WASTE

450 -1000 years plastic bags to break down. Plastic in the marine environment never fully degrades. "plastic dust," ingested filter feeding marine animals. dust bio-toxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) plastic dust accumulates, are passed up the food chain to

fish and humans.

It takes 450 -1000 years

for plastic bags to break down.

Plastic in the marine environment never fully degrades.

The end product of the break down,

"plastic dust," is ingested

by filter feeding marine animals. The dust and the bio-toxins,

such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

that the plastic dust accumulates,

are passed up the food chain

to fish and humans.

-Marine Conservation Society of the UK

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WASTEhumans

MSW 55-65% 35-55% Municipal Solid Waste: made up of the things we commonly use and then throw away.Packaging food scraps grass clippings tires

Clean, biodegradable materials that take up excess space in a landfill.These materials also generate methane gas and acidic leachate naturallyas they decompose. “Methane is a colorless, explosive GREENHOUSE GASthat is released as bacteria decompose organic materials in landfills.” If not controlled, methane can seep underground and into nearby buildings,where it could potentially explode. “Yard wastes also contribute acidity thatcan make other waste constituents more mobile and therefore MORE TOXIC.”

About 132 million tons of MSW (53.4%)were discarded in landfills in 2009.

RESIDENTIALSOURCES: COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL

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WASTEorganic

sausageMini Sub

Chicken nuggets BBQ Beef on bun

baked beansBeef soft shelled taco

Deli turkey & cheese on buntomato soup

Turkey corn dogItalian dinner w/meat sauce

fruit & grain bar biscuits & turkey sausage gravy

crackerssausage patty

blueberry muffinjelly

biscuitsausage pancake wrap

yogurtBacon biscuit

sausagesyrup

Bagel ½ w/ jellyegg & sausage wrap

baconsausage & cheese biscuit

jumbo wafflecheese biscuit

sausage patty & cheese on biscuitbagel ½ w/ jelly

cauliflowerSweet & sour chicken over rice

french friespolish sausage & kraut

carrotssalisbury steak & mushroom gravy

Beef taco soft shellsalsa

refried beansbacon cheeseburger

peasbroccoli

Spaghetti w/ meat saucebreadstick

chili cheese dogchicken parmesan w/ pasta

california blendfrench toast

turkey sausage pattyhot cinnamon apple

BBQ Rib on bunCountry fried beef steak

bread slicebread sticks w/ meat sauce

green beansstuffing

ham & cheese on bunsausage pattychicken patty

baked potato barcheese

chicken cordon bleupaper towel rolls

pencil shavingsused paper napkins

coffee groundstea bags

coffee filterspizza boxes

paper bagescrumbs swept off floor

used paper platescellophane bages

nut shellspaper egg cartons

toothpickspaper cupcake or muffin cups

toilet paper rollsshredded paper

envelopessticky notes

business cardsreceipts

contents of vacuum cleaner bag

Cerealjuicemilkcrackersblueberry muffinjellyBagel cheese stickpizzanoodleschickenfish nuggetscheeseburger on bunwhole kernel cornpearsFrench toast sticksturkey sausage pattiesmini sub sandwichpotato starzApple sauceBeefy cheese nachostoasted cheese sandwichcalifornia blend veggiesturkey hot dog on bunraviolipineapplesTyson chicken nuggets BBQ sauce Sloppy joemixed vegetables mandarin orangesChili cheese Fritos Turkey ham & cheese on bunpeachesHamburger on bunBBQ Rib on bunfruitChicken patty on bunScrambled Eggsausage pattybiscuit mini subchicken pot pie w/ biscuitPancakesturkey ranch wrapbread stickapplesauceMac & cheese Country Fried steak w/ gravy Turkey hot dog on bunBBQ riblet on bunchicken salad on bunFrench toast turkey wrapbeefy nachosfish on buncoleslawsouthwest chicken on bunceleryvegetable dipfrench toastsouthwest chicken on bunnewspapersused matcheswrapping paper rollspaper table clothscrepe paper streamerslatex balloonsjack o’ lanternsholiday wreathsgrassleavessoiltrash can materialschicken quesadillasour creamBBQ rib on bunsausage potato starzbean saladchef saladcrunchy beef tacoschicken nuggetsmashed potatoes & gravydeli sandwiches

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100

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30

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Generation and recovery of materials in MSW, 2009

Column BColumn C

millions of tons

Millions of tons

Paper

Glass

Metals

Plastics

Rubber and Leather

Textiles

Wood

Other materials

Food, other

Yard trimm

ings

includes recovery of other MSW organics for composting.

weight generatedweight recovered

*Food was the second highest contributor to MSW waste generation in 2009yet it displays the LEAST amount of recovery.

Generation and recovery of materials in MSW, 2009

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Barkstall

Robeson

Kenwood

CentennialJefferson Carrie Busey

Westview

Dr. Howard

Garden Hills

Bottenfield

South Side

Central Edison

Franklin

Stratton

Washington MLK JR.

