetik İşlemler 72











location







ORG 100h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

endp


ORG 100h

MOV AX 02000h

MOV DS AX


int 21h

MOV BX 0000h

MOV [BX] al

endp









MOV CL a

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL h

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL i

MOV [BX+6]CX

MOV CL t

MOV [BX+8]CX


Example

ORG 100h

MOV AX 02000h

MOV DS AX

MOV BX 0000h

MOV [BX]55h

inc BX

Mov [BX] 0AAh

inc BX

Mov [BX] 007h

inc BX

MOV AX 0AA55h

Mov [BX] Ah

inc BX

Mov [BX] Al

inc BX

MOV AX 0ccddh

Mov [BX] AX

endp


name calc-sum






inc bx next byte


ret

store result in al



name calc-sum







ret


third vector

name add-2



org 100h

vec1 db 1 2 5 6

vec2 db 3 5 6 1

vec3 db

lea si vec1

lea bx vec2

lea di vec3

si=0100

bx=0104

di=0108

DS=700h

vec1=7000h + 100h=7100h

vec2=7000h + 104h=7104h

vec3=7000h + 108h=7108h

mov cx 4

sum

mov al [si]

add al [bx]

mov [di] al

inc si

inc bx

inc di

loop sum

end

Example

ORG 100h

MOV AL 5

MOV AH 2

XCHG AL AH

XCHG AL AH

MOV AX 0B800h


MOV SI 0000H

MOV [SI] 4145H

MOV DX 2021H

XCHG DX [BX]

RET


PUSH REG

PUSH SREG

PUSH memory

PUSH değişken


POP REG

POP SREG

POP memory

Notes








address SSSP


2 to SP register











ORG 100h

MOV AX 1234h




RET

END


ORG 100h







RET

END


ORG 100H

MOV AX55H

MOV BX0AAH

PUSH BX

PUSH AX

MOV AX 0CCH

MOV BX 0DDH

ADD AXBX

MOV [720H] AX

POP AX

POP BX

RET

ORG 100h

MOV AX 1234h



MOV BX 1000h

ADD BX AX


RET

END

Example


ORG 100h







RET

END



LEA BX VAR1








Grup-1 ADD SUB









Grup-3 INC DEC












Example

Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b

AND AL BL

MOV CL AL

MOV CH BL

OR CL CH

NOT AL

NOT BL

RET


=07000 +100=7100h

Example

Org 100h

mov ax 0CCDDH

and ax 0AAEEH

RET


Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b


TEST AL 00H

TEST BL 0FFH

RET

Bit manipuumllasyon

Oumlrnek

mov ax 0C123H

rol ax 1 ax = 8247H CF = 1



ror ax 2 ax = 8247H CF = 1





mov ax 0C123H


rcl ax 1 ax = 8246H CF = 1



rcr ax 2 ax = 8246H CF = 1


Oumlrnekler

BİT OumlTELEME

org 100h

mov ax700h

mov dsax

mov bx0200h

mov [bx]0c0h

mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

ror al2

ret

ROL - ROR

ORG 100h

mov ax 100h

mov dsax

mov bx100h

mov [bx]0c0h

Mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

mov bl04h

div bl

RET

ROL KOMUTU

ORG 100h

mov al1

mov cl1

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

mov cl5

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

rol al6

ror al6

ret


ORG 100h

2 nin ustune bolme

mov al64

mov cl5

ror alcl


mov al2

mov cl5

rol alcl

ret



instruction



(zf = 1) LOOPNE






JNZ









org 100h


mov cx 5

k1 add bx 1

mov al 1

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k2 add bx 1

mov al 2

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k3 add bx 1

mov al 3

mov ah 0eh

int 10h


pop cx


pop cx


ret


ORG 100h

mov clN

lea dxa

mov bx offset a

mov al0

mov si0

don

add ala[si]

inc si

loop don

div N

ret

a db 563278545

N db 9



mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cx 4

mov al 0

sum

add al [bx]

inc bx

loop sum

ret

vec1 db 3 6 1 5

LOOP KOMUTU

ORG 100h

TOP= N(N+1)2

mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret











location







ORG 100h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

endp


ORG 100h

MOV AX 02000h

MOV DS AX


int 21h

MOV BX 0000h

MOV [BX] al

endp









MOV CL a

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL h

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL i

MOV [BX+6]CX

MOV CL t

MOV [BX+8]CX


Example

ORG 100h

MOV AX 02000h

MOV DS AX

MOV BX 0000h

MOV [BX]55h

inc BX

Mov [BX] 0AAh

inc BX

Mov [BX] 007h

inc BX

MOV AX 0AA55h

Mov [BX] Ah

inc BX

Mov [BX] Al

inc BX

MOV AX 0ccddh

Mov [BX] AX

endp


name calc-sum






inc bx next byte


ret

store result in al



name calc-sum







ret


third vector

name add-2



org 100h

vec1 db 1 2 5 6

vec2 db 3 5 6 1

vec3 db

lea si vec1

lea bx vec2

lea di vec3

si=0100

bx=0104

di=0108

DS=700h

vec1=7000h + 100h=7100h

vec2=7000h + 104h=7104h

vec3=7000h + 108h=7108h

mov cx 4

sum

mov al [si]

add al [bx]

mov [di] al

inc si

inc bx

inc di

loop sum

end

Example

ORG 100h

MOV AL 5

MOV AH 2

XCHG AL AH

XCHG AL AH

MOV AX 0B800h


MOV SI 0000H

MOV [SI] 4145H

MOV DX 2021H

XCHG DX [BX]

RET


PUSH REG

PUSH SREG

PUSH memory

PUSH değişken


POP REG

POP SREG

POP memory

Notes








address SSSP


2 to SP register











ORG 100h

MOV AX 1234h




RET

END


ORG 100h







RET

END


ORG 100H

MOV AX55H

MOV BX0AAH

PUSH BX

PUSH AX

MOV AX 0CCH

MOV BX 0DDH

ADD AXBX

MOV [720H] AX

POP AX

POP BX

RET

ORG 100h

MOV AX 1234h



MOV BX 1000h

ADD BX AX


RET

END

Example


ORG 100h







RET

END



LEA BX VAR1








Grup-1 ADD SUB









Grup-3 INC DEC












Example

Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b

AND AL BL

MOV CL AL

MOV CH BL

OR CL CH

NOT AL

NOT BL

RET


=07000 +100=7100h

Example

Org 100h

mov ax 0CCDDH

and ax 0AAEEH

RET


Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b


TEST AL 00H

TEST BL 0FFH

RET

Bit manipuumllasyon

Oumlrnek

mov ax 0C123H

rol ax 1 ax = 8247H CF = 1



ror ax 2 ax = 8247H CF = 1





mov ax 0C123H


rcl ax 1 ax = 8246H CF = 1



rcr ax 2 ax = 8246H CF = 1


Oumlrnekler

BİT OumlTELEME

org 100h

mov ax700h

mov dsax

mov bx0200h

mov [bx]0c0h

mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

ror al2

ret

ROL - ROR

ORG 100h

mov ax 100h

mov dsax

mov bx100h

mov [bx]0c0h

Mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

mov bl04h

div bl

RET

ROL KOMUTU

ORG 100h

mov al1

mov cl1

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

mov cl5

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

rol al6

ror al6

ret


ORG 100h

2 nin ustune bolme

mov al64

mov cl5

ror alcl


mov al2

mov cl5

rol alcl

ret



instruction



(zf = 1) LOOPNE






JNZ









org 100h


mov cx 5

k1 add bx 1

mov al 1

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k2 add bx 1

mov al 2

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k3 add bx 1

mov al 3

mov ah 0eh

int 10h


pop cx


pop cx


ret


ORG 100h

mov clN

lea dxa

mov bx offset a

mov al0

mov si0

don

add ala[si]

inc si

loop don

div N

ret

a db 563278545

N db 9



mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cx 4

mov al 0

sum

add al [bx]

inc bx

loop sum

ret

vec1 db 3 6 1 5

LOOP KOMUTU

ORG 100h

TOP= N(N+1)2

mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret


ORG 100h

MOV AX 02000h

MOV DS AX


int 21h

MOV BX 0000h

MOV [BX] al

endp









MOV CL a

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL h

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL i

MOV [BX+6]CX

MOV CL t

MOV [BX+8]CX


Example

ORG 100h

MOV AX 02000h

MOV DS AX

MOV BX 0000h

MOV [BX]55h

inc BX

Mov [BX] 0AAh

inc BX

Mov [BX] 007h

inc BX

MOV AX 0AA55h

Mov [BX] Ah

inc BX

Mov [BX] Al

inc BX

MOV AX 0ccddh

Mov [BX] AX

endp


name calc-sum






inc bx next byte


ret

store result in al



name calc-sum







ret


third vector

name add-2



org 100h

vec1 db 1 2 5 6

vec2 db 3 5 6 1

vec3 db

lea si vec1

lea bx vec2

lea di vec3

si=0100

bx=0104

di=0108

DS=700h

vec1=7000h + 100h=7100h

vec2=7000h + 104h=7104h

vec3=7000h + 108h=7108h

mov cx 4

sum

mov al [si]

add al [bx]

mov [di] al

inc si

inc bx

inc di

loop sum

end

Example

ORG 100h

MOV AL 5

MOV AH 2

XCHG AL AH

XCHG AL AH

MOV AX 0B800h


MOV SI 0000H

MOV [SI] 4145H

MOV DX 2021H

XCHG DX [BX]

RET


PUSH REG

PUSH SREG

PUSH memory

PUSH değişken


POP REG

POP SREG

POP memory

Notes








address SSSP


2 to SP register











ORG 100h

MOV AX 1234h




RET

END


ORG 100h







RET

END


ORG 100H

MOV AX55H

MOV BX0AAH

PUSH BX

PUSH AX

MOV AX 0CCH

MOV BX 0DDH

ADD AXBX

MOV [720H] AX

POP AX

POP BX

RET

ORG 100h

MOV AX 1234h



MOV BX 1000h

ADD BX AX


RET

END

Example


ORG 100h







RET

END



LEA BX VAR1








Grup-1 ADD SUB









Grup-3 INC DEC












Example

Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b

AND AL BL

MOV CL AL

MOV CH BL

OR CL CH

NOT AL

NOT BL

RET


=07000 +100=7100h

Example

Org 100h

mov ax 0CCDDH

and ax 0AAEEH

RET


Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b


TEST AL 00H

TEST BL 0FFH

RET

Bit manipuumllasyon

Oumlrnek

mov ax 0C123H

rol ax 1 ax = 8247H CF = 1



ror ax 2 ax = 8247H CF = 1





mov ax 0C123H


rcl ax 1 ax = 8246H CF = 1



rcr ax 2 ax = 8246H CF = 1


Oumlrnekler

BİT OumlTELEME

org 100h

mov ax700h

mov dsax

mov bx0200h

mov [bx]0c0h

mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

ror al2

ret

ROL - ROR

ORG 100h

mov ax 100h

mov dsax

mov bx100h

mov [bx]0c0h

Mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

mov bl04h

div bl

RET

ROL KOMUTU

ORG 100h

mov al1

mov cl1

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

mov cl5

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

rol al6

ror al6

ret


ORG 100h

2 nin ustune bolme

mov al64

mov cl5

ror alcl


mov al2

mov cl5

rol alcl

ret



instruction



(zf = 1) LOOPNE






JNZ









org 100h


mov cx 5

k1 add bx 1

mov al 1

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k2 add bx 1

mov al 2

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k3 add bx 1

mov al 3

mov ah 0eh

int 10h


pop cx


pop cx


ret


ORG 100h

mov clN

lea dxa

mov bx offset a

mov al0

mov si0

don

add ala[si]

inc si

loop don

div N

ret

a db 563278545

N db 9



mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cx 4

mov al 0

sum

add al [bx]

inc bx

loop sum

ret

vec1 db 3 6 1 5

LOOP KOMUTU

ORG 100h

TOP= N(N+1)2

mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret

Example

ORG 100h

MOV AX 02000h

MOV DS AX

MOV BX 0000h

MOV [BX]55h

inc BX

Mov [BX] 0AAh

inc BX

Mov [BX] 007h

inc BX

MOV AX 0AA55h

Mov [BX] Ah

inc BX

Mov [BX] Al

inc BX

MOV AX 0ccddh

Mov [BX] AX

endp


name calc-sum






inc bx next byte


ret

store result in al



name calc-sum







ret


third vector

name add-2



org 100h

vec1 db 1 2 5 6

vec2 db 3 5 6 1

vec3 db

lea si vec1

lea bx vec2

lea di vec3

si=0100

bx=0104

di=0108

DS=700h

vec1=7000h + 100h=7100h

vec2=7000h + 104h=7104h

vec3=7000h + 108h=7108h

mov cx 4

sum

mov al [si]

add al [bx]

mov [di] al

inc si

inc bx

inc di

loop sum

end

Example

ORG 100h

MOV AL 5

MOV AH 2

XCHG AL AH

XCHG AL AH

MOV AX 0B800h


MOV SI 0000H

MOV [SI] 4145H

MOV DX 2021H

XCHG DX [BX]

RET


PUSH REG

PUSH SREG

PUSH memory

PUSH değişken


POP REG

POP SREG

POP memory

Notes








address SSSP


2 to SP register











ORG 100h

MOV AX 1234h




RET

END


ORG 100h







RET

END


ORG 100H

MOV AX55H

MOV BX0AAH

PUSH BX

PUSH AX

MOV AX 0CCH

MOV BX 0DDH

ADD AXBX

MOV [720H] AX

POP AX

POP BX

RET

ORG 100h

MOV AX 1234h



MOV BX 1000h

ADD BX AX


RET

END

Example


ORG 100h







RET

END



LEA BX VAR1








Grup-1 ADD SUB









Grup-3 INC DEC












Example

Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b

AND AL BL

MOV CL AL

MOV CH BL

OR CL CH

NOT AL

NOT BL

RET


=07000 +100=7100h

Example

Org 100h

mov ax 0CCDDH

and ax 0AAEEH

RET


Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b


TEST AL 00H

TEST BL 0FFH

RET

Bit manipuumllasyon

Oumlrnek

mov ax 0C123H

rol ax 1 ax = 8247H CF = 1



ror ax 2 ax = 8247H CF = 1





mov ax 0C123H


rcl ax 1 ax = 8246H CF = 1



rcr ax 2 ax = 8246H CF = 1


Oumlrnekler

BİT OumlTELEME

org 100h

mov ax700h

mov dsax

mov bx0200h

mov [bx]0c0h

mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

ror al2

ret

ROL - ROR

ORG 100h

mov ax 100h

mov dsax

mov bx100h

mov [bx]0c0h

Mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

mov bl04h

div bl

RET

ROL KOMUTU

ORG 100h

mov al1

mov cl1

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

mov cl5

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

rol al6

ror al6

ret


ORG 100h

2 nin ustune bolme

mov al64

mov cl5

ror alcl


mov al2

mov cl5

rol alcl

ret



instruction



(zf = 1) LOOPNE






JNZ









org 100h


mov cx 5

k1 add bx 1

mov al 1

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k2 add bx 1

mov al 2

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k3 add bx 1

mov al 3

mov ah 0eh

int 10h


pop cx


pop cx


ret


ORG 100h

mov clN

lea dxa

mov bx offset a

mov al0

mov si0

don

add ala[si]

inc si

loop don

div N

ret

a db 563278545

N db 9



mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cx 4

mov al 0

sum

add al [bx]

inc bx

loop sum

ret

vec1 db 3 6 1 5

LOOP KOMUTU

ORG 100h

TOP= N(N+1)2

mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret


name calc-sum






inc bx next byte


ret

store result in al



name calc-sum







ret


third vector

name add-2



org 100h

vec1 db 1 2 5 6

vec2 db 3 5 6 1

vec3 db

lea si vec1

lea bx vec2

lea di vec3

si=0100

bx=0104

di=0108

DS=700h

vec1=7000h + 100h=7100h

vec2=7000h + 104h=7104h

vec3=7000h + 108h=7108h

mov cx 4

sum

mov al [si]

add al [bx]

mov [di] al

inc si

inc bx

inc di

loop sum

end

Example

ORG 100h

MOV AL 5

MOV AH 2

XCHG AL AH

XCHG AL AH

MOV AX 0B800h


MOV SI 0000H

MOV [SI] 4145H

MOV DX 2021H

XCHG DX [BX]