Prairie Elementary

Thomas Paine

Yankee RidgeUrbana High

Urbana MiddleWileyLeal

C-U

TOTAL85,783 pounds

Amount of ORGANIC waste generated per year/per school in Champaign-Urbana

When applied to C-U:Case Study

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Rob

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Ken

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Jeffe

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Gar

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Cen

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Edis

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Fran

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Stra

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Was

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MLK

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.

Prai

rie E

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enta

ry

Thom

as P

aine

Yank

ee R

idge

Urb

ana

Hig

h

Urb

ana

Mid

dle

School

Wile

y

Leal

High SchoolMiddle School

Elementary School

0

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2000

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4000

5000

poun

ds (lb

s)

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

all schools

all high schools

all middle schools

all elementary schools

School locations within Champaign-UrbanaCase Study - Mansfield, CTFall 2000initiated a school-wide composting programat their school of 6505th-8th graders. Over the course of one year, 4,168 lbs of food scraps mixed with 3-4 cubic yards of wood chips and leavesproduced1.5 cubic yards of compost.

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OROR=

85,783 pounds of excess waste in a landfill=

30.87 cubic yards compost

1 Cubic Yard

“The composting process encourages the production of beneficial micro-organisms (mainly bacteria and fungi) which in turn break down organic matter to create humus. Humus--a rich nutrient-filled material--increases the nutrient content in soils and helps soils retain moisture. Compost has also been shown to suppress plant diseases and pests, reduce or eliminate the need for chemical fertilizers, and promote higher yields of agricultural crops.” “The composting process has been shown to absorb odors and treat semivolatile and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including heating fuels, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and explosives. It has also been shown to bind heavy metals and prevent them from migrating to water resources or being absorbed by plants. The compost process degrades and, in some cases, completely eliminates wood preservatives, pesticides, and both chlorinated and nonchlorinated hydrocarbons in contaminated soils.”

“Composting organic materials that have been diverted from landfills ultimately avoids the production of methane and leachate formulation in the landfills. Compost has the ability to prevent pollutants in stormwater runoff from reaching surface water resources. Compost has also been shown to prevent erosion and silting on embankments parallel to creeks, lakes, and rivers, and prevents erosion and turf loss on roadsides, hillsides, playing fields, and golf courses.”

“Using compost can reduce the need for water, fertilizers, and pesticides. It serves as a marketable commodity and is a low-cost alternative to standard landfill cover and artificial soil amendments. Composting also extends municipal landfill life by diverting organic materials from landfills and provides a less costly alternative to conventional methods of remediating (cleaning) contaminated soil.”

Compost enriches soils

Compost helps cleanup (remediate) contaminated soil

Compost helps prevent pollution

Using compost offers economic benefits

Brickyard Disposal-Danville ERC/Coles County Landfill-Charleston

Illinois Landfill-Hoopeston

Livingston Landfill-Pontiac

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$4/bagBUY LOCALBUY FRESH

SUPPORT YOURSCHOOLS

Yankee Ridge Elementary SchoolTotal area: 601067.7803 sf336 students2154.54 lbs

455613.02 sf - Turf

31800.91 sf - Structure

Wheat�eld Park

0.3 mile walking distance

X $4/bag= $6,864/yeargenerated from the sale of compost by C-U schools

WASTEreuse

In most cases, there is enough room on school grounds for a school garden. However, many schools are located within walking distance to nearby parks. This could be another alternative and opportunity is space becomes an issue.

Top Soil

2. Use compost for on or off-site school gardening

“School gardens are a powerful tool for promoting science education, engaging students in healthy behaviors, and fostering a connection to nature. A living laboratory for studying soil, bugs, and plant growth, gardens also teach lessons in teamwork, responsibility, and the results of careful nurture. Time spent working in a school garden fosters positive associations with physical activity and healthy eating. Incorporating green spaces into school grounds creates habitat for wildlife, reduces the need for costly field trips, and awakens a sense of curiosity and exploration among students.”School Garden Project of Lane County 7

Year 1: Implement student composting program/sell compost

Year 2: Use money generated from sales to beginimplementation of a school garden.

Year 3: Continue to use money from sales for the maintenance/further construction

of garden as well as production of marketing and compost sales materials

1. Sell compost generated by schools to the public

85,783 lbs compost/50 lb bag = 1716 total bags per year

Related coursework:BusinessMathScienceSocial ScienceArtHorticulture

Students learn valuable life skills, stay

active, and get to experiencean outdoor classroom

where they see what theirefforts are able to create.