RET


PUSH REG

PUSH SREG

PUSH memory

PUSH değişken


POP REG

POP SREG

POP memory

Notes








address SSSP


2 to SP register











ORG 100h

MOV AX 1234h




RET

END


ORG 100h







RET

END


ORG 100H

MOV AX55H

MOV BX0AAH

PUSH BX

PUSH AX

MOV AX 0CCH

MOV BX 0DDH

ADD AXBX

MOV [720H] AX

POP AX

POP BX

RET

ORG 100h

MOV AX 1234h



MOV BX 1000h

ADD BX AX


RET

END

Example


ORG 100h







RET

END



LEA BX VAR1








Grup-1 ADD SUB









Grup-3 INC DEC












Example

Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b

AND AL BL

MOV CL AL

MOV CH BL

OR CL CH

NOT AL

NOT BL

RET


=07000 +100=7100h

Example

Org 100h

mov ax 0CCDDH

and ax 0AAEEH

RET


Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b


TEST AL 00H

TEST BL 0FFH

RET

Bit manipuumllasyon

Oumlrnek

mov ax 0C123H

rol ax 1 ax = 8247H CF = 1



ror ax 2 ax = 8247H CF = 1





mov ax 0C123H


rcl ax 1 ax = 8246H CF = 1



rcr ax 2 ax = 8246H CF = 1


Oumlrnekler

BİT OumlTELEME

org 100h

mov ax700h

mov dsax

mov bx0200h

mov [bx]0c0h

mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

ror al2

ret

ROL - ROR

ORG 100h

mov ax 100h

mov dsax

mov bx100h

mov [bx]0c0h

Mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

mov bl04h

div bl

RET

ROL KOMUTU

ORG 100h

mov al1

mov cl1

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

mov cl5

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

rol al6

ror al6

ret


ORG 100h

2 nin ustune bolme

mov al64

mov cl5

ror alcl


mov al2

mov cl5

rol alcl

ret



instruction



(zf = 1) LOOPNE






JNZ









org 100h


mov cx 5

k1 add bx 1

mov al 1

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k2 add bx 1

mov al 2

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k3 add bx 1

mov al 3

mov ah 0eh

int 10h


pop cx


pop cx


ret


ORG 100h

mov clN

lea dxa

mov bx offset a

mov al0

mov si0

don

add ala[si]

inc si

loop don

div N

ret

a db 563278545

N db 9



mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cx 4

mov al 0

sum

add al [bx]

inc bx

loop sum

ret

vec1 db 3 6 1 5

LOOP KOMUTU

ORG 100h

TOP= N(N+1)2

mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret


name calc-sum







ret


third vector

name add-2



org 100h

vec1 db 1 2 5 6

vec2 db 3 5 6 1

vec3 db

lea si vec1

lea bx vec2

lea di vec3

si=0100

bx=0104

di=0108

DS=700h

vec1=7000h + 100h=7100h

vec2=7000h + 104h=7104h

vec3=7000h + 108h=7108h

mov cx 4

sum

mov al [si]

add al [bx]

mov [di] al

inc si

inc bx

inc di

loop sum

end

Example

ORG 100h

MOV AL 5

MOV AH 2

XCHG AL AH

XCHG AL AH

MOV AX 0B800h


MOV SI 0000H

MOV [SI] 4145H

MOV DX 2021H

XCHG DX [BX]

RET


PUSH REG

PUSH SREG

PUSH memory

PUSH değişken


POP REG

POP SREG

POP memory

Notes








address SSSP


2 to SP register











ORG 100h

MOV AX 1234h




RET

END


ORG 100h







RET

END


ORG 100H

MOV AX55H

MOV BX0AAH

PUSH BX

PUSH AX

MOV AX 0CCH

MOV BX 0DDH

ADD AXBX

MOV [720H] AX

POP AX

POP BX

RET

ORG 100h

MOV AX 1234h



MOV BX 1000h

ADD BX AX


RET

END

Example


ORG 100h







RET

END



LEA BX VAR1








Grup-1 ADD SUB









Grup-3 INC DEC












Example

Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b

AND AL BL

MOV CL AL

MOV CH BL

OR CL CH

NOT AL

NOT BL

RET


=07000 +100=7100h

Example

Org 100h

mov ax 0CCDDH

and ax 0AAEEH

RET


Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b


TEST AL 00H

TEST BL 0FFH

RET

Bit manipuumllasyon

Oumlrnek

mov ax 0C123H

rol ax 1 ax = 8247H CF = 1



ror ax 2 ax = 8247H CF = 1





mov ax 0C123H


rcl ax 1 ax = 8246H CF = 1



rcr ax 2 ax = 8246H CF = 1


Oumlrnekler

BİT OumlTELEME

org 100h

mov ax700h

mov dsax

mov bx0200h

mov [bx]0c0h

mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

ror al2

ret

ROL - ROR

ORG 100h

mov ax 100h

mov dsax

mov bx100h

mov [bx]0c0h

Mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

mov bl04h

div bl

RET

ROL KOMUTU

ORG 100h

mov al1

mov cl1

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

mov cl5

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

rol al6

ror al6

ret


ORG 100h

2 nin ustune bolme

mov al64

mov cl5

ror alcl


mov al2

mov cl5

rol alcl

ret



instruction



(zf = 1) LOOPNE






JNZ









org 100h


mov cx 5

k1 add bx 1

mov al 1

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k2 add bx 1

mov al 2

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k3 add bx 1

mov al 3

mov ah 0eh

int 10h


pop cx


pop cx


ret


ORG 100h

mov clN

lea dxa

mov bx offset a

mov al0

mov si0

don

add ala[si]

inc si

loop don

div N

ret

a db 563278545

N db 9



mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cx 4

mov al 0

sum

add al [bx]

inc bx

loop sum

ret

vec1 db 3 6 1 5

LOOP KOMUTU

ORG 100h

TOP= N(N+1)2

mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret

mov [di] al

inc si

inc bx

inc di

loop sum

end

Example

ORG 100h

MOV AL 5

MOV AH 2

XCHG AL AH

XCHG AL AH

MOV AX 0B800h


MOV SI 0000H

MOV [SI] 4145H

MOV DX 2021H

XCHG DX [BX]

RET


PUSH REG

PUSH SREG

PUSH memory

PUSH değişken


POP REG

POP SREG

POP memory

Notes








address SSSP


2 to SP register











ORG 100h

MOV AX 1234h




RET

END


ORG 100h







RET

END


ORG 100H

MOV AX55H

MOV BX0AAH

PUSH BX

PUSH AX

MOV AX 0CCH

MOV BX 0DDH

ADD AXBX

MOV [720H] AX

POP AX

POP BX

RET

ORG 100h

MOV AX 1234h



MOV BX 1000h

ADD BX AX


RET

END

Example


ORG 100h







RET

END



LEA BX VAR1








Grup-1 ADD SUB









Grup-3 INC DEC












Example

Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b

AND AL BL

MOV CL AL

MOV CH BL

OR CL CH

NOT AL

NOT BL

RET


=07000 +100=7100h

Example

Org 100h

mov ax 0CCDDH

and ax 0AAEEH

RET


Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b


TEST AL 00H

TEST BL 0FFH

RET

Bit manipuumllasyon

Oumlrnek

mov ax 0C123H

rol ax 1 ax = 8247H CF = 1



ror ax 2 ax = 8247H CF = 1





mov ax 0C123H


rcl ax 1 ax = 8246H CF = 1



rcr ax 2 ax = 8246H CF = 1


Oumlrnekler

BİT OumlTELEME

org 100h

mov ax700h

mov dsax

mov bx0200h

mov [bx]0c0h

mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

ror al2

ret

ROL - ROR

ORG 100h

mov ax 100h

mov dsax

mov bx100h

mov [bx]0c0h

Mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

mov bl04h

div bl

RET

ROL KOMUTU

ORG 100h

mov al1

mov cl1

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

mov cl5

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

rol al6

ror al6

ret


ORG 100h

2 nin ustune bolme

mov al64

mov cl5

ror alcl


mov al2

mov cl5

rol alcl

ret



instruction



(zf = 1) LOOPNE






JNZ









org 100h


mov cx 5

k1 add bx 1

mov al 1

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k2 add bx 1

mov al 2

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k3 add bx 1

mov al 3

mov ah 0eh

int 10h


pop cx


pop cx


ret


ORG 100h

mov clN

lea dxa

mov bx offset a

mov al0

mov si0

don

add ala[si]

inc si

loop don

div N

ret

a db 563278545

N db 9



mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cx 4

mov al 0

sum

add al [bx]

inc bx

loop sum

ret

vec1 db 3 6 1 5

LOOP KOMUTU

ORG 100h

TOP= N(N+1)2

mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret

Example

ORG 100h

MOV AL 5

MOV AH 2

XCHG AL AH

XCHG AL AH

MOV AX 0B800h


MOV SI 0000H

MOV [SI] 4145H

MOV DX 2021H

XCHG DX [BX]

RET


PUSH REG

PUSH SREG

PUSH memory

PUSH değişken


POP REG

POP SREG

POP memory

Notes








address SSSP


2 to SP register











ORG 100h

MOV AX 1234h




RET

END


ORG 100h







RET

END


ORG 100H

MOV AX55H

MOV BX0AAH

PUSH BX

PUSH AX

MOV AX 0CCH

MOV BX 0DDH

ADD AXBX

MOV [720H] AX

POP AX

POP BX

RET

ORG 100h

MOV AX 1234h



MOV BX 1000h

ADD BX AX


RET

END

Example


ORG 100h







RET

END



LEA BX VAR1








Grup-1 ADD SUB









Grup-3 INC DEC












Example

Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b

AND AL BL

MOV CL AL

MOV CH BL

OR CL CH

NOT AL

NOT BL

RET


=07000 +100=7100h

Example

Org 100h

mov ax 0CCDDH

and ax 0AAEEH

RET


Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b


TEST AL 00H

TEST BL 0FFH

RET

Bit manipuumllasyon

Oumlrnek

mov ax 0C123H

rol ax 1 ax = 8247H CF = 1



ror ax 2 ax = 8247H CF = 1





mov ax 0C123H


rcl ax 1 ax = 8246H CF = 1



rcr ax 2 ax = 8246H CF = 1


Oumlrnekler

BİT OumlTELEME

org 100h

mov ax700h

mov dsax

mov bx0200h

mov [bx]0c0h

mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

ror al2

ret

ROL - ROR

ORG 100h

mov ax 100h

mov dsax

mov bx100h

mov [bx]0c0h

Mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

mov bl04h

div bl

RET

ROL KOMUTU

ORG 100h

mov al1

mov cl1

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

mov cl5

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

rol al6

ror al6

ret


ORG 100h

2 nin ustune bolme

mov al64

mov cl5

ror alcl


mov al2

mov cl5

rol alcl

ret



instruction



(zf = 1) LOOPNE






JNZ









org 100h


mov cx 5

k1 add bx 1

mov al 1

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k2 add bx 1

mov al 2

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k3 add bx 1

mov al 3

mov ah 0eh

int 10h


pop cx


pop cx


ret


ORG 100h

mov clN

lea dxa

mov bx offset a

mov al0

mov si0

don

add ala[si]

inc si

loop don

div N

ret

a db 563278545

N db 9



mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cx 4

mov al 0

sum

add al [bx]

inc bx

loop sum

ret

vec1 db 3 6 1 5

LOOP KOMUTU

ORG 100h

TOP= N(N+1)2

mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret


PUSH REG

PUSH SREG

PUSH memory

PUSH değişken


POP REG

POP SREG

POP memory

Notes








address SSSP


2 to SP register











ORG 100h

MOV AX 1234h




RET

END


ORG 100h







RET

END


ORG 100H

MOV AX55H

MOV BX0AAH

PUSH BX

PUSH AX

MOV AX 0CCH

MOV BX 0DDH

ADD AXBX

MOV [720H] AX

POP AX

POP BX

RET

ORG 100h

MOV AX 1234h



MOV BX 1000h

ADD BX AX


RET

END

Example


ORG 100h







RET

END



LEA BX VAR1








Grup-1 ADD SUB









Grup-3 INC DEC












Example

Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b

AND AL BL

MOV CL AL

MOV CH BL

OR CL CH

NOT AL

NOT BL

RET


=07000 +100=7100h

Example

Org 100h

mov ax 0CCDDH

and ax 0AAEEH

RET


Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b


TEST AL 00H

TEST BL 0FFH

RET

Bit manipuumllasyon

Oumlrnek

mov ax 0C123H

rol ax 1 ax = 8247H CF = 1



ror ax 2 ax = 8247H CF = 1





mov ax 0C123H


rcl ax 1 ax = 8246H CF = 1



rcr ax 2 ax = 8246H CF = 1


Oumlrnekler

BİT OumlTELEME

org 100h

mov ax700h

mov dsax

mov bx0200h

mov [bx]0c0h

mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

ror al2

ret

ROL - ROR

ORG 100h

mov ax 100h

mov dsax

mov bx100h

mov [bx]0c0h

Mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

mov bl04h

div bl

RET

ROL KOMUTU

ORG 100h

mov al1

mov cl1

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

mov cl5

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

rol al6

ror al6

ret


ORG 100h

2 nin ustune bolme

mov al64

mov cl5

ror alcl


mov al2

mov cl5

rol alcl

ret



instruction



(zf = 1) LOOPNE






JNZ









org 100h


mov cx 5

k1 add bx 1

mov al 1

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k2 add bx 1

mov al 2

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k3 add bx 1

mov al 3

mov ah 0eh

int 10h


pop cx


pop cx


ret


ORG 100h

mov clN

lea dxa

mov bx offset a

mov al0

mov si0

don

add ala[si]

inc si

loop don

div N

ret

a db 563278545

N db 9



mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cx 4

mov al 0

sum

add al [bx]