Appeal to: Apartment dwellers who are unable to have their own composting systen Parents of students who’s children are involved in the program General public who lives in surrounding area or who wants to support CUSF

Costly composting alternatives:

References1. http://www.sierraclub.org/sustainable_consumption/articles/bags2.asp2. http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/questions.htm3. http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/msw2009-fs.pdf4. http://www.ct.gov/dep/lib/dep/compost/compost_pdf/schmanual.pdf5. http://www.alliedwaste.com/documents/RLS_LandfillDirectory_2010.pdf6. http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/composting/benefits.htm7. http://www.efn.org/~sgp/html/aboutus.html8. http://www.builditsolar.com/Projects/Sunspace/NewAlchemycompost.pdf9. http://www.bakoko.jp/10. http://www.motherearthnews.com/Organic-Gardening/1980-03-01/The-Genius-of-Jean-Pain.aspx11. http://www.journeytoforever.org/biofuel_library/methane_pain.html12. http://www.appropedia.org/Composting_greenhouse_provides_hot_water_(original)13. http://mb-soft.com/public3/globalzl.html14. http://energymd.wordpress.com/2008/12/05/heat-free-nearly-with-a-compost-furnace/15. http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/composting/pubs/erosion.pdf

3. BiofuelHeating with Compost Challenge (high school) students to design their own systemBringing the DIY culture into the realm of school-real, hands-on learning that encourages students to develop innovative and creative solutions to real-world problems

4. Remediation

Use compost to remediate turf grasses (football, soccer fields) on school grounds

WASTEreuseDesign by: Bakoko

Comploo

“Large specially shaped hoppersare arranged in a ring, forming the enclosure. The space within is capped with a transparent ETFE dome that admits daylight. Garden waste, food scraps or other compostable materials are inserted through a door at the top of each bin. Air is circulated through sealed ducts that pass from bin to bin. As the air circulates within the walls, it is warmed by the decaying compost. A central vent emits the warm air in the interior. Occupants sit upon a circular bench surrounding the heat source.”

Providing safe, uniform playing surfaces for recreational activites, such as golf, football, soccer, and other field sports, requires intensive tuf management. Recreational turf grasses are subjected to extensive wear and tear, making themdifficult to manage and highly susceptible to turf diseases, pests, and soil compaction. To address these problems, turf managers traditionally use a combination of fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, and aeration techniques that usually result in high costs and potential for negative environmental impacts. Some turf managers are now using compost to replace peat moss in their topdressing applications based on its proven success in suppressing plant disease. Compost, when properly formulated, unlike peat moss, is teeming with nutrients and micro-organisms that stimulate turf establishment and increase its resistance to common turf diseases, such as snow mold, brown patch, and dollar spot.

Turf on school grounds-CU

After 3 years of using compost as a topdressing, the County Club of Rochester, New York, has nearly eliminated the need for fungicide applications for such diseases.

“The composting greenhouse is a commercial quonset-type plastic glazed greenhouse containinga compost reaction chamber, with 10 loading bays opened from the north side and covered by removable insulated panels. Electric blowers forceair up through the compost in the 25-cubic-yard chamber, speeding decomposition and eliminating the need forturning the compost. The bacterially-generated heat turnswater in the compost to vapor, which holds the latentenergy required to turn liquid to gas. When heat or carbon dioxide is needed inside the greenhouse, exhaust gasesfrom the composting chamber are blown throughperforated plastic subterranean ductwork into the growing beds. Here the water vapor condenses on the cooler pipe surfaces and soil of the biofilter, releasinglatent heat stored in the molecules of water and heatingthe root zone of the plants growing in the biofilter. ”

Greenhouse Heating Water Heating Space Heating

Jean Pain

“[Jean Pain] heats water in a compost pile built from underbruch, and produces methane in a digester fed a similar material. The resulting energy heats his home and fuels his appliances. This machine shreds the underbrush to ready it for composting.”

“Our household of 2 adults and three children obtained all our household hot water from a composting greenhouse we constructed in Portland, Oregon in 1994. It provided hot water at a temperature of 90-130 degrees (Fahrenheit) continuously until it was dismantled 18 months later. We used the space to grow several species of mushrooms and to house plants from our garden during winter. The greenhouse design was similar to inexpensive "tube" greenhouses. Outer dimensions were 16x30 feet. The foundation walls consisted of 3 courses of rye grass straw bales pinned together with 1/2 inch steel rebar. Bale size was2 feet x 2 feet x 4 feet, giving two-foot thick walls along the base.”

“The relatively small device described here (roughly the size of an upright piano and weighing empty around 140 pounds) (and with all construction instructions included below) is around 5 feet in diameter and 2 feet thick. It can easily create the continuous 45,000 Btus per hour of constant heating that a medium-sized home in a cold climate like Chicago needs in January or February, and has shown that it can easily produce twice that amount of heat, or over 90,000 Btus of hour.”

Mix a big pile of carbon and nitrogen organic materials (shredded brush or brown leaves and green grass for example) in the proper proportion (about 30:1), add water until it has the consistency of a damp sponge (about 45~55% moisture content), keep it aerated so the bacteria can breathe, put some garden hose into the pile and run it into the house where it will connect to a radiator (like the one in your car) then back to the pile. A pump circulates water through the hose and radiator, and as the pile heats up the water, the water heats up the radiator and a fan moves air through the radiator to transfer the heat into the room!

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1340 Students8529.49 lbs compost

998 Students6399.48 lbs compost