inc bx

loop sum

ret

vec1 db 3 6 1 5

LOOP KOMUTU

ORG 100h

TOP= N(N+1)2

mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret








ORG 100h

MOV AX 1234h




RET

END


ORG 100h







RET

END


ORG 100H

MOV AX55H

MOV BX0AAH

PUSH BX

PUSH AX

MOV AX 0CCH

MOV BX 0DDH

ADD AXBX

MOV [720H] AX

POP AX

POP BX

RET

ORG 100h

MOV AX 1234h



MOV BX 1000h

ADD BX AX


RET

END

Example


ORG 100h







RET

END



LEA BX VAR1








Grup-1 ADD SUB









Grup-3 INC DEC












Example

Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b

AND AL BL

MOV CL AL

MOV CH BL

OR CL CH

NOT AL

NOT BL

RET


=07000 +100=7100h

Example

Org 100h

mov ax 0CCDDH

and ax 0AAEEH

RET


Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b


TEST AL 00H

TEST BL 0FFH

RET

Bit manipuumllasyon

Oumlrnek

mov ax 0C123H

rol ax 1 ax = 8247H CF = 1



ror ax 2 ax = 8247H CF = 1





mov ax 0C123H


rcl ax 1 ax = 8246H CF = 1



rcr ax 2 ax = 8246H CF = 1


Oumlrnekler

BİT OumlTELEME

org 100h

mov ax700h

mov dsax

mov bx0200h

mov [bx]0c0h

mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

ror al2

ret

ROL - ROR

ORG 100h

mov ax 100h

mov dsax

mov bx100h

mov [bx]0c0h

Mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

mov bl04h

div bl

RET

ROL KOMUTU

ORG 100h

mov al1

mov cl1

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

mov cl5

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

rol al6

ror al6

ret


ORG 100h

2 nin ustune bolme

mov al64

mov cl5

ror alcl


mov al2

mov cl5

rol alcl

ret



instruction



(zf = 1) LOOPNE






JNZ









org 100h


mov cx 5

k1 add bx 1

mov al 1

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k2 add bx 1

mov al 2

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k3 add bx 1

mov al 3

mov ah 0eh

int 10h


pop cx


pop cx


ret


ORG 100h

mov clN

lea dxa

mov bx offset a

mov al0

mov si0

don

add ala[si]

inc si

loop don

div N

ret

a db 563278545

N db 9



mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cx 4

mov al 0

sum

add al [bx]

inc bx

loop sum

ret

vec1 db 3 6 1 5

LOOP KOMUTU

ORG 100h

TOP= N(N+1)2

mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret


ORG 100H

MOV AX55H

MOV BX0AAH

PUSH BX

PUSH AX

MOV AX 0CCH

MOV BX 0DDH

ADD AXBX

MOV [720H] AX

POP AX

POP BX

RET

ORG 100h

MOV AX 1234h



MOV BX 1000h

ADD BX AX


RET

END

Example


ORG 100h







RET

END



LEA BX VAR1








Grup-1 ADD SUB









Grup-3 INC DEC












Example

Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b

AND AL BL

MOV CL AL

MOV CH BL

OR CL CH

NOT AL

NOT BL

RET


=07000 +100=7100h

Example

Org 100h

mov ax 0CCDDH

and ax 0AAEEH

RET


Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b


TEST AL 00H

TEST BL 0FFH

RET

Bit manipuumllasyon

Oumlrnek

mov ax 0C123H

rol ax 1 ax = 8247H CF = 1



ror ax 2 ax = 8247H CF = 1





mov ax 0C123H


rcl ax 1 ax = 8246H CF = 1



rcr ax 2 ax = 8246H CF = 1


Oumlrnekler

BİT OumlTELEME

org 100h

mov ax700h

mov dsax

mov bx0200h

mov [bx]0c0h

mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

ror al2

ret

ROL - ROR

ORG 100h

mov ax 100h

mov dsax

mov bx100h

mov [bx]0c0h

Mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

mov bl04h

div bl

RET

ROL KOMUTU

ORG 100h

mov al1

mov cl1

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

mov cl5

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

rol al6

ror al6

ret


ORG 100h

2 nin ustune bolme

mov al64

mov cl5

ror alcl


mov al2

mov cl5

rol alcl

ret



instruction



(zf = 1) LOOPNE






JNZ









org 100h


mov cx 5

k1 add bx 1

mov al 1

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k2 add bx 1

mov al 2

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k3 add bx 1

mov al 3

mov ah 0eh

int 10h


pop cx


pop cx


ret


ORG 100h

mov clN

lea dxa

mov bx offset a

mov al0

mov si0

don

add ala[si]

inc si

loop don

div N

ret

a db 563278545

N db 9



mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cx 4

mov al 0

sum

add al [bx]

inc bx

loop sum

ret

vec1 db 3 6 1 5

LOOP KOMUTU

ORG 100h

TOP= N(N+1)2

mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret

Example


ORG 100h







RET

END



LEA BX VAR1








Grup-1 ADD SUB









Grup-3 INC DEC












Example

Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b

AND AL BL

MOV CL AL

MOV CH BL

OR CL CH

NOT AL

NOT BL

RET


=07000 +100=7100h

Example

Org 100h

mov ax 0CCDDH

and ax 0AAEEH

RET


Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b


TEST AL 00H

TEST BL 0FFH

RET

Bit manipuumllasyon

Oumlrnek

mov ax 0C123H

rol ax 1 ax = 8247H CF = 1



ror ax 2 ax = 8247H CF = 1





mov ax 0C123H


rcl ax 1 ax = 8246H CF = 1



rcr ax 2 ax = 8246H CF = 1


Oumlrnekler

BİT OumlTELEME

org 100h

mov ax700h

mov dsax

mov bx0200h

mov [bx]0c0h

mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

ror al2

ret

ROL - ROR

ORG 100h

mov ax 100h

mov dsax

mov bx100h

mov [bx]0c0h

Mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

mov bl04h

div bl

RET

ROL KOMUTU

ORG 100h

mov al1

mov cl1

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

mov cl5

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

rol al6

ror al6

ret


ORG 100h

2 nin ustune bolme

mov al64

mov cl5

ror alcl


mov al2

mov cl5

rol alcl

ret



instruction



(zf = 1) LOOPNE






JNZ









org 100h


mov cx 5

k1 add bx 1

mov al 1

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k2 add bx 1

mov al 2

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k3 add bx 1

mov al 3

mov ah 0eh

int 10h


pop cx


pop cx


ret


ORG 100h

mov clN

lea dxa

mov bx offset a

mov al0

mov si0

don

add ala[si]

inc si

loop don

div N

ret

a db 563278545

N db 9



mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cx 4

mov al 0

sum

add al [bx]

inc bx

loop sum

ret

vec1 db 3 6 1 5

LOOP KOMUTU

ORG 100h

TOP= N(N+1)2

mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret



Grup-1 ADD SUB









Grup-3 INC DEC












Example

Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b

AND AL BL

MOV CL AL

MOV CH BL

OR CL CH

NOT AL

NOT BL

RET


=07000 +100=7100h

Example

Org 100h

mov ax 0CCDDH

and ax 0AAEEH

RET


Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b


TEST AL 00H

TEST BL 0FFH

RET

Bit manipuumllasyon

Oumlrnek

mov ax 0C123H

rol ax 1 ax = 8247H CF = 1



ror ax 2 ax = 8247H CF = 1





mov ax 0C123H


rcl ax 1 ax = 8246H CF = 1



rcr ax 2 ax = 8246H CF = 1


Oumlrnekler

BİT OumlTELEME

org 100h

mov ax700h

mov dsax

mov bx0200h

mov [bx]0c0h

mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

ror al2

ret

ROL - ROR

ORG 100h

mov ax 100h

mov dsax

mov bx100h

mov [bx]0c0h

Mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

mov bl04h

div bl

RET

ROL KOMUTU

ORG 100h

mov al1

mov cl1

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

mov cl5

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

rol al6

ror al6

ret


ORG 100h

2 nin ustune bolme

mov al64

mov cl5

ror alcl


mov al2

mov cl5

rol alcl

ret



instruction



(zf = 1) LOOPNE






JNZ









org 100h


mov cx 5

k1 add bx 1

mov al 1

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k2 add bx 1

mov al 2

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k3 add bx 1

mov al 3

mov ah 0eh

int 10h


pop cx


pop cx


ret


ORG 100h

mov clN

lea dxa

mov bx offset a

mov al0

mov si0

don

add ala[si]

inc si

loop don

div N

ret

a db 563278545

N db 9



mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cx 4

mov al 0

sum

add al [bx]

inc bx

loop sum

ret

vec1 db 3 6 1 5

LOOP KOMUTU

ORG 100h

TOP= N(N+1)2

mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret











Example

Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b

AND AL BL

MOV CL AL

MOV CH BL

OR CL CH

NOT AL

NOT BL

RET


=07000 +100=7100h

Example

Org 100h

mov ax 0CCDDH

and ax 0AAEEH

RET


Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b


TEST AL 00H

TEST BL 0FFH

RET

Bit manipuumllasyon

Oumlrnek

mov ax 0C123H

rol ax 1 ax = 8247H CF = 1



ror ax 2 ax = 8247H CF = 1





mov ax 0C123H


rcl ax 1 ax = 8246H CF = 1



rcr ax 2 ax = 8246H CF = 1


Oumlrnekler

BİT OumlTELEME

org 100h

mov ax700h

mov dsax

mov bx0200h

mov [bx]0c0h

mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

ror al2

ret

ROL - ROR

ORG 100h

mov ax 100h

mov dsax

mov bx100h

mov [bx]0c0h

Mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

mov bl04h

div bl

RET

ROL KOMUTU

ORG 100h

mov al1

mov cl1

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

mov cl5

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

rol al6

ror al6

ret


ORG 100h

2 nin ustune bolme

mov al64

mov cl5

ror alcl


mov al2

mov cl5

rol alcl

ret



instruction



(zf = 1) LOOPNE






JNZ









org 100h


mov cx 5

k1 add bx 1

mov al 1

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k2 add bx 1

mov al 2

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k3 add bx 1

mov al 3

mov ah 0eh

int 10h


pop cx


pop cx


ret


ORG 100h

mov clN

lea dxa

mov bx offset a

mov al0

mov si0

don

add ala[si]

inc si

loop don

div N

ret

a db 563278545

N db 9



mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cx 4

mov al 0

sum

add al [bx]

inc bx

loop sum

ret

vec1 db 3 6 1 5

LOOP KOMUTU

ORG 100h

TOP= N(N+1)2

mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret


Org 100h

MOV AL 01010101b

MOV BL 10101010b


TEST AL 00H

TEST BL 0FFH

RET

Bit manipuumllasyon

Oumlrnek

mov ax 0C123H

rol ax 1 ax = 8247H CF = 1



ror ax 2 ax = 8247H CF = 1





mov ax 0C123H


rcl ax 1 ax = 8246H CF = 1



rcr ax 2 ax = 8246H CF = 1


Oumlrnekler

BİT OumlTELEME

org 100h

mov ax700h

mov dsax

mov bx0200h

mov [bx]0c0h

mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

ror al2

ret

ROL - ROR

ORG 100h

mov ax 100h

mov dsax

mov bx100h

mov [bx]0c0h

Mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

mov bl04h

div bl

RET

ROL KOMUTU

ORG 100h

mov al1

mov cl1

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

mov cl5

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

rol al6

ror al6

ret


ORG 100h

2 nin ustune bolme

mov al64

mov cl5

ror alcl


mov al2

mov cl5

rol alcl

ret



instruction



(zf = 1) LOOPNE






JNZ









org 100h


mov cx 5

k1 add bx 1

mov al 1

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k2 add bx 1

mov al 2

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k3 add bx 1

mov al 3

mov ah 0eh

int 10h


pop cx


pop cx


ret


ORG 100h

mov clN

lea dxa

mov bx offset a

mov al0

mov si0

don

add ala[si]

inc si

loop don

div N

ret

a db 563278545

N db 9



mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cx 4

mov al 0

sum

add al [bx]

inc bx

loop sum

ret

vec1 db 3 6 1 5

LOOP KOMUTU

ORG 100h

TOP= N(N+1)2

mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret

Bit manipuumllasyon

Oumlrnek

mov ax 0C123H

rol ax 1 ax = 8247H CF = 1



ror ax 2 ax = 8247H CF = 1





mov ax 0C123H


rcl ax 1 ax = 8246H CF = 1



rcr ax 2 ax = 8246H CF = 1


Oumlrnekler

BİT OumlTELEME

org 100h

mov ax700h

mov dsax

mov bx0200h

mov [bx]0c0h

mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

ror al2

ret

ROL - ROR

ORG 100h

mov ax 100h

mov dsax

mov bx100h

mov [bx]0c0h

Mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

mov bl04h

div bl

RET

ROL KOMUTU

ORG 100h

mov al1

mov cl1

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

mov cl5

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

rol al6

ror al6

ret


ORG 100h

2 nin ustune bolme

mov al64

mov cl5

ror alcl


mov al2

mov cl5

rol alcl

ret



instruction



(zf = 1) LOOPNE






JNZ









org 100h


mov cx 5

k1 add bx 1

mov al 1

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k2 add bx 1

mov al 2

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k3 add bx 1

mov al 3

mov ah 0eh

int 10h


pop cx


pop cx


ret


ORG 100h

mov clN

lea dxa

mov bx offset a

mov al0

mov si0

don

add ala[si]

inc si

loop don

div N

ret

a db 563278545

N db 9



mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cx 4

mov al 0

sum

add al [bx]

inc bx

loop sum

ret

vec1 db 3 6 1 5

LOOP KOMUTU

ORG 100h

TOP= N(N+1)2

mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret

Oumlrnekler

BİT OumlTELEME

org 100h

mov ax700h

mov dsax

mov bx0200h

mov [bx]0c0h

mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

ror al2

ret

ROL - ROR

ORG 100h

mov ax 100h

mov dsax

mov bx100h

mov [bx]0c0h

Mov al[bx]

ror al2

or al0eh

mov bl04h

div bl

RET

ROL KOMUTU

ORG 100h

mov al1

mov cl1

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

mov cl5

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

rol al6

ror al6

ret


ORG 100h

2 nin ustune bolme

mov al64

mov cl5

ror alcl


mov al2

mov cl5

rol alcl

ret



instruction



(zf = 1) LOOPNE






JNZ









org 100h


mov cx 5

k1 add bx 1

mov al 1

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k2 add bx 1

mov al 2

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k3 add bx 1

mov al 3

mov ah 0eh

int 10h


pop cx


pop cx


ret


ORG 100h

mov clN

lea dxa

mov bx offset a

mov al0

mov si0

don

add ala[si]

inc si

loop don

div N

ret

a db 563278545

N db 9



mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cx 4

mov al 0

sum

add al [bx]

inc bx

loop sum

ret

vec1 db 3 6 1 5

LOOP KOMUTU

ORG 100h

TOP= N(N+1)2

mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret

ROL KOMUTU

ORG 100h

mov al1

mov cl1

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

mov cl5

rol alcl

ror alcl

mov al1

rol al6

ror al6

ret


ORG 100h

2 nin ustune bolme

mov al64

mov cl5

ror alcl


mov al2

mov cl5

rol alcl

ret



instruction



(zf = 1) LOOPNE






JNZ









org 100h


mov cx 5

k1 add bx 1

mov al 1

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k2 add bx 1

mov al 2

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k3 add bx 1

mov al 3

mov ah 0eh

int 10h


pop cx


pop cx


ret


ORG 100h

mov clN

lea dxa

mov bx offset a

mov al0

mov si0

don

add ala[si]

inc si

loop don

div N

ret

a db 563278545

N db 9



mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cx 4

mov al 0

sum

add al [bx]

inc bx

loop sum

ret

vec1 db 3 6 1 5

LOOP KOMUTU

ORG 100h

TOP= N(N+1)2

mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret



instruction



(zf = 1) LOOPNE






JNZ









org 100h


mov cx 5

k1 add bx 1

mov al 1

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k2 add bx 1

mov al 2

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k3 add bx 1

mov al 3

mov ah 0eh

int 10h


pop cx


pop cx


ret


ORG 100h

mov clN

lea dxa

mov bx offset a

mov al0

mov si0

don

add ala[si]

inc si

loop don

div N

ret

a db 563278545

N db 9



mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cx 4

mov al 0

sum

add al [bx]

inc bx

loop sum

ret

vec1 db 3 6 1 5

LOOP KOMUTU

ORG 100h

TOP= N(N+1)2

mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret

org 100h


mov cx 5

k1 add bx 1

mov al 1

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k2 add bx 1

mov al 2

mov ah 0eh

int 10h

push cx

mov cx 5

k3 add bx 1

mov al 3

mov ah 0eh

int 10h


pop cx


pop cx


ret


ORG 100h

mov clN

lea dxa

mov bx offset a

mov al0

mov si0

don

add ala[si]

inc si

loop don

div N

ret

a db 563278545

N db 9



mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cx 4

mov al 0

sum

add al [bx]

inc bx

loop sum

ret

vec1 db 3 6 1 5

LOOP KOMUTU

ORG 100h

TOP= N(N+1)2

mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret


ORG 100h

mov clN

lea dxa

mov bx offset a

mov al0

mov si0

don

add ala[si]

inc si

loop don

div N

ret

a db 563278545

N db 9



mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cx 4

mov al 0

sum

add al [bx]

inc bx

loop sum

ret

vec1 db 3 6 1 5

LOOP KOMUTU

ORG 100h

TOP= N(N+1)2

mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret



mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cx 4

mov al 0

sum

add al [bx]

inc bx

loop sum

ret

vec1 db 3 6 1 5

LOOP KOMUTU

ORG 100h

TOP= N(N+1)2

mov cx20

mov ax0

dongu add axcx

loop dongu

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret


org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



org 100h

lea bx vec1

mov cl7

mov dl39h

ali mov al[bx]

cmp dlal

je TIK

inc bx

loop ali

TIK ret



mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret


mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret





and store









For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret



For)




org 100h

Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov cl al

Jmp label1

Label2 Mov bx cx

Jmp label3

Label1 Mov ah 01h

Int 21

Sub al 30h

Mov ch al

Jmp label2

Label3 ret



label_x




the same name

Example

include emu8086inc

org 100h

mov al 5

mov bl 5




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret




jmp equal

not_equal

add bl al

sub al 10

xor al bl

jmp skip_data


skip_data



equal if gets here


stop

ret



flags)


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret


CMP OP1OP2

Jhellip Label1

Jmp Label2

Label1

Label2 ret

org 100h







equal if gets here


stop










Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret





Instruction








JNC JNB

JAE









the same as JB etc









jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret






jnc a

jnb a

jae a

mov ax 4

a mov ax 5

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret



Instruction







ZF = 0

and

SF = OF

JNG JLE

JL JNGE

Jump if Less (lt)


gt=)

SF ltgt OF JNL JGE





ZF = 1

or

SF ltgt OF

JNLE JG


KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret

KAREKTER SAYAR

org 100h

mov dx offset MESAJ

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov bxoffset MESAJ

mov cl0

turla mov al[bx]

cmp al$

je cik

inc cl

inc bx

jmp turla

cik ret



Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret


Instruction





JA JNBE

Jump if Above (gt)


lt=)

CF = 0

and

ZF = 0

JNA JBE

JB JNAE JC

Jump if Below (lt)


gt=)

Jump if Carry

CF = 1 JNB JAE JNC

JAE JNB

JNC



Jump if Not Carry

CF = 0 JNAE JB



CF = 1

or

ZF = 1

JNBE JA


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret


ORG 100h

MOV AL 4

CMP AL 5

JAE EBEN

mov dx offset msg1

JMP TIK


TIK mov ah 9

int 21h

RET




Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret


Ana programda

Org 100h


Ret



programa doumlner



END


Here is an example

ORG 100h

CALL m1

MOV AX 2


m1 PROC

MOV BX 5


m1 ENDP

END


after CALL MOV AX 2




ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END






ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END





STC Set CF 1

CLC Clear CF 0






NOP No operation







of 1 or 0











are analyzed


bits)


external devices






CLD No operands




STD No operands





Algorithm IF = 0


Algorithm IF = 1

CMC No operands


Algorithm








interrupts








function



necessary



INT 10h

Set video mode





mov al 13h

mov ah 0

int 10h





visible



Mov ah01h

INT 10h


mov ch 32

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 6

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h


mov ch 0

mov cl 7

mov ah 1

int 10h



set cursor position

mov dh satır

mov dl suumltun

mov bh sayfa

mov ah 2

int 10h


BH = page number



Mov ah03h

INT 10h



Mov Ah 05h

INT 10h


input










Mov Ah09h

INT 10h



Mov AH 0Ah

INT 10h



Mov ah 0ch

INT 10h

mov al 13h

mov ah 0



mov cx 10 satır

mov dx 20 suumltun

mov ah 0ch

int 10h set pixel




Mov ah 0Dh

INT 10h






INT 10h

example



once



INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it


INT 10h print it



Write string


MOV AL write mode

INT 10h

AL = write mode



BH = page number





example

mov al 1

mov bh 0

mov bl 0011_1011b


mov dl 10

mov dh 7

push cs

pop es

mov bp offset msg1

mov ah 13h

int 10h

jmp msg1end

msg1 db hello world

msg1end






example

mov ax 1003h

mov bx 0

int 10h

bit color table





HEX BIN COLOR

0 0000 black

1 0001 blue

2 0010 green

3 0011 cyan

4 0100 red

5 0101 magenta

6 0110 brown

7 0111 light gray

8 1000 dark gray

9 1001 light blue

A 1010 light green

B 1011 light cyan

C 1100 light red


E 1110 yellow

F 1111 white


mov ax 1003h


int 10h



0040h0010h


disk drives


bit(s) Description


13 Reserved



8 Reserved



01 two floppy disks





01 40x25 CGA color


11 80x25 mono text

3 Reserved











input




of FLOPPY_ files)


return

CF set on error






input


return



Note





return




return









return



notes







example

mov ah 1

int 21h



example

mov ah 2

mov dl a

int 21h



example

mov ah 5

mov dl a

int 21h







example

mov ah 6

mov dl a


mov ah 6

mov dl 255




example

mov ah 7

int 21h


example

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

ret





DSDX + 2

example

org 100h


mov ah 0ah

int 21h

jmp print


print

xor bx bx

mov bl buffer[1]

mov buffer[bx+2] $


mov ah 9

int 21h

ret
















Mov AH 2Ah

INT 21h



Mov ah2ch

INT 21h







org 100h


mov ah 39h

int 21h

ret


end






Return





Return






entry



mov cx 1 read-only

mov cx 2 hidden

mov cx 4 system


mov cx 16 archive


returns




example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret


Entry


mov al 0 read

mov al 1 write

mov al 2 readwrite


Return





example

org 100h

mov al 2


mov ah 3dh

int 21h

jc err

mov handle ax

jmp k


handle dw

err

k

ret



Return




Entry

BX = file handle



Return


call




occurred


entry

BX = file handle



return







Entry


return





corruption


Entry


BX = file handle


Return






write (see AH=40h)

example

org 100h

mov ah 3ch

mov cx 0


mov ah 3ch

int 21h create file

mov handle ax

mov bx handle

mov dx offset data

mov cx data_size

mov ah 40h


mov al 0

mov bx handle

mov cx 0

mov dx 7

mov ah 42h

int 21h seek

mov bx handle


mov cx 4

mov ah 3fh


mov bx handle

mov ah 3eh

int 21h close file

ret


handle dw

data db hello files


buffer db 4 dup( )


Entry



Return



Notes




Entry



Return




renamed



returns


if failed AX=0

example

mov ax 0

int 33h



example

mov ax 1

int 33h


example

mov ax 2

int 33h


returns




CX = x

DX = y

example

mov ax 3

int 33h

2 Oumlrnekler


ORG 100h

mov si0h


atla mov dl a[si]

mov ah2


cmp dl0h

je cik

inc si

jmp atla

cik ret



bulunur


org 100h

mov cl8

mov bx200h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah1h

int 21h

cmp al1

je git1

cmp al0

je git1

jmp HATA

git1 SUB AL30h

mov [bx]al

inc bx

loop donn

JMP CIK


mov ah 9

int 21h

JMP DONN

CIK mov cl0

mov al0

mov bx200h

cik2 mov dl[bx]

ror dlcl

add aldl

cmp cl8

je cik1

inc cl

inc bx

jmp cik2

cik1 mov dx0378h

out dxal

nop

nop

nop

nop

nop

RET




ORG 100h

MOV AL var1

MOV BX var2

RET

VAR1 DB 7

var2 DW 1234h


DS 0700 0100 =7100h

ORG 100h

mov bx 100h

belleğe yazma

mov [bx]2

inc bx

mov [bx]4

inc bx

mov [bx]6

inc bx

mov [bx]8

inc bx

mov [bx]10

inc bx

mov [bx]12

Toplama bulma

mov cx6

mov ax0

topla mov dl [bx]

add aldl

dec bx

loop topla

ret

EKRANA YAZI YAZMA

org 100h

mov dx offset msg

mov ah 9

int 21h

mov cl0

mov bxoffset msg

atla mov al[bx]

cmp al024h

je git

inc bx

inc cl

jmp atla


mov dl0

git3 mov al[bx]

cmp alu

je git2

inc bx

loop git3

jmp cik

git2 inc dl

inc bx

jmp git3

cik ret


EKRANA YAZI YAZAR








MOV CL Z

MOV [BX+2]CX

MOV CL R

MOV [BX+4]CX

MOV CL A

MOV [BX+6]CX









mov dl

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlC

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlA

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlF

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlE

mov ah 02h

int 21h

mov dlR

mov ah 02h

int 21h



Toplama

ORG 100h

mov ax5

mov cx4

mov bx00000111b

add axcx

add axbx

add ax5

mov bx 100h

mov [bx]0

inc bx

mov [bx]0

dec bx

mov [bx]3

add [bx]ax

ret

Toplama

org 100h


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

mov blal


mov ah 9

int 21h

mov ah 1

int 21h

add blal

ret




org 100h

mov ax 011bbh

mov bx 022cch




div bx for division

ret


org 100h






ret

Doumlrt işlem

org 100h

mov ax 0aabh

mov bx 0dc0h




div bx for division

ret


org 100h

mov cx16

mov ax0

d add axcx

loop d

ret



mov cl20 N

mov alcl N

inc al N+1

mul cl N(N+1)

mov bl2

div bl N(N+1)2

ret

Ccedilıkarma

ORG 100h

mov al100

mov cl99

sub alcl

add alcl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 10

mov al11

sub al[bx]

add al[bx]

mov al20

sub al5

add al6

ret

Daire alanı

org 100h

mov ah01h

int 21h

sub al30h

mul al

mov bl3

mul bl

ret

Boumllme

ORG 100h

mov ax1000

mov cl10

div cl

mov cx1000

mul cx

div cx

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al255

mov cl255

mul cl

mov bx100h

mov [bx] 254

mov al 02h

mul [bx]

mov ax0c0deh

mov cx0dff0h

mul cx

mov ax0h

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

mov al20d

mov cl20d

mul cl

sub al120d

ret

Ccedilarpma

ORG 100h

mov al10

mov cl20

mul cl

mov al-10

mov cl20

imul cl

mov ax0c000h

mov cx0d000h

mul cx

ret

Ortalama bulur

ORG 100h

mov cx9

mov sicx

dec si

mov ax0

mov dx0

git mov dl a[si]

add axdx

cmp si0

je cik

dec si

jmp git

cik div cl

ret

a db 563278545

Faktoriyel

org 100h


don mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don

cmp al39h

ja don

sub al30h

mov dl10

mul dl

mov clal

don1 mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al30h

jb don1

cmp al39h

ja don1

sub al30h

add alcl


mov clal

mov ch0h

mov ax1

eben mul cx

loop eben

cik ret


org 100h

mov cl1




L3 inc cl

inc bx

mov dl[bx]


ja L1

mov dhdl

L1

cmp chcl

jne L3

ret

N db 8


end


org 100h

max bulur




dec cl

cevrim inc bx

mov al[bx]


ja git

mov dlal

git loop cevrim

max index bulur

lea bx vec

mov cldizi_n

gita cmp dl[bx]

je cik

inc bx

inc index

loop gita

cik mov axindex


mov clal

dec cl

mov al1

rol alcl

led on

mov dx 0378h

out dxal

nop

ret

dizi_n db 8

index dw 1




org 100h


mov cl30h ledler 18

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


cmp cl38h

jne don2

ret


mesaj2 db [0 1] $



org 100h

atla

mov al0h

mov dx378h

out dxal

in aldx

cmp al0h

jne atla


mov cl31h ledler 18


mov [260h]0 sayfa

mov [261h]0 satir

mov [262h]16 sutun

don2


mov ah 09h

int 21h


mov dl cl

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah 09h

int 21h


int 21h

cmp al030h

je cik1

cmp al031h

je cik1


mov [251h]dh

mov [252h]dl


mov bh[260h] sayfa

mov dh[261h] satir

mov dl[262h] sutun

mov ah 2

int 10h


mov bh [250h]

mov dh [251h]

mov dl [252h]

jmp don1

cik1



inc bx ram arti


mov dl 0dh enter

mov ah2

int 21h


mov ah2

int 21h


je cik2

inc [261h]

jmp don2

cik2


mov ch0

mov cl0

don3 mov al[bx]

rol alcl

add chal

cmp cl8

je cik3

inc cl

inc bx

jmp don3

cik3

nop

nop

mov dx 0378h

mov alch

out dxal

nop

mov ah1

int 21h

cmp al 0dh

je atla

ret

mesaj1 db LED $

mesaj2 db [0 1] $

ASCII TO BINARY

org 100h

mov bx0200h


int 21h

mov dhal


mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dl1h

mov cx8

don and aldl

mov [bx]al

mov aldh

ror al1

mov dhal

inc bx

loop don

mov cx8h

mov bx0207h

don1 mov dl[bx]

add dl030h

mov ah2

int 21h

dec bx

loop don1

mov dlb

mov ah2

int 21h

ret

ALT PROGRAM

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

ALT PROGRAM

Example-1

org 100h

mov ax0ccbbh

mov bx0ddeeh

push ax

push bx

mov AL 5

mov BL 2

mov cl5

don call m2

loop don

mov dxax

pop bx

pop ax


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END

Example-2

ORG 100h

MOV AL 1

MOV BL 2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2

CALL m2


m2 PROC

MUL BL AX = AL BL


m2 ENDP

END


ORG 100h


CALL print_me


==========================================================




print_me PROC

next_char


JE stop






stop


print_me ENDP

==========================================================


END

CURSOR SET

org 100h

mov bh0

mov dh10

mov dl20

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlS

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bh0

mov dh20

mov dl10

mov ah2

int 10h

mov dlT

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret


org 100h


mov bx0200h

mov cx16

mov al0

don mov [bx]al

inc bx

inc al

loop don


mov cx16

mov bx0200h

don1 mov al [bx]

cmp al9

ja git1

add al30h

jmp git2

git1 add al37h

git2 mov [bx+20h]al

inc bx

loop don1


int 21h

mov clal

mov dl=

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0f0h

ror al4

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov bx220h

mov alcl

and al0fh

mov ah0

add bxax

mov dl[bx]

mov ah2h

int 21h

mov dlh

mov ah2h

int 21h

ret

ASCII

ASCII




mov cl255


mov ah2

int 21h

loop don

ret

